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Wang Y, Wang M, Zhang Y, Peng L, Dai D, Zhang F, Zhang J. Efficient control of root-knot nematodes by expressing Bt nematicidal proteins in root leucoplasts. MOLECULAR PLANT 2024; 17:1504-1519. [PMID: 39148293 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2024.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) are plant pests that infect the roots of host plants. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) nematicidal proteins exhibited toxicity to nematodes. However, the application of nematicidal proteins for plant protection is hampered by the lack of effective delivery systems in transgenic plants. In this study, we discovered the accumulation of leucoplasts (root plastids) in galls and RKN-induced giant cells. RKN infection causes the degradation of leucoplasts into small vesicle-like structures, which are responsible for delivering proteins to RKNs, as observed through confocal microscopy and immunoelectron microscopy. We showed that different-sized proteins from leucoplasts could be taken up by Meloidogyne incognita female. To further explore the potential applications of leucoplasts, we introduced the Bt crystal protein Cry5Ba2 into tobacco and tomato leucoplasts by fusing it with a transit peptide. The transgenic plants showed significant resistance to RKNs. Intriguingly, RKN females preferentially took up Cry5Ba2 protein when delivered through plastids rather than the cytosol. The decrease in progeny was positively correlated with the delivery efficiency of the nematicidal protein. In conclusion, this study offers new insights into the feeding behavior of RKNs and their ability to ingest leucoplast proteins, and demonstrates that root leucoplasts can be used for delivering nematicidal proteins, thereby offering a promising approach for nematode control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Mengnan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Yali Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Longwei Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Dadong Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fengjuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Jiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China; Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China.
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Koga D, Kusumi S, Yagi H, Kato K. Three-dimensional analysis of the intracellular architecture by scanning electron microscopy. Microscopy (Oxf) 2024; 73:215-225. [PMID: 37930813 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfad050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The two-dimensional observation of ultrathin sections from resin-embedded specimens provides an insufficient understanding of the three-dimensional (3D) morphological information of membranous organelles. The osmium maceration method, developed by Professor Tanaka's group >40 years ago, is the only technique that allows direct observation of the 3D ultrastructure of membrane systems using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), without the need for any reconstruction process. With this method, the soluble cytoplasmic proteins are removed from the freeze-cracked surface of cells while preserving the integrity of membranous organelles, achieved by immersing tissues in a diluted osmium solution for several days. By employing the maceration method, researchers using SEM have revealed the 3D ultrastructure of organelles such as the Golgi apparatus, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum in various cell types. Recently, we have developed new SEM techniques based on the maceration method to explore further possibilities of this method. These include: (i) a rapid osmium maceration method that reduces the reaction duration of the procedure, (ii) a combination method that combines agarose embedding with osmium maceration to elucidate the 3D ultrastructure of organelles in free and cultured cells and (iii) a correlative immunofluorescence and SEM technique that combines cryosectioning with the osmium maceration method, enabling the correlation of the immunocytochemical localization of molecules with the 3D ultrastructure of organelles. In this paper, we review the novel osmium maceration methods described earlier and discuss their potential and future directions in the field of biology and biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Koga
- Department of Microscopic Anatomy and Cell Biology, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-higashi, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kusumi
- Division of Morphological Sciences, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Yagi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Tanabe-dori 3-1, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Koichi Kato
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Tanabe-dori 3-1, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
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Chen L, Wang Y, Zhu L, Min Y, Tian Y, Gong Y, Liu X. 3-(Methylthio)Propionic Acid from Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner Exhibits High Nematicidal Activity against the Root Knot Nematode Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1708. [PMID: 38338986 PMCID: PMC10855422 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Root knot nematodes cause serious damage to global agricultural production annually. Given that traditional chemical fumigant nematicides are harmful to non-target organisms and the environment, the development of biocontrol strategies has attracted significant attention in recent years. In this study, it was found that the Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner strain NBIN-863 exhibits strong fumigant nematicidal activity and has a high attraction effect on Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood. Four volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by NBIN-863 were identified using solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The nematicidal activity of four VOCs, namely, N-methylformamide, propenamide, 3-(methylthio)propionic acid, and phenylmalonic acid, was detected. Among these compounds, 3-(methylthio)propionic acid exhibited the highest direct contact nematicidal activity against M. incognita, with an LC50 value of 6.27 μg/mL at 24 h. In the fumigant bioassay, the mortality rate of M. incognita treated with 1 mg/mL of 3-(methylthio)propionic acid for 24 h increased to 69.93%. Furthermore, 3-(methylthio)propionic acid also exhibited an inhibitory effect on the egg-hatching of M. incognita. Using chemotaxis assays, it was determined that 3-(methylthio)propionic acid was highly attractive to M. incognita. In pot experiments, the application of 3-(methylthio)propionic acid resulted in a reduction in gall numbers, decreasing the number of galls per gram of tomato root from 97.58 to 6.97. Additionally, the root length and plant height of the treated plants showed significant increases in comparison with the control group. The current study suggests that 3-(methylthio)propionic acid is a novel nematicidal virulence factor of B. thuringiensis. Our research provides evidence for the potential use of NBIN-863 or its VOCs in biocontrol against root knot nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiaoyan Liu
- National Biopesticide Engineering Technology Research Centre, Hubei Biopesticide Engineering Research Centre, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (L.C.); (Y.W.); (L.Z.); (Y.M.); (Y.T.); (Y.G.)
