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Bachiega Morelli RF, Nelson-Filho P, Carpio Horta K, Feres M, Lima Ferreira JT, Romano FL, Sasso Stuani MB, Pereira Saraiva MC, Bitencourt Reis CL, Nakane Matsumoto MA. Microbial contamination profile on esthetic elastomeric ligatures through the checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization technique : A randomized split-mouth study. J Orofac Orthop 2024:10.1007/s00056-023-00507-w. [PMID: 38180483 DOI: 10.1007/s00056-023-00507-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to assess the microbial contamination of three different brands of esthetic elastomeric ligatures. MATERIALS AND METHODS Different brands of esthetic ligatures (Unistick Pearl [American Orthodontics, Sheboygan, WI, USA], Power Sticks Pearl [Ortho Technology, Tampa, FL, USA], and Ease [Obscure, 3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA, USA]) were randomly assigned to permanent canines of 25 patients (aged 11-18 years) undergoing corrective orthodontic treatment. After 30 days, the ligatures were removed, processed, and the biofilm composition was analyzed by checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization for 40 bacterial species. The microbiological data were analyzed using a nonparametric mixed model. RESULTS The ligatures presented intense microbial contamination after 30 days, but no statistically significant differences were observed among the three groups (p > 0.05). The levels of the evaluated individual species and proportions of the microbial complexes showed no statistically significant differences among the ligature groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Esthetic elastomeric ligatures became multicolonized by several bacterial species after 30 days of exposure to the oral cavity. However, no relevant differences were observed among the biofilm composition formed on the different ligature brands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Fernanda Bachiega Morelli
- Department of Pediatric Clinics, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo University, Avenida do Cafe, s/no, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo Nelson-Filho
- Department of Pediatric Clinics, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo University, Avenida do Cafe, s/no, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Karla Carpio Horta
- Department of Pediatric Clinics, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo University, Avenida do Cafe, s/no, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Magda Feres
- Department of Periodontology, Guarulhos University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Tarcísio Lima Ferreira
- Department of Pediatric Clinics, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo University, Avenida do Cafe, s/no, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Fábio Lourenço Romano
- Department of Pediatric Clinics, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo University, Avenida do Cafe, s/no, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Bernadete Sasso Stuani
- Department of Pediatric Clinics, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo University, Avenida do Cafe, s/no, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Conceição Pereira Saraiva
- Department of Pediatric Clinics, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo University, Avenida do Cafe, s/no, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Caio Luiz Bitencourt Reis
- Department of Pediatric Clinics, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo University, Avenida do Cafe, s/no, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Mirian Aiko Nakane Matsumoto
- Department of Pediatric Clinics, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo University, Avenida do Cafe, s/no, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Nelson-Filho P, Perdiza M, Ribeiro YJS, Saraiva MDCP, Neuppmann Feres MF, Feres M, Delgado RZR, Silva RAB, Silva LAB. Assessment of microbial contamination in removable orthodontic appliances with and without the use of antimicrobial agents by checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization analysis. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2023; 164:593-601. [PMID: 37306639 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2023.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This clinical, crossover, double-blind trial evaluated the microbial contamination of removable orthodontic appliances used by children and the efficacy of 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate spray use for disinfection. METHODS Twenty children aged 7-11 years were instructed to wear removable orthodontic appliances for 1 week. They were instructed to use a placebo solution (control) or 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate (experimental) to clean the appliances on days 4 and 7 after installation. After this period, the microbial contamination on the surfaces of the appliance was analyzed using checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization for 40 bacterial species. Data were analyzed by Fisher exact, t, and Wilcoxon tests (α = 0.05). RESULTS Removable orthodontic appliances were heavily contaminated by the target microorganisms. Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus gordonii, and Eikenella corrodens were found in 100% of the appliances. Among cariogenic microorganisms, Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus were more abundant than Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus casei. Red complex pathogens were more abundant than orange complex species. Purple complex bacteria were the most prevalent among bacterial complexes not associated with specific pathologies, detected in 34% of the samples. After the use of chlorhexidine, the number of cariogenic microorganisms (S. mutans, S. sobrinus, and L. casei) decreased significantly (P <0.05), and the numbers of periodontal pathogenic species from the orange and red complex also decreased significantly (P <0.05). There was no reduction for Treponema socranskii. CONCLUSIONS Removable orthodontic appliances were densely contaminated by several bacterial species. Twice-a-week application of chlorhexidine spray effectively reduced cariogenic and orange and red complex periodontal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Nelson-Filho
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Marcela Perdiza
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Yuri Jivago Silva Ribeiro
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Murilo Fernando Neuppmann Feres
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Magda Feres
- Department of Periodontology, Division of Dentistry Research, University of Guarulhos, Guarulhos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata Zoraida Rizental Delgado
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raquel