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Versatile Triad Alliance: Bile Acid, Taurine and Microbiota. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152337. [PMID: 35954180 PMCID: PMC9367564 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Taurine is the most abundant free amino acid in the body, and is mainly derived from the diet, but can also be produced endogenously from cysteine. It plays multiple essential roles in the body, including development, energy production, osmoregulation, prevention of oxidative stress, and inflammation. Taurine is also crucial as a molecule used to conjugate bile acids (BAs). In the gastrointestinal tract, BAs deconjugation by enteric bacteria results in high levels of unconjugated BAs and free taurine. Depending on conjugation status and other bacterial modifications, BAs constitute a pool of related but highly diverse molecules, each with different properties concerning solubility and toxicity, capacity to activate or inhibit receptors of BAs, and direct and indirect impact on microbiota and the host, whereas free taurine has a largely protective impact on the host, serves as a source of energy for microbiota, regulates bacterial colonization and defends from pathogens. Several remarkable examples of the interaction between taurine and gut microbiota have recently been described. This review will introduce the necessary background information and lay out the latest discoveries in the interaction of the co-reliant triad of BAs, taurine, and microbiota.
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Ghanim A, Farag M, Anwar M, Ali N, Hawas M, Elsallab H, Elhendawy W, Basyouni L, Refaey O, Zaki K, Ali N, Metwaly H. Taurine alleviates kidney injury in a thioacetamide rat model by mediating Nrf2/HO-1, NQO-1 and MAPK/ NF-κB signaling pathways. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 100:352-360. [PMID: 34695366 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2021-0488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms by which taurine exerts its reno-protective effects in thioacetamide (TAA)-induced kidney injury in rats. Rats received taurine (100 mg/kg daily, intraperitoneally) either from day 1 of TAA injection (250 mg/kg twice weekly for 6 weeks) or after 6 weeks of TAA administration. Taurine treatment, either concomitant or later as a therapy, restored kidney functions, reduced BUN, creatinine, MDA, and increased renal levels of SOD and reversed the increase of KIM-1 and NGAL caused by TAA. Taurine treatment also led to a significant rise in Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO-1 levels, with significant suppression of ERK 1/2, NF-κB, and TNFα gene expressions, and IL-18 and TNFα protein levels compared to those in TAA kidney-injured rats. Taurine exhibited reno-protective potential in TAA-induced kidney injury through its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Taurine anti-oxidant activity is accredited to its effect on Nrf-2 induction and subsequent activation of HO-1 and NQO-1. In addition, taurine exerts its anti-inflammatory effect via regulating NF-κB transcription and subsequent production of pro-inflammatory mediators via MAPK signaling regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Ghanim
- Fayoum University, 158401, Biochemistry, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt, 63514.,Fayoum University, 158401, biochemistry, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt, 63514;
| | - Mahmoud Farag
- Delta University for Science and Technology, 501253, Pharmacology, Belkas, Dakahlia, Egypt;
| | - Mahitab Anwar
- Delta University for Science and Technology, 501253, Pharmacology, Belkas, Dakahlia, Egypt;
| | - Nada Ali
- Delta University for Science and Technology, 501253, Pharmacology, Belkas, Dakahlia, Egypt;
| | - Mohammed Hawas
- Delta University for Science and Technology, 501253, Pharmacology, Belkas, Dakahlia, Egypt;
| | - Hend Elsallab
- Delta University for Science and Technology, 501253, Pharmacology, Belkas, Dakahlia, Egypt;
| | - Walaa Elhendawy
- Delta University for Science and Technology, 501253, Pharmacology, Belkas, Dakahlia, Egypt;
| | - Lina Basyouni
- Delta University for Science and Technology, 501253, Clinical Pharmacy, Belkas, Dakahlia, Egypt;
| | - Ola Refaey
- Delta University for Science and Technology, 501253, Clinical Pharmacy, Belkas, Dakahlia, Egypt;
| | - Khaled Zaki
- Delta University for Science and Technology, 501253, Clinical Pharmacy, Belkas, Dakahlia, Egypt;
| | - Noha Ali
- Delta University for Science and Technology, 501253, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Belkas, Dakahlia, Egypt;
| | - Heba Metwaly
- Delta University for Science and Technology, 501253, Biochemistry, Belkas, Dakahlia, Egypt.,Alexandria University, 54562, Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Alexandria, Egypt;
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Baliou S, Adamaki M, Ioannou P, Pappa A, Panayiotidis MI, Christodoulou I, Spandidos DA, Kyriakopoulos AM, Zoumpourlis V. Ameliorative effect of taurine against diabetes and renal-associated disorders (Review). MEDICINE INTERNATIONAL 2021; 1:3. [PMID: 36699147 PMCID: PMC9855276 DOI: 10.3892/mi.2021.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
