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Yagasaki L, Chiba T, Kurimoto R, Nakajima M, Iwata T, Asahara H. The essential role of Mkx in periodontal ligament on the metabolism of alveolar bone and cementum. Regen Ther 2024; 25:186-193. [PMID: 38230307 PMCID: PMC10789938 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2023.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The periodontium is a connective tissue which consists of periodontal ligament, alveolar bone, cementum and gingiva. Periodontal ligament (PDL) is a specialized connective tissue that connects the cementum - coating the surface of the tooth - to the alveolar bone. Mohawk homeobox (Mkx) is a transcription factor that is expressed in PDL, that is known to play a vital role in the development and homeostasis of PDL. A detailed functional analysis of Mkx in the periodontal ligament for alveolar bone and cementum metabolism has not yet been conducted. Materials and methods Alveolar bone height, bone mineral density (BMD) and bone volume fractions (Bone volume/Total volume: BV/TV) were measured and analyzed using micro-computed tomography (Micro-CT) and 3DBon on 7-week-old male wild-type (WT) (Mkx+/+) (n = 10) and Mkx-knockout (Mkx-/-) (n = 6) rats. Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Masson Trichrome staining were performed on 5, 6, and 7-week-old Mkx+/+ and Mkx-/- rats. Cementum surface area and the number of TRAP-positive osteoclasts/mm were quantified, measured, and compared for 5,6 and 7-week-old Mkx+/+ and Mkx-/- rats (n = 3 each). Results The level of alveolar bone height was significantly higher in Mkx-/- rats than in Mkx+/+ rats. On the other hand, there was significantly less BMD in Mkx-/- alveolar bone. A significant increase in cellular cementum could be observed as early as 5 weeks in Mkx-/- rats when compared with Mkx+/+ rats of the same age. More TRAP-positive osteoclasts were observed in Mkx-/- rats. Conclusion Our findings further reveal the essential roles of Mkx in the homeostasis of the periodontal tissue. Mkx was found to contribute to bone and cementum metabolism and may be essential to the prevention of diseases such as periodontitis, and could show potential in regenerative treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Yagasaki
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Tomoki Chiba
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Ryota Kurimoto
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Mitsuyo Nakajima
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Takanori Iwata
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Asahara
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Liu Z, Han W, Meng J, Pi Y, Wu T, Fan Y, Guo Q, Hu X, Chen Y, Jiang W, Zhao F. Mohawk protects against tendon damage via suppressing Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25658. [PMID: 38370202 PMCID: PMC10867664 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Degenerative tendon injuries are common clinical problems associated with overuse or aging, and understanding the mechanisms of tendon injury and regeneration can contribute to the study of tendon healing and repair. As a transcription factor, Mohawk (Mkx) is responsible for tendons development, yet, the roles of which in tendon damage remain mostly elusive. In this study, using Mkx overexpressed mice on long treadmill as an in vivo model and MkxOE Achilles tenocytes stimulated by equiaxial stretch as an in vitro model, we anaylsed the effects of Mkx overexpression on the tendon. Mkx and tendon tension strength were decreased after the expose to excessive mechanical forces, and Mkx overexpression protected the tendon from damage. Moreover, we revealed that the Wnt/β-catenin activation, inflammation, and Runx2 expression were increased at the injured Achilles tendon, upregulated Mkx significantly reversed the increased Wnt/β-catenin pathway, Tnf-α, Il-1β, and Il-6 levels, and reduced tendon cell damage. However, Wnt3a, IWR and BIO had not significantly affected the Mkx expression in achilles tenocytes. In conclusion, Mkx is involved in tendon healing and protects the tendon from damage through suppressing Wnt/β-catenin pathway, suggesting Mkx/Wnt/β-catenin pathway may be potential therapeutic targets for tendon damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziming Liu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Sports Medicine Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Sports Trauma Treatment Technology and Devices, Ministry of Education, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenfeng Han
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jiao Meng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bijie Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Bijie, Guizhou, China
| | - Yanbing Pi
- Department of Sports Medicine, Sports Medicine Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Sports Trauma Treatment Technology and Devices, Ministry of Education, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Wu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Sports Medicine Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Sports Trauma Treatment Technology and Devices, Ministry of Education, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yifei Fan
- Department of Sports Medicine, Sports Medicine Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Sports Trauma Treatment Technology and Devices, Ministry of Education, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qinwei Guo
