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Alberione MP, González-Ruiz V, von Rohr O, Rudaz S, Soldati-Favre D, Izquierdo L, Kloehn J. N-acetylglucosamine supplementation fails to bypass the critical acetylation of glucosamine-6-phosphate required for Toxoplasma gondii replication and invasion. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011979. [PMID: 38900808 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The cell surface of Toxoplasma gondii is rich in glycoconjugates which hold diverse and vital functions in the lytic cycle of this obligate intracellular parasite. Additionally, the cyst wall of bradyzoites, that shields the persistent form responsible for chronic infection from the immune system, is heavily glycosylated. Formation of glycoconjugates relies on activated sugar nucleotides, such as uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc). The glucosamine-phosphate-N-acetyltransferase (GNA1) generates N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate critical to produce UDP-GlcNAc. Here, we demonstrate that downregulation of T. gondii GNA1 results in a severe reduction of UDP-GlcNAc and a concomitant drop in glycosylphosphatidylinositols (GPIs), leading to impairment of the parasite's ability to invade and replicate in the host cell. Surprisingly, attempts to rescue this defect through exogenous GlcNAc supplementation fail to completely restore these vital functions. In depth metabolomic analyses elucidate diverse causes underlying the failed rescue: utilization of GlcNAc is inefficient under glucose-replete conditions and fails to restore UDP-GlcNAc levels in GNA1-depleted parasites. In contrast, GlcNAc-supplementation under glucose-deplete conditions fully restores UDP-GlcNAc levels but fails to rescue the defects associated with GNA1 depletion. Our results underscore the importance of glucosamine-6-phosphate acetylation in governing T. gondii replication and invasion and highlight the potential of the evolutionary divergent GNA1 in Apicomplexa as a target for the development of much-needed new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Pía Alberione
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic-University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Olivier von Rohr
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Serge Rudaz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Soldati-Favre
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Luis Izquierdo
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic-University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joachim Kloehn
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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2
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Gowda DC, Miller LH. Glycosylation in malaria parasites: what do we know? Trends Parasitol 2024; 40:131-146. [PMID: 38262838 PMCID: PMC10923157 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2023.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
In malaria parasites, although post-translational modification of proteins with N-. O-, and C-glycosidic bond-linked glycans is limited, it is confined to relatively fewer proteins in which the glycans are present at significant levels and may have important functions. Furthermore, several proteins are modified with glycosylphosphatidylinositols (GPIs) which represent the predominant glycan synthesized by parasites. Modification of proteins with GPIs is obligatory for parasite survival as GPI-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) play essential roles in all life cycle stages of the parasites, including development, egress, gametogenesis, motility, and host cell adhesion and invasion. Here, we discuss the current knowledge on the structures and potential functions of the glycan moieties of parasite proteins. The knowledge has important implications for the development of drugs and vaccines for malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Channe Gowda
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, MD 20852, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
| | - Louis H Miller
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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3
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Abstract
Post-translational modification with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), a process referred to as O-GlcNAcylation, occurs on a vast variety of proteins. Mounting evidence in the past several decades has clearly demonstrated that O-GlcNAcylation is a unique and ubiquitous modification. Reminiscent of a code, protein O-GlcNAcylation functions as a crucial regulator of nearly all cellular processes studied. The primary aim of this review is to summarize the developments in our understanding of myriad protein substrates modified by O-GlcNAcylation from a systems perspective. Specifically, we provide a comprehensive survey of O-GlcNAcylation in multiple species studied, including eukaryotes (e.g., protists, fungi, plants, Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, murine, and human), prokaryotes, and some viruses. We evaluate features (e.g., structural properties and sequence motifs) of O-GlcNAc modification on proteins across species. Given that O-GlcNAcylation functions in a species-, tissue-/cell-, protein-, and site-specific manner, we discuss the functional roles of O-GlcNAcylation on human proteins. We focus particularly on several classes of relatively well-characterized human proteins (including transcription factors, protein kinases, protein phosphatases, and E3 ubiquitin-ligases), with representative O-GlcNAc site-specific functions presented. We hope the systems view of the great endeavor in the past 35 years will help demystify the O-GlcNAc code and lead to more fascinating studies in the years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Ma