To develop novel therapeutic methods for both diabetic and renal disorders, scientists had initially focused on elucidating the molecular mechanisms of taurine in established cell lines and mouse models. Although a large amount of data have been revealed, taurine has been confirmed to be the next step of novel promising therapeutic interventions against diabetic disorders. Taurine appears to ameliorate diabetes 1-related complications in various organs through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-hormonal actions. In type 2 diabetes, taurine has been positively implicated in glucose homeostasis, exerting potent hypoglycemic, anti-obesity, hypotensive and hypolipidemic effects. Of particular interest is that taurine provides protection against renal dysfunction, including hypertension and proteinuria, specific glomerular and tubular disorders, acute and chronic renal conditions, and diabetic nephropathy. The ameliorative effects of taurine against renal disorders are based on its osmoregulatory properties, its association with signaling pathways and its association with the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Further clinical studies are required to ensure the importance of research findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Baliou
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Adamaki
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Petros Ioannou
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Heraklion, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Aglaia Pappa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Mihalis I. Panayiotidis
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Therapeutics and Ultrastructural Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, 2371 Nicosia, Cyprus,Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, 2371 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Ioannis Christodoulou
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Demetrios A. Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - Vassilis Zoumpourlis
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece,Correspondence to: Dr Vassilis Zoumpourlis, Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vas. Konstantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece
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Ahmadi S, Mehranjani MS. Taurine improves follicular survival and function of mice ovarian grafts through increasing CD31 and GDF9 expression and reducing oxidative stress and apoptosis. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 903:174134. [PMID: 33940031 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is a major limitation of ovarian transplantation which threatens the follicular and graft survival. Taurine as a potent anti-oxidant, anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory agent, can prevent graft damages due to IR. We aimed to investigate the effect of taurine on the follicular survival and function of autotransplanted mouse ovaries. Female mice (4-5 weeks old) were divided into: control, autograft and autograft + taurine (200 mg/kg/day). The level of CD31 expression was evaluated two days (48 h) post transplantation. In addition, on day 7 post transplantation the serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were assessed. Also, 28 days post transplantation; ovaries were studied stereologically and the percentage of apoptotic follicles, level of GDF9 expression and the serum concentrations of progesterone and estradiol were measured. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test and the means were considered significantly different at P < 0.05. The total volume of the ovary (P < 0.01), volume of the cortex (P < 0.01) and medulla (P < 0.04), total number of different types of follicles, expression of GDF9 and CD31 and also the levels of progesterone, estradiol and TAC increased significantly in the autograft + taurine group compared to the autograft group (P < 0.001). The MDA level and apoptosis rate decreased significantly in the autograft + taurine group compared to the autograft group (P < 0.001). Taurine could significantly improve follicular survival and the function of grafted ovaries by accelerating the angiogenesis and reducing oxidative stress and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Ahmadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Arak University, Arak, 381-5688138, Iran
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Fabrication of a porous polymer membrane enzyme reactor and its enzymatic kinetics study in an artificial kidney model. Talanta 2020; 216:120963. [PMID: 32456898 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.120963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A porous polymer membrane-based d-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) reactor was developed that mimicked enzymatic activity in a renal ischemia model. Using glycidyl methacrylate as a biocompatible reactive monomer, poly(styrene-glycidyl methacrylate) was synthesized via a reversible addition fragment chain transfer polymerization technique. The prepared porous polymer membrane was used as a support to effectively immobilize DAAO. Compared to DAAO modified on nonporous polymer membrane and free DAAO in solution, the constructed porous polymer membrane-based DAAO enzyme reactor displayed 3-fold and 19-fold increase in enzymolysis efficiency, respectively. In addition, a chiral ligand exchange capillary electrophoresis system for DAAO was used to study DAAO enzymatic kinetics with d,l-methionine as the substrate. The proposed porous polymer membrane-based enzyme reactor showed excellent performance both on reproducibility and stability. Moreover, the enzyme reactor was successfully applied to mimic DAAO activity in a renal ischemia model. These results demonstrated that the enzyme could be efficiently immobilized onto a porous polymer membrane as an enzyme reactor and has great potential in mimicking the enzymatic activity in kidney.
