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Khandelwal E, Chawali KD, Bhavya S. Effect of protein supplements on cardiovascular health and exercise performance of young adult males. J Family Med Prim Care 2024; 13:3209-3213. [PMID: 39228643 PMCID: PMC11368301 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_132_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The modern fitness culture, propelled by celebrity influence and media exposure, has led to widespread acceptance and consumption of protein supplements, particularly among young adult males aspiring for an ideal physique. Despite the surge in usage, limited research has explored the impact of these supplements on cardiovascular health and exercise performance. This study aims to bridge this gap by clinically examining the cardiovascular system using heart rate variability (HRV) and comparing outcomes between those using protein supplements and a control group. Methodology This study was conducted at the Department of Physiology, AIIMS Raipur. The cross-sectional study involved 60 young adult males aged 18-25 years. Participants were divided into two groups: group I (n = 30), comprising individuals using commercially available protein supplements for a minimum of three months, and group II (n = 30) as age-matched controls. Cardiovascular assessments, including HRV analysis, were performed at rest and after the Harvard step test. Pre-exercise and post-exercise parameters were statistically analyzed, and participants in the test group provided information on supplement labels. Results Participants in both groups exhibited comparable pre-exercise cardiovascular parameters. However, post-exercise results did not reveal significant variations in systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean blood pressure, low frequency/high frequency (LF/HF) ratio, Standard deviation of the successive differences between adjacent NNs (SDNN), and standard deviation of successive differences (SDSD) between the test and control groups. The average exercise duration for the control group was longer than that of the test group. Amino acid profiles and nutritional content varied among 13 different protein supplement brands. Conclusion The study found no statistically significant positive influence of protein supplements on cardiovascular health or exercise performance in young adult males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekta Khandelwal
- Department of Physiology, AIIMS, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Krishna Dutt Chawali
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, AIIMS, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - S Bhavya
- MBBS Student, AIIMS, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
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2
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Pires C, Leitão M, Sapatinha M, Gonçalves A, Oliveira H, Nunes ML, Teixeira B, Mendes R, Camacho C, Machado M, Pintado M, Ribeiro AR, Vieira EF, Delerue-Matos C, Lourenço HM, Marques A. Protein Hydrolysates from Salmon Heads and Cape Hake By-Products: Comparing Enzymatic Method with Subcritical Water Extraction on Bioactivity Properties. Foods 2024; 13:2418. [PMID: 39123610 PMCID: PMC11311982 DOI: 10.3390/foods13152418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Fish by-products can be converted into high-value-added products like fish protein hydrolysates (FPHs), which have high nutritional value and are rich in bioactive peptides with health benefits. This study aims to characterise FPHs derived from salmon heads (HPSs) and Cape hake trimmings (HPHs) using Alcalase for enzymatic hydrolysis and Subcritical Water Hydrolysis (SWH) as an alternative method. All hydrolysates demonstrated high protein content (70.4-88.7%), with the degree of hydrolysis (DH) ranging from 10.7 to 36.4%. The peptide profile of FPHs indicated the breakdown of proteins into small peptides. HPSs showed higher levels of glycine and proline, while HPHs had higher concentrations of glutamic acid, leucine, threonine, and phenylalanine. Similar elemental profiles were observed in both HPHs and HPSs, and the levels of Cd, Pb, and Hg were well below the legislated limits. Hydrolysates do not have a negative effect on cell metabolism and contribute to cell growth. HPSs and HPHs exhibited high 2,2'-azino-bis(3 ethylbenzthiazoline-6)-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activity, Cu2+ and Fe2+ chelating activities, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity, with HPHs generally displaying higher activities. The α-amylase inhibition of both FPHs was relatively low. These results indicate that HPHs are a promising natural source of nutritional compounds and bioactive peptides, making them potential candidates for use as an ingredient in new food products or nutraceuticals. SWH at 250 °C is a viable alternative to enzymatic methods for producing FPHs from salmon heads with high antioxidant and chelating properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Pires
- Division of Aquaculture, Upgrading and Bioprospection, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA, I.P.), Av. Doutor Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-165 Algés, Portugal; (M.S.); (A.G.); (H.O.); (B.T.); (R.M.); (H.M.L.); (A.M.)
