1
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Yu H, Qiu S, Cheng F, Cheng YN, Wang YJ, Zheng YG. Improving the catalytic efficiency of aldo-keto reductase KmAKR towards t-butyl 6-cyano-(3R,5R)-dihydroxyhexanoate via semi-rational design. Bioorg Chem 2019; 90:103018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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2
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Lipase Catalysed Kinetic Resolution of Racemic 1,2-Diols Containing a Chiral Quaternary Center. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23071585. [PMID: 29966266 PMCID: PMC6100382 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Optically active 1,2-diols are valuable buildings blocks in organic synthesis. In the present paper, a set of racemic 1,2-diols with an ester functional group are prepared, starting from α-ketoesters in a three-step procedure with moderate yields. The racemic 1,2-diols, containing a chiral quaternary center in their structure, are subjected to selective acylation in order to perform their kinetic resolution catalysed by a set of commercially available lipases. Under optimized reaction conditions, good conversions and enantioselectivities are achieved by using the lipase PSL-C from Pseudomonas cepacia in tert-butyl methyl ether. This biocatalyst could be reused up to five times without losing its properties.
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3
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Xu T, Wang C, Zhu S, Zheng G. Enzymatic preparation of optically pure t -butyl 6-chloro-(3 R ,5 S )-dihydroxyhexanoate by a novel alcohol dehydrogenase discovered from Klebsiella oxytoca. Process Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2017.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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4
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Bezborodov AM, Zagustina NA. Enzymatic biocatalysis in chemical synthesis of pharmaceuticals (Review). APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683816030030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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5
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Dias LC, Vieira AS, Barreiro EJ. The total synthesis of calcium atorvastatin. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:2291-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob02546j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A practical and convergent asymmetric route to calcium atorvastatin (1) is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz C. Dias
- Instituto de Química
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas
- UNICAMP
- 13084-971 Campinas
- Brazil
| | - Adriano S. Vieira
- Instituto de Química
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas
- UNICAMP
- 13084-971 Campinas
- Brazil
| | - Eliezer J. Barreiro
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
- Rio de Janeiro
- Brazil
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6
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Wu Y, Xiong FJ, Chen FE. Stereoselective synthesis of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl–coenzyme A reductase inhibitors. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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7
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Structural basis for double cofactor specificity in a new formate dehydrogenase from the acidobacterium Granulicella mallensis MP5ACTX8. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:9541-54. [PMID: 26104866 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6695-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Formate dehydrogenases (FDHs) are considered particularly useful enzymes in biocatalysis when the regeneration of the cofactor NAD(P)H is required, that is, in chiral synthesis with dehydrogenases. Their utilization is however limited to the recycling of NAD(+), since all (apart one) of the FDHs characterized so far are strictly specific for this cofactor, and this is a major drawback for their otherwise wide applicability. Despite the many attempts performed to modify cofactor specificity by protein engineering different NAD(+)-dependent FDHs, in the general practice, glucose or phosphite dehydrogenases are chosen for the recycling of NADP(+). We report on the functional and structural characterization of a new FDH, GraFDH, identified by mining the genome of the extremophile prokaryote Granulicella mallensis MP5ACTX8. The new enzyme displays a valuable stability in the presence of many organic cosolvents as well as double cofactor specificity, with NADP(+) preferred over NAD(+) at acidic pH values, at which it also shows the highest stability. The quite low affinities for both cofactors as well as for the substrate formate indicate, however, that the native enzyme requires optimization to be applied as biocatalytic tool. We also determined the crystal structure of GraFDH both as apoprotein and as holoprotein, either in complex with NAD(+) or NADP(+). Noticeably, the latter represents the first structure of an FDH enzyme in complex with NADP(+). This fine picture of the structural determinants involved in cofactor selectivity will possibly boost protein engineering of the new enzyme or other homolog FDHs in view of their biocatalytic exploitation for NADP(+) recycling.