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - Chunyan Hou
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - Ci Wu
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
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4
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Loaeza-Reyes KJ, Zenteno E, Moreno-Rodríguez A, Torres-Rosas R, Argueta-Figueroa L, Salinas-Marín R, Castillo-Real LM, Pina-Canseco S, Cervera YP. An Overview of Glycosylation and its Impact on Cardiovascular Health and Disease. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:751637. [PMID: 34869586 PMCID: PMC8635159 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.751637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The cardiovascular system is a complex and well-organized system in which glycosylation plays a vital role. The heart and vascular wall cells are constituted by an array of specific receptors; most of them are N- glycosylated and mucin-type O-glycosylated. There are also intracellular signaling pathways regulated by different post-translational modifications, including O-GlcNAcylation, which promote adequate responses to extracellular stimuli and signaling transduction. Herein, we provide an overview of N-glycosylation and O-glycosylation, including O-GlcNAcylation, and their role at different levels such as reception of signal, signal transduction, and exogenous molecules or agonists, which stimulate the heart and vascular wall cells with effects in different conditions, like the physiological status, ischemia/reperfusion, exercise, or during low-grade inflammation in diabetes and aging. Furthermore, mutations of glycosyltransferases and receptors are associated with development of cardiovascular diseases. The knowledge on glycosylation and its effects could be considered biochemical markers and might be useful as a therapeutic tool to control cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Julissa Loaeza-Reyes
- Centro de Estudios en Ciencias de la Salud y la Enfermedad, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico.,Centro de Investigación Facultad de Medicina-UNAM-UABJO, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Edgar Zenteno
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Rafael Torres-Rosas
- Centro de Estudios en Ciencias de la Salud y la Enfermedad, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Liliana Argueta-Figueroa
- Centro de Estudios en Ciencias de la Salud y la Enfermedad, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico.,Conacyt - Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Roberta Salinas-Marín
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología Humana y Diagnóstico Molecular, Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Lizet Monserrat Castillo-Real
- Centro de Estudios en Ciencias de la Salud y la Enfermedad, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Socorro Pina-Canseco
- Centro de Investigación Facultad de Medicina-UNAM-UABJO, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Yobana Pérez Cervera
- Centro de Estudios en Ciencias de la Salud y la Enfermedad, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico.,Centro de Investigación Facultad de Medicina-UNAM-UABJO, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico
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5
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Characterization of functions in parasite growth and virulence of four Toxoplasma gondii genes involved in lipid synthesis by CRISPR-Cas9 system. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:3749-3759. [PMID: 34499198 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07308-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid uptake is extremely important for the survival and growth of the intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii. In this study, CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology was used to investigate the role of four lipid synthesis enzymes, namely, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH), malonyl CoA-acyl carrier protein transacylase (FabD), acyl-ACP thiolesterase (TE), and diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT), in the virulence and infectivity of Type I RH and Type II Prugniaud (Pru) strains of T. gondii. Immunofluorescence analysis of the tachyzoite stage showed that FabD protein was located in the apicoplast; however, the expression level of the other three proteins was undetectable. Compared with wild-type (WT) strains, the growth of RHΔG3PDH, RHΔTE, and RHΔDGAT in vitro and their virulence in vivo were not significantly different. However, RHΔFabD exhibited a significantly reduced growth rate, compared with the WT strain. The deletion of FabD attenuated the virulence of Type II Pru strain and reduced the formation of cysts in vivo. These data improved our understanding of the role of lipid synthesis enzymes in the pathogenesis of T. gondii.
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6