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR-LA), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (M.L.N.); (C.C.)
| | - Matilde Leitão
- Department of Chemistry, Nova School of Science and Technology, Nova University Lisbon, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
| | - Maria Sapatinha
- Division of Aquaculture, Upgrading and Bioprospection, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA, I.P.), Av. Doutor Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-165 Algés, Portugal; (M.S.); (A.G.); (H.O.); (B.T.); (R.M.); (H.M.L.); (A.M.)
- Department of Chemistry, Nova School of Science and Technology, Nova University Lisbon, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
| | - Amparo Gonçalves
- Division of Aquaculture, Upgrading and Bioprospection, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA, I.P.), Av. Doutor Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-165 Algés, Portugal; (M.S.); (A.G.); (H.O.); (B.T.); (R.M.); (H.M.L.); (A.M.)
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR-LA), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (M.L.N.); (C.C.)
| | - Helena Oliveira
- Division of Aquaculture, Upgrading and Bioprospection, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA, I.P.), Av. Doutor Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-165 Algés, Portugal; (M.S.); (A.G.); (H.O.); (B.T.); (R.M.); (H.M.L.); (A.M.)
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR-LA), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (M.L.N.); (C.C.)
| | - Maria Leonor Nunes
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR-LA), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (M.L.N.); (C.C.)
| | - Bárbara Teixeira
- Division of Aquaculture, Upgrading and Bioprospection, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA, I.P.), Av. Doutor Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-165 Algés, Portugal; (M.S.); (A.G.); (H.O.); (B.T.); (R.M.); (H.M.L.); (A.M.)
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR-LA), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (M.L.N.); (C.C.)
| | - Rogério Mendes
- Division of Aquaculture, Upgrading and Bioprospection, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA, I.P.), Av. Doutor Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-165 Algés, Portugal; (M.S.); (A.G.); (H.O.); (B.T.); (R.M.); (H.M.L.); (A.M.)
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR-LA), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (M.L.N.); (C.C.)
| | - Carolina Camacho
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR-LA), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (M.L.N.); (C.C.)
| | - Manuela Machado
- Centre for Biotechnology and Fine Chemistry (CBQF), Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua de Diogo Botelho, 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; (M.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Manuela Pintado
- Centre for Biotechnology and Fine Chemistry (CBQF), Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua de Diogo Botelho, 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; (M.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Ana Rita Ribeiro
- Blue Bioeconomy CoLAB, Av. da Liberdade s/n, 4450-718 Leça da Palmeira, Portugal;
| | - Elsa F. Vieira
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV) of the Network of Chemistry and Technology (REQUIMTE), Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal; (E.F.V.); (C.D.-M.)
| | - Cristina Delerue-Matos
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV) of the Network of Chemistry and Technology (REQUIMTE), Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal; (E.F.V.); (C.D.-M.)
| | - Helena Maria Lourenço
- Division of Aquaculture, Upgrading and Bioprospection, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA, I.P.), Av. Doutor Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-165 Algés, Portugal; (M.S.); (A.G.); (H.O.); (B.T.); (R.M.); (H.M.L.); (A.M.)
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR-LA), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (M.L.N.); (C.C.)
| | - António Marques
- Division of Aquaculture, Upgrading and Bioprospection, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA, I.P.), Av. Doutor Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-165 Algés, Portugal; (M.S.); (A.G.); (H.O.); (B.T.); (R.M.); (H.M.L.); (A.M.)
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR-LA), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (M.L.N.); (C.C.)
