1
|
Zhou C, An K, Zhang X, Tong B, Liu D, Kong D, Bian F. Sporogenesis, gametophyte development and embryogenesis in Glehnia littoralis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:114. [PMID: 36823547 PMCID: PMC9948529 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04105-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glehnia littoralis is an economic herb with both medicinal and edible uses. It also has important ecological value and special phylogenetic status as it is a monotypic genus species distributing around beach. Little information on its reproductive biology has been reported so far, which has hindered conservation and application of this species. In this study, we observed morphological changes from buds emergence to seeds formation and internal changes during sporogenesis, gametophyte development and embryo and endosperm development of G. littoralis using paraffin-embedded-sectioning and stereo microscope. RESULTS The results showed that the stages of internal development events of G. littoralis corresponded to obvious external morphological changes, most of developmental features were consistent with other Apiaceae species. The development of male and female gametophytes was not synchronized in the same flower, however, exhibited temporal overlap. From mid-late April to mid-May, the anther primordial and ovule primordial developed into the trinucleate pollen grain and eight-nuclear embryo sac, respectively. From late-May to mid-July, the zygote developed into mature embryo. In addition, some defects in gynoecium or ovule development and abnormal embryo and endosperm development were found. We induced that the possible causes of abortion in G. littoralis were as follows: nutrient limitation, poor pollination and fertilization, and bad weather. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed the whole process and morphological characteristics of the development of reproductive organ in G. littoralis, which not only provided important data for the study of systematic and conservation biology, but also provided a theoretical basis for cross breeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia Zhou
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Kang An
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Boqiang Tong
- Shandong Forestry and Grass Germplasm Resource Center, Jinan, 250102, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Shandong Forestry and Grass Germplasm Resource Center, Jinan, 250102, China
| | - Dongrui Kong
- College of Life Science, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China.
| | - Fuhua Bian
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chaban IA, Gulevich AA, Kononenko NV, Khaliluev MR, Baranova EN. Morphological and Structural Details of Tomato Seed Coat Formation: A Different Functional Role of the Inner and Outer Epidermises in Unitegmic Ovule. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1101. [PMID: 35567102 PMCID: PMC9104524 DOI: 10.3390/plants11091101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In order to understand how and what structures of the tomato ovule with a single integument form the seed coat of a mature seed, a detailed study of the main development stages of the tomato ovule integument was carried out using the methods of light and electron microscopy. The integument itself it was shown to transform in the course of development into the coat (skin) of a mature seed, but the outer and inner epidermises of the integument and some layers of the integument parenchyma are mainly involved in this process. The outer epidermis cells are highly modified in later stages; their walls are thickened and lignified, creating a unique relatively hard outer coat. The fate of the inner epidermis of integument is completely different. It is separated from the other parenchyma cells of integument and is transformed into an independent new secretory tissue, an endothelium, which fences off the forming embryo and endosperm from the death zone. Due to the secretory activity of the endothelium, the dying inner parenchyma cells of the integument are lysed. Soon after the cuticle covers the endosperm, the lysis of dead integument cells stops and their flattened remnants form dense layers, which then enter the final composition of the coat of mature tomato seed. The endothelium itself returns to the location of the integument inner epidermis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inna A. Chaban
- Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya 42, 127550 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alexander A. Gulevich
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya 42, 127550 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.G.); (M.R.K.)
| | - Neonila V. Kononenko
- Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya 42, 127550 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Marat R. Khaliluev
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya 42, 127550 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.G.); (M.R.K.)
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrobiotechnology, Russian State Agrarian University—Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Timiryazevskaya 49, 127550 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina N. Baranova
- Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya 42, 127550 Moscow, Russia;
- N.V. Tsitsin Main Botanical Garden of Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya 4, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Janas AB, Szeląg Z, Musiał K. In search of female sterility causes in the tetraploid and pentaploid cytotype of Pilosella brzovecensis (Asteraceae). JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2021; 134:803-810. [PMID: 33813645 PMCID: PMC8245384 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-021-01290-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Within the agamic Pilosella complex, apomixis (asexual reproduction through seed) involves apospory, parthenogenesis, and autonomous endosperm development. Observations of reproductive biology in P. brzovecensis throughout four growing seasons in the garden have shown that both tetraploid and pentaploid plants of this species do not produce viable seeds and reproduce exclusively vegetatively by underground stolons. The reasons for the seed development failure were unknown, therefore our research focused on the analysis of reproductive events in the ovules of this taxon. We found that apospory was initiated in the ovules of both cytotypes. Multiple aposporous initial (AI) cells differentiated in close proximity to the megaspore mother cell (MMC) and suppressed megasporogenesis at the stage of early prophase I. However, none of the AI cells was able to further develop into a multi-nucleate aposporous embryo sac (AES) due to the inhibition of mitotic divisions. It was unusual that callose was accumulated in the walls of AI cells and its synthesis was most likely associated with a response to the dysfunction of these cells. Callose is regarded as the isolating factor and its surprising deposition in the ovules of P. brzovecensis may signal disruption of reproductive processes that cause premature termination of the aposporous development pathway and ultimately lead to ovule sterility. The results of our embryological analysis may be the basis for undertaking advanced molecular studies aimed at fully understanding of the causes of female sterility in P. brzovecensis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Barbara Janas
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Cracow, Poland.