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Guevara RB, Fox BA, Bzik DJ. Succinylated Wheat Germ Agglutinin Colocalizes with the Toxoplasma gondii Cyst Wall Glycoprotein CST1. mSphere 2020; 5:e00031-20. [PMID: 32132158 PMCID: PMC7056803 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00031-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycosylated mucin domain of the Toxoplasma gondii cyst wall glycoprotein CST1 is heavily stained by Dolichos biflorus agglutinin, a lectin that binds to N-acetylgalactosamine. The cyst wall is also heavily stained by the chitin binding lectin succinylated wheat germ agglutinin (s-WGA), which selectively binds to N-acetylglucosamine-decorated structures. Here, we tracked the localization of N-acetylglucosamine-decorated structures that bind to s-WGA in immature and mature in vitro cysts. s-WGA localization was observed at the cyst periphery 6 h after the differentiation of the tachyzoite-stage parasitophorous vacuole. By day 1 and at all later times after differentiation, s-WGA was localized in a continuous staining pattern at the cyst wall. Coinciding with the maturation of the cyst matrix by day 3 of cyst development, s-WGA also localized in a continuous matrix pattern inside the cyst. s-WGA localized in both the outer and inner layer regions of the cyst wall and in a continuous matrix pattern inside mature 7- and 10-day-old cysts. In addition, s-WGA colocalized in the cyst wall with CST1, suggesting that N-acetylglucosamine- and N-acetylgalactosamine-decorated molecules colocalized in the cyst wall. In contrast to CST1, GRA4, and GRA6, the relative accumulation of the molecules that bind s-WGA in the cyst wall was not dependent on the expression of GRA2. Our results suggest that GRA2-dependent and GRA2-independent mechanisms regulate the trafficking and accumulation of glycosylated molecules that colocalize in the cyst wall.IMPORTANCE Chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection is maintained in the central nervous system by thick-walled cysts. If host immunity wanes, cysts recrudesce and cause severe and often lethal toxoplasmic encephalitis. Currently, there are no therapies to eliminate cysts, and little biological information is available regarding cyst structure(s). Here, we investigated cyst wall molecules recognized by succinylated wheat germ agglutinin (s-WGA), a lectin that specifically binds to N-acetylglucosamine-decorated structures. N-Acetylglucosamine regulates cell signaling and plays structural roles at the cell surface in many organisms. The cyst wall and cyst matrix were heavily stained by s-WGA in mature cysts and were differentially stained during cyst development. The relative accumulation of molecules that bind to s-WGA in the cyst wall was not dependent on the expression of GRA2. Our findings suggest that glycosylated cyst wall molecules gain access to the cyst wall via GRA2-dependent and GRA2-independent mechanisms and colocalize in the cyst wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah B Guevara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Barbara A Fox
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - David J Bzik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
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7
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Cao XZ, Wang JL, Elsheikha HM, Li TT, Sun LX, Liang QL, Zhang ZW, Lin RQ. Characterization of the Role of Amylo-Alpha-1,6-Glucosidase Protein in the Infectivity of Toxoplasma gondii. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:418. [PMID: 31867292 PMCID: PMC6908810 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we characterized the role of amylo-alpha-1,6-glucosidase (Aa16GL) in the biology and infectivity of Toxoplasma gondii, using Aa16GL-deficient parasites of type I RH and type II Prugniaud (Pru) strains. The subcellular localization of Aa16GL protein was characterized by tagging a 3 × HA to the 3′ end of the Aa16GL gene endogenous locus. Immunostaining of the expressed Aa16GL protein revealed that it is located in several small cytoplasmic puncta. Functional characterization of ΔAa16GL mutants using plaque assay, egress assay and intracellular replication assay showed that parasites lacking Aa16GL exhibit a slight reduction in the growth rate, but remained virulent to mice. Although PruΔAa16GL tachyzoites retained the ability to differentiate into bradyzoites in vitro, they exhibited slight reduction in their ability to form cysts in mice. These findings reveal new properties of Aa16GL and suggest that while it does not have a substantial role in mediating T. gondii infectivity, this protein can influence the formation of parasite cysts in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Zhen Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin-Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hany M Elsheikha
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Ting-Ting Li
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Li-Xiu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qin-Li Liang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Rui-Qing Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
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8
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Abstract
Apicomplexan parasites are amongst the most prevalent and morbidity-causing pathogens worldwide. They are responsible for severe diseases in humans and livestock and are thus of great public health and economic importance. Until the sequencing of apicomplexan genomes at the beginning of this century, the occurrence of N- and O-glycoproteins in these parasites was much debated. The synthesis of rudimentary and divergent N-glycans due to lineage-specific gene loss is now well established and has been recently reviewed. Here, we will focus on recent studies that clarified classical O-glycosylation pathways and described new nucleocytosolic glycosylations in Toxoplasma gondii, the causative agents of toxoplasmosis. We will also review the glycosylation of proteins containing thrombospondin type 1 repeats by O-fucosylation and C-mannosylation, newly discovered in Toxoplasma and the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. The functional significance of these post-translational modifications has only started to emerge, but the evidence points towards roles for these protein glycosylation pathways in tissue cyst wall rigidity and persistence in the host, oxygen sensing, and stability of proteins involved in host invasion.