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Abstract
Background Cystinuria is an inherited disorder of renal amino acid transport that causes recurrent nephrolithiasis and significant morbidity in humans. It has an incidence of 1 in 7000 worldwide making it one of the most common genetic disorders in man. We phenotypically characterized a mouse model of cystinuria type A resultant from knockout of Slc3a1. Methods Knockout of Slc3a1 at RNA and protein levels was evaluated using real-time quantitative PCR and immunofluorescence. Slc3a1 knockout mice were placed on normal or breeder chow diets and evaluated for cystine stone formation over time suing x-ray analysis, and the development of kidney injury by measuring injury biomarkers. Kidney injury was also evaluated via histologic analysis. Amino acid levels were measured in the blood of mice using high performance liquid chromatography. Liver glutathione levels were measured using a luminescent-based assay. Results We confirmed knockout of Slc3a1 at the RNA level, while Slc7a9 RNA representing the co-transporter was preserved. As expected, we observed bladder stone formation in Slc3a1−/− mice. Male Slc3a1−/− mice exhibited lower weights compared to Slc3a1+/+. Slc3a1−/− mice on a regular diet demonstrated elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) without elevation of serum creatinine. However, placing the knockout animals on a breeder chow diet, containing a higher cystine concentration, resulted in the development of elevation of both BUN and creatinine indicative of more severe chronic kidney disease. Histological examination revealed that these dietary effects resulted in worsened kidney tubular obstruction and interstitial inflammation as well as worsened bladder inflammation. Cystine is a precursor for the antioxidant molecule glutathione, so we evaluated glutathione levels in the livers of Slc3a1−/− mice. We found significantly lowered levels of both reduced and total glutathione in the knockout animals. Conclusions Our results suggest that that diet can affect the development and progression of chronic kidney disease in an animal model of cystinuria, which may have important implications for patients with this disease. Additionally, reduced glutathione may predispose those with cystinuria to injury caused by oxidative stress. Word count: 327. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12882-019-1417-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Zhao W, Jia L, Yang HJ, Xue X, Xu WX, Cai JQ, Guo RJ, Cao CC. Taurine enhances the protective effect of Dexmedetomidine on sepsis-induced acute lung injury via balancing the immunological system. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 103:1362-1368. [PMID: 29864919 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.04.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis, an overwhelming systemic inflammatory disease, is the leading cause of acute lung injury (ALI). Despite plenty of researches have been done, effective drugs treating septic ALI are still eagerly needed in the clinic. Dexmedetomidine (Dex), a potent alpha-2 adrenoreceptor agonist, has been reported to possess antioxidant, anti-apoptosis and anti-inflammatory abilities. Taurine, a kind of intracellular free amino acid, has been used to treat various diseases. This study aimed to explore the combination effect of Dex and Taurine on septic ALI and the underlying mechanism in vivo. The establishment of septic ALI was set up in SD rats by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) operation. Results indicated that Dex or Taurine could reduce septic ALI-induced cell apoptosis via decreasing caspase-3 activity. However, the combination of Dex or Taurine produced greater effect. Besides that, Dex combined with Taurine could better promote cell proliferation with remarkably elevated Ki67 expression. The combination of Dex and Taurine significantly suppressed the activation of NF-κB pathway via inhibiting P65 phosphorylation and P65 nuclear translocation, leading to the down-regulation of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β. Moreover, co-administration of Dex and Taurine alleviated the imbalance of Th1/Th2 induced by septic ALI to a great extent. All in all, our study suggested the synergistic therapeutic effect of Dex and Taurine on septic ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Intensive Care Unit, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical Univercity, 211100, PR China
| | - Ling Jia
- Intensive Care Unit, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical Univercity, 211100, PR China
| | - Hui-Jing Yang
- Intensive Care Unit, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical Univercity, 211100, PR China
| | - Xiang Xue
- Intensive Care Unit, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical Univercity, 211100, PR China
| | - Wei-Xiao Xu
- Intensive Care Unit, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical Univercity, 211100, PR China
| | - Jian-Qin Cai
- Intensive Care Unit, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical Univercity, 211100, PR China
| | - Rui-Juan Guo
- Intensive Care Unit, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical Univercity, 211100, PR China
| | - Chang-Chun Cao
- Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical Univercity, No. 109 Longmian Road, Jiangning Disctrict, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211100, PR China.