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239, Cracow, Poland.
| | - Zbigniew Szeląg
- Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University of Cracow, Podchorążych 2, 30-084, Cracow, Poland
| | - Krystyna Musiał
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Cracow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Płachno BJ, Kapusta M, Świątek P, Stolarczyk P, Kocki J. Immunodetection of Pectic Epitopes, Arabinogalactan Proteins, and Extensins in Mucilage Cells from the Ovules of Pilosella officinarum Vaill. and Taraxacum officinale Agg. (Asteraceae). Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9642. [PMID: 33348898 PMCID: PMC7766254 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The main aim of this study was to compare the cytological difference between ovular mucilage cells in two Asteraceae species-Pilosella officinarum and Taraxacum officinale-in order to determine whether pectic epitopes, arabinogalactan proteins, or extensins are present. The immunocytochemical technique was used. Both the Taracacum and Pilosella genera have been used recently as models for understanding the mechanisms of apomixis. Knowledge of the presence of signal molecules (pectic epitopes, arabinogalactan proteins, and extensins) can help better understand the developmental processes in these plants during seed growth. The results showed that in Pilosella officinarum, there was an accumulation of pectins in the mucilage, including both weakly and highly esterified pectins, which was in contrast to the mucilage of Taraxacum officinale, which had low amounts of these pectins. However, Taraxacum protoplasts of mucilage cells were rich in weakly methyl-esterified pectins. While the mucilage contained arabinogalactan proteins in both of the studied species, the types of arabinogalactan proteins were different. In both of the studied species, extensins were recorded in the transmitting tissues. Arabinogalactan proteins as well as weakly and highly esterified pectins and extensins occurred in close proximity to calcium oxalate crystals in both Taraxacum and Pilosella cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz J. Płachno
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 9 Gronostajowa St., 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kapusta
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, University of Gdańsk, 59. Wita Stwosza St., 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Piotr Świątek
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, 9 Bankowa St., 40-007 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Piotr Stolarczyk
- Department of Botany, Physiology and Plant Protection, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Kraków, 29 Listopada 54 Ave., 31-425 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Janusz Kocki
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, 11 Radziwiłowska St., 20-080 Lublin, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Morphological, Anatomical, and Phytochemical Studies of Carlina acaulis L. Cypsela. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239230. [PMID: 33287411 PMCID: PMC7730301 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Carlina acaulis L. has a long tradition of use in folk medicine. The chemical composition of the roots and green parts of the plant is quite well known. There is the lowest amount of data on the cypsela (fruit) of this plant. In this study, the microscopic structures and the chemical composition of the cypsela were investigated. Preliminary cytochemical studies of the structure of the Carlina acaulis L. cypsela showed the presence of substantial amounts of protein and lipophilic substances. The chemical composition of the cypsela was investigated using spectrophotometry, gas chromatography with mass spectrometry, and high-performance liquid chromatography with spectrophotometric and fluorescence detection. The cypsela has been shown to be a rich source of macro- and microelements, vegetable oil (25%), α-tocopherol (approx. 2 g/kg of oil), protein (approx. 36% seed weight), and chlorogenic acids (approx. 22 g/kg seed weight). It also contains a complex set of volatile compounds. The C. acaulis cypsela is, therefore, a valuable source of nutrients and bioactive substances.