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9
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Yakubu RR, Nieves E, Weiss LM. The Methods Employed in Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Posttranslational Modifications (PTMs) and Protein-Protein Interactions (PPIs). ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1140:169-198. [PMID: 31347048 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-15950-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mass Spectrometry (MS) has revolutionized the way we study biomolecules, especially proteins, their interactions and posttranslational modifications (PTM). As such MS has established itself as the leading tool for the analysis of PTMs mainly because this approach is highly sensitive, amenable to high throughput and is capable of assigning PTMs to specific sites in the amino acid sequence of proteins and peptides. Along with the advances in MS methodology there have been improvements in biochemical, genetic and cell biological approaches to mapping the interactome which are discussed with consideration for both the practical and technical considerations of these techniques. The interactome of a species is generally understood to represent the sum of all potential protein-protein interactions. There are still a number of barriers to the elucidation of the human interactome or any other species as physical contact between protein pairs that occur by selective molecular docking in a particular spatiotemporal biological context are not easily captured and measured.PTMs massively increase the complexity of organismal proteomes and play a role in almost all aspects of cell biology, allowing for fine-tuning of protein structure, function and localization. There are an estimated 300 PTMS with a predicted 5% of the eukaryotic genome coding for enzymes involved in protein modification, however we have not yet been able to reliably map PTM proteomes due to limitations in sample preparation, analytical techniques, data analysis, and the substoichiometric and transient nature of some PTMs. Improvements in proteomic and mass spectrometry methods, as well as sample preparation, have been exploited in a large number of proteome-wide surveys of PTMs in many different organisms. Here we focus on previously published global PTM proteome studies in the Apicomplexan parasites T. gondii and P. falciparum which offer numerous insights into the abundance and function of each of the studied PTM in the Apicomplexa. Integration of these datasets provide a more complete picture of the relative importance of PTM and crosstalk between them and how together PTM globally change the cellular biology of the Apicomplexan protozoa. A multitude of techniques used to investigate PTMs, mostly techniques in MS-based proteomics, are discussed for their ability to uncover relevant biological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama R Yakubu
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Edward Nieves
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.,Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Louis M Weiss
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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10
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Torres-Gutiérrez E, Pérez-Cervera Y, Camoin L, Zenteno E, Aquino-Gil MO, Lefebvre T, Cabrera-Bravo M, Reynoso-Ducoing O, Bucio-Torres MI, Salazar-Schettino PM. Identification of O-Glcnacylated Proteins in Trypanosoma cruzi. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:199. [PMID: 30984116 PMCID: PMC6449728 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Originally an anthropozoonosis in the Americas, Chagas disease has spread from its previous borders through migration. It is caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. Differences in disease severity have been attributed to a natural pleomorphism in T. cruzi. Several post-translational modifications (PTMs) have been studied in T. cruzi, but to date no work has focused on O-GlcNAcylation, a highly conserved monosaccharide-PTM of serine and threonine residues mainly found in nucleus, cytoplasm, and mitochondrion proteins. O-GlcNAcylation is thought to regulate protein function analogously to protein phosphorylation; indeed, crosstalk between both PTMs allows the cell to regulate its functions in response to nutrient levels and stress. Herein, we demonstrate O-GlcNAcylation in T. cruzi epimastigotes by three methods: by using specific antibodies against the modification in lysates and whole parasites, by click chemistry labeling, and by proteomics. In total, 1,271 putative O-GlcNAcylated proteins and six modification sequences were identified by mass spectrometry (data available via ProteomeXchange, ID PXD010285). Most of these proteins have structural and metabolic functions that are essential for parasite survival and evolution. Furthermore, O-GlcNAcylation pattern variations were observed by antibody detection under glucose deprivation and heat stress conditions, supporting their possible role in the adaptive response. Given the numerous biological processes in which O-GlcNAcylated proteins participate, its identification in T. cruzi proteins opens a new research field in the biology of Trypanosomatids, improve our understanding of infection processes and may allow us to identify new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia Torres-Gutiérrez
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Yobana Pérez-Cervera
- Centro de Investigación Facultad de Medicina-UNAM and Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Luc Camoin
- INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmetes, CRCM, Marseille Protéomique, Aix-Marseille Univ, Marseille, France
| | - Edgar Zenteno
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Moyira Osny Aquino-Gil
- Centro de Investigación Facultad de Medicina-UNAM and Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico
- Instituto Tecnológico de Oaxaca, Tecnológico Nacional de Mexico, Oaxaca, Mexico
- CNRS, UMR 8576, UGSF, Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Tony Lefebvre
- CNRS, UMR 8576, UGSF, Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | | | | | - Martha Irene Bucio-Torres
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Martha Irene Bucio-Torres
| | - Paz María Salazar-Schettino
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Paz María Salazar-Schettino
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11
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Zachara NE. Critical observations that shaped our understanding of the function(s) of intracellular glycosylation (O-GlcNAc). FEBS Lett 2018; 592:3950-3975. [PMID: 30414174 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Almost 100 years after the first descriptions of proteins conjugated to carbohydrates (mucins), several studies suggested that glycoproteins were not restricted to the serum, extracellular matrix, cell surface, or endomembrane system. In the 1980s, key data emerged demonstrating that intracellular proteins were modified by monosaccharides of O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). Subsequently, this modification was identified on thousands of proteins that regulate cellular processes as diverse as protein aggregation, localization, post-translational modifications, activity, and interactions. In this Review, we will highlight critical discoveries that shaped our understanding of the molecular events underpinning the impact of O-GlcNAc on protein function, the role that O-GlcNAc plays in maintaining cellular homeostasis, and our understanding of the mechanisms that regulate O-GlcNAc-cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha E Zachara
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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12
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Tomita T, Ma Y, Weiss L. Characterization of a SRS13: a new cyst wall mucin-like domain containing protein. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:2457-2466. [PMID: 29911257 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5934-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii, an obligate intracellular apicomplexan, causes latent infection in about one third of the human population. During latent infection, T. gondii bradyzoites are found within cysts, a modified parasitophorous vacuole. This parasite has a large family of SRS (surface antigen-1 related sequence) proteins which are reported to be involved in attachment of these organisms to their mammalian host cells and in immune subversion during latent infection. We have identified a novel mucin domain containing SRS protein, using a glycoepitope-specific antibody, which recognizes the cyst wall. SRS13 has two SRS domains and between these domains is a threonine-rich tandem repeat mucin-like domain that is similar to the mucin-like domain seen in another cyst wall specific SRS protein CST1 (SRS44). SRS13 is upregulated in bradyzoites and O-GalNAc glycosylated by ppGalNAc-T2 and T3. Similar to the cyst wall protein CST1, SRS13 localizes to the cyst wall, but unlike CST1, SRS13 is dispensable for normal cyst wall formation. Together, these findings elucidate the role of a second SRS mucin domain protein, SRS13, in bradyzoite biology and expands the previously reported functions of the SRS protein family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadakimi Tomita
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, New York, 10461, USA.