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8
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Wu X, Gou X, Chen Y. Enzymatic preparation of t-butyl-6-cyano-(3R, 5R)-dihydroxyhexanoate by a whole-cell biocatalyst co-expressing carbonyl reductase and glucose dehydrogenase. Process Biochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2014.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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9
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Yao P, Li J, Yuan J, Han C, Liu X, Feng J, Wu Q, Zhu D. Enzymatic Synthesis of a Key Intermediate for Rosuvastatin by Nitrilase-Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Ethyl (R)-4-Cyano-3-hydroxybutyate at High Substrate Concentration. ChemCatChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201402877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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10
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Chen X, Xiong F, Zheng C, Li J, Chen F. Synthetic studies on statins. Part 3: A facile synthesis of rosuvastatin calcium through catalytic enantioselective allylation strategy. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.06.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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11
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Ma H, Yang X, Lu Z, Liu N, Chen Y. The "gate keeper" role of Trp222 determines the enantiopreference of diketoreductase toward 2-chloro-1-phenylethanone. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103792. [PMID: 25072248 PMCID: PMC4114983 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Trp222 of diketoreductase (DKR), an enzyme responsible for reducing a variety of ketones to chiral alcohols, is located at the hydrophobic dimeric interface of the C-terminus. Single substitutions at DKR Trp222 with either canonical (Val, Leu, Met, Phe and Tyr) or unnatural amino acids (UAAs) (4-cyano-L-phenylalanine, 4-methoxy-L-phenylalanine, 4-phenyl-L-phenyalanine, O-tert-butyl-L-tyrosine) inverts the enantiotope preference of the enzyme toward 2-chloro-1-phenylethanone with close side chain correlation. Analyses of enzyme activity, substrate affinity and ternary structure of the mutants revealed that substitution at Trp222 causes a notable change in the overall enzyme structure, and specifically in the entrance tunnel to the active center. The size of residue 222 in DKR is vital to its enantiotope preference. Trp222 serves as a "gate keeper" to control the direction of substrate entry into the active center. Consequently, opposite substrate-binding orientations produce respective alcohol enantiomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Laboratory of Chemical Biology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Laboratory of Chemical Biology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuo Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Laboratory of Chemical Biology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Laboratory of Chemical Biology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yijun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Laboratory of Chemical Biology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
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12
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Chen X, Xiong F, Chen W, He Q, Chen F. Asymmetric Synthesis of the HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitor Atorvastatin Calcium: An Organocatalytic Anhydride Desymmetrization and Cyanide-Free Side Chain Elongation Approach. J Org Chem 2014; 79:2723-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jo402829b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Chen
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Institutes of Biomedical
Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fangjun Xiong
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Institutes of Biomedical
Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenxue Chen
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Institutes of Biomedical
Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiuqin He
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Institutes of Biomedical
Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fener Chen
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Institutes of Biomedical
Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
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13
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Zhang J, Zhu T, Wu X, Chen Y. Enhancement of biocatalytic efficiency by increasing substrate loading: enzymatic preparation of L-homophenylalanine. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:8487-94. [PMID: 23893309 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5117-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Enantiomerically pure L-homophenylalanine (L-HPA) is a key building block for the synthesis of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and other chiral pharmaceuticals. Among the processes developed for the L-HPA production, biocatalytic synthesis employing phenylalanine dehydrogenase has been proven as the most promising route. However, similar to other dehydrogenase-catalyzed reactions, the viability of this process is markedly affected by insufficient substrate loading and high costs of the indispensable cofactors. In the present work, a highly efficient and economic biocatalytic process for L-HPA was established by coupling genetically modified phenylalanine dehydrogenase and formate dehydrogenase. Combination of fed-batch substrate addition and a continuous product removal greatly increased substrate loading and cofactor utilization. After systemic optimization, 40 g (0.22 mol) of keto acid substrate was transformed to L-HPA within 24 h and a total of 0.2 mM NAD(+) was reused effectively in eight cycles of fed-batch operation, consequently giving an average substrate concentration of 510 mM and a productivity of 84.1 g l(-1) day(-1) for L-HPA. The present study provides an efficient and feasible enzymatic process for the production of L-HPA and a general solution for the increase of substrate loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jielin Zhang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia St., Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210009, China
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14
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Synthetic studies on statins. Part 1: a short and cyanide-free synthesis of atorvastatin calcium via an enantioselective aldol strategy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2012.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Gupta P, Mahajan N, Taneja SC. Recent advances in the stereoselective synthesis of 1,3-diols using biocatalysts. Catal Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cy00125c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Liu Z, Yang X, Yi D, Wang S, Chen Y. Genetic incorporation of D-lysine into diketoreductase in Escherichia coli cells. Amino Acids 2012; 43:2553-2559. [PMID: 22569959 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-012-1311-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Pyrococcus horikoshii lysyl-tRNA synthetase/tRNA orthogonal pair exhibited high selectivity towards D-lysine in the presence of excess amount of D-lysine. Based on the observation, this orthogonal pair was employed to encode D-lysine, and D-lysine was site-specifically incorporated into the diketoreductase in E. coli cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhizhi Liu