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Matuszkiewicz M, Sobczak M. Syncytium Induced by Plant-Parasitic Nematodes. Results Probl Cell Differ 2024; 71:371-403. [PMID: 37996687 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-37936-9_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes from the genera Globodera, Heterodera (cyst-forming nematodes), and Meloidogyne (root-knot nematodes) are notorious and serious pests of crops. They cause tremendous economic losses between US $80 and 358 billion a year. Nematodes infect the roots of plants and induce the formation of specialised feeding structures (syncytium and giant cells, respectively) that nourish juveniles and adults of the nematodes. The specialised secretory glands enable nematodes to synthesise and secrete effectors that facilitate migration through root tissues and alter the morphogenetic programme of host cells. The formation of feeding sites is associated with the suppression of plant defence responses and deep reprogramming of the development and metabolism of plant cells.In this chapter, we focus on syncytia induced by the sedentary cyst-forming nematodes and provide an overview of ultrastructural changes that occur in the host roots during syncytium formation in conjunction with the most important molecular changes during compatible and incompatible plant responses to infection with nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Matuszkiewicz
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Mirosław Sobczak
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
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Kumar A, Harloff HJ, Melzer S, Leineweber J, Defant B, Jung C. A rhomboid-like protease gene from an interspecies translocation confers resistance to cyst nematodes. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:801-813. [PMID: 33866563 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes are severe pests in crop production worldwide. Chemical control of nematodes has been continuously reduced in recent decades owing to environmental and health concerns. Therefore, breeding nematode-resistant crops is an important aim if we are to secure harvests. The beet cyst nematode impairs root development and causes severe losses in sugar beet production. The only sources for resistance are distantly related wild species of the genus Patellifolia. Nematode resistance had been introduced into the beet genome via translocations from P. procumbens. We sequenced three translocations and identified the translocation breakpoints. By comparative sequence analysis of three translocations, we localized the resistance gene Hs4 within a region c. 230 kb in size. A candidate gene was characterized by CRISPR-Cas-mediated knockout and overexpression in susceptible roots. The gene encodes a rhomboid-like protease, which is predicted to be bound to the endoplasmic reticulum. Gene knockout resulted in complete loss of resistance, while overexpression caused resistance. The data confirm that the Hs4 gene alone protects against the pest. Thus, it constitutes a previously unknown mechanism of plants to combat parasitic nematodes. Its function in a nonrelated species suggests that the gene can confer resistance in crop species from different plant families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avneesh Kumar
- Plant Breeding Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, Kiel, D-24098, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Harloff
- Plant Breeding Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, Kiel, D-24098, Germany
| | - Siegbert Melzer
- Plant Breeding Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, Kiel, D-24098, Germany
| | - Johanna Leineweber
- Plant Breeding Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, Kiel, D-24098, Germany
| | - Birgit Defant
- Plant Breeding Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, Kiel, D-24098, Germany
| | - Christian Jung
- Plant Breeding Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, Kiel, D-24098, Germany
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Uematsu S, Yabu T, Yao M, Kurihara T, Koga H. Ultrastructure of Hirschmanniella diversa early-stage infection in browning rhizomes of Indian lotus. J Nematol 2020; 52:1-9. [PMID: 32628822 PMCID: PMC7366835 DOI: 10.21307/jofnem-2020-055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Browning rhizome (also known as “browning tuber disease”) in Indian lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) caused by the nematode Hirschmanniella diversa is an emerging agronomic problem. In this study, the authors documented the early infection processes of H. diversa in the apices of young rhizomes of Indian lotus by electron microscopy analysis using an artificial inoculation method. Nematodes were attracted to young rhizome apices, invading them via narrow indentations by 4.5 hr after inoculation. Host cells adjacent to the cavity around the invading nematodes were absent and appeared to have disintegrated during infestation. Following contact with the nematodes, host cell walls and cellular contents became electron-dense and less defined, likely due to digestive enzymes secreted by the invading nematodes. Nematodes invaded to a depth of about 1 mm by 24 hr after inoculation, but did not penetrate the plant any further vertically, similar to the observation of browning in mature rhizomes in the field. The authors propose that the invasion sites of young rhizome apices become blackish-brown blotches as rhizomes mature in the field due to oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Uematsu