| | - Yanfen Ma
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, New York, 10461, USA
| | - Louis Weiss
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, New York, 10461, USA
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, New York, 10461, USA
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13
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Oliveira T, Costa I, Marinho V, Carvalho V, Uchôa K, Ayres C, Teixeira S, Vasconcelos DFP. Human foreskin fibroblasts: from waste bag to important biomedical applications. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL UROLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/2051415818761526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Circumcision is one of the most performed surgical procedures worldwide, and it is estimated that one in three men worldwide is circumcised, which makes the preputial skin removed after surgery an abundant material for possible applications. In particular, it is possible efficiently to isolate the cells of the foreskin, with fibroblasts being the most abundant cells of the dermis and the most used in biomedical research. This work aimed to review the knowledge and obtain a broad view of the main applications of human foreskin fibroblast cell culture. A literature search was conducted, including clinical trials, preclinical basic research studies, reviews and experimental studies. Several medical and laboratory applications of human foreskin fibroblast cell culture have been described, especially when it comes to the use of human foreskin fibroblasts as feeder cells for the cultivation of human embryonic stem cells, in addition to co-culture with other cell types. The culture of foreskin fibroblasts has also been used to: obtain induced pluripotent stem cells; the diagnosis of Clostridium difficile; to test the toxicity and effect of substances on normal cells, especially the toxicity of possible antineoplastic drugs; in viral culture, mainly of the human cytomegalovirus, study of the pathogenesis of other microorganisms; varied studies of cellular physiology and cellular interactions. Fibroblasts are important for cell models for varied application cultures, demonstrating how the preputial material can be reused, making possible new applications. Level of evidence: Not applicable for this multicentre audit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomaz Oliveira
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Brazil
- Brain Mapping and Plasticity Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Brazil
- Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Brazil
| | - Ilana Costa
- Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Brazil
| | - Victor Marinho
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Brazil
- Brain Mapping and Plasticity Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Brazil
- Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Brazil
| | - Valécia Carvalho
- Brain Mapping and Plasticity Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Brazil
- Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Brazil
| | - Karla Uchôa
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Brazil
- Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Brazil
| | - Carla Ayres
- Brain Mapping and Plasticity Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Brazil
| | - Silmar Teixeira
- Brain Mapping and Plasticity Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Brazil
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14
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Aquino-Gil MO, Kupferschmid M, Shams-Eldin H, Schmidt J, Yamakawa N, Mortuaire M, Krzewinski F, Hardivillé S, Zenteno E, Rolando C, Bray F, Pérez Campos E, Dubremetz JF, Perez-Cervera Y, Schwarz RT, Lefebvre T. Apart From Rhoptries, Identification of Toxoplasma gondii's O-GlcNAcylated Proteins Reinforces the Universality of the O-GlcNAcome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:450. [PMID: 30177911 PMCID: PMC6109639 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation or O-GlcNAcylation is a widespread post-translational modification that belongs to the large and heterogeneous group of glycosylations. The functions managed by O-GlcNAcylation are diverse and include regulation of transcription, replication, protein's fate, trafficking, and signaling. More and more evidences tend to show that deregulations in the homeostasis of O-GlcNAcylation are involved in the etiology of metabolic diseases, cancers and neuropathologies. O-GlcNAc transferase or OGT is the enzyme that transfers the N-acetylglucosamine residue onto target proteins confined within the cytosolic and nuclear compartments. A form of OGT was predicted for Toxoplasma and recently we were the first to show evidence of O-GlcNAcylation in the apicomplexans Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium falciparum. Numerous studies have explored the O-GlcNAcome in a wide variety of biological models but very few focus on protists. In the present work, we used enrichment on sWGA-beads and immunopurification to identify putative O-GlcNAcylated proteins in Toxoplasma gondii. Many of the proteins found to be O-GlcNAcylated were originally described in higher eukaryotes and participate in cell shape organization, response to stress, protein synthesis and metabolism. In a more original way, our proteomic analyses, confirmed by sWGA-enrichment and click-chemistry, revealed that rhoptries, proteins necessary for invasion, are glycosylated. Together, these data show that regardless of proteins strictly specific to organisms, O-GlcNAcylated proteins are rather similar among living beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moyira Osny Aquino-Gil
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576, UGSF, Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
- Instituto Tecnológico de Oaxaca, Tecnológico Nacional de México, Oaxaca, Mexico
- Centro de Investigación Facultad de Medicina UNAM-UABJO, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Mattis Kupferschmid