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Street, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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17
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Huang Y, Lu Z, Ma M, Liu N, Chen Y. Functional roles of Tryptophan residues in diketoreductase from Acinetobacter baylyi. BMB Rep 2012; 45:452-7. [DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2012.45.8.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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18
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Bariotaki A, Kalaitzakis D, Smonou I. Enzymatic reductions for the regio- and stereoselective synthesis of hydroxy-keto esters and dihydroxy esters. Org Lett 2012; 14:1792-5. [PMID: 22409731 DOI: 10.1021/ol3003833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ketoreductases were utilized for the stereoselective synthesis of δ-hydroxy-β-keto esters, β-hydroxy-δ-keto esters, and β,δ-dihydroxy esters. Seven out of eight possible stereoisomers were obtained from the enzymatic reduction of the corresponding β,δ-diketo ester in high enantio- and diastereomeric excess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bariotaki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Crete, Greece
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19
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Lu M, Huang Y, White MA, Wu X, Liu N, Cheng X, Chen Y. Dual catalysis mode for the dicarbonyl reduction catalyzed by diketoreductase. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:11352-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc36334h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Chen Y, Chen C, Wu X. Dicarbonyl reduction by single enzyme for the preparation of chiral diols. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:1742-53. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cs15230k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Wu X, Jiang J, Chen Y. Correlation between Intracellular Cofactor Concentrations and Biocatalytic Efficiency: Coexpression of Diketoreductase and Glucose Dehydrogenase for the Preparation of Chiral Diol for Statin Drugs. ACS Catal 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/cs200408y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuri Wu
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Street, Nanjing, 210009, P.R. China
| | - Jinpeng Jiang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Street, Nanjing, 210009, P.R. China
| | - Yijun Chen
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Street, Nanjing, 210009, P.R. China
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States
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22
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Identification of important residues in diketoreductase from Acinetobacter baylyi by molecular modeling and site-directed mutagenesis. Biochimie 2011; 94:471-8. [PMID: 21893158 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2011.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Diketoreductase (DKR) from Acinetobacter baylyi exhibits a unique property of double reduction of a β, δ-diketo ester with excellent stereoselectivity, which can serve as an efficient biocatalyst for the preparation of an important chiral intermediate for cholesterol lowering statin drugs. Taken the advantage of high homology between DKR and human heart 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HAD), a molecular model was created to compare the tertiary structures of DKR and HAD. In addition to the possible participation of His-143 in the enzyme catalysis by pH profile, three key amino acid residues, Ser-122, His-143 and Glu-155, were identified and mutated to explore the possibility of involving in the catalytic process. The catalytic activities for mutants S122A/C, H143A/K and E155Q were below detectable level, while their binding affinities to the diketo ester substrate and cofactor NADH did not change obviously. The experimental results were further supported by molecular docking, suggesting that Ser-122 and His-143 were essential for the proton transfer to the carbonyl functional groups of the substrate. Moreover, Glu-155 was crucial for maintaining the proper orientation and protonation of the imidazole ring of His-143 for efficient catalysis.
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23
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Hall M, Bommarius AS. Enantioenriched Compounds via Enzyme-Catalyzed Redox Reactions. Chem Rev 2011; 111:4088-110. [DOI: 10.1021/cr200013n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Hall
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas S. Bommarius
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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Wu X, Chen C, Liu N, Chen Y. Preparation of ethyl 3R,5S-6-(benzyloxy)-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoate by recombinant diketoreductase in a biphasic system. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:3649-3652. [PMID: 21163644 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.11.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Diketoreductase from Acinetobacter baylyi ATCC 33305 is a unique carbonyl reductase, which can stereoselectively reduce ethyl-6-(benzyloxy)-3,5-dioxohexanoate to ethyl 3R,5S-6-(benzyloxy)-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoate, an advanced intermediate for statin drugs. In the present study, we explored an aqueous-organic biphasic reaction system to make this biocatalyst more practical and valuable. Different from most oxidoreductases, diketoreductase displayed an excellent tolerance to certain organic solvents without any changes on the catalytic properties. After optimizing reaction conditions, an aqueous-hexane (1:1) biphasic system was established for the preparation of 3R,5S-dihydroxy product by diketoreductase. This system was further scaled up to 0.5 l at a substrate concentration of 105 g/l (378 mM), and the 3R,5S-hydroxy product was obtained with a yield of 83.5% and excellent stereoselectivity (de>99.5%, ee>99.5%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuri Wu
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, PR China
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Bowles DM, Boyles DC, Choi C, Pfefferkorn JA, Schuyler S, Hessler EJ. Development of an Early Enabling Synthesis for PF-03052334-02: A Novel Hepatoselective HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitor. Org Process Res Dev 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/op100268e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M. Bowles
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, MS8156-064 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - David C. Boyles
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, MS8156-064 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Chulho Choi
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, MS8156-064 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jeffrey A. Pfefferkorn
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, MS8156-064 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Stephanie Schuyler
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, MS8156-064 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Edward J. Hessler
- Bridge Organics, 311 West Washington Street, Vicksburg, Michigan 49097, United States
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