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Cavdar Z, Ural C, Celik A, Arslan S, Terzioglu G, Ozbal S, Yildiz S, Ergur UB, Guneli E, Camsari T, Akdogan G. Protective effects of taurine against renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats by inhibition of gelatinases, MMP-2 and MMP-9, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. Biotech Histochem 2017; 92:524-535. [PMID: 28895768 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2017.1367033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) is closely associated with the pathogenesis of renal ischemia/reperfusion injury (I/R). The production of excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) causes tissue damage. Increased ROS production causes activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, which participates in gene regulation of MMPs, especially MMP-2 and MMP-9 (gelatinases). Taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) in mammalian cells functions in bile acid conjugation, maintenance of calcium homeostasis, osmoregulation, membrane stabilization, and antioxidation, antiinflammatory, and antiapoptotic action. We investigated the effects of taurine and the possible role of p38 MAPK signaling on regulation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in a renal I/R injury model in rats. Rats were divided into three groups: sham, I/R, and I/R + taurine treated. After a right nephrectomy, I/R was induced by clamping the left renal pedicle for 1 h followed by 6 h reperfusion. Taurine was administered 45 min prior to induction of ischemia. Renal function was assessed by serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels. Tubule injury and structural changes were evaluated by light microscopy. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity levels were measured using a colorimetric kit. mRNA expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities were measured using a fluorimetric kit. Phosphorylated p38 (p-p38) and total p38 MAPK protein expressions were evaluated by western blot. Taurine pretreatment significantly attenuated renal dysfunction and histologic damage, such as renal tubule dilation and loss of brush borders. The pretreatment also decreased the MDA level and attenuated the reduction of SOD activity in the kidney during I/R. Taurine pretreatment also decreased significantly both MMP-2 and MMP-9 mRNA expression and MMP-9 activity induced by I/R. In addition, the activity of p38 MAPK signaling was down-regulated significantly by taurine administration. Inhibition of MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression and MMP-9 activity caused by taurine may be associated with suppression of p38 MAPK activation during I/R induced renal injury in rats. Therefore, taurine administration may prove to be a strategy for attenuating renal I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Cavdar
- a Department of Molecular Medicine , Health Sciences Institute, Dokuz Eylul University , Izmir
| | - C Ural
- a Department of Molecular Medicine , Health Sciences Institute, Dokuz Eylul University , Izmir
| | - A Celik
- b Department of Laboratory Animal Science , Health Sciences Institute, Dokuz Eylul University , Izmir
| | - S Arslan
- c Department of Biology, Faculty of Science , Pamukkale University , Denizli
| | - G Terzioglu
- c Department of Biology, Faculty of Science , Pamukkale University , Denizli
| | - S Ozbal
- d Department of Histology and Embryology , Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University , Izmir
| | - S Yildiz
- e Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine , Dokuz Eylul University , Izmir
| | - U B Ergur
- d Department of Histology and Embryology , Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University , Izmir
| | - E Guneli
- b Department of Laboratory Animal Science , Health Sciences Institute, Dokuz Eylul University , Izmir
| | - T Camsari
- e Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine , Dokuz Eylul University , Izmir
| | - G Akdogan
- f School of Medicine , Izmir University of Economics , Izmir , Turkey
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Taurine protects HK-2 cells from oxidized LDL-induced cytotoxicity via the ROS-mediated mitochondrial and p53-related apoptotic pathways. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 279:351-363. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Akahoshi N, Kamata S, Kubota M, Hishiki T, Nagahata Y, Matsuura T, Yamazaki C, Yoshida Y, Yamada H, Ishizaki Y, Suematsu M, Kasahara T, Ishii I. Neutral aminoaciduria in cystathionine β-synthase-deficient mice, an animal model of homocystinuria. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 306:F1462-76. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00623.