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute for Virology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Hosam Shams-Eldin
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute for Virology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Schmidt
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute for Virology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Nao Yamakawa
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576, UGSF, Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Marlène Mortuaire
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576, UGSF, Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Frédéric Krzewinski
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576, UGSF, Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Stéphan Hardivillé
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576, UGSF, Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Edgar Zenteno
- Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Christian Rolando
- CNRS, MSAP USR 3290, FR 3688 FRABIO, FR 2638 Institut Eugène-Michel Chevreul, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Fabrice Bray
- CNRS, MSAP USR 3290, FR 3688 FRABIO, FR 2638 Institut Eugène-Michel Chevreul, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Eduardo Pérez Campos
- Instituto Tecnológico de Oaxaca, Tecnológico Nacional de México, Oaxaca, Mexico
- Centro de Investigación Facultad de Medicina UNAM-UABJO, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Jean-François Dubremetz
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 5235, Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Yobana Perez-Cervera
- Instituto Tecnológico de Oaxaca, Tecnológico Nacional de México, Oaxaca, Mexico
- Centro de Investigación Facultad de Medicina UNAM-UABJO, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Ralph T. Schwarz
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576, UGSF, Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute for Virology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Tony Lefebvre
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576, UGSF, Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
- *Correspondence: Tony Lefebvre
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15
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Kupferschmid M, Aquino-Gil MO, Shams-Eldin H, Schmidt J, Yamakawa N, Krzewinski F, Schwarz RT, Lefebvre T. Identification of O-GlcNAcylated proteins in Plasmodium falciparum. Malar J 2017; 16:485. [PMID: 29187233 PMCID: PMC5707832 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-2131-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-translational modifications (PTMs) constitute a huge group of chemical modifications increasing the complexity of the proteomes of living beings. PTMs have been discussed as potential anti-malarial drug targets due to their involvement in many cell processes. O-GlcNAcylation is a widespread PTM found in different organisms including Plasmodium falciparum. The aim of this study was to identify O-GlcNAcylated proteins of P. falciparum, to learn more about the modification process and to understand its eventual functions in the Apicomplexans. METHODS The P. falciparum strain 3D7 was amplified in erythrocytes and purified. The proteome was checked for O-GlcNAcylation using different methods. The level of UDP-GlcNAc, the donor of the sugar moiety for O-GlcNAcylation processes, was measured using high-pH anion exchange chromatography. O-GlcNAcylated proteins were enriched and purified utilizing either click chemistry labelling or adsorption on succinyl-wheat germ agglutinin beads. Proteins were then identified by mass-spectrometry (nano-LC MS/MS). RESULTS While low when compared to MRC5 control cells, P. falciparum disposes of its own pool of UDP-GlcNAc. By using proteomics methods, 13 O-GlcNAcylated proteins were unambiguously identified (11 by click-chemistry and 6 by sWGA-beads enrichment; 4 being identified by the 2 approaches) in late trophozoites. These proteins are all part of pathways, functions and structures important for the parasite survival. By probing clicked-proteins with specific antibodies, Hsp70 and α-tubulin were identified as P. falciparum O-GlcNAc-bearing proteins. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first report on the identity of P. falciparum O-GlcNAcylated proteins. While the parasite O-GlcNAcome seems close to those of other species, the structural differences exhibited by the proteomes provides a glimpse of innovative therapeutic paths to fight malaria. Blocking biosynthesis of UDP-GlcNAc in the parasites is another promising option to reduce Plasmodium life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattis Kupferschmid
- Institute for Virology, Laboratory of Parasitology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Moyira Osny Aquino-Gil
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576, UGSF, Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, 59000, Lille, France.,Instituto Tecnológico de Oaxaca, Tecnológico Nacional de México, Oaxaca, Mexico.,Centro de Investigación UNAM-UABJO, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Hosam Shams-Eldin
- Institute for Virology, Laboratory of Parasitology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Schmidt
- Institute for Virology, Laboratory of Parasitology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Nao Yamakawa
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576, UGSF, Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Frédéric Krzewinski
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576, UGSF, Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Ralph T Schwarz
- Institute for Virology, Laboratory of Parasitology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany.,Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576, UGSF, Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Tony Lefebvre
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576, UGSF, Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, 59000, Lille, France.