Collapse
|
6
|
Inflorescence Development and Floral Organogenesis in Taraxacum kok-saghyz. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9101258. [PMID: 32987687 PMCID: PMC7650721 DOI: 10.3390/plants9101258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Rubber dandelion (Taraxacum kok-saghyz Rodin; TK) has received attention for its natural rubber content as a strategic biomaterial, and a promising, sustainable, and renewable alternative to synthetic rubber from fossil carbon sources. Extensive research on the domestication and rubber content of TK has demonstrated TK's potential in industrial applications as a relevant natural rubber and latex-producing alternative crop. However, many aspects of its biology have been neglected in published studies. For example, floral development is still poorly characterized. TK inflorescences were studied by scanning electron microscopy. Nine stages of early inflorescence development are proposed, and floral micromorphology is detailed. Individual flower primordia development starts at the periphery and proceeds centripetally in the newly-formed inflorescence meristem. Floral organogenesis begins in the outermost flowers of the capitulum, with corolla ring and androecium formation. Following, pappus primordium-forming a ring around the base of the corolla tube-and gynoecium are observed. The transition from vegetative to inflorescence meristem was observed 21 days after germination. This description of inflorescence and flower development in TK sheds light on the complex process of flowering, pollination, and reproduction. This study will be useful for genetics, breeding, systematics, and development of agronomical practices for this new rubber-producing crop.
Collapse
|
7
|
Chaban I, Baranova E, Kononenko N, Khaliluev M, Smirnova E. Distinct Differentiation Characteristics of Endothelium Determine Its Ability to Form Pseudo-Embryos in Tomato Ovules. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:E12. [PMID: 31861391 PMCID: PMC6982238 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelium is an additional cell layer, differentiating from the inner epidermis of the ovule integument. In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), after fertilization, the endothelium separates from integument and becomes an independent tissue developing next to the growing embryo sac. In the absence of fertilization, the endothelium may proliferate and form pseudo-embryo. However, the course of the reorganization of endothelium into pseudo-embryo in tomato ovules is poorly understood. We aimed to investigate specific features of endothelium differentiation and the role of the endothelium in the development of fertilized and unfertilized tomato ovules. The ovules of tomato plants ("YaLF" line), produced by vegetative growth plants of transgenic tomato line expressing the ac gene, encoding chitin-binding protein from Amaranthus caudatus L., were investigated using light and transmission electron microscopy. We showed that in the fertilized ovule of normally developing fruit and in the unfertilized ovule of parthenocarpic fruit, separation of the endothelium from integument occurs via programmed death of cells of the integumental parenchyma, adjacent to the endothelium. Endothelial cells in normally developing ovules change their structural and functional specialization from meristematic to secretory and back to meristematic, and proliferate until seeds fully mature. The secretory activity of the endothelium is necessary for the lysis of dying cells of the integument and provides the space for the growth of the new sporophyte. However, in ovules of parthenocarpic fruits, pseudo-embryo cells do not change their structural and functional organization and remain meristematic, no zone of lysis is formed, and pseudo-embryo cells undergo programmed cell death. Our data shows the key role of the endothelium as a protective and secretory tissue, needed for the normal development of ovules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inna Chaban
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya 42, Moscow 127550, Russia; (I.C.); (E.B.); (N.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Ekaterina Baranova
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya 42, Moscow 127550, Russia; (I.C.); (E.B.); (N.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Neonila Kononenko
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya 42, Moscow 127550, Russia; (I.C.); (E.B.); (N.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Marat Khaliluev
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya 42, Moscow 127550, Russia; (I.C.); (E.B.); (N.K.); (M.K.)
- Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Russian State Agrarian University, Timiryazevskaya 49, Moscow 127550, Russia
| | - Elena Smirnova
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya 42, Moscow 127550, Russia; (I.C.); (E.B.); (N.K.); (M.K.)
