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Meshram DD, Fanutti C, Pike CVS, Coussons PJ. Membrane Association of the Short Transglutaminase Type 2 Splice Variant (TG2-S) Modulates Cisplatin Resistance in a Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HepG2) Cell Line. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:4251-4270. [PMID: 38785527 PMCID: PMC11119602 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46050259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a heterogeneous malignancy with complex carcinogenesis. Although there has been significant progress in the treatment of HCC over the past decades, drug resistance to chemotherapy remains a major obstacle in its successful management. In this study, we were able to reduce chemoresistance in cisplatin-resistant HepG2 cells by either silencing the expression of transglutaminase type 2 (TG2) using siRNA or by the pre-treatment of cells with the TG2 enzyme inhibitor cystamine. Further analysis revealed that, whereas the full-length TG2 isoform (TG2-L) was almost completely cytoplasmic in its distribution, the majority of the short TG2 isoform (TG2-S) was membrane-associated in both parental and chemoresistant HepG2 cells. Following the induction of cisplatin toxicity in non-chemoresistant parental cells, TG2-S, together with cisplatin, quickly relocated to the cytosolic fraction. Conversely, no cytosolic relocalisation of TG2-S or nuclear accumulation cisplatin was observed, following the identical treatment of chemoresistant cells, where TG2-S remained predominantly membrane-associated. This suggests that the deficient subcellular relocalisation of TG2-S from membranous structures into the cytoplasm may limit the apoptic response to cisplatin toxicity in chemoresistant cells. Structural analysis of TG2 revealed the presence of binding motifs for interaction of TG2-S with the membrane scaffold protein LC3/LC3 homologue that could contribute to a novel mechanism of chemotherapeutic resistance in HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak D. Meshram
- Cancer Cell Biology Subgroup, Biomedical Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK; (D.D.M.); (C.F.); (C.V.S.P.)
- School of Biosciences, The University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Cristina Fanutti
- Cancer Cell Biology Subgroup, Biomedical Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK; (D.D.M.); (C.F.); (C.V.S.P.)
| | - Claire V. S. Pike
- Cancer Cell Biology Subgroup, Biomedical Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK; (D.D.M.); (C.F.); (C.V.S.P.)
| | - Peter J. Coussons
- Cancer Cell Biology Subgroup, Biomedical Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK; (D.D.M.); (C.F.); (C.V.S.P.)
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2
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Buccarelli M, Castellani G, Fiorentino V, Pizzimenti C, Beninati S, Ricci-Vitiani L, Scattoni ML, Mischiati C, Facchiano F, Tabolacci C. Biological Implications and Functional Significance of Transglutaminase Type 2 in Nervous System Tumors. Cells 2024; 13:667. [PMID: 38667282 PMCID: PMC11048792 DOI: 10.3390/cells13080667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase type 2 (TG2) is the most ubiquitously expressed member of the transglutaminase family. TG2 catalyzes the transamidation reaction leading to several protein post-translational modifications and it is also implicated in signal transduction thanks to its GTP binding/hydrolyzing activity. In the nervous system, TG2 regulates multiple physiological processes, such as development, neuronal cell death and differentiation, and synaptic plasticity. Given its different enzymatic activities, aberrant expression or activity of TG2 can contribute to tumorigenesis, including in peripheral and central nervous system tumors. Indeed, TG2 dysregulation has been reported in meningiomas, medulloblastomas, neuroblastomas, glioblastomas, and other adult-type diffuse gliomas. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the biological and functional relevance of TG2 in the pathogenesis of nervous system tumors, highlighting its involvement in survival, tumor inflammation, differentiation, and in the resistance to standard therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariachiara Buccarelli
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.B.); (G.C.); (L.R.-V.); (F.F.)
| | - Giorgia Castellani
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.B.); (G.C.); (L.R.-V.); (F.F.)
| | - Vincenzo Fiorentino
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy;
| | - Cristina Pizzimenti
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy;
| | - Simone Beninati
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Lucia Ricci-Vitiani
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.B.); (G.C.); (L.R.-V.); (F.F.)
| | - Maria Luisa Scattoni
- Research Coordination and Support Service, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Carlo Mischiati
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Francesco Facchiano
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.B.); (G.C.); (L.R.-V.); (F.F.)
| | - Claudio Tabolacci
- Research Coordination and Support Service, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy;
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3
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Zaltron E, Vianello F, Ruzza A, Palazzo A, Brillo V, Celotti I, Scavezzon M, Rossin F, Leanza L, Severin F. The Role of Transglutaminase 2 in Cancer: An Update. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2797. [PMID: 38474044 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase type 2 (TG2) is the most ubiquitously expressed and well characterized member of the transglutaminase family. It is a ubiquitous multifunctional enzyme implicated in the regulation of several cellular pathways that support the survival, death, and general homeostasis of eukaryotic cells. Due to its multiple localizations both inside and outside the cell, TG2 participates in the regulation of many crucial intracellular signaling cascades in a tissue- and cell-specific manner, making this enzyme an important player in disease development and progression. Moreover, TG2 is capable of modulating the tumor microenvironment, a process of dynamic tissue remodeling and biomechanical events, resulting in changes which influence tumor initiation, growth, and metastasis. Even if generally related to the Ca2+-dependent post-translational modification of proteins, a number of different biological functions have been ascribed to TG2, like those of a peptide isomerase, protein kinase, guanine nucleotide binder, and cytosolic-nuclear translocator. With respect to cancer, TG2's role is controversial and highly debated; it has been described both as an anti- and pro-apoptotic factor and is linked to all the processes of tumorigenesis. However, numerous pieces of evidence support a tissue-specific role of TG2 so that it can assume both oncogenic and tumor-suppressive roles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alessia Ruzza
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Alberta Palazzo
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | | | - Ilaria Celotti
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | | | - Federica Rossin
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Leanza
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Filippo Severin
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy
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4
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Zhou C, Ma J, Luo W, Hu J, Chen J, Liang S, He S. A Novel Platinum Resistance-Related Immune Gene Signature for Overall Survival Prediction in Patients with Ovarian Cancer. Biochem Genet 2024; 62:112-124. [PMID: 37270714 PMCID: PMC10901932 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-023-10379-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OV) is a highly heterogeneous gynecological tumor that makes the prognostic prediction challenging. Resistance to platinum-based chemotherapy is associated with a poor prognosis in OV. There seems to be an overlap between molecular mechanisms responsible for platinum resistance and immunogenicity in OV. However, the predictive role of platinum resistance-related immune genes for OV prognosis needs to be further explored. In our study, the mRNA expression data of OV patients with corresponding clinical information were collected from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort and International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) cohort. A multigene signature was constructed for OV patients in the TCGA cohort using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox regression model according to the optimal value of λ and was validated in the ICGC cohort. Furthermore, we performed functional analysis to explore the immune status between low- and high-risk groups based on the median value of the risk score for the multigene signature. Our data showed that there were 41.1% of the platinum resistance-related genes which differentially expressed between immune score low- and high-OV patients in the TCGA cohort. Univariate Cox regression analysis identified 30 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with overall survival (OS) (P < 0.05). 14 genes were identified to construct a novel platinum resistance-related immune model for classifying OV patients into the low- and high- risk groups. Patients in the low-risk group showed significantly higher OS than those in the high-risk group (P < 0.0001 in the both TCGA and ICGC cohort), which was associated with different immune status for the two risk groups. A novel platinum resistance-related immune model can be used for prognostic prediction in OV. Targeting tumor immunity may be a therapeutic alternative for OV with platinum resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenfei Zhou
- Department of Gynecology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medical, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Junnan Ma
- Department of Gynecology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanjun Luo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510080, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiemei Hu
- Department of Gynecology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medical, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Gynecology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medical, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Suiying Liang
- Department of Gynecology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medical, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanyang He
- Department of Gynecology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
- Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medical, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Yao Z, Fan Y, Lin L, Kellems RE, Xia Y. Tissue transglutaminase: a multifunctional and multisite regulator in health and disease. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:281-325. [PMID: 37712623 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00003.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) is a widely distributed multifunctional protein involved in a broad range of cellular and metabolic functions carried out in a variety of cellular compartments. In addition to transamidation, TG2 also functions as a Gα signaling protein, a protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), a protein kinase, and a scaffolding protein. In the nucleus, TG2 modifies histones and transcription factors. The PDI function catalyzes the trimerization and activation of heat shock factor-1 in the nucleus and regulates the oxidation state of several mitochondrial complexes. Cytosolic TG2 modifies proteins by the addition of serotonin or other primary amines and in this way affects cell signaling. Modification of protein-bound glutamines reduces ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation. At the cell membrane, TG2 is associated with G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), where it functions in transmembrane signaling. TG2 is also found in the extracellular space, where it functions in protein cross-linking and extracellular matrix stabilization. Of particular importance in transglutaminase research are recent findings concerning the role of TG2 in gene expression, protein homeostasis, cell signaling, autoimmunity, inflammation, and hypoxia. Thus, TG2 performs a multitude of functions in multiple cellular compartments, making it one of the most versatile cellular proteins. Additional evidence links TG2 with multiple human diseases including preeclampsia, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, organ fibrosis, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and celiac disease. In conclusion, TG2 provides a multifunctional and multisite response to physiological stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouzhou Yao
- National Medical Metabolomics International Collaborative Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhua Fan
- National Medical Metabolomics International Collaborative Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lizhen Lin
- National Medical Metabolomics International Collaborative Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Rodney E Kellems