- Department of Bioproduction Science, Ishikawa Prefectural University , 1-308 Nonoichi, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Yabu
- Ishikawa Agriculture and Forestry Research Center, Agricultural Experiment Station, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-3198, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Yao
- Ishikawa Agriculture and Forestry Research Center, Agricultural Experiment Station, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-3198, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kurihara
- Department of Bioproduction Science, Ishikawa Prefectural University , 1-308 Nonoichi, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan
| | - Hironori Koga
- Department of Bioproduction Science, Ishikawa Prefectural University , 1-308 Nonoichi, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan
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Brooks RL, Dixon AM. Revealing the mechanism of protein-lipid interactions for a putative membrane curvature sensor in plant endoplasmic reticulum. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2019; 1862:183160. [PMID: 31874147 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.183160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Membrane curvature sensing via helical protein domains, such as those identified in Amphiphysin and ArfGAP1, have been linked to a diverse range of cellular processes. However, these regions can vary significantly between different protein families and thus remain challenging to identify from sequence alone. Greater insight into the protein-lipid interactions that drive this behavior could lead to production of therapeutics that specifically target highly curved membranes. Here we demonstrate the curvature-dependence of membrane binding for an amphipathic helix (APH) in a plant reticulon, namely RTNLB13 from A. thaliana. We utilize solution-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to establish the exact location of the APH and map the residues involved in protein-membrane interactions at atomic resolution. We find that the hydrophobic residues making up the membrane binding site are conserved throughout all A. thaliana reticulons. Our results also provide mechanistic insight that leads us to propose that membrane binding by this APH may act as a feedback element, only forming when ER tubules reach a critical size and adding stabilization to these structures without disrupting the bilayer. A shallow hydrophobic binding interface appears to be a feature shared more broadly across helical curvature sensors and would automatically restrict the penetration depth of these structures into the membrane. We also suggest this APH is highly tuned to the composition of the membrane in which it resides, and that this property may be universal in curvature sensors thus rationalizing the variety of mechanisms reported for these functional elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon L Brooks
- MAS Centre for Doctoral Training, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Ann M Dixon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
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Perrine-Walker F. Interactions of endoparasitic and ectoparasitic nematodes within the plant root system. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2019; 46:295-303. [PMID: 32172739 DOI: 10.1071/fp18176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot and cyst nematodes have sophisticated mechanisms to invade their plant hosts to reprogram the plant developmental program to induce feeding structures essential for nematode survival and reproduction. This has a detrimental effect on the plant as this sedentary endoparasitic interaction affects the growth and yields of many crop plants. However, other migratory endoparasitic nematodes that do not establish root feeding sites are as aggressive on many crop plants. With new information gained from the genome and transcriptomes of the migratory endoparasitic nematode, Pratylenchus spp., this review compares the different lifestyles and the pathogenic interactions these nematodes have with their plant host. Pratylenchus spp. utilises a common arsenal of effectors involved in plant cell wall degradation and the manipulation of plant host innate immunity. The absence of specific cell reprogramming effector genes may explain its migratory endoparasitic lifestyle, making it relevant to pest management approaches in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine Perrine-Walker
- Sydney Institute of Agriculture, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Biomedical Building C81, 1 Central Avenue, Australian Technology Park, Eveleigh, NSW 2015, Australia. Email
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