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Gunarathne R, Guan X, Feng T, Zhao Y, Lu J. L-lysine dietary supplementation for childhood and adolescent growth: Promises and precautions. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00202-9. [PMID: 38740261 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND L-lysine (lysine) is an essential amino acid that plays a vital role in human nutrition. It serves as a key component in protein synthesis and fulfills critical roles in various physiological activities. For decades, lysine supplements have been extensively used to promote the growth and development of children, particularly in developing countries where cereal-based diets are everyday staples. AIM OF THE REVIEW This review aims to provide an overview of the overall effectiveness of lysine supplements concerning the growth of children and adolescents. Additionally, it addresses the potential precautions that should be considered when using lysine supplements in this context. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW Receiving lysine oral supplements and lysine-fortified cereal diets were observed to enhance nitrogen retention and improve anthropometric measurements such as height, weight, Z-scores, body mass index, and skinfold thickness. Furthermore, lysine positively influenced the children's developmental quotient and various serological biochemical parameters, such as hormones, immunological indicators, proteins, bone metabolic indicators, and red blood cell parameters. These supplements are generally considered clinically safe, with no reported toxicity where the related side effects are limited to subjective gastrointestinal tract symptoms. It is essential to be cautious about excessive intake of lysine, as it can lead to an imbalance of amino acids, thereby potentially suppressing its intended benefits. When used with appropriate precautions, lysine can serve as a safe supplement with promising benefits for the growth of children and adolescents. Nevertheless, further contemporary research studies on lysine supplementation would be insightful and valuable in better understanding its optimal use, potential benefits, and safety in promoting growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasika Gunarathne
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, the University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Xiao Guan
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Tao Feng
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201400, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200042, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, the University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Food and Agriculture Technology, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Zhejiang, Jiaxing 314006, China.
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Zhou X, Liang J, Xiong X, Yin Y. Amino acids in piglet diarrhea: Effects, mechanisms and insights. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2024; 16:267-274. [PMID: 38362520 PMCID: PMC10867606 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Piglet diarrhea is among one of the most serious health problems faced by the pig industry, resulting in significant economic losses. Diarrheal disease in piglets has a multifactorial etiology that is affected by physiology, environment, and management strategy. Diarrhea is the most apparent symptom of intestinal dysfunction. As a key class of essential nutrients in the piglet diet, amino acids confer a variety of beneficial effects on piglets in addition to being used as a substrate for protein synthesis, including maintaining appropriate intestinal integrity, permeability and epithelial renewal, and alleviating morphological damage and inflammatory and oxidative stress. Thus, provision of appropriate levels of amino acids could alleviate piglet diarrhea. Most amino acid effects are mediated by metabolites, gut microbes, and related signaling pathways. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of dietary amino acid effects on gut health and diarrhea incidence in piglets, and reveal the mechanisms involved. We also provide ideas for using amino acid blends and emphasize the importance of amino acid balance in the diet to prevent diarrhea in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Liang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xia Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Lei Y, Chen Y, Wang S, Lin Z, Han P, Tian D, Wang H, Liu M. L-lysine supplementation attenuates experimental autoimmune hepatitis in a chronic murine model. Exp Anim 2024; 73:83-92. [PMID: 37648521 PMCID: PMC10877156 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.23-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) has increased significantly worldwide. The present study aims to explore the protective effect of L-lysine supplementation against AIH and to investigate its potential underlying mechanisms. A chronic experimental AIH mouse model was established by repeated tail vein injection of human cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) plasmid. Starting from day 14 of the modeling, mice in the CYP2D6-AIH +L-lysine group were given 200 µl of purified water containing 10 mg/kg L-lysine by gavage until day27, once a day, and mice in the healthy control group and model group were given an equal volume of purified water by gavage. Our results showed that L-lysine supplementation partially reversed the liver injury mediated by CYP2D6 overexpression. These effects were consistent with the restraining impacts of L-lysine supplementation on decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokines expression level and CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes infiltration, as well as curbing hepatic oxidative stress. Furthermore, L-lysine supplement relieved liver fibrosis in the context of AIH. In conclusion, L-lysine supplementation attenuates CYP2D6-induced immune liver injury in mice, which may serve as a novel nutrition support approach for AIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Lei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, P.R. China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, P.R. China