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Yang Xia
- National Medical Metabolomics International Collaborative Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
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6
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Gallo M, Ferrari E, Terrazzan A, Brugnoli F, Spisni A, Taccioli C, Aguiari G, Trentini A, Volinia S, Keillor JW, Bergamini CM, Bianchi N, Pertinhez TA. Metabolic characterisation of transglutaminase 2 inhibitor effects in breast cancer cell lines. FEBS J 2023; 290:5411-5433. [PMID: 37597264 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2), which mediates post-translational modifications of multiple intracellular enzymes, is involved in the pathogenesis and progression of cancer. We used 1 H-NMR metabolomics to study the effects of AA9, a novel TG2 inhibitor, on two breast cancer cell lines with distinct phenotypes, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. AA9 can promote apoptosis in both cell lines, but it is particularly effective in MD-MB-231, inhibiting transamidation reactions and decreasing cell migration and invasiveness. This metabolomics study provides evidence of a major effect of AA9 on MDA-MB-231 cells, impacting glutamate and aspartate metabolism, rather than on MCF-7 cells, characterised by choline and O-phosphocholine decrease. Interestingly, AA9 treatment induces myo-inositol alteration in both cell lines, indicating action on phosphatidylinositol metabolism, likely modulated by the G protein activity of TG2 on phospholipase C. Considering the metabolic deregulations that characterise various breast cancer subtypes, the existence of a metabolic pathway affected by AA9 further points to TG2 as a promising hot spot. The metabolomics approach provides a powerful tool to monitor the effectiveness of inhibitors and better understand the role of TG2 in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Gallo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy
| | - Elena Ferrari
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy
| | - Anna Terrazzan
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Alberto Spisni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy
| | - Cristian Taccioli
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Italy
| | - Gianluca Aguiari
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Trentini
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Prevention, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefano Volinia
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Jeffrey W Keillor
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - Carlo M Bergamini
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Italy
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7
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Jambrovics K, Póliska S, Scholtz B, Uray IP, Balajthy Z. ATO Increases ROS Production and Apoptosis of Cells by Enhancing Calpain-Mediated Degradation of the Cancer Survival Protein TG2. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10938. [PMID: 37446117 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a critical cancer cell survival factor that activates several signalling pathways to foster drug resistance, cancer stem cell survival, metastasis, inflammation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and angiogenesis. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and chemotherapy have been the standard treatments for acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL), but clinical studies have shown that arsenic trioxide (ATO), alone or in combination with ATRA, can improve outcomes. ATO exerts cytotoxic effects in a variety of ways by inducing oxidative stress, genotoxicity, altered signal transduction, and/or epigenetic modification. In the present study, we showed that ATO increased ROS production and apoptosis ratios in ATRA-differentiated NB4 leukaemia cells, and that these responses were enhanced when TG2 was deleted. The combined ATRA + ATO treatment also increased the amount of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) transcription factor, an adaptive regulator of the cellular oxidative stress response, and calpain proteolytic activity, resulting in TG2 degradation and the reduced survival of WT leukaemia cells. We further showed that the induced TG2 protein expression was degraded in the MCF-7 epithelial cell line and primary peripheral blood mononuclear cells upon ATO treatment, thereby sensitising these cell types to apoptotic signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Károly Jambrovics
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Szilárd Póliska
- Genomic Medicine and Bioinformatic Core Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Beáta Scholtz
- Genomic Medicine and Bioinformatic Core Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Iván P Uray
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Balajthy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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8
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Chen X, Adhikary G, Newland JJ, Xu W, Ma E, Naselsky W, Eckert RL. The transglutaminase 2 cancer cell survival factor maintains mTOR activity to drive an aggressive cancer phenotype. Mol Carcinog 2023; 62:90-100. [PMID: 35848131 PMCID: PMC9771885 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is an important cancer stem-like cell survival protein that is highly expressed in epidermal squamous cell carcinoma and drives an aggressive cancer phenotype. In the present study, we show that TG2 knockdown or inactivation results in a reduction in mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) level and activity in epidermal cancer stem-like cells which are associated with reduced spheroid formation, invasion, and migration, and reduced cancer stem cell and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) marker expression. Similar changes were observed in both cultured cells and tumors. mTOR knockdown or treatment with rapamycin phenocopies the reduction in spheroid formation, invasion, and migration, and cancer stem cell and EMT marker expression. Moreover, mTOR appears to be a necessary mediator of TG2 action, as a forced expression of constitutively active mTOR in TG2 knockdown cells partially restores the aggressive cancer phenotype and cancer stem cell and EMT marker expression. Tumor studies show that rapamycin reduces tumor growth and cancer stem cell marker expression and EMT. These studies suggest that TG2 stimulates mTOR activity to stimulate cancer cell stemness and EMT and drive aggressive tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Gautam Adhikary
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - John J. Newland
- Surgery - Division of Thoracic Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Wen Xu
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Emily Ma
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Warren Naselsky
- Surgery - Division of Thoracic Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Richard L. Eckert
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Dermatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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9
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Ackermann U, Jäger L, Rigopoulos A, Burvenich IJG, O'Keefe GJ, Scott AM. 18F-labeling and initial in vivo evaluation of a Hitomi peptide for imaging tissue transglutaminase 2. Nucl Med Biol 2023; 116-117:108308. [PMID: 36502585 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tissue transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a calcium-dependent enzyme which cross-links proteins. It is overexpressed in many diseases and plays a key role in tissue remodeling, including cell adhesion and migration. Overexpression of TG2 in breast cancer is a marker for patients at risk of recurrence. Non-invasive imaging of TG2 can therefore play an important role in patient management. TG2 probes labeled with the positron emitters 11C and 18F have thus far not found widespread application due to purity and metabolism issues. Our approach was to radiolabel a TG2 selective, 13-mer amino acid peptide, which was modified with a 5-azidopentanoic acid group at the N-terminus via a copper free click chemistry approach. METHODS Radiochemistry was performed and fully automated using an iPhase FlexLab module. We produced the radiolabeling synthon [18F]FBz-DBCO from [18F]SFB and DBCO-amine. After HPLC purification, [18F]FBz-DBCO was reacted with the modified peptide and the putative radiotracer purified by HPLC. In vivo imaging using the radiolabeled amine was performed in mice bearing either TG2 expressing MDA-MB-231 or non-TG2 expressing MCF-7 xenografts as negative control. Expression of the target was confirmed using immunohistochemistry and western blot techniques. RESULTS We obtained 9 ± 2 GBq of the radiolabeled peptide from 55 ± 5 GBq of fluorine-18 in an overall synthesis time of 160 min from end of bombardment (EOB), including HPLC purification and reformulation. Small animal PET/MR imaging showed that visualization of MDA-MB-231 tumors using the radiolabeled peptide could only be achieved due to differences in clearance between tumor and surrounding tissue. In the MCF-7 xenograft model, radiotracer clearance from tumor and surrounding tissue occurred at a similar rate, thus making it impossible to visualize MCF-7 tumors. The presence of TG2 in MDA-MB-231 tumors and absence in MCF-7 tumors was confirmed by immunohistochemistry staining and western blot analysis. CONCLUSION A fully automated synthesis of a TG2 selective, 13-amino-acid peptide modified with 5-azido pentynoic acid at the N-terminal was established using [18F]FBzDBCO as a prosthetic group. Although our results show that radiolabeled peptides have potential as imaging agents for TG2, more research needs to be performed to improve radiotracer kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Ackermann
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Luise Jäger
- Faculty of Medicine, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Graeme Joseph O'Keefe
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew M Scott
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
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10
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Kolligundla LP, Gupta S, Lata S, Mulukala SKN, Killaka P, Akif M, Pasupulati AK. Identification of Novel GTP Analogs as Potent and Specific Reversible Inhibitors for Transglutaminase 2. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2022.2123917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi P. Kolligundla
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Samriddhi Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Surabhi Lata
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sandeep K. N. Mulukala
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Praneeth Killaka
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Mohd Akif
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Anil K. Pasupulati
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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11
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Condello S, Prasad M, Atwani R, Matei D. Tissue transglutaminase activates integrin-linked kinase and β-catenin in ovarian cancer. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102242. [PMID: 35810788 PMCID: PMC9358478 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is the most lethal gynecological cancer. OC cells have high proliferative capacity, are invasive, resist apoptosis, and tumors often display rearrangement of extracellular matrix (ECM) components, contributing to accelerated tumor progression. The multifunctional protein tissue transglutaminase (TG2) is known to be secreted in the tumor microenvironment (TME), where it interacts with fibronectin (FN) and the cell surface receptor β1 integrin. However, the mechanistic role of TG2 in cancer cell proliferation is unknown. Here, we demonstrate TG2 directly interacts with and facilitates the phosphorylation and activation of the integrin effector protein integrin-linked kinase (ILK) at Ser246. We show TG2 and p-Ser246-ILK form a complex that is detectable in patient-derived OC primary cells grown on FN-coated slides. In addition, we show co-expression of TGM2 and ILK correlates with poor clinical outcome. Mechanistically, we demonstrate TG2-mediated ILK activation causes phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3α/β (GSK-3α/β), allowing β-catenin nuclear translocation and transcriptional activity. Furthermore, inhibition of TG2 and ILK using small molecules, neutralizing antibodies, or shRNA-mediated knockdown block cell adhesion to the FN matrix, as well as the Wnt receptor response to the Wnt-3A ligand, and ultimately, cell adhesion, growth, and migration. In conclusion, we demonstrate TG2 directly interacts with and activates ILK in OC cells and tumors, and define a new mechanism which links ECM cues with β-catenin signaling in OC. These results suggest a central role of TG2/FN/integrin clusters in ECM rearrangement and indicate downstream effector ILK may represent a potential new therapeutic target in OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Condello
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202; Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202.