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The kidney is one of the major loci for the expression of cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) and cystathionine γ-lyase (CTH). While CBS-deficient ( Cbs−/−) mice display homocysteinemia/methioninemia and severe growth retardation, and rarely survive beyond the first 4 wk, CTH-deficient ( Cth−/−) mice show homocysteinemia/cystathioninemia but develop with no apparent abnormality. This study examined renal amino acid reabsorption in those mice. Although both 2-wk-old Cbs−/− and Cth−/− mice had normal renal architecture, their serum/urinary amino acid profiles largely differed from wild-type mice. The most striking feature was marked accumulation of Met and cystathionine in serum/urine/kidney samples of Cbs−/− and Cth−/− mice, respectively. Levels of some neutral amino acids (Val, Leu, Ile, and Tyr) that were not elevated in Cbs−/− serum were highly elevated in Cbs−/− urine, and urinary excretion of other neutral amino acids (except Met) was much higher than expected from their serum levels, demonstrating neutral aminoaciduria in Cbs−/− (not Cth−/−) mice. Because the bulk of neutral amino acids is absorbed via a B0AT1 transporter and Met has the highest substrate affinity for B0AT1 than other neutral amino acids, hypermethioninemia may cause hyperexcretion of neutral amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Akahoshi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO), Suematsu Gas Biology Project, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Immunology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan; and
| | - Shotaro Kamata
- Department of Biochemistry, Keio University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Kubota
- Department of Biochemistry, Keio University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takako Hishiki
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO), Suematsu Gas Biology Project, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Nagahata
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO), Suematsu Gas Biology Project, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomomi Matsuura
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO), Suematsu Gas Biology Project, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chiho Yamazaki
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Yuka Yoshida
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hidenori Yamada
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Yasuki Ishizaki
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Makoto Suematsu
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO), Suematsu Gas Biology Project, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kasahara
- Department of Biochemistry, Keio University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Isao Ishii
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, Keio University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
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McCarty MF. Nutraceutical strategies for ameliorating the toxic effects of alcohol. Med Hypotheses 2013; 80:456-62. [PMID: 23380360 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2012.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Rodent studies reveal that oxidative stress, much of it generated via induction/activation of NADPH oxidase, is a key mediator of a number of the pathogenic effects of chronic ethanol overconsumption. The highly reactive ethanol metabolite acetaldehyde is a key driver of this oxidative stress, and doubtless works in other ways to promote alcohol-induced pathology. Effective antioxidant measure may therefore be useful for mitigating the adverse health consequences of alcohol consumption; spirulina may have particular utility in this regard, as its chief phycochemical phycocyanobilin has recently been shown to function as an inhibitor of certain NADPH oxidase complexes, mimicking the physiological role of its chemical relatives biliverdin/bilirubin in this respect. Moreover, certain nutraceuticals, including taurine, pantethine, and lipoic acid, may have the potential to boost the activity of the mitochondrial isoform of aldehyde dehydrogenase, ALDH-2, accelerating conversion of acetaldehyde to acetate (which arguably has protective health effects). Little noticed clinical studies conducted nearly three decades ago reported that pre-ingestion of either taurine or pantethine could blunt the rise in blood acetaldehyde following ethanol consumption. Other evidence suggests that lipoic acid may function within mitochondria to maintain aldehyde dehydrogenase in a reduced active conformation; the impact of this agent on ethanol metabolism has however received little or no study. Studies evaluating the impact of nutracetical strategies on prevention of hangovers - which likely are mediated by acetaldehyde - may represent a quick, low-cost way to identify nutraceutical regimens that merit further attention for their potential impact on alcohol-induced pathology. Measures which boost or preserve ALDH-2 activity may also have important antioxidant potential, as this enzyme functions physiologically to protect cells from toxic aldehydes generated by oxidant stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark F McCarty
- NutriGuard Research, 1051 Hermes Ave., Encinitas, CA 92024, United States.