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16
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Yakubu RR, Weiss LM, Silmon de Monerri NC. Post-translational modifications as key regulators of apicomplexan biology: insights from proteome-wide studies. Mol Microbiol 2017; 107:1-23. [PMID: 29052917 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parasites of the Apicomplexa phylum, such as Plasmodium spp. and Toxoplasma gondii, undergo complex life cycles involving multiple stages with distinct biology and morphologies. Post-translational modifications (PTMs), such as phosphorylation, acetylation and glycosylation, regulate numerous cellular processes, playing a role in every aspect of cell biology. PTMs can occur on proteins at any time in their lifespan and through alterations of target protein activity, localization, protein-protein interactions, among other functions, dramatically increase proteome diversity and complexity. In addition, PTMs can be induced or removed on changes in cellular environment and state. Thus, PTMs are likely to be key regulators of developmental transitions, biology and pathogenesis of apicomplexan parasites. In this review we examine the roles of PTMs in both parasite-specific and conserved eukaryotic processes, and the potential crosstalk between PTMs, that together regulate the intricate lives of these protozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama R Yakubu
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10128, USA.,Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10128, USA
| | - Louis M Weiss
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10128, USA.,Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10128, USA
| | - Natalie C Silmon de Monerri
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10128, USA.,Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10128, USA
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17
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OGT: a short overview of an enzyme standing out from usual glycosyltransferases. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 45:365-370. [PMID: 28408476 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
O-GlcNAcylation is a highly dynamic post-translational modification whose level depends on nutrient status. Only two enzymes regulate O-GlcNAcylation cycling, the glycosyltransferase OGT (O-GlcNAc transferase) and the glycoside hydrolase OGA (O-GlcNAcase), that add and remove the GlcNAc moiety to and from acceptor proteins, respectively. During the last 30 years, OGT has emerged as a master regulator of cell life with O-GlcNAcylation being found in viruses, bacteria, insects, protists and metazoans. The study of OGT in different biological systems opens new perspectives for understanding this enzyme in many kingdoms of life. In this review, we summarize recent and older findings regarding the distribution of OGT in living organisms.
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18
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Teo CF, El-Karim EG, Wells L. Dissecting PUGNAc-mediated inhibition of the pro-survival action of insulin. Glycobiology 2016; 26:1198-1208. [PMID: 27072814 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cww043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies utilizing PUGNAc, the most widely used β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (OGA) inhibitor to increase global O-N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) levels, have reported a variety of effects including insulin resistance as a direct result of elevated O-GlcNAc levels. The notion of OGA inhibition causing insulin resistance was not replicated in studies in which elevated global O-GlcNAc levels were achieved using two other OGA inhibitors. Related to insulin action, work by others has suggested that O-GlcNAc elevation may inhibit the anti-apoptotic action of insulin. Thus, we examined the pro-survival action of insulin upon serum deprivation in the presence of PUGNAc as well as two selective OGA inhibitors (GlcNAcstatin-g and Thiamet-G), and a selective lysosomal hexosaminidase inhibitor (INJ2). We established that PUGNAc inhibits the pro-survival action of insulin but this effect is not recapitulated by the selective OGA inhibitors suggesting that elevation in O-GlcNAc levels alone is not responsible for PUGNAc's effect on the anti-apoptotic action of insulin. Further, we demonstrate that a selective hexosaminidase A/B (HexA/B) inhibitor does not impact insulin action suggesting that PUGNAc's effect is not due to inhibition of lysosomal hexosaminidase. Finally, we tested a combination of selective OGA and lysosomal hexosaminidase inhibitors but were not able to recapitulate the inhibition of insulin action generated by PUGNAc alone. These results strongly suggest that the defect in insulin action upon PUGNAc treatment does not derive from its inhibition of OGA or HexA/B, and that there is an unknown target of PUGNAc that is the likely culprit in inhibiting the protective effect of insulin from apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Fen Teo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602-1516, USA
| | - Enas Gad El-Karim
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602-1516, USA
| | - Lance Wells
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602-1516, USA
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19
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Characterization of a papain-like cysteine protease essential for the survival of Babesia ovis merozoites. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2016; 7:85-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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20
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Extracellular Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites metabolize and incorporate unnatural sugars into cellular proteins. Microbes Infect 2015; 18:199-210. [PMID: 26687036 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that infects all nucleated cell types in diverse warm-blooded organisms. Many of the surface antigens and effector molecules secreted by the parasite during invasion and intracellular growth are modified by glycans. Glycosylated proteins in the nucleus and cytoplasm have also been reported. Despite their prevalence, the complete inventory and biological significance of glycosylated proteins in Toxoplasma remain unknown. In this study, we aimed to globally profile parasite glycoproteins using a bioorthogonal chemical reporter strategy. This strategy involves the metabolic incorporation of unnatural functional groups (i.e., "chemical reporters") into Toxoplasma glycans, followed by covalent labeling with visual probes or affinity tags. The two-step approach enables the visualization and identification of newly biosynthesized glycoconjugates in the parasite. Using a buffer that mimics intracellular conditions, extracellular Toxoplasma tachyzoites were found to metabolize and incorporate unnatural sugars (equipped with bioorthogonal functional groups) into diverse proteins. Covalent chemistries were used to visualize and retrieve these labeled structures. Subsequent mass spectrometry analysis revealed 89 unique proteins. This survey identified novel proteins as well as previously characterized proteins from lectin affinity analyses.