- Biology Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/12, Moscow 119234, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Elias RA, Lando AP, Viana WG, Ortiz J, da Costa CD, Schmidt ÉC, Souza LA, Guerra MP, Steiner N. Structural aspects of cypsela and seed development of Trichocline catharinensis (Cabrera): a Brazilian endemic species. PROTOPLASMA 2019; 256:1495-1506. [PMID: 31144034 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-019-01361-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This is the first study to describe in a timescale morphohistological and ultrastructural characteristics of fruit (cypsela) and seed development in Trichocline catharinensis, which was completed 21 days after anthesis (DAA). At anthesis, we identified an ovary with three differentiated regions, including the inner epidermis, inner part, and outer epidermis. The mature ovule showed an integument with the outer epidermis, integumentary parenchyma, and endothelium. Cells around the endothelium form the periendothelial zone with thick cell walls that showed Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive reaction. The periendothelial zone and endothelium showed degradation of the cells during embryogenesis. The main stages of embryo development from fecundation through mature seed were identified. The ripe cypsela showed the pericarp (exocarp), seed coat (exotesta), and remaining endosperm surrounding the embryo. Mature embryos were straight with shoot apical meristem (SAM), and root apical meristem (RAM) was separated by the hypocotyl. Light microscopy (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses indicate cells with characteristics of meristem cells, as well as proteins and lipid bodies and mitochondria with few cristae in cotyledon cells. Our findings provide insight into taxonomic and physiological studies by detailing cypsela and seed ontogenesis from an endemic and vulnerable Asteraceae from southern Brazil. This study is also a starting point for establishing the biological criteria for seed harvesting and future studies of seed physiology and conservation of plant genetic resource.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Angelica Elias
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Lando
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Willian G Viana
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline Ortiz
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Dias da Costa
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Éder Carlos Schmidt
- Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, C.P. 476, Florianópolis, SC, 88049-900, Brazil
| | - Luiz Antônio Souza
- Department of Biology, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo 5790, Zona 7, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Miguel Pedro Guerra
- Plant Developmental Physiology and Genetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Science, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88034-001, Brazil
| | - Neusa Steiner
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pérez-Pastrana J, Islas-Flores I, Bárány I, Álvarez-López D, Canto-Flick A, Canto-Canché B, Peña-Yam L, Muñoz-Ramírez L, Avilés-Viñas S, Testillano PS, Santana-Buzzy N. Development of the ovule and seed of Habanero chili pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.): Anatomical characterization and immunocytochemical patterns of pectin methyl-esterification. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 230:1-12. [PMID: 30134217 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ovule and seed development in plants has long fascinated the scientific community given the complex cell coordination implicated in these processes. These cell events are highly conserved but are not necessarily representative of all plants. In this study, with the aim of obtaining information regarding the cellular patterns that follow the usual development of the ovule and the zygotic embryo, we carried out an integral anatomical study of the Capsicum chinense Jacq., floral buds and seeds at various days during maturation. This study allowed us to identify the main histo-morphological stages accompanying the transition of somatic cells into the macrospore, female gamete, and the zygotic embryogenesis. This knowledge is fundamental for future biotechnological research focused on solving the morphological recalcitrance observed during the in vitro induction of somatic or microspore embryogenesis in Capsicum. For the first time in C. chinense, we have described the hypostases, a putative source of plant growth regulators, and "the corrosion cavity", a space around the embryo. Additionally, the cell wall pectin-esterification status was investigated by immunohistology. At early stages of morphogenesis, the pectin is highly methyl-esterified; however, methyl-esterification decreases gradually throughout the process. A comparison of the results obtained here, together with the histo- and immunological changes occurring during the somatic and microspore embryogenesis, should help to elucidate the biochemical mechanisms that trigger the morphogenic events in Capsicum spp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacobo Pérez-Pastrana
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C. Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97200, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Ignacio Islas-Flores
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C. Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97200, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Ivett Bárány
- Pollen biotechnology of crop plants group, Biological Research Center, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dulce Álvarez-López
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C. Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97200, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Adriana Canto-Flick
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C. Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97200, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Blondy Canto-Canché
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C. Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97200, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Laura Peña-Yam
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C. Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97200, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Liliana Muñoz-Ramírez
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C. Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97200, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Susana Avilés-Viñas
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C. Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97200, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Pilar S Testillano