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12
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Abstract
Taurine is abundantly present in most mammalian tissues and plays a role in many important physiological functions. Atherosclerosis is the underlying mechanism of cardiovascular disease including myocardial infarctions, strokes and peripheral artery disease and remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Studies conducted in laboratory animal models using both genetic and dietary models of hyperlipidemia have demonstrated that taurine supplementation retards the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Epidemiological studies have also suggested that taurine exerts preventive effects on cardiovascular diseases. The present review focuses on the effects of taurine on the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. In addition, the potential mechanisms by which taurine suppress the development of atherosclerosis will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Murakami
- R&D Headquarters, Self Medication Business, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co Ltd, 24-1 Takada 3-chome, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, 170-8633, Japan,
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13
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Kirov A, Duarte M, Guay J, Karolak M, Yan C, Oxburgh L, Prudovsky I. Transgenic expression of nonclassically secreted FGF suppresses kidney repair. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36485. [PMID: 22606265 PMCID: PMC3351418 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
FGF1 is a signal peptide-less nonclassically released growth factor that is involved in angiogenesis, tissue repair, inflammation, and carcinogenesis. The effects of nonclassical FGF export in vivo are not sufficiently studied. We produced transgenic mice expressing FGF1 in endothelial cells (EC), which allowed the detection of FGF1 export to the vasculature, and studied the efficiency of postischemic kidney repair in these animals. Although FGF1 transgenic mice had a normal phenotype with unperturbed kidney structure, they showed a severely inhibited kidney repair after unilateral ischemia/reperfusion. This was manifested by a strong decrease of postischemic kidney size and weight, whereas the undamaged contralateral kidney exhibited an enhanced compensatory size increase. In addition, the postischemic kidneys of transgenic mice were characterized by hyperplasia of interstitial cells, paucity of epithelial tubular structures, increase of the areas occupied by connective tissue, and neutrophil and macrophage infiltration. The continuous treatment of transgenic mice with the cell membrane stabilizer, taurine, inhibited nonclassical FGF1 export and significantly rescued postischemic kidney repair. It was also found that similar to EC, the transgenic expression of FGF1 in monocytes and macrophages suppresses kidney repair. We suggest that nonclassical export may be used as a target for the treatment of pathologies involving signal peptide-less FGFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr Kirov
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Maine Medical Center, Scarborough, Maine, United States of America
| | - Maria Duarte
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Maine Medical Center, Scarborough, Maine, United States of America
| | - Justin Guay
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Maine Medical Center, Scarborough, Maine, United States of America
| | - Michele Karolak
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Maine Medical Center, Scarborough, Maine, United States of America
| | - Cong Yan
- Department of Pathology, University of Indiana, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Leif Oxburgh
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Maine Medical Center, Scarborough, Maine, United States of America
| | - Igor Prudovsky
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Maine Medical Center, Scarborough, Maine, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Han X, Chesney RW. The role of taurine in renal disorders. Amino Acids 2012; 43:2249-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-012-1314-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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15
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Agackiran Y, Gul H, Gunay E, Akyurek N, Memis L, Gunay S, Sirin YS, Ide T. The Efficiency of Proanthocyanidin in an Experimental Pulmonary Fibrosis Model: Comparison with Taurine. Inflammation 2012; 35:1402-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-012-9453-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Christophersen OA. Radiation protection following nuclear power accidents: a survey of putative mechanisms involved in the radioprotective actions of taurine during and after radiation exposure. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2012; 23:14787. [PMID: 23990836 PMCID: PMC3747764 DOI: 10.3402/mehd.v23i0.14787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
There are several animal experiments showing that high doses of ionizing radiation lead to strongly enhanced leakage of taurine from damaged cells into the extracellular fluid, followed by enhanced urinary excretion. This radiation-induced taurine depletion can itself have various harmful effects (as will also be the case when taurine depletion is due to other causes, such as alcohol abuse or cancer therapy with cytotoxic drugs), but taurine supplementation has been shown to have radioprotective effects apparently going beyond what might be expected just as a consequence of correcting the harmful consequences of taurine deficiency per se. The mechanisms accounting for the radioprotective effects of taurine are, however, very incompletely understood. In this article an attempt is made to survey various mechanisms that potentially might be involved as parts of the explanation for the overall beneficial effect of high levels of taurine that has been found in experiments with animals or isolated cells exposed to high doses of ionizing radiation. It is proposed that taurine may have radioprotective effects by a combination of several mechanisms: (1) during the exposure to ionizing radiation by functioning as an antioxidant, but perhaps more because it counteracts the prooxidant catalytic effect of iron rather than functioning as an important scavenger of harmful molecules itself, (2) after the ionizing radiation exposure by helping to reduce the intensity of the post-traumatic inflammatory response, and thus reducing the extent of tissue damage that develops because of severe inflammation rather than as a direct effect of the ionizing radiation per se, (3) by functioning as a growth factor helping to enhance the growth rate of leukocytes and leukocyte progenitor cells and perhaps also of other rapidly proliferating cell types, such as enterocyte progenitor cells, which may be important for immunological recovery and perhaps also for rapid repair of various damaged tissues, especially in the intestines, and (4) by functioning as an antifibrogenic agent. A detailed discussion is given of possible mechanisms involved both in the antioxidant effects of taurine, in its anti-inflammatory effects and in its role as a growth factor for leukocytes and nerve cells, which might be closely related to its role as an osmolyte important for cellular volume regulation because of the close connection between cell volume regulation and the regulation of protein synthesis as well as cellular protein degradation. While taurine supplementation alone would be expected to exert a therapeutic effect far better than negligible in patients that have been exposed to high doses of ionizing radiation, it may on theoretical grounds be expected that much better results may be obtained by using taurine as part of a multifactorial treatment strategy, where it may interact synergistically with several other nutrients, hormones or other drugs for optimizing antioxidant protection and minimizing harmful posttraumatic inflammatory reactions, while using other nutrients to optimize DNA and tissue repair processes, and using a combination of good diet, immunostimulatory hormones and perhaps other nontoxic immunostimulants (such as beta-glucans) for optimizing the recovery of antiviral and antibacterial immune functions. Similar multifactorial treatment strategies may presumably be helpful in several other disease situations (including severe infectious diseases and severe asthma) as well as for treatment of acute intoxications or acute injuries (both mechanical ones and severe burns) where severely enhanced oxidative and/or nitrative stress and/or too much secretion of vasodilatory neuropeptides from C-fibres are important parts of the pathogenetic mechanisms that may lead to the death of the patient. Some case histories (with discussion of some of those mechanisms that may have been responsible for the observed therapeutic outcome) are given for illustration of the likely validity of these concepts and their relevance both for treatment of severe infections and non-infectious inflammatory diseases such as asthma and rheumatoid arthritis.