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21
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Selvan N, Mariappa D, van den Toorn HWP, Heck AJR, Ferenbach AT, van Aalten DMF. The Early Metazoan Trichoplax adhaerens Possesses a Functional O-GlcNAc System. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:11969-82. [PMID: 25778404 PMCID: PMC4424335 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.628750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein O-GlcNAcylation is a reversible post-translational signaling modification of nucleocytoplasmic proteins that is essential for embryonic development in bilateria. In a search for a reductionist model to study O-GlcNAc signaling, we discovered the presence of functional O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), O-GlcNAcase (OGA), and nucleocytoplasmic protein O-GlcNAcylation in the most basal extant animal, the placozoan Trichoplax adhaerens. We show via enzymatic characterization of Trichoplax OGT/OGA and genetic rescue experiments in Drosophila melanogaster that these proteins possess activities/functions similar to their bilaterian counterparts. The acquisition of O-GlcNAc signaling by metazoa may have facilitated the rapid and complex signaling mechanisms required for the evolution of multicellular organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Mariappa
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom and
| | - Henk W P van den Toorn
- the Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J R Heck
- the Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Daan M F van Aalten
- From the Division of Molecular Microbiology and MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom and
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22
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Lefebvre T, Drougat L, Olivier-Van Stichelen S, Michalski JC, Vercoutter-Edouart AS. Antibodies and activity measurements for the detection of O-GlcNAc transferase and assay of its substrate, UDP-GlcNAc. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1022:147-59. [PMID: 23765660 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-465-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of O-GlcNAc modification (O-GlcNAcylation) 20 years ago, much attention has been given to OGT (O-GlcNAc transferase), the unique enzyme responsible for the nuclear and cytosolic O-GlcNAcylation processes. This review focuses on protocols that are routinely used to analyze OGT expression and activity. First are detailed techniques using rabbit polyclonal anti-OGT antibodies, namely, Western blot, (co-)immunoprecipitation, and immunofluorescence. We also describe the measurement of OGT activity by using synthetic peptides as acceptors and radiolabeled UDP-GlcNAc. Finally, a sensitive HPAEC-based technique to measure the cellular content of UDP-GlcNAc, the donor substrate of OGT, is described in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Lefebvre
- Unit of Structural and Functional Glycobiology, University of Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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23
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Wang S, Shen DL, Lafont D, Vercoutter-Edouart AS, Mortuaire M, Shi Y, Maniti O, Girard-Egrot A, Lefebvre T, Pinto BM, Vocadlo D, Vidal S. Design of glycosyltransferase inhibitors targeting human O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT). MEDCHEMCOMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4md00063c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of glycosyltransferases requires the design of neutral inhibitors to allow cell permeation as mimicks of their natural dianionic substrates.
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24
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Hart GW. Three Decades of Research on O-GlcNAcylation - A Major Nutrient Sensor That Regulates Signaling, Transcription and Cellular Metabolism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:183. [PMID: 25386167 PMCID: PMC4209869 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Even though the dynamic modification of polypeptides by the monosaccharide, O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) was discovered over 30 years ago, its physiological significance as a major nutrient sensor that regulates myriad cellular processes has only recently been more widely appreciated. O-GlcNAcylation, either on its own or by its interplay with other post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and others, modulates the activities of signaling proteins, regulates most components of the transcription machinery, affects cell cycle progression and regulates the targeting/turnover or functions of myriad other regulatory proteins, in response to nutrients. Acute increases in O-GlcNAcylation protect cells from stress-induced injury, while chronic deregulation of O-GlcNAc cycling contributes to the etiology of major human diseases of aging, such as diabetes, cancer, and neurodegeneration. Recent advances in tools to study O-GlcNAcylation at the individual site level and specific inhibitors of O-GlcNAc cycling have allowed more rapid progress toward elucidating the specific functions of O-GlcNAcylation in essential cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald W. Hart
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- *Correspondence: Gerald W. Hart, Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, WBSB515, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205-2185, USA e-mail:
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