- Pollen biotechnology of crop plants group, Biological Research Center, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Nancy Santana-Buzzy
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C. Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97200, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Płachno BJ, Świątek P, Kozieradzka-Kiszkurno M, Szeląg Z, Stolarczyk P. Integument cell gelatinisation-the fate of the integumentary cells in Hieracium and Pilosella (Asteraceae). PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:2287-2294. [PMID: 28508157 PMCID: PMC5653734 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-017-1120-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Members of the genera Hieracium and Pilosella are model plants that are used to study the mechanisms of apomixis. In order to have a proper understanding of apomixis, knowledge about the relationship between the maternal tissue and the gametophyte is needed. In the genus Pilosella, previous authors have described the specific process of the "liquefaction" of the integument cells that surround the embryo sac. However, these observations were based on data only at the light microscopy level. The main aim of our paper was to investigate the changes in the integument cells at the ultrastructural level in Pilosella officinarum and Hieracium alpinum. We found that the integument peri-endothelial zone in both species consisted of mucilage cells. The mucilage was deposited as a thick layer between the plasma membrane and the cell wall. The mucilage pushed the protoplast to the centre of the cell, and cytoplasmic bridges connected the protoplast to the plasmodesmata through the mucilage layers. Moreover, an elongation of the plasmodesmata was observed in the mucilage cells. The protoplasts had an irregular shape and were finally degenerated. After the cell wall breakdown of the mucilage cells, lysigenous cavities that were filled with mucilage were formed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz J Płachno
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 9 Gronostajowa St., 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Piotr Świątek
- Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, University of Silesia in Katowice, 9 Bankowa St., 40-007, Katowice, Poland
| | | | - Zbigniew Szeląg
- Department of Botany, Pedagogical University of Kraków, 3 Podchorążych St., 30-084, Kraków, Poland
| | - Piotr Stolarczyk
- Unit of Botany and Plant Physiology, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Kraków, 29 Listopada 54 Street, 31-425, Kraków, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Silva J, Kim YJ, Xiao D, Sukweenadhi J, Hu T, Kwon WS, Hu J, Yang DC, Zhang D. Cytological analysis of ginseng carpel development. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:1909-1922. [PMID: 28154963 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-017-1081-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Panax ginseng Meyer, commonly known as ginseng, is considered one of the most important herbs with pharmaceutical values due to the presence of ginsenosides and is cultivated for its highly valued root for medicinal purposes. Recently, it has been recognized that ginseng fruit contains high contents of triterpene such as ginsenoside Re as pharmaceutical compounds. However, it is unclear how carpel, the female reproductive tissue of flowers, is formed during the three-year-old growth before fruit is formed in ginseng plants. Here, we report P. ginseng carpel development at the cytological level, starting from the initial stage of ovule development to seed development. The carpel of P. ginseng is composed of two free stigmas, two free styles, and one epigynous bilocular ovary containing one ovule in each locule. Based on our cytological study, we propose that the female reproductive development in P. ginseng can be classified into seven stages: early phase of ovule development, megasporogenesis, megagametogenesis, pre-fertilization, fertilization, post-fertilization, and seed development. We also describe the correlation of the female and male gametophyte development and compare morphological differences in carpel development between ginseng and other higher plants. One unique feature for ginseng seed development is that it takes 40 days for the embryo to develop to the early torpedo stage and that the embryo is small relative to the seed size, which could be a feature of taxonomic importance. This study will provide an integral tool for the study of the reproductive development and breeding of P. ginseng.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeniffer Silva
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology and Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, South Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Kim
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology and Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, South Korea.
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 20040, China.
| | - Dexin Xiao
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 20040, China
| | - Johan Sukweenadhi
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology and Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, South Korea
| | - Tingting Hu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 20040, China
| | - Woo-Saeng Kwon
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology and Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, South Korea
| | - Jianping Hu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 20040, China
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Deok-Chun Yang
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology and Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, South Korea.
| | - Dabing Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 20040, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Płachno BJ, Kurczyńska E, Świątek P. Integument cell differentiation in dandelions (Taraxacum, Asteraceae, Lactuceae) with special attention paid to plasmodesmata. PROTOPLASMA 2016; 253:1365-72. [PMID: 26454638 PMCID: PMC5009155 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0894-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the paper is to determine what happens with plasmodesmata when mucilage is secreted into the periplasmic space in plant cells. Ultrastructural analysis of the periendothelial zone mucilage cells was performed on examples of the ovule tissues of several sexual and apomictic Taraxacum species. The cytoplasm of the periendothelial zone cells was dense, filled by numerous organelles and profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum and active Golgi dictyosomes with vesicles that contained fibrillar material. At the beginning of the differentiation process of the periendothelial zone, the cells were connected by primary plasmodesmata. However, during the differentiation and the thickening of the cell walls (mucilage deposition), the plasmodesmata become elongated and associated with cytoplasmic bridges. The cytoplasmic bridges may connect the protoplast to the plasmodesmata through the mucilage layers in order to maintain cell-to-cell communication during the differentiation of the periendothelial zone cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz J Płachno