- Department of Sports Medicine, Sports Medicine Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Sports Trauma Treatment Technology and Devices, Ministry of Education, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqing Hu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Sports Medicine Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Sports Trauma Treatment Technology and Devices, Ministry of Education, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhua Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bijie Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Bijie, Guizhou, China
| | - Wenxiao Jiang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University (Qingdao Campus), Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Feng Zhao
- Department of Sports Medicine, Sports Medicine Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Sports Trauma Treatment Technology and Devices, Ministry of Education, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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Yan M, Zhang Y, Niu W, Liu K, Xue L, Zhou K. Reactive oxygen species-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress contributes to osteocyte death induced by orthodontic compressive force. Microsc Res Tech 2023; 86:1529-1541. [PMID: 37382312 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
During orthodontic tooth movement (OTM), osteocytes, the most mechanosensitive cells in alveolar bone, suffer the heavy orthodontic force and initiate alveolar bone resorption on the compression side. However, the inherent mechanisms of compressive force-induced osteocyte death are not fully understood. In this study, we established an OTM model on Sprague-Dawley rats by inserting coil springs to investigate osteocyte damage on the compression side of alveolar bone. We then applied compressive force on the MLO-Y4 osteocyte-like cell line in vitro to explore whether the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) pathway is involved in compressive force-induced osteocyte death. We found that the orthodontic force caused apparent alveolar bone loss, osteocyte death, and elevated serum sclerostin and receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) levels in rats. In vitro, compressive force inhibited cell viability but increased the LDH leakage and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential in MLO-Y4 cells. Simultaneously, it activated protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eIF2α), and their downstream pro-apoptotic ERS signaling proteins and caused significant osteocyte apoptosis, which can be blocked by ERS inhibitor salubrinal. Moreover, the compressive force elevated intracellular ROS levels, while the ROS scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) alleviated ERS and apoptosis in loaded osteocytes. These results suggest that the orthodontic compressive force induced osteocyte apoptosis via the ROS-mediated ERS pathway. This study first proposes the ERS pathway as a new potential pathway for regulating the rate of OTM based on osteocyte death. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: The orthodontic force increases osteocyte death in rat alveolar bone. The compressive force causes osteocyte apoptosis by the endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) pathway in vitro. The ROS scavenger NAC blocked compressive force-induced ERS and osteocyte apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yan
- School of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Zhang
- College of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanting Niu
- Department of STEM, Regis College, Weston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kezhou Liu
- School of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingyun Xue
- School of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Kexin Zhou
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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Nakai Y, Praneetpong N, Ono W, Ono N. Mechanisms of Osteoclastogenesis in Orthodontic Tooth Movement and Orthodontically Induced Tooth Root Resorption. J Bone Metab 2023; 30:297-310. [PMID: 38073263 PMCID: PMC10721376 DOI: 10.11005/jbm.2023.30.4.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) is achieved by the simultaneous activation of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. When orthodontic forces are applied, osteoclast-mediated bone resorption occurs in the alveolar bone on the compression side, creating space for tooth movement. Therefore, controlling osteoclastogenesis is the fundamental tenet of orthodontic treatment. Orthodontic forces are sensed by osteoblast lineage cells such as periodontal ligament (PDL) cells and osteocytes. Of several cytokines produced by these cells, the most important cytokine promoting osteoclastogenesis is the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), which is mainly supplied by osteoblasts. Additionally, osteocytes embedded within the bone matrix, T lymphocytes in inflammatory conditions, and PDL cells produce RANKL. Besides RANKL, inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor-α, and prostaglandin E2 promote osteoclastogenesis under OTM. On the downside, excessive osteoclastogenesis activation triggers orthodontically-induced external root resorption (ERR) through pro-osteoclastic inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of osteoclastogenesis during OTM is essential in reducing the adverse effects of orthodontic treatment. Here, we review the current concepts of the mechanisms underlying osteoclastogenesis in OTM and orthodontically induced ERR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Nakai
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Natnicha Praneetpong
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wanida Ono
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Noriaki Ono
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, USA