| | - Mayuri Prasad
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202; Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Rula Atwani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202; Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Daniela Matei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611; Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, USA; Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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12
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Montero V, Montana M, Khoumeri O, Correard F, Estève MA, Vanelle P. Synthesis, In Vitro Antiproliferative Activity, and In Silico Evaluation of Novel Oxiranyl-Quinoxaline Derivatives. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15070781. [PMID: 35890083 PMCID: PMC9319868 DOI: 10.3390/ph15070781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The quinoxaline core is a promising scaffold in medicinal chemistry. Multiple quinoxaline derivatives, such as the topoisomerase IIβ inhibitor XK-469 and the tissue transglutaminase 2 inhibitor GK-13, have been evaluated for their antiproliferative activity. Previous work reported that quinoxaline derivatives bearing an oxirane ring present antiproliferative properties against neuroblastoma cell lines SK-N-SH and IMR-32. Likewise, quinoxalines with an arylethynyl group displayed promising antineoplastic properties against glioblastoma and lung cancer cell lines, U87-MG and A549 respectively. Here, 40 new quinoxaline derivatives bearing an oxirane ring were synthesized using a tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylene (TDAE) strategy and a Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction. Each reaction with TDAE furnished a pair of diastereoisomers cis and trans. These new compounds formed two series according to the substitution of position 2 on the quinoxaline core, with chlorine or phenylacetylene respectively. Each of these isomers was evaluated for antiproliferative activity against neuroblastoma cell lines SK-N-SH and IMR-32 by MTT assay. All cell viability assay results were analyzed using R programming, as well as a statistical comparison between groups of compounds. Our evaluation showed no difference in drug sensitivity between the two neuroblastoma cell lines. Moreover, trans derivatives were observed to display better activities than cis derivatives, leading us to conclude that stereochemistry plays an important role in the antiproliferative activity of these compounds. Further support for this hypothesis is provided by the lack of improvement in antineoplastic activity following the addition of the phenylacetylene moiety, probably due to steric hindrance. As a result, compounds with nitrofuran substituents from the TDAE series demonstrated the highest antiproliferative activity with IC50 = 2.49 ± 1.33 μM and IC50 = 3.96 ± 2.03 μM for compound 11a and IC50 = 5.3 ± 2.12 μM and IC50 = 7.12 ± 1.59 μM for compound 11b against SK-N-SH and IMR-32, respectively. Furthermore, an in silico study was carried out to evaluate the mechanism of action of our lead compounds and predict their pharmacokinetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Montero
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Equipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, CEDEX 05, 13385 Marseille, France; (V.M.); (M.M.); (O.K.)
| | - Marc Montana
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Equipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, CEDEX 05, 13385 Marseille, France; (V.M.); (M.M.); (O.K.)
- APHM, Hôpital Timone, Oncopharma, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Omar Khoumeri
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Equipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, CEDEX 05, 13385 Marseille, France; (V.M.); (M.M.); (O.K.)
| | - Florian Correard
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, CEDEX 05, 13385 Marseille, France; (F.C.); (M.-A.E.)
- APHM, Hôpital Timone, Service Pharmacie, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Marie-Anne Estève
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, CEDEX 05, 13385 Marseille, France; (F.C.); (M.-A.E.)
- APHM, Hôpital Timone, Service Pharmacie, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Patrice Vanelle
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Equipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, CEDEX 05, 13385 Marseille, France; (V.M.); (M.M.); (O.K.)
- APHM, Hôpital Conception, Service Central de la Qualité et de l’Information Pharmaceutiques, 13005 Marseille, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-4-91-83-55-80
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13
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Naselsky W, Adhikary G, Shrestha S, Chen X, Ezeka G, Xu W, Friedberg JS, Eckert RL. Transglutaminase 2 enhances hepatocyte growth factor signaling to drive the mesothelioma cancer cell phenotype. Mol Carcinog 2022; 61:537-548. [PMID: 35319795 PMCID: PMC10074999 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is an important mesothelioma cancer cell survival protein. However, the mechanism whereby TG2 maintains mesothelioma cell survival is not well understood. We present studies showing that TG2 drives hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-dependent MET receptor signaling to maintain the aggressive mesothelioma cancer phenotype. TG2 increases HGF and MET messenger RNA and protein levels to enhance MET signaling. TG2 inactivation reduces MET tyrosine kinase activity to reduce cancer cell spheroid formation, invasion and migration. We also confirm that HGF/MET signaling is a biologically important mediator of TG2 action. Reducing MET level using genetic methods or treatment with MET inhibitors reduces spheroid formation, invasion and migration and this is associated with reduced MEK1/2 and ERK1/2. In addition, MEK1/2 and ERK1/2 inhibitors suppress the cancer phenotype. Moreover, MET knockout mesothelioma cells form 10-fold smaller tumors compared to wild-type cells and these tumors display reduced MET, MEK1/2, and ERK1/2 activity. These findings suggest that TG2 maintains HGF and MET levels in cultured mesothelioma cells and tumors to drive HGF/MET, MEK1/2, and ERK1/2 signaling to maintain the aggressive mesothelioma cancer phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren Naselsky
- Department of Surgery, Division of Thoracic Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Gautam Adhikary
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Suruchi Shrestha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Geraldine Ezeka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Wen Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Joseph S Friedberg
- Department of Surgery, Division of Thoracic Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Richard L. Eckert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Dermatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Reproductive Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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14
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Katt WP, Aplin C, Cerione RA. Exploring the Role of Transglutaminase in Patients with Glioblastoma: Current Perspectives. Onco Targets Ther 2022; 15:277-290. [PMID: 35340676 PMCID: PMC8943831 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s329262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (tTG) is a rather unique GTP-binding/protein crosslinking enzyme that has been shown to play important roles in a number of cellular processes that impact both normal physiology and disease states. This is especially the case in the context of aggressive brain tumors, such as glioblastoma. The diverse roles played by tTG in cancer survival and progression have led to significant interest in recent years in using tTG as a therapeutic target. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the transglutaminase family, and then discuss the primary biochemical activities exhibited by tTG with an emphasis on the role it plays in glioblastoma progression. Finally, we consider current approaches to target tTG which might eventually have clinical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Katt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Cody Aplin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Richard A Cerione
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA,Correspondence: Richard A Cerione, Tel +1 607-253-3650, Email
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15
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Aguiari G, Crudele F, Taccioli C, Minotti L, Corrà F, Keillor JW, Grassilli S, Cervellati C, Volinia S, Bergamini CM, Bianchi N. Dysregulation of Transglutaminase type 2 through GATA3 defines aggressiveness and Doxorubicin sensitivity in breast cancer. Int J Biol Sci 2022; 18:1-14. [PMID: 34975314 PMCID: PMC8692156 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.64167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of transglutaminase type 2 in cell physiology is related to protein transamidation and signal transduction (affecting extracellular, intracellular and nuclear processes) aided by the expression of truncated isoforms and of two lncRNAs with regulatory functions. In breast cancer TG2 is associated with disease progression supporting motility, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, invasion and drug resistance. The aim of his work is to clarify these issues by emphasizing the interconnections among TGM2 variants and transcription factors associated with an aggressive phenotype, in which the truncated TGH isoform correlates with malignancy. TGM2 transcripts are upregulated by several drugs in MCF-7, but only Doxorubicin is effective in MDA-MB-231 cells. These differences reflect the expression of GATA3, as demonstrated by silencing, suggesting a link between this transcription factor and gene dysregulation. Of note, NC9, an irreversible inhibitor of enzymatic TG2 activities, emerges to control NF-ĸB and apoptosis in breast cancer cell lines, showing potential for combination therapies with Doxorubicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Aguiari
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesca Crudele
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Cristian Taccioli
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Linda Minotti
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fabio Corrà
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Jeffrey W. Keillor
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Silvia Grassilli
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Laboratory for Advanced Therapy Technologies (LTTA), Via Fossato di Mortara 70, 44124 Ferrara FE, Italy
| | - Carlo Cervellati
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefano Volinia
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Laboratory for Advanced Therapy Technologies (LTTA), Via Fossato di Mortara 70, 44124 Ferrara FE, Italy
| | - Carlo M. Bergamini
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Bianchi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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16
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The Motility and Mesenchymal Features of Breast Cancer Cells Correlate with the Levels and Intracellular Localization of Transglutaminase Type 2. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113059. [PMID: 34831282 PMCID: PMC8616519 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated motility in breast cancer cell lines in association with the expression of Transglutaminase type 2 (TG2) as well as upon the administration of Doxorubicin (Dox), an active cytotoxic agent that is employed in chemotherapy. The exposure of MCF-7 cells to the drug increased TG2 levels, triggering epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), thereby supporting cell motility. The effects of Dox on the movement of MCF-7 cells were counteracted by treatment with NC9, a TG2 inhibitor, which induced morphological changes and also reduced the migration of MDA-MB-231 cells exhibiting high levels of TG2. The physical association of TG2 with the cytoskeletal component vimentin appeared pivotal both in drug-treated MCF-7 and in MDA-MB-231 cells and seemed to be independent of the catalytic activity of TG2. NC9 altered the subcellular distribution of TG2 and, consequently, the co-localization of TG2 with vimentin. Furthermore, NC9 induced a nuclear accumulation of TG2 as a prelude to TG2-dependent gene expression modifications. Since enzyme activity can affect both motility and nuclear functions, targeting of this protein could represent a method to improve therapeutic interventions in breast tumors, particularly those to control progression and to limit drug resistance.