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 9 Gronostajowa St., 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Ewa Kurczyńska
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Silesia, 28 Jagiellońska St., 40-032, Katowice, Poland
| | - Piotr Świątek
- Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, University of Silesia, 9 Bankowa St., 40-007, Katowice, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Płachno BJ, Świątek P, Kozieradzka-Kiszkurno M, Majeský Ľ, Marciniuk J, Stolarczyk P. Are obligatory apomicts invested in the pollen tube transmitting tissue? Comparison of the micropyle ultrastructure between sexual and apomictic dandelions (Asteraceae, Lactuceae). PROTOPLASMA 2015; 252:1325-33. [PMID: 25652809 PMCID: PMC4561075 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0765-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
With the exception of the sunflower, little information concerning the micropyle ultrastructure of the family Asteraceae is available. The aim of our study was to compare the micropyle structure in amphimictic and apomictic dandelions. Ultrastructural studies using buds and flowers during anthesis have been done on the micropyle of the sexual and apomictic Taraxacum. In all of the species that were examined, the micropylar canal was completely filled with ovule transmitting tissue and the matrix that was produced by these cells. The ovule transmitting tissue was connected to the ovarian transmitting tissue. The micropyle was asymmetrical because the integument epidermis that forms the transmitting tissue was only on the funicular side. There was a cuticle between the obturator cells and epidermal cells on the other side of integument. The micropylar transmitting tissue cells and theirs matrix reached the synergid apex. The cytoplasm of the transmitting tissue cells was especially rich in rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER), dictyosomes, and mitochondria. No major differences were detected between the micropyle structure of the amphimictic and apomictic species; thus, a structural reduction of obturator does not exist. The ovule transmitting tissue is still active in apomictic dandelions despite the presence of the embryo and endosperm. Differences and similarities between the micropyle structure in the Asteraceae that have been studied to date are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz J Płachno
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Kraków, 9 Gronostajowa St., 30-387, Kraków, Poland,
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Musiał K, Kościńska-Pająk M, Antolec R, Joachimiak AJ. Deposition of callose in young ovules of two Taraxacum species varying in the mode of reproduction. PROTOPLASMA 2015; 252:135-44. [PMID: 24938673 PMCID: PMC4287685 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-014-0654-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Although callose occurs during megasporogenesis in most flowering plants, the knowledge about its general function and the mechanisms by which the callose layer is formed in particular places is still not sufficient. The results of previous studies suggest a total lack of callose in the ovules of diplosporous plants in which meiosis is omitted or disturbed. This report is the first documentation of callose events in dandelions ovules. We demonstrated the pattern of callose deposition during the formation of megaspores through diplospory of Taraxacum type and during normal meiotic megasporogenesis in apomictic triploid Taraxacum atricapillum and amphimictic diploid Taraxacum linearisquameum. We found the presence of callose in the megasporocyte wall of both diplosporous and sexual dandelions. However, in a diplosporous dandelion, callose predominated at the micropylar pole of megaspore mother cell (MMC) which may be correlated with abnormal asynaptic meiosis and may indicate diplospory of the Taraxacum type. After meiotic division, callose is mainly deposited in the walls between megaspores in tetrads and in diplodyads. In subsequent stages, callose gradually disappears around the chalazal functional megaspore. However, some variations in the pattern of callose deposition within tetrad may reflect variable positioning of the functional megaspore (FM) observed in the ovules of T. linearisquameum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna Musiał
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Cracow, Poland,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Płachno BJ, Musiał K, Swiątek P, Tuleja M, Marciniuk J, Grabowska-Joachimiak A. Synergids and filiform apparatus in the sexual and apomictic dandelions from section Palustria (Taraxacum, Asteraceae). PROTOPLASMA 2014; 251:211-7. [PMID: 23974526 PMCID: PMC3893458 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-013-0539-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
An evolutionary trend to reduce "unnecessary costs" associated with the sexual reproduction of their amphimictic ancestors, which may result in greater reproductive success, has been observed among the obligatory apomicts. However, in the case of the female gametophyte, knowledge about this trend in apomicts is not sufficient because most of the ultrastructural studies of the female gametophyte have dealt with amphimictic angiosperms. In this paper, we tested the hypothesis that, in contrast to amphimictic plants, synergids in apomictic embryo sacs do not form a filiform apparatus. We compared the synergid structure in two dandelions from sect. Palustria: the amphimictic diploid Taraxacum tenuifolium and the apomictic tetraploid, male-sterile Taraxacum brandenburgicum. Synergids in both species possessed a filiform apparatus. In T. brandenburgicum, both synergids persisted for a long time without any degeneration, in spite of the presence of an embryo and endosperm. We propose that the persistent synergids in apomicts may play a role in the transport of nutrients to the embryo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz J Płachno
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Jagiellonian University, 9 Gronostajowa St., 30-387, Cracow, Poland,
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|