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Wang Y, Zhu G, Pei F, Wang Y, Liu J, Lu C, Zhao Z. RNA-Sequence Reveals the Regulatory Mechanism of miR-149 on Osteoblast Skeleton under Mechanical Tension. Stem Cells Int 2022; 2022:9640878. [PMID: 36193254 PMCID: PMC9525771 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9640878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Based on RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq), the regulation of miRNAs differentially expressed in dental, periodontal, and alveolar bone tissue of orthodontic tree shrews on osteoblast skeleton under tension was investigated. Methods Tree shrews were used to construct orthodontic models. We used RNA-seq to identify differentially expressed miRNAs in periodontal tissues of the treatment group and control group tree shrews. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) were used for enrichment analysis. Human osteoblast MG63 was treated with 5000 U mechanical tension. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) detected the expression of miR-149 and ARFGAP with SH3 domain, Ankyrin repeat, and Ph domain 3 (ASAP3) mRNA. Western blot detected the protein levels of ASAP3, F-actin, osteogenic markers bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2), and runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2). Rhodamine phalloidin was used to observe the fluorescence intensity of F-actin. Validation of the targeting relationship between miR-149 and ASAP3 by dual luciferase reporter gene assay. Results By performing miRNA-seq analysis on the dental and periodontal tissue of tree shrews in the treatment group and control group, we identified 51 upregulated miRNAs and 13 downregulated miRNAs. The expression of miR-149 in the dental and periodontal tissue of tree shrew and MG63 cells treated with mechanical tension was decreased, and miR-149 targeted ASAP3. Knockdown of ASAP3 inhibited the fluorescence intensity of F-actin in MG63 cells treated with 5000 U tension for 36 h, and overexpression of ASAP3 promoted the expression of F-actin and osteogenic markers BMP2 and RUNX2. Conclusions These findings revealed that miR-149 could modulate osteoblast differentiation under orthodontics mechanical tension through targeting ASAP3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3rd Section, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
- Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guanyin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3rd Section, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
- Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fang Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3rd Section, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
- Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yigan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3rd Section, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
- Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3rd Section, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
- Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Caixia Lu
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, 650106 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhihe Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3rd Section, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
- Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Takada K, Chiba T, Miyazaki T, Yagasaki L, Nakamichi R, Iwata T, Moriyama K, Harada H, Asahara H. Single Cell RNA Sequencing Reveals Critical Functions of Mkx in Periodontal Ligament Homeostasis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:795441. [PMID: 35186919 PMCID: PMC8854991 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.795441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The periodontal ligament (PDL) comprises a fibrous tissue that connects teeth to alveolar bone and is essential for periodontal function. The transcription factor mohawk homeobox (Mkx) is expressed in the PDL where it plays an important role in the development and maintenance of the PDL. However, the precise and critical functions of Mkx in the cell populations comprising PDL have not yet been elucidated. The present study aimed to clarify the effects of a Mkx deficiency on PDL cellular heterogeneity and differences between gene expression in PDL tissues from wild-type (WT) (Mkx+/+) and Mkx knockout (Mkx−/−) rats using single-cell RNA sequencing. We identified 12 cell clusters comprising mesenchymal cells and macrophages. The expression of Mkx and scleraxis (Scx; another key transcription factor of PDL), was mutually exclusive, and partitioned mesenchymal cell clusters into Mkx and Scx types that dominantly expressed proteoglycans and elastic fibers, and type 1 and 3 collagen, respectively. Ossification-related genes were upregulated in mesenchymal cell and osteoblast clusters with more Mkx−/− than Mkx+/+ PDLs. Increased number of cells and inflammatory mediators were observed in macrophage clusters of Mkx−/− PDL. These results suggested that Mkx plays an important role in maintaining PDL homeostasis by regulating specific cell populations and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaho Takada
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Tomoki Chiba
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Takayuki Miyazaki
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
- Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Lisa Yagasaki
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Ryo Nakamichi
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Takanori Iwata
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Keiji Moriyama
- Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Harada
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Asahara
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Hiroshi Asahara,
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