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17
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Ulukan B, Bihorac A, Sipahioglu T, Kiraly R, Fesus L, Telci D. Role of Tissue Transglutaminase Catalytic and Guanosine Triphosphate-Binding Domains in Renal Cell Carcinoma Progression. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:28273-28284. [PMID: 33163811 PMCID: PMC7643270 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) is a multifunctional protein that can act as a cross-linking enzyme, GTPase/ATPase, protein kinase, and protein disulfide isomerase. TG2 is involved in cell adhesion, migration, invasion, and growth, as well as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Our previous findings indicate that the increased expression of TG2 in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) results in tumor metastasis with a significant decrease in disease- and cancer-specific survival outcome. Given the importance of the prometastatic activity of TG2 in RCC, in the present study, we aim to investigate the relative contribution of TG2's transamidase and guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-binding/GTPase activity in the cell migration, invasion, EMT, and cancer stemness of RCC. For this purpose, the mouse RCC cell line RenCa was transduced with wild-type-TG2 (wt-TG2), GTP-binding deficient-form TG2-R580A, transamidase-deficient form with low GTP-binding affinity TG2-C277S, and transamidase-inactive form TG2-W241A. Our results suggested that predominantly, GTP-binding activity of TG2 is responsible for cell migration and invasion. In addition, CD marker analysis and spheroid assay confirmed that GTP binding/GTPase activity of TG2 is important in the maintenance of mesenchymal character and the cancer stem cell profile. These findings support a prometastatic role for TG2 in RCC that is dependent on the GTP binding/GTPase activity of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burge Ulukan
- Department
of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe
University, Istanbul 34755, Turkey
| | - Ajna Bihorac
- Department
of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe
University, Istanbul 34755, Turkey
| | - Tarik Sipahioglu
- Department
of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe
University, Istanbul 34755, Turkey
| | - Robert Kiraly
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Debrecen, Debrecen H4010, Hungary
| | - Laszlo Fesus
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Debrecen, Debrecen H4010, Hungary
| | - Dilek Telci
- Department
of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe
University, Istanbul 34755, Turkey
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18
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Jambrovics K, Uray IP, Keillor JW, Fésüs L, Balajthy Z. Benefits of Combined All-Trans Retinoic Acid and Arsenic Trioxide Treatment of Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Cells and Further Enhancement by Inhibition of Atypically Expressed Transglutaminase 2. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12030648. [PMID: 32168763 PMCID: PMC7139906 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12030648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Randomized trials in acute promyelocytic leukemia patients have shown that treatment with a combination of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and arsenic trioxide (ATO) is superior in efficacy to monotherapy, with significantly decreased mortality. So far, there are little data available to explain the success of the ATRA and ATO combination treatment in molecular terms. We showed that ATRA- and ATO-treated cells had the same capacity for superoxide production, which was reduced by two-thirds in the combined treatment. Secreted inflammatory biomarkers (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 [MCP-1], interleukin-1 beta [IL-1β] and tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α]) were significantly decreased and were further reduced in a transglutaminase 2 (TG2) expression-dependent manner. The amount of secreted TNF-α in the supernatant of NB4 TG2 knockout cells was close to 50 times lower than in ATRA-treated differentiated wild-type NB4 cells. The irreversible inhibitor of TG2 NC9 not only decreased reactive oxygen species production 28-fold, but decreased the concentration of MCP-1, IL-1β and TNF-α 8-, 15- and 61-fold, respectively in the combined ATRA + ATO-treated wild-type NB4 cell culture. We propose that atypical expression of TG2 leads to the generation of inflammation, which thereby serves as a potential target for the prevention of differentiation syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Károly Jambrovics
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (K.J.); (L.F.)
| | - Iván P. Uray
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Jeffrey W. Keillor
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada;
| | - László Fésüs
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (K.J.); (L.F.)
- MTA DE Apoptosis, Genomics and Stem Cell Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Balajthy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (K.J.); (L.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-52-416-432; Fax: +36-52-314-989
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19
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Oltulu F, Kocatürk DÇ, Adalı Y, Özdil B, Açikgöz E, Gürel Ç, Karabay Yavasoğlu NU, Aktuğ H. Autophagy and mTOR pathways in mouse embryonic stem cell, lung cancer and somatic fibroblast cell lines. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:18066-18076. [PMID: 31148273 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic developmental stages and regulations have always been one of the most intriguing aspects of science. Since the cancer stem cell discovery, striking for cancer development and recurrence, embryonic stem cells and control mechanisms, as well as cancer cells and cancer stem cell control mechanisms become important research materials. It is necessary to reveal the similarities and differences between somatic and cancer cells which are formed of embryonic stem cells divisions and determinations. For this purpose, mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), mouse skin fibroblast cells (MSFs) and mouse lung squamous cancer cells (SqLCCs) were grown in vitro and the differences between these three cell lines signalling regulations of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and autophagic pathways were demonstrated by immunofluorescence and real-time polymerase chain reaction. Expressional differences were clearly shown between embryonic, cancer and somatic cells that mESCs displayed higher expressional level of Atg10, Hdac1 and Cln3 which are related with autophagic regulation and Hsp4, Prkca, Rhoa and ribosomal S6 genes related with mTOR activity. LC3 and mTOR protein levels were lower in mESCs than MSFs. Thus, the mechanisms of embryonic stem cell regulation results in the formation of somatic tissues whereas that these cells may be the causative agents of cancer in any deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Oltulu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Duygu Ç Kocatürk
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Adalı
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Berrin Özdil
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Eda Açikgöz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Van, Turkey
| | - Çevik Gürel
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Harran University, Sanlıurfa, Turkey
| | | | - Huseyin Aktuğ
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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20
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Yang P, Yu D, Zhou J, Zhuang S, Jiang T. TGM2 interference regulates the angiogenesis and apoptosis of colorectal cancer via Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Cell Cycle 2019; 18:1122-1134. [PMID: 31010374 PMCID: PMC6592233 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1609831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis and apoptosis are critical for the growth of colorectal cancer (CRC). The study aimed to investigate the effects of TGM2 in CRC. Forty-two patients were recruited and their TGM2 levels were detected by performing Realtime-qPCR (RT-qPCR), Western blot and immunohistochemistry , respectively. Levels of TGM2, MMP-2 and MMP-9 in four CRC cell lines and in normal cells were determined using RT-qPCR and Western blot. TGM2-siRNA was transfected into LoVo and HCT116 cells, respectively. TGM2 levels, cell viability, cell apoptosis, angiogenesis and related factors were determined. the tumorigenesis rates of mice were detected after TGM2-siRNA transfection. TGM2 were upregulated in patients with CRC. High TGM2 level of CRC patients had a lower survival rate. The levels of TGM2, MMP-2 and MMP-9 were upregulated in all detected CRC cell lines. Silencing TGM2 could inhibit cell viabilities, angiogenesis and suppress the expressions of MMP-2, MMP-9, Wnt3a, β-catenin and Cyclin D1 , whereas cell apoptosis and the expressions of Caspase-3 and TIMP-1 were promoted. Tumor weights and volumes were reduced by TGM2-siRNA interference. The effects of TGM2-siRNA interference might be related to Wnt/β-catenin Pathway. This might prove that TGM2 could be used as a molecular target in the treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yang
- Department of Anal-Colorectal Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Dong Yu
- Department of Anal-Colorectal Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Anal-Colorectal Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Sufei Zhuang
- Department of Anal-Colorectal Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Anal-Colorectal Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
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21
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D'Arcy MS. Cell death: a review of the major forms of apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy. Cell Biol Int 2019; 43:582-592. [PMID: 30958602 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1219] [Impact Index Per Article: 243.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cell death was once believed to be the result of one of two distinct processes, apoptosis (also known as programmed cell death) or necrosis (uncontrolled cell death); in recent years, however, several other forms of cell death have been discovered highlighting that a cell can die via a number of differing pathways. Apoptosis is characterised by a number of characteristic morphological changes in the structure of the cell, together with a number of enzyme-dependent biochemical processes. The result being the clearance of cells from the body, with minimal damage to surrounding tissues. Necrosis, however, is generally characterised to be the uncontrolled death of the cell, usually following a severe insult, resulting in spillage of the contents of the cell into surrounding tissues and subsequent damage thereof. Failure of apoptosis and the resultant accumulation of damaged cells in the body can result in various forms of cancer. An understanding of the pathways is therefore important in developing efficient chemotherapeutics. It has recently become clear that there exists a number of subtypes of apoptosis and that there is an overlap between apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy. The goal of this review is to provide a general overview of the current knowledge relating to the various forms of cell death, including apoptosis, necrosis, oncosis, pyroptosis and autophagy. This will provide researchers with a summary of the major forms of cell death and allow them to compare and contrast between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S D'Arcy
- Hertfordshire International College (HIC), Collage Lane, Hatfield, AL10 9AB, UK
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22
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The Role of Tissue Transglutaminase in Cancer Cell Initiation, Survival and Progression. Med Sci (Basel) 2019; 7:medsci7020019. [PMID: 30691081 PMCID: PMC6409630 DOI: 10.3390/medsci7020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (transglutaminase type 2; TG2) is the most ubiquitously expressed member of the transglutaminase family (EC 2.3.2.13) that catalyzes specific post-translational modifications of proteins through a calcium-dependent acyl-transfer reaction (transamidation). In addition, this enzyme displays multiple additional enzymatic activities, such as guanine nucleotide binding and hydrolysis, protein kinase, disulfide isomerase activities, and is involved in cell adhesion. Transglutaminase 2 has been reported as one of key enzymes that is involved in all stages of carcinogenesis; the molecular mechanisms of action and physiopathological effects depend on its expression or activities, cellular localization, and specific cancer model. Since it has been reported as both a potential tumor suppressor and a tumor-promoting factor, the role of this enzyme in cancer is still controversial. Indeed, TG2 overexpression has been frequently associated with cancer stem cells’ survival, inflammation, metastatic spread, and drug resistance. On the other hand, the use of inducers of TG2 transamidating activity seems to inhibit tumor cell plasticity and invasion. This review covers the extensive and rapidly growing field of the role of TG2 in cancer stem cells survival and epithelial–mesenchymal transition, apoptosis and differentiation, and formation of aggressive metastatic phenotypes.