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Study on the decrease of renal d-amino acid oxidase activity in the rat after renal ischemia by chiral ligand exchange capillary electrophoresis. Amino Acids 2010; 42:337-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0811-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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18
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Guan W, Zhao Y, Xu C. A Combined Treatment with Taurine and Intra-arterial Thrombolysis in an Embolic Model of Stroke in Rats: Increased Neuroprotective Efficacy and Extended Therapeutic Time Window. Transl Stroke Res 2010; 2:80-91. [PMID: 24323587 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-010-0050-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2010] [Revised: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Combination treatment may target different pathophysiological events following cerebral ischemia thus enhancing the efficacy of treatment in thromboembolic stroke. Taurine confers a neuroprotective effect in the mechanical stroke model. This effect has not been assessed in an embolic stroke model. Here, we sought to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of taurine alone and in combination with thrombolytic therapy to investigate whether combined administration would extend the therapeutic time window without increasing the hemorrhagic transformation in a rat embolic stroke model. Rats were subjected to right embolic middle cerebral artery occlusion and then randomly assigned to the following groups: saline treatment alone at 4 h, urokinase, taurine treatment alone at 4, 6, or 8 h, and the combination of taurine and urokinase at 4, 6, or 8 h after the insult. Brain infarct volume, neurobehavioral outcome, regional cerebral blood flow, intracranial hemorrhage incidence were observed and evaluated. Posttreatment with taurine at 4 or 6 h, urokinase at 4 h or in combination at 4, 6, or 8 h significantly reduced infarct volume and improved neurobehavioral outcome. The combination treatment had better neurobehavioral outcome and smaller infarction volume than urokinase or taurine treatment alone. The clinical outcome correlated well with infarct volume. Together, the present study suggests that administration of taurine after stroke is neuroprotective, seemingly because it reduces the reperfusion damage of urokinase, leading to widen the therapeutic window for the thrombolytic effect of urokinase to 8 h. Thrombolysis can also enhance the neuroprotective effect of taurine. The reduction of inflammatory response, neuron death and inhibition of blood brain barrier (BBB) disruption may underlie the beneficial effects of combination of taurine and urokinase in the treatment of embolic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Guan
- Department of Neurochemistry, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, 6 Tiantan Xi Li, 100050, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Differential effects of taurine treatment and taurine deficiency on the outcome of renal ischemia reperfusion injury. J Biomed Sci 2010; 17 Suppl 1:S32. [PMID: 20804608 PMCID: PMC2994366 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-17-s1-s32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Taurine possesses membrane stabilization, osmoregulatory and antioxidant properties, aspects of relevance to ischemic injury. We tested the hypothesis that body taurine status is a determinant of renal ischemic injury. Accordingly, renal function and structure were examined in control (C), taurine-treated (TT) and taurine deficient (TD) rats that were subjected to bilateral renal ischemia (60 min) followed by reperfusion (IR); sham operated rats served as controls. Baseline urine osmolality was greater in the TD group than in the control and the TT groups, an effect associated with increased renal aquaporin 2 level. The IR insult reduced urine osmolality (i.e., day-1 post insult); the TD/IR group displayed a more marked recovery in urine osmolality by day-6 post insult than the other two groups. Fluid and sodium excretions were lower in the TD/IR group, suggesting propensity to retention. Histopathological examination revealed the presence of tubular necrotic foci in the C/IR group than sham controls. While renal architecture of the TD/IR group showed features resembling sham controls, the TT/IR group showed dilated tubules, which lacked immunostaining for aquaporin 2, but not 1, suggestive of proximal tubule origin. Finally, assessment of cell proliferation and apoptosis revealed lower proliferation but higher apoptotic foci in the TT/IR group than other IR groups. Collectively, the results indicate that body taurine status is a major determinant of renal IR injury.