| | - Shuhui Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, P.R. China
| | - Zhuoying Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, P.R. China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shangrao People's Hospital, Shangrao 334000, Jiangxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Ping Han
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, P.R. China
| | - Dean Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, P.R. China
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, P.R. China
| | - Mei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, P.R. China
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Kuramochi Y, Murata M, Sumino A, Sone H, Hayamizu K. Safety assessment of L-Arg oral intake in healthy subjects: a systematic review of randomized control trials. Amino Acids 2023; 55:1949-1964. [PMID: 37947893 PMCID: PMC10724322 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-023-03354-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
L-Arg is a nonessential amino acid but has many physiological roles. Accordingly, L-Arg has been used in various fields, but there is only limited information available about its safety upon overdose. Generally, the no-observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) is used when setting the upper amount for chemical substances. Recently, systematic reviews have been used to assess the safety as well as the effectiveness and usefulness of them. Therefore, we conducted an assessment of the safety of the oral intake of L-Arg in healthy subjects using gastrointestinal symptoms as an index. We limited the study design to only double-blind randomized controlled trials and searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, EBSCOhost, and Ichushi-Web from inception until May 2021. Assessment of the quality of studies was conducted using the Cochrane Collaboration tool and Jadad score, and the random effects model was used for data analysis. Ultimately, 34 studies were selected for inclusion in this work. The dosage of L-Arg used in the studies ranged from 2000 to 30,000 mg/day (or/one-time dose), and the treatment duration was 1-84 days. The increased risk of gastrointestinal symptoms associated with L-Arg intake from 23 studies (647 participants in total) in which such symptoms were reported was 0.01 (95% confidence interval: - 0.02-0.04), which was not significant difference. NOAEL was estimated as 7531 mg/ one-time dose using a weighted change-point regression model (UMIN000046133).Registration and protocol: Umin.ac.jp as UMIN000046133.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yui Kuramochi
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601 Matano-Cho, Totsuka-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 245-0066, Japan
| | - Mai Murata
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601 Matano-Cho, Totsuka-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 245-0066, Japan
| | - Akihide Sumino
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601 Matano-Cho, Totsuka-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 245-0066, Japan
| | - Hideko Sone
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601 Matano-Cho, Totsuka-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 245-0066, Japan
| | - Kohsuke Hayamizu
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601 Matano-Cho, Totsuka-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 245-0066, Japan.
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Elango R. Tolerable Upper Intake Level for Individual Amino Acids in Humans: A Narrative Review of Recent Clinical Studies. Adv Nutr 2023; 14:885-894. [PMID: 37062432 PMCID: PMC10334138 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Individual amino acids are widely popular as supplements because of various perceived and real health benefits. However, currently, there are no recommendations set by national health agencies for tolerable upper intake levels (UL) for amino acids because of a lack of well-conducted human dose-response trials. In the past decade, under the initiative of the International Council on Amino Acid Science, a nonprofit organization, a series of UL human clinical studies were conducted. The goal of this narrative review is to summarize the studies on 6 essential amino acids (leucine, tryptophan, methionine, lysine, histidine, and phenylalanine), 2 nonessential amino acids (arginine and serine), and 2 nonproteinogenic amino acids (ornithine and citrulline) and provide the first set of ULs. A brief background of the concept of the DRI framework of UL, the concept of UL for amino acids, and a perspective of the results are also provided. The data suggest that in relatively healthy adult individuals, the tested amino acids are well tolerated, and ULs, or the no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL), lowest-observed-adverse-effect-level (LOAEL), can be determined. The ULs were for leucine-young (35 g/d), tryptophan (4.5 g/d), and leucine-elderly (30 g/d); NOAEL and LOAEL for methionine at 3.2 and 6.4 g/d, respectively; NOAEL for arginine (30 g/d); NOAEL and LOAEL for lysine at 6 and 7.5 g/d, respectively; NOAEL and LOAEL for histidine at 8 and 12 g/d, respectively; and NOAEL for phenylalanine (12 g/d), serine (12 g/d), ornithine (12 g/d) and citrulline (24 g/d). This first set of human UL data are hoped to help national and international agencies set safety standards for supplemental amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajavel Elango
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada; British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada.