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Adhikary G, Grun D, Alexander HR, Friedberg JS, Xu W, Keillor JW, Kandasamy S, Eckert RL. Transglutaminase is a mesothelioma cancer stem cell survival protein that is required for tumor formation. Oncotarget 2018; 9:34495-34505. [PMID: 30349644 PMCID: PMC6195372 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesothelioma is a rare cancer of the mesothelial cell layer of the pleura, peritoneum, pericardium and tunica vaginalis. It is typically caused by asbestos, notoriously resistant to chemotherapy and generally considered incurable with a poor life expectancy. Transglutaminase 2 (TG2), a GTP binding regulatory protein, is an important cancer stem cell survival and therapy resistance factor. We show that TG2 is highly expressed in human mesothelioma tumors and in mesothelioma cancer stem cells (MCS cells). TG2 knockdown or TG2 inhibitor treatment reduces MCS cell spheroid formation, matrigel invasion, migration and tumor formation. Time to tumor first appearance is doubled in TG2 knockout cells as compared to wild-type. In addition, TG2 loss is associated with reduced expression of stemness, and epithelial mesenchymal transition markers, and enhanced apoptosis. These studies indicate that TG2 is an important MCS cell survival protein and suggest that TG2 may serve as a mesothelioma cancer stem cell therapy target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Adhikary
- 1 Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel Grun
- 1 Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - H. Richard Alexander
- 7 Department of Surgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Joseph S. Friedberg
- 4 Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA,5 Department of Surgery and Division of General and Surgical Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Wen Xu
- 1 Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Sivaveera Kandasamy
- 5 Department of Surgery and Division of General and Surgical Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard L. Eckert
- 1 Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA,2 Department of Dermatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA,3 Department of Reproductive Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA,4 Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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24
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Katt WP, Blobel NJ, Komarova S, Antonyak MA, Nakano I, Cerione RA. A small molecule regulator of tissue transglutaminase conformation inhibits the malignant phenotype of cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 9:34379-34397. [PMID: 30344949 PMCID: PMC6188150 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein crosslinking enzyme tissue transglutaminase (tTG) is an acyltransferase which catalyzes transamidation reactions between two proteins, or between a protein and a polyamine. It is frequently overexpressed in several different types of human cancer cells, where it has been shown to contribute to their growth, survival, and invasiveness. tTG is capable of adopting two distinct conformational states: a protein crosslinking active (“open”) state, and a GTP-bound, crosslinking inactive (“closed”) state. We have previously shown that the ectopic expression of mutant forms of tTG, which constitutively adopt the open conformation, are toxic to cells. This raises the possibility that strategies directed toward causing tTG to maintain an open state could potentially provide a therapeutic benefit for cancers in which tTG is highly expressed. Here, we report the identification of a small molecule, TTGM 5826, which stabilizes the open conformation of tTG. Treatment of breast and brain cancer cell lines, as well as glioma stem cells, with this molecule broadly inhibits their transformed phenotypes. Thus, TTGM 5826 represents the lead compound for a new class of small molecules that promote the toxicity of cancer cells by stabilizing the open state of tTG.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Katt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Nicolas J Blobel
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Svetlana Komarova
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Marc A Antonyak
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Ichiro Nakano
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Richard A Cerione
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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25
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Ma J, Weng L, Wang Z, Jia Y, Liu B, Wu S, Cao Y, Sun X, Yin X, Shang M, Mao A. MiR-124 induces autophagy-related cell death in cholangiocarcinoma cells through direct targeting of the EZH2-STAT3 signaling axis. Exp Cell Res 2018. [PMID: 29530475 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a lethal cancer associated with chronic inflammation that has increased in prevalence in recent decades. The dysregulated expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) has been detected in various types of malignancies, and depending on the target genes this can result in miRNAs functioning as tumor suppressors or oncogenes. In this study, we investigated the role of miR-124 in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) and found that its expression was significantly downregulated in the tumor tissue of patients and in CCA cell lines. Our results provided evidence that miR-124 induces apoptotic cell death and triggers the autophagic flux in CCA cells. EZH2 and STAT3 were identified as direct targets of miR-124. The effect of miR-124 on EZH2 expression in CCA cells was evaluated using cell transfection, xenotransplantation into nude mice and a luciferase reporter assay. Silencing of EZH2 restored the effects of miR-124, whereas overexpression of EZH2 abrogated the effects of miR-124. Silencing of Beclin1 or ATG5 abrogated the effects of miR-124 or siEZH2. In vivo, overexpression of miR-124 dramatically induced autophagy-related cell death and suppressed tumorigenicity. Taken together, our findings indicated that downregulation of miR-124 expression was associated with disease progression in human CCA and we revealed that miR-124 exerts a tumor suppressive function in CCA by inducing autophagy-related cell death via direct targeting of the EZH2-STAT3 signaling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ma
- Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1111 Xian Xia Road, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Li Weng
- Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1111 Xian Xia Road, Shanghai 200336, China.
| | - Zhongmin Wang
- Affiliated Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China.
| | - Yiping Jia
- Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1111 Xian Xia Road, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Bingyan Liu
- Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1111 Xian Xia Road, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Shaoqiu Wu
- Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1111 Xian Xia Road, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Yan Cao
- Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1111 Xian Xia Road, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Xianjun Sun
- Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1111 Xian Xia Road, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Xiang Yin
- Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1111 Xian Xia Road, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Mingyi Shang
- Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1111 Xian Xia Road, Shanghai 200336, China.
| | - Aiwu Mao
- Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1111 Xian Xia Road, Shanghai 200336, China.
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26
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Chemical crosslinking of biopolymeric scaffolds: Current knowledge and future directions of crosslinked engineered bone scaffolds. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 107:678-688. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.08.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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27
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Meshram DD, Pike CV, Coussons PJ. Inhibition of Transglutaminase 2 activity increases cisplatin cytotoxicity in a model of human hepatocarcinoma chemotherapy. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 815:332-342. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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28
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Zhang C, Lei JL, Zhang H, Xia YZ, Yu P, Yang L, Kong LY. Calyxin Y sensitizes cisplatin-sensitive and resistant hepatocellular carcinoma cells to cisplatin through apoptotic and autophagic cell death via SCF βTrCP-mediated eEF2K degradation. Oncotarget 2017; 8:70595-70616. [PMID: 29050305 PMCID: PMC5642580 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The down-regulation of eukaryotic elongation factor-2 kinase (eEF2K) is associated with an enhancement in the sensitivity of malignant cells to chemotherapeutic agents. In this study, we found that the silencing of eEF2K enhanced cisplatin (CDDP)-induced cytotoxicity in CDDP-sensitive (HepG2) and resistant (HepG2/CDDP) cells. Calyxin Y, a unique chalcone diarylheptanoid adduct, down-regulated eEF2K by promoting Skp1-Cul1-F-box protein (SCF) β-transducin repeat-containing protein (βTrCP)-mediated protein degradation and synergistically enhanced the cytotoxicity of CDDP. Subsequently, we identified a potential mechanism of this cooperative interaction by showing that the combination of calyxin Y and CDDP enhanced apoptotic cell death via mitochondrial dysfunction. In addition, the combination induced autophagy, which contributed to the synergistic cytotoxic effect. Further research revealed that calyxin Y synergistically sensitized HepG2 and HepG2/CDDP cells to CDDP through enhanced apoptotic and autophagic cell death via the SCF βTrCP-eEF2K pathway. Finally, in vivo studies demonstrated that calyxin Y could enhance the response of HepG2/CDDP cells to CDDP in xenograft models with low systemic toxicity. Thus, the combination of calyxin Y and CDDP might represent an attractive therapeutic strategy for the treatment of chemotherapy-sensitive and resistant hepatocellular carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jian-Li Lei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yuan-Zheng Xia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Pei Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ling-Yi Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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29
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30
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Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) enables survival of human malignant pleural mesothelioma cells in hypoxia. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2592. [PMID: 28151477 PMCID: PMC5386478 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an aggressive tumor linked to environmental/occupational exposure to asbestos, characterized by the presence of significant areas of hypoxia. In this study, we firstly explored the expression and the role of transglutaminase 2 (TG2) in MPM cell adaptation to hypoxia. We demonstrated that cells derived from biphasic MPM express the full-length TG2 variant at higher levels than cells derived from epithelioid MPM and normal mesothelium. We observed a significant induction of TG2 expression and activity when cells from biphasic MPM were grown as a monolayer in chronic hypoxia or packed in spheroids, where the presence of a hypoxic core was demonstrated. We described that the hypoxic induction of TG2 was HIF-2 dependent. Importantly, TGM2-v1 silencing caused a marked and significant reduction of MPM cell viability in hypoxic conditions when compared with normoxia. Notably, a TG2-selective irreversible inhibitor that reacts with the intracellular active form of TG2, but not a non-cell-permeable inhibitor, significantly compromised cell viability in MPM spheroids. Understanding the expression and function of TG2 in the adaptation to the hypoxic environment may provide useful information for novel promising therapeutic options for MPM treatment.
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31
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Carbone C, Di Gennaro E, Piro G, Milone MR, Pucci B, Caraglia M, Budillon A. Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) is involved in the resistance of cancer cells to the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor vorinostat. Amino Acids 2016; 49:517-528. [PMID: 27761756 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2338-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Vorinostat demonstrated preclinical and clinical efficacy in human cancers and is the first histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) approved for cancer treatment. Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) is a multifunctional enzyme that catalyzes a Ca2+ dependent transamidating reaction resulting in covalent cross-links between proteins. TG2 acts also as G-protein in trans-membrane signaling and as a cell surface adhesion mediator. TG2 up-regulation has been demonstrated in several cancers and its expression levels correlate with resistance to chemotherapy and metastatic potential. We demonstrated that the anti-proliferative effect of the HDACi vorinostat is paralleled by the induction of TG2 mRNA and protein expression in cancer cells but not in ex vivo treated peripheral blood lymphocytes. This effect was also shared by other pan-HDACi and resulted in increased TG2 transamidating activity. Notably, high TG2 basal levels in a panel of cancer cell lines correlated with lower vorinostat antiproliferative activity. Notably, in TG2-knockdown cancer cells vorinostat anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects were enhanced, whereas in TG2-full-length transfected cells were impaired, suggesting that TG2 could represent a mechanism of intrinsic or acquired resistance to vorinostat. In fact, co-treatment of tumor cells with inhibitors of TG2 transamidating activity potentiated the antitumor effect of vorinostat. Moreover, vorinostat-resistant MCF7 cells selected by stepwise increasing concentrations of the drug, significantly overexpressed TG2 protein compared to parental cells, and co-treatment of these cells with TG2 inhibitors reversed vorinostat-resistance. Taken together, our data demonstrated that TG2 is involved in the resistance of cancer cells to vorinostat, as well as to other HDACi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Carbone
- Experimental Pharmacology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale-IRCCS, 80131, Naples, Italy.,Digestive Molecular Clinical Oncology Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Elena Di Gennaro
- Experimental Pharmacology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale-IRCCS, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Geny Piro
- Centro Ricerche Oncologiche Mercogliano, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale-IRCCS, Naples, Italy.,Laboratory of Oncology and Molecular Therapy, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Maria Rita Milone
- Centro Ricerche Oncologiche Mercogliano, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale-IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Biagio Pucci
- Centro Ricerche Oncologiche Mercogliano, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale-IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Caraglia
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Alfredo Budillon
- Experimental Pharmacology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale-IRCCS, 80131, Naples, Italy. .,Centro Ricerche Oncologiche Mercogliano, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale-IRCCS, Naples, Italy.
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32
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Hajri M, Esteve MA, Khoumeri O, Abderrahim R, Terme T, Montana M, Vanelle P. Synthesis and evaluation of in vitro antiproliferative activity of new ethyl 3-(arylethynyl)quinoxaline-2-carboxylate and pyrido[4,3-b]quinoxalin-1(2H)-one derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 124:959-966. [PMID: 27770736 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We report a novel series of quinoxaline derivatives from which agents with antiproliferative activity have been identified. Two ethyl 3-(arylethynyl)quinoxaline-2-carboxylates demonstrated substantial antiproliferative activity against both human non-small cell lung carcinoma (A549) and glioblastoma (U87-MG) cell lines. Pyrido[4,3-b]quinoxalin-1(2H)-ones demonstrated poor activity against A549 and U87-MG cell lines. Three of the derivatives in ethyl 3-(arylethynyl)quinoxaline-2-carboxylate series demonstrated substantial antiproliferative activity. The arylethynyl derivative 2a and 2d proved to be the most cytotoxic with an IC50 value of 3.3 μM for both A549 and U87-MG cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majdi Hajri
- University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Laboratory of Physics of Lamellaires Materials and Hybrids Nanomaterials, Zarzouna 7021, Bizerte, Tunisia
| | - Marie-Anne Esteve
- Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM, CRO2, UMR_S911, 13385 Marseille, France; AP-HM, Hôpital Timone, Pharmacie, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Omar Khoumeri
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR, UMR 7273, Laboratoire de Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Marseille, France
| | - Raoudha Abderrahim
- University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Laboratory of Physics of Lamellaires Materials and Hybrids Nanomaterials, Zarzouna 7021, Bizerte, Tunisia
| | - Thierry Terme
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR, UMR 7273, Laboratoire de Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Marseille, France
| | - Marc Montana
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR, UMR 7273, Laboratoire de Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Marseille, France
| | - Patrice Vanelle
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR, UMR 7273, Laboratoire de Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Marseille, France.
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33
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Prognostic role of tissue transglutaminase 2 in colon carcinoma. Virchows Arch 2016; 469:611-619. [PMID: 27620315 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-016-2020-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is involved in many biological processes, from wound healing to neurodegeneration. Recently, there has been an increasing interest in this enzyme as a potential prognostic marker or therapy target in human neoplasms. The aim of this study was to analyze expression of TG2 messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein in colon cancer samples and to evaluate the potential value of TG2 as prognostic marker. We investigated not only expression level but also location of the protein in a series of human tumors. In silico analysis using the GSE39582 dataset showed that TG2 mRNA expression is associated with earlier relapse. The results of qPCR in our cohort showed TG2 mRNA to be up-regulated in 25 out of 70 samples (34 %). Kaplan-Meier plots and log-rank test showed that patients with high TG2 mRNA expression have significantly worse prognosis in terms of overall survival (OS) and a trend to earlier recurrence. Immunohistochemical staining of tumor sections for TG2 revealed stromal staining in 152 cases (88 %) and epithelial cell staining in 105 cases (62 %). In stage II patients, stromal expression showed a significant association with disease-free survival (DFS). In patients with metastatic disease, TG2 expression was also associated with poor prognosis. Cox multivariate analysis showed that TG2 expression in epithelial cells is significantly and independently associated with OS, together with node involvement and presence of metastasis. Stromal TG2 expression was associated with DFS. In summary, in non-metastatic colorectal cancer patients, stromal TG2 expression is significantly associated with DFS and epithelial TG2 expression with OS, independently of node involvement and metastasis.
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34
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Zhang H, Chen Z, Miranda RN, Medeiros LJ, McCarty N. TG2 and NF-κB Signaling Coordinates the Survival of Mantle Cell Lymphoma Cells via IL6-Mediated Autophagy. Cancer Res 2016; 76:6410-6423. [PMID: 27488529 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-0595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Expression of the transglutaminase TG2 has been linked to constitutive activation of NF-κB and chemotherapy resistance in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) cells. TG2 forms complexes with NF-κB components, but mechanistic insights that could be used to leverage therapeutic responses has been lacking. In the current study, we address this issue with the discovery of an unexpected role for TG2 in triggering autophagy in drug-resistant MCL cells through induction of IL6. CRISPR-mediated silencing of TG2 delayed apoptosis while overexpressing TG2 enhanced tumor progression. Under stress, TG2 and IL6 mediate enhanced autophagy formation to promote MCL cell survival. Interestingly, the autophagy product ATG5 involved in autophagosome elongation positively regulated TG2/NF-κB/IL6 signaling, suggesting a positive feedback loop. Our results uncover an interconnected network of TG2/NF-κB and IL6/STAT3 signaling with autophagy regulation in MCL cells, the disruption of which may offer a promising therapeutic strategy. Cancer Res; 76(21); 6410-23. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhang
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Disease, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases (IMM), The University of Texas-Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Zheng Chen
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Disease, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases (IMM), The University of Texas-Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Roberto N Miranda
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - L Jeffrey Medeiros
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Nami McCarty
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Disease, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases (IMM), The University of Texas-Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas.
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35
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Aydin O, Akyuz F, Tekin N, Ustuner M, Degirmenci I, Burukoglu D, Ozden H. Effect of retinyl acetate on transglutaminase 2 activity in carcinogen treated rat liver. Biotech Histochem 2016; 91:342-51. [PMID: 27089473 DOI: 10.3109/10520295.2016.1170879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) has been implicated in wound healing, cellular differentiation, apoptosis and cell survival. TG2 activity increases following acute and chronic liver injury; however, the role of TG2 in tumors, is controversial. TG2 is a retinoid-inducible enzyme. We investigated the effects of retinyl acetate (RA) on the activity and levels of TG2 during the initiation and promotion stages of liver cancer. p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene (p-DAB) was used as initiator and 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) was used as promoter in our model of carcinogenesis. Rats were divided into four groups of 24: control, corn oil control, p-DAB + TCDD, and p-DAB + TCDD + RA. Six rats from each group were sacrificed at days 30, 60, 90 and 120. TG2 activity decreased in the p-DAB + TCDD treated group, but TG2 immunostaining scores did not change by days 90 and 120. Neither TG2 enzyme activity nor the immunostaining score of TG2 protein changed in the tissues of the p-DAB + TCDD + RA group by days 90 and 120. TG2 activity was not be ameliorated by RA during the initiation or promotion stages of carcinogen induced liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Aydin
- a Department of Medical Biochemistry , Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University , Eskisehir , Turkey
| | - F Akyuz
- a Department of Medical Biochemistry , Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University , Eskisehir , Turkey
| | - N Tekin
- b Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology , Faculty of Science and Letters, Aksaray University , Aksaray , Turkey
| | - Mc Ustuner
- c Department of Medical Biology , Eskisehir , Turkey
| | - I Degirmenci
- c Department of Medical Biology , Eskisehir , Turkey
| | - D Burukoglu
- d Department of Histology and Embryology , Eskisehir , Turkey
| | - H Ozden
- e Department of Anatomy , Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University , Eskisehir , Turkey
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Cao J, Huang W. Compensatory Increase of Transglutaminase 2 Is Responsible for Resistance to mTOR Inhibitor Treatment. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149388. [PMID: 26872016 PMCID: PMC4752276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) plays a crucial role in controlling cell growth and homeostasis. Deregulation of mTOR signaling is frequently observed in some cancers, making it an attractive drug target for cancer therapy. Although mTORC1 inhibitor rapalog-based therapy has shown positive results in various pre-clinical animal cancer studies, tumors rebound upon treatment discontinuation. Moreover, several recent clinical trials showed that the mTORC1 inhibitors rapamycin and rapalog only reduce the capacity for cell proliferation without promoting cell death, consistent with the concept that rapamycin is cytostatic and reduces disease progression but is not cytotoxic. It is imperative that rapamycin-regulated events and additional targets for more effective drug combinations be identified. Here, we report that rapamycin treatment promotes a compensatory increase in transglutaminase 2 (TGM2) levels in mTORC1-driven tumors. TGM2 inhibition potently sensitizes mTORC1-hyperactive cancer cells to rapamycin treatment, and a rapamycin-induced autophagy blockade inhibits the compensatory TGM2 upregulation. More importantly, tumor regression was observed in MCF-7-xenograft tumor-bearing mice treated with both mTORC1 and TGM2 inhibitors compared with those treated with either a single inhibitor or the vehicle control. These results demonstrate a critical role for the compensatory increase in transglutaminase 2 levels in promoting mTORC1 inhibitor resistance and suggest that rational combination therapy may potentially suppress cancer therapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Cao
- China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenlong Huang
- China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Huang L, Xu AM, Liu W. Transglutaminase 2 in cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2015; 5:2756-2776. [PMID: 26609482 PMCID: PMC4633903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The significant influence of tumor microenvironment on malignant cells has been investigated with enthusiasm in this era of targeted therapy. Transglutaminase 2 (TG2, EC 2.3.2.13), a multi-functional enzyme that catalyzes the formation of intermolecular isopeptide bonds between glutamine and lysine side-chains, has been reported to exert important pathophysiological functions. The aim of this review was to investigate the correlation between TG2 and malignant behaviors, which could provide the rationale for novel approaches in anti-cancer therapy. We performed a systematic and electronic search on Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science for relevant publications from inception to April 2015. The bibliographic references of retrieved articles were further reviewed for additional relevant studies. TG2 exerts important physiological functions and plays vital roles in inflammation mainly through its modulation on the structure and stability of extracellular matrix (ECM). It also regulates EMT of diverse malignant cells through various intracellular and extracellular pathways. TG2 also plays an important role in tumor progression and may serve as a novel prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target in various cancer types. TG2 promotes malignant cell mobility, invasion, and metastasis, and induces chemo-resistance of cancer cells, mainly through its pro-crosslink and signaling transduction mediation propensities. In conclusion, TG2 plays vital roles in malignancy progression, and may have important prognostic and therapeutic significances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
- Liver Transplantation Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
- Research Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim (CBTM), Medical Faculty of Mannheim, Heidelberg UniversityMannheim, Germany
| | - A-Man Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
- Liver Transplantation Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
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ARHI (DIRAS3)-mediated autophagy-associated cell death enhances chemosensitivity to cisplatin in ovarian cancer cell lines and xenografts. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1836. [PMID: 26247722 PMCID: PMC4558501 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Revised: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy can sustain or kill tumor cells depending upon the context. The mechanism of autophagy-associated cell death has not been well elucidated and autophagy has enhanced or inhibited sensitivity of cancer cells to cytotoxic chemotherapy in different models. ARHI (DIRAS3), an imprinted tumor suppressor gene, is downregulated in 60% of ovarian cancers. In cell culture, re-expression of ARHI induces autophagy and ovarian cancer cell death within 72 h. In xenografts, re-expression of ARHI arrests cell growth and induces autophagy, but does not kill engrafted cancer cells. When ARHI levels are reduced after 6 weeks, dormancy is broken and xenografts grow promptly. In this study, ARHI-induced ovarian cancer cell death in culture has been found to depend upon autophagy and has been linked to G1 cell-cycle arrest, enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) activity, RIP1/RIP3 activation and necrosis. Re-expression of ARHI enhanced the cytotoxic effect of cisplatin in cell culture, increasing caspase-3 activation and PARP cleavage by inhibiting ERK and HER2 activity and downregulating XIAP and Bcl-2. In xenografts, treatment with cisplatin significantly slowed the outgrowth of dormant autophagic cells after reduction of ARHI, but the addition of chloroquine did not further inhibit xenograft outgrowth. Taken together, we have found that autophagy-associated cancer cell death and autophagy-enhanced sensitivity to cisplatin depend upon different mechanisms and that dormant, autophagic cancer cells are still vulnerable to cisplatin-based chemotherapy.
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Tabolacci C, Cordella M, Turcano L, Rossi S, Lentini A, Mariotti S, Nisini R, Sette G, Eramo A, Piredda L, De Maria R, Facchiano F, Beninati S. Aloe-emodin exerts a potent anticancer and immunomodulatory activity on BRAF-mutated human melanoma cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 762:283-92. [PMID: 26048310 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Aim of this study was to extend the knowledge on the antineoplastic effect of aloe-emodin (AE), a natural hydroxyanthraquinone compound, both in metastatic human melanoma cell lines and in primary stem-like cells (melanospheres). Treatment with AE caused reduction of cell proliferation and induction of SK-MEL-28 and A375 cells differentiation, characterized by a marked increase of transamidating activity of transglutaminase whose expression remained unmodified. In vitro antimetastatic property of AE was evaluated by adhesion and Boyden chamber invasion assays. The effect of AE on melanoma cytokines/chemokines production was determined by a multiplex assay: interestingly AE showed an immunomodulatory activity through GM-CSF and IFN-γ production. We report also that AE significantly reduced the proliferation, stemness and invasive potential of melanospheres. Moreover, AE treatment significantly enhanced dabrafenib (a BRAF inhibitor) antiproliferative activity in BRAF mutant cell lines. Our results confirm that AE possesses remarkable antineoplastic properties against melanoma cells, indicating this anthraquinone as a promising agent for differentiation therapy of cancer, or as adjuvant in chemotherapy and targeted therapy. Further, its mechanisms of action support a potential efficacy of AE treatment to counteract resistance of BRAF-mutated melanoma cells to target therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Tabolacci
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; Department of Biology, University "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Cordella
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Turcano
- Department of Biology, University "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Rossi
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Sabrina Mariotti
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic, and Immunomediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Nisini
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic, and Immunomediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Adriana Eramo
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Piredda
- Department of Biology, University "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Facchiano
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - Simone Beninati
- Department of Biology, University "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
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Fisher ML, Keillor JW, Xu W, Eckert RL, Kerr C. Transglutaminase Is Required for Epidermal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Stem Cell Survival. Mol Cancer Res 2015; 13:1083-94. [PMID: 25934691 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-14-0685-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cancer stem cells are thought to be responsible for rapid tumor growth, metastasis, and enhanced tumor survival following drug treatment. For this reason, there is a major emphasis on identifying proteins that can be targeted to kill cancer stem cells or control their growth, and transglutaminase type II (TGM2/TG2) is such a target in epidermal squamous cell carcinoma. TG2 was originally described as a transamidase in the extracellular matrix that crosslinks proteins by catalyzing ε-(γ-glutamyl)lysine bonds. However, subsequent studies have shown that TG2 is a GTP-binding protein that plays an important role in cell signaling and survival. In the present study, TG2 shows promise as a target for anticancer stem cell therapy in human squamous cell carcinoma. TG2 was determined to be highly elevated in epidermal cancer stem cells (ECS cells), and TG2 knockdown or suppression of TG2 function with inhibitors reduced ECS cell survival, spheroid formation, Matrigel invasion, and migration. The reduction in survival is associated with activation of apoptosis. Mechanistic studies, using TG2 mutants, revealed that the GTP-binding activity is required for maintenance of ECS cell growth and survival, and that the action of TG2 in ECS cells is not mediated by NF-κB signaling. IMPLICATIONS This study suggests that TG2 has an important role in maintaining cancer stem cell survival, invasive, and metastatic behavior and is an important therapeutic target to reduce survival of cancer stem cells in epidermal squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Fisher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jeffrey W Keillor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wen Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Richard L Eckert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Department of Dermatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Department of Reproductive Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Candace Kerr
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
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Mischiati C, Ura B, Roncoroni L, Elli L, Cervellati C, Squerzanti M, Conte D, Doneda L, Polverino de Laureto P, de Franceschi G, Calza R, Barrero CA, Merali S, Ferrari C, Bergamini CM, Agostinelli E. Changes in protein expression in two cholangiocarcinoma cell lines undergoing formation of multicellular tumor spheroids in vitro. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118906. [PMID: 25756965 PMCID: PMC4355290 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) is relevant in malignant growth and frequently correlates with worsening disease progression due to its implications in metastases and resistance to therapeutic interventions. Although EMT is known to occur in several types of solid tumors, the information concerning tumors arising from the epithelia of the bile tract is still limited. In order to approach the problem of EMT in cholangiocarcinoma, we decided to investigate the changes in protein expression occurring in two cell lines under conditions leading to growth as adherent monolayers or to formation of multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTS), which are considered culture models that better mimic the growth characteristics of in-vivo solid tumors. In our system, changes in phenotypes occur with only a decrease in transmembrane E-cadherin and vimentin expression, minor changes in the transglutaminase protein/activity but with significant differences in the proteome profiles, with declining and increasing expression in 6 and in 16 proteins identified by mass spectrometry. The arising protein patterns were analyzed based on canonical pathways and network analysis. These results suggest that significant metabolic rearrangements occur during the conversion of cholangiocarcinomas cells to the MCTS phenotype, which most likely affect the carbohydrate metabolism, protein folding, cytoskeletal activity, and tissue sensitivity to oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Mischiati
- Department of Biomedical and Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Blendi Ura
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofalo, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Leda Roncoroni
- Center for Prevention and Diagnosis of Coeliac Disease/Gastroenterology 2, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Odontoiatric Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Elli
- Center for Prevention and Diagnosis of Coeliac Disease/Gastroenterology 2, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Carlo Cervellati
- Department of Biomedical and Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Monica Squerzanti
- Department of Biomedical and Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Dario Conte
- Center for Prevention and Diagnosis of Coeliac Disease/Gastroenterology 2, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Luisa Doneda
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Odontoiatric Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | | | | | - Roberta Calza
- Department of Biomedical and Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carlos A. Barrero
- Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research, Temple University, School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Salim Merali
- Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research, Temple University, School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Carlo Ferrari
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Le Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Carlo M. Bergamini
- Department of Biomedical and Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Enzo Agostinelli
- Istituto Pasteur, Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti and Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, La Sapienza University of Rome and CNR, Biology and Molecular Pathology Institutes, Rome, Italy
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Esophageal adenocarcinomas (EAC) are aggressive cancers that are increasing in incidence and associated with a poor prognosis. The identification of highly expressed genes in EAC relative to metaplastic Barrett's esophagus (BE) may provide new targets for novel early cancer detection strategies using endoscopically administered, fluorescently labeled peptides. METHODS Gene expression analysis of BE and EACs were used to identify the cell surface marker transglutaminase 2 (TGM2) as overexpressed in cancer. The expression of two major isoforms of TGM2 was determined by qRT-polymerase chain reaction in an independent cohort of 128 EACs. Protein expression was confirmed by tissue microarrays and immunoblot analysis of EAC cell lines. TGM2 DNA copy number was assessed using single nucleotide polymorphism microarrays and confirmed by qPCR. TGM2 expression in neoadjuvantly treated EACs and following small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown in cisplatin-treated EAC cells was used to determine its possible role in chemoresistance. RESULTS TGM2 is overexpressed in 15 EACs relative to 26 BE samples. Overexpression of both TGM2 isoforms was confirmed in 128 EACs and associated with higher tumor stage, poor differentiation, and increased inflammatory and desmoplastic response. Tissue microarrays and immunohistochemistry confirmed elevated TGM2 protein expression in EAC. Single nucleotide polymorphism and qPCR analysis revealed increased TGM2 gene copy number as one mechanism underlying elevated TGM2 expression. TGM2 was highly expressed in resistant EAC after patient treatment with neoadjuvant chemotherapy/radiation suggesting a role for TGM2 in chemoresistance. CONCLUSION TGM2 may be a useful cell surface biomarker for early detection of EAC.
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Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (transglutaminase 2) is a multifunctional enzyme with many interesting properties resulting in versatile roles in both physiology and pathophysiology. Herein, the particular involvement of the enzyme in human diseases will be outlined with special emphasis on its role in cancer and in tissue interactions with biomaterials. Despite recent progress in unraveling the different cellular functions of transglutaminase 2, several questions remain. Transglutaminase 2 features in both confirmed and some still ambiguous roles within pathological conditions, raising interest in developing inhibitors and imaging probes which target this enzyme. One important prerequisite for identifying and characterizing such molecular tools are reliable assay methods to measure the enzymatic activity. This digest Letter will provide clarification about the various assay methods described to date, accompanied by a discussion of recent progress in the development of inhibitors and imaging probes targeting transglutaminase 2.
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Eckert RL, Kaartinen MT, Nurminskaya M, Belkin AM, Colak G, Johnson GVW, Mehta K. Transglutaminase regulation of cell function. Physiol Rev 2014; 94:383-417. [PMID: 24692352 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00019.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminases (TGs) are multifunctional proteins having enzymatic and scaffolding functions that participate in regulation of cell fate in a wide range of cellular systems and are implicated to have roles in development of disease. This review highlights the mechanism of action of these proteins with respect to their structure, impact on cell differentiation and survival, role in cancer development and progression, and function in signal transduction. We also discuss the mechanisms whereby TG level is controlled and how TGs control downstream targets. The studies described herein begin to clarify the physiological roles of TGs in both normal biology and disease states.
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Küttner V, Mack C, Gretzmeier C, Bruckner-Tuderman L, Dengjel J. Loss of collagen VII is associated with reduced transglutaminase 2 abundance and activity. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:2381-2389. [PMID: 24732400 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Absence of collagen VII leads to widespread cellular and tissue phenotypes. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not well understood. To gain insights into cellular responses to loss of collagen VII, we undertook a quantitative disease proteomics approach. By using recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB), a skin blistering disease caused by collagen VII deficiency, as a genetic model, collagen VII-dependent differences in cellular protein abundances and protein-protein interactions were analyzed. Absence of collagen VII led to alterations of intracellular protein compositions and to perturbations in cell adhesion, protein trafficking, and the turnover pathway autophagy. A potential linker of the different cellular phenotypes is transglutaminase 2 (TGM2), a multifunctional enzyme important for protein cross-linking. TGM2 was identified as a stable interaction partner of collagen VII. In RDEB, both abundance and activity of TGM2 were reduced, accounting not only for diminished adhesion and perturbed autophagy but also for reduced cross-linking of the extracellular matrix and for decreased epidermal-dermal integrity in RDEB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Küttner
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; ZBSA Center for Biological Systems Analysis, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Mack
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christine Gretzmeier
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; ZBSA Center for Biological Systems Analysis, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Leena Bruckner-Tuderman
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; ZBSA Center for Biological Systems Analysis, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jörn Dengjel
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; ZBSA Center for Biological Systems Analysis, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Down-regulation of Fas-mediated apoptosis by plasma transglutaminase factor XIII that catalyzes fetal-specific cross-link of the Fas molecule. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 443:13-7. [PMID: 24216108 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.10.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The Fas antigen, also designated as APO-1 or CD95, is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily and can mediate apoptotic cell death in various cells. We report here that blood coagulation factor XIII (plasma transglutaminase, fibrin stabilizing factor) inhibits apoptosis induced by a cytotoxic anti-Fas monoclonal antibody in Jurkat cells. When cells were treated with the antibody in fetal calf serum-containing media, higher-molecular-weight (180K) polypeptides containing Fas molecule were detected by immunoblotting. Under conditions where the transglutaminase activity was eliminated or suppressed, the cross-link of Fas was not observed, and concurrently cell death was hastened. Moreover, an antibody against factor XIII strongly accelerated the Fas-mediated apoptosis. Furthermore, addition of partially purified factor XIII neutralized the apoptosis-promoting effect of anti-factor XIII antibody, indicating that this enzyme is involved in cross-link of Fas and down-regulates Fas-mediated apoptotic cell death. Significantly, the cross-link of Fas was seen only in fetal calf serum but not in newly-born calf serum, 1-year-old calf serum or adult bovine serum. These data suggest that plasma transglutaminase factor XIII may play a key role in fetal development of vertebrates via cross-link of Fas antigen.
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Agnihotri N, Kumar S, Mehta K. Tissue transglutaminase as a central mediator in inflammation-induced progression of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2013; 15:202. [PMID: 23673317 PMCID: PMC3745644 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
TGM2 is a stress-responsive gene that encodes a multifunctional and structurally complex protein called tissue transglutaminase (abbreviated as TG2 or tTG). TGM2 expression is frequently upregulated during inflammation and wounding. Emerging evidence indicates that TGM2 expression is aberrantly upregulated in multiple cancer cell types, particularly those selected for resistance to chemotherapy and radiation therapy and those isolated from metastatic sites. It is becoming increasingly evident that chronic expression of TG2 in epithelial cancer cells initiates a complex series of signaling networks which contributes to the development of drug resistance and an invasive phenotype. For example, forced or basal high expression of TG2 in mammary epithelial cells is associated with activation of nuclear transcription factor-kappa B (NF-κB), Akt, focal adhesion kinase, and hypoxia-inducible factor. All of these changes are considered hallmarks of aggressive tumors. TG2 expression is able to induce the developmentally regulated program of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and to confer cancer stem cell (CSC) traits in mammary epithelial cells; both EMT and CSCs have been implicated in cancer metastasis and resistance to standard therapies. Importantly, TG2 expression in tumor samples is associated with poor disease outcome, increased drug resistance, and increased incidence of metastasis. These observations imply that TG2 plays a crucial role in promoting an aggressive phenotype in mammary epithelial cells. In this review, we discuss recent evidence that TG2-regulated pathways contribute to the aggressive phenotype in breast cancer.
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Kumar S, Mehta K. Tissue transglutaminase constitutively activates HIF-1α promoter and nuclear factor-κB via a non-canonical pathway. PLoS One 2012. [PMID: 23185316 PMCID: PMC3501523 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Constitutive activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) has been linked with carcinogenesis and cancer progression, including metastasis, chemoresistance, and radiation resistance. However, the molecular mechanisms that result in constitutive activation of NF-κB are poorly understood. Here we show that chronic expression of the pro-inflammatory protein tissue transglutaminase (TG2) reprograms the transcription regulatory network in epithelial cells via constitutive activation of NF-κB. TG2-induced NF-κB binds the functional NF-κB binding site in hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1α) promoter and results in its increased expression at transcription and protein levels even under normoxic conditions. TG2/NF-κB-induced HIF-1 was deemed essential for increased expression of some transcription repressors, like Zeb1, Zeb2, Snail, and Twist. Unlike tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), TG2 did not require IκB kinase (IKK) for NF-κB activation. Our data suggest that TG2 binds with IκBα and results in its rapid degradation via a non-proteasomal pathway. Importantly, the catalytically inactive (C277S) mutant form of TG2 was as effective as was wild-type TG2 in activating NF-κB and inducing HIF-1 expression. We also found that TG2 interacted with p65/RelA protein, both in the cytosolic and the nuclear compartment. The TG2/p65(NF-κB) complex binds to the HIF-1 promoter and induced its transcriptional regulation. Inhibition of TG2 or p65/RelA also inhibited the HIF-1α expression and attenuated Zeb1, Zeb2, and Twist expression. To our knowledge, these findings show for the first time a direct link between TG2, NF-κB, and HIF-1α, demonstrating TG2's important role in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kapil Mehta
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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