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Men X, Han S, Gao J, Cao G, Zhang L, Yu H, Lu H, Pu J. Taurine protects against lung damage following limb ischemia reperfusion in the rat by attenuating endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis. Acta Orthop 2010; 81:263-7. [PMID: 20148646 PMCID: PMC2895349 DOI: 10.3109/17453671003587085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE CHOP is a C/EBP family transcription factor involved in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated apoptosis. Several studies have demonstrated that ischemia reperfusion results in apoptosis. Oxidative stress is central to ischemia reperfusion-induced apoptosis. Taurine protects against lung injury after limb ischemia reperfusion (LIR) through antioxidation. The effects of taurine on ER stress-induced apoptosis have not been well explored, however. We studied the effects of taurine in ER stress-induced apoptosis following LIR. METHODS Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 40) were randomized into 4 groups: (1) a control group, (2) an LIR group, (3) an LIR group treated with taurine, and (4) an LIR group treated with saline. Bilateral hindlimb ischemia was induced by application of a rubber band proximal to the level of the greater trochanters for 4 h. The treatment groups received either taurine (200 mg/kg as a 4% solution in 0.9% saline) or saline alone prior to reperfusion. Following 4h of reperfusion, blood oxygen was analyzed. The animals were killed and plasma and lung tissue were harvested for evaluation. RESULTS Taurine statistically significantly attenuated lung injury following LIR, as shown by reduced malondialdehyde content, reduced cell apoptosis, and expression of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1), and transcriptional activators of the CHOP gene. Furthermore, partial pressure values of oxygen in arterial blood and the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase were higher in the taurine pretreatment group than in the group of rats that underwent LIR alone. INTERPRETATION Our results suggest that taurine attenuates endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis in the lungs of rats after limb ischemia reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Junling Gao
- Histology and Embryology, North China Coal Medical College
| | - Guofu Cao
- The Affiliated Hospital, North China Coal Medical College, TangshanChina
| | | | | | - Hua Lu
- Department of Pharmacology
| | - Jianyi Pu
- The Affiliated Hospital, North China Coal Medical College, TangshanChina
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Wang L, Zhang L, Yu Y, Wang Y, Niu N. The Protective Effects of Taurine against Early Renal Injury in STZ-Induced Diabetic Rats, Correlated with Inhibition of Renal LOX-1-Mediated ICAM-1 Expression. Ren Fail 2009; 30:763-71. [DOI: 10.1080/08860220802272563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Chatterjee PK. Novel pharmacological approaches to the treatment of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury: a comprehensive review. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2007; 376:1-43. [PMID: 18038125 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-007-0183-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2007] [Accepted: 08/01/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Renal ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) contributes to the development of ischemic acute renal failure (ARF). Multi-factorial processes are involved in the development and progression of renal I-R injury with the generation of reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide and peroxynitrite, and the decline of antioxidant protection playing major roles, leading to dysfunction, injury, and death of the cells of the kidney. Renal inflammation, involving cytokine/adhesion molecule cascades with recruitment, activation, and diapedesis of circulating leukocytes is also implicated. Clinically, renal I-R occurs in a variety of medical and surgical settings and is responsible for the development of acute tubular necrosis (a characteristic feature of ischemic ARF), e.g., in renal transplantation where I-R of the kidney directly influences graft and patient survival. The cellular mechanisms involved in the development of renal I-R injury have been targeted by several pharmacological interventions. However, although showing promise in experimental models of renal I-R injury and ischemic ARF, they have not proved successful in the clinical setting (e.g., atrial natriuretic peptide, low-dose dopamine). This review highlights recent pharmacological developments, which have shown particular promise against experimental renal I-R injury and ischemic ARF, including novel antioxidants and antioxidant enzyme mimetics, nitric oxide and nitric oxide synthase inhibitors, erythropoietin, peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor agonists, inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, carbon monoxide-releasing molecules, statins, and adenosine. Novel approaches such as recent research involving combination therapies and the potential of non-pharmacological strategies are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabal K Chatterjee
- Division of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Cockcroft Building, Lewes Road, Moulsecoomb, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK.
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