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Chang JY, Balch C, Puccio J, Oh HS. A Narrative Review of Alternative Symptomatic Treatments for Herpes Simplex Virus. Viruses 2023; 15:1314. [PMID: 37376614 DOI: 10.3390/v15061314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) and -2 (HSV-2) are large, spherically shaped, double-stranded DNA viruses that coevolved with Homo sapiens for over 300,000 years, having developed numerous immunoevasive mechanisms to survive the lifetime of their human host. Although in the continued absence of an acceptable prophylactic and therapeutic vaccine, approved pharmacologics (e.g., nucleoside analogs) hold benefit against viral outbreaks, while resistance and toxicity limit their universal application. Against these shortcomings, there is a long history of proven and unproven home remedies. With the breadth of purported alternative therapies, patients are exposed to risk of harm without proper information. Here, we examined the shortcomings of the current gold standard HSV therapy, acyclovir, and described several natural products that demonstrated promise in controlling HSV infection, including lemon balm, lysine, propolis, vitamin E, and zinc, while arginine, cannabis, and many other recreational drugs are detrimental. Based on this literature, we offered recommendations regarding the use of such natural products and their further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Y Chang
- Ascendant Biotech Inc., Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Curt Balch
- Bioscience Advising, Ann Arbor, MI 48103, USA
| | - Joseph Puccio
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33602, USA
| | - Hyung S Oh
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Kuramochi Y, Hayamizu K. A change-point regression approach for estimating no observed adverse effect level from systematic review. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2023; 72:256-262. [PMID: 37251960 PMCID: PMC10209598 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.22-128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Systematic reviews can be used not only to evaluate the efficacy and usefulness of a drug or food ingredient, but also as a safety assessment method. One of the aims of safety assessment is to estimate the no observed adverse effect level and the lowest observed adverse effect level. However, no methodology to statistically estimate the no observed adverse effect level from systematic review results has yet been reported. Estimation of the no observed adverse effect level involves a search for the dose above which adverse events occur is even exploration of the thresholds in dose response. To search for the dose above which adverse events occur, we examined an estimation method using the weighted change-point regression model, which includes the weights of each study used for systematic reviews in the model. This model could be applied to safety data of an omega-3 study in the form of a systematic review. We demonstrated that the dose response to omega-3 intake regarding adverse events had a threshold value and that the no observed adverse effect level could be estimated using the developed model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yui Kuramochi
- Department of Pharmacy, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601 Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 245-0066, Japan
| | - Kohsuke Hayamizu
- Department of Pharmacy, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601 Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 245-0066, Japan
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10
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Tolerable amounts of amino acids for human supplementation: summary and lessons from published peer-reviewed studies. Amino Acids 2021; 53:1313-1328. [PMID: 34338884 PMCID: PMC8416832 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03054-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Amino acid supplementation may be indicated to correct for insufficient amino acid intake in healthy individuals, and in specific physiological or pathophysiological situations. However, there is a concern to not supplement beyond the tolerable upper intake level (UL) by determining parameters of no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) or lowest-observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL) for each amino acid. Since the NOAEL and LOAEL values are at least one order of magnitude different when comparing the values obtained in rats and humans, the aim of this review is to evaluate to what extent the amino acid UL measured in the rat model, when referenced to the dietary usual consumption (UC) and dietary requirement (RQ) for indispensable amino acids, may be used as an approximation of the UL in humans. This review then compares the ratios of the NOAEL or LOAEL over UC and RQ in the rat model with the same ratios calculated in humans for the nine amino acids (arginine, serine, glycine, histidine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan) for which this comparison can be done. From the calculations made, it appears that for these 9 amino acids, the calculated ratios for rats and humans, although rather different for several amino acids, remains for all of them in the same order of magnitude. For tryptophan, tyrosine, and valine, the ratios calculated in rats are markedly different according to the sex of animals, raising the view that it may be also the case in humans.
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11
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Smriga M. International Regulations on Amino Acid Use in Foods and Supplements and Recommendations to Control Their Safety Based on Purity and Quality. J Nutr 2020; 150:2602S-2605S. [PMID: 33000158 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined international regulatory developments related to the use of proteinogenic amino acids in human nutrition and concluded that the current risk-assessment practices tend to focus exclusively on setting maximum daily limits. In this brief review we argue that controlling the standards of purity and ingredient quality are the key safety issues that should be considered during risk assessment. Moreover, if maximum intake limits on amino acids are implemented, they should be defined using a well-established rationale for the health risks associated with high intakes. This would avoid setting limits that are so low that they render the dietary supplements ineffective and which, therefore, could mislead the consumer. We further suggest that there should be greater regional concordance in how the use of amino acids as ingredients is regulated and use the capacity of industry to oversee pre-competitive issues, such as standards of purity and scientific research on the safety of generic ingredients. Our arguments are based on clinical safety scientific research and oversights of amino acid purity standards conducted in the last decade by the not-for-profit international association, the International Council on Amino Acid Science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miro Smriga
- International Council on Amino Acid Science, Brussels, Belgium
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12
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Cynober L, Bier DM, Stover P, Kadowaki M, Morris SM, Elango R, Smriga M. Proposals for Upper Limits of Safe Intake for Methionine, Histidine, and Lysine in Healthy Humans. J Nutr 2020; 150:2606S-2608S. [PMID: 33000163 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on research presented during the 10th Amino Acid Assessment Workshop, no observed adverse effect levels (NOAELs) for supplemental methionine at 46 mg/(kg·d) (∼3.2 g/d), for supplemental histidine at 8.0 g/d, and for supplemental lysine at 6.0 g/d have been proposed. These NOAELs are relevant to healthy adults and are applicable only to high-purity amino acids administered in fortified foods or dietary supplements. Because individuals are exposed to the above supplemental amino acids in the context of complex combinations of essential amino acids or individually in dietary supplements for various physiologic benefits, such as body fat reduction, skin conditioning, mental energy increase, or herpes simplex treatments, the above safety recommendations will make an important contribution to regulatory and nutritional practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Cynober
- Scientific Advisory Committee of the International Council for Amino Acid Science (ICAAS), Brussels, Belgium.,Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Cochin Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Biological Nutrition Laboratory and EA 4466, Faculty of Pharmacy, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Dennis M Bier
- Scientific Advisory Committee of the International Council for Amino Acid Science (ICAAS), Brussels, Belgium.,USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Patrick Stover
- Scientific Advisory Committee of the International Council for Amino Acid Science (ICAAS), Brussels, Belgium.,Texas A&M AgriLife, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Motoni Kadowaki
- Scientific Advisory Committee of the International Council for Amino Acid Science (ICAAS), Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Engineering, Niigata Institute of Technology, Niigata, Japan
| | - Sidney M Morris
- Scientific Advisory Committee of the International Council for Amino Acid Science (ICAAS), Brussels, Belgium.,University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rajavel Elango
- Scientific Advisory Committee of the International Council for Amino Acid Science (ICAAS), Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Miro Smriga
- International Council for Amino Acid Science (ICAAS), Brussels, Belgium
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13
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Hayamizu K, Oshima I, Nakano M. Comprehensive Safety Assessment of l-Lysine Supplementation from Clinical Studies: A Systematic Review. J Nutr 2020; 150:2561S-2569S. [PMID: 33000161 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the widespread use of l-lysine in dietary supplements, the safety information pertinent to excessive l-lysine ingestion is limited and, to the best of our knowledge, there is no published systematic review of safety. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to assess the clinical safety of l-lysine supplementation of a regular diet. METHODS We searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, Ichushi Web, and EBSCOhost using the relevant keywords, "l-lysine" and "clinical trial." To investigate all adverse events observed during intervention trials, we included all intervention studies with orally ingested l-lysine without restricting background factors, environment, study designs, and sample sizes. RESULTS We identified 71 articles, which included 3357 study subjects. The l-lysine doses ranged from 16.8 to 17.5 g/d, and the dosing period ranged from 1 to 1095 d. The observed adverse events were mainly subjective gastrointestinal tract symptoms; however, the risk analysis for incidence of gastrointestinal symptoms was not statistically significant (risk ratio of 1.02). CONCLUSION The provisional no-observed-adverse-effect level in healthy human subjects was based on gastrointestinal symptoms and identified at 6.0 g/d. The review protocol was registered at umin.ac.jp as UMIN000028914 before the beginning of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohsuke Hayamizu
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ikuyo Oshima
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakano
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, Yokohama, Japan
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14
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de Nicola D, Vinale F, Salzano A, d’Errico G, Vassetti A, D’Onofrio N, Balestrieri ML, Neglia G. Milk Metabolomics Reveals Potential Biomarkers for Early Prediction of Pregnancy in Buffaloes Having Undergone Artificial Insemination. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10050758. [PMID: 32349376 PMCID: PMC7277816 DOI: 10.3390/ani10050758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify potential biomarkers for early pregnancy diagnosis in buffaloes subjected to artificial insemination (AI). The study was carried out on 10 pregnant and 10 non-pregnant buffaloes that were synchronized by Ovsynch-Timed Artificial Insemination Program and have undergone the first AI. Furthermore, milk samples were individually collected ten days before AI (the start of the synchronization treatment), on the day of AI, day 7 and 18 after AI, and were analyzed by LC-MS. Statistical analysis was carried out by using Mass Profile Professional (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA). Metabolomic analysis revealed the presence of several metabolites differentially expressed between pregnant and non-pregnant buffaloes. Among these, a total of five metabolites were identified by comparison with an online database and a standard compound as acetylcarnitine (3-Acetoxy-4-(trimethylammonio)butanoate), arginine-succinic acid hydrate, 5'-O-{[3-({4-[(3aminopropyl)amino]butyl}amino)propyl]carbamoyl}-2'-deoxyadenosine, N-(1-Hydroxy-2-hexadecanyl)pentadecanamide, and N-[2,3-Bis(dodecyloxy)propyl]-L-lysinamide). Interestingly, acetylcarnitine was dominant in milk samples collected from non-pregnant buffaloes. The results obtained from milk metabolic profile and hierarchical clustering analysis revealed significant differences between pregnant and non-pregnant buffaloes, as well as in the metabolite expression. Overall, the findings indicate the potential of milk metabolomics as a powerful tool to identify biomarkers of early pregnancy in buffalo undergoing AI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato de Nicola
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80137 Naples, Italy; (D.d.N.); (F.V.); (G.N.)
| | - Francesco Vinale
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80137 Naples, Italy; (D.d.N.); (F.V.); (G.N.)
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Angela Salzano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80137 Naples, Italy; (D.d.N.); (F.V.); (G.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0812536215
| | - Giada d’Errico
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy; (G.d.); (A.V.)
| | - Anastasia Vassetti
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy; (G.d.); (A.V.)
| | - Nunzia D’Onofrio
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy; (N.D.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Maria Luisa Balestrieri
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy; (N.D.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Gianluca Neglia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80137 Naples, Italy; (D.d.N.); (F.V.); (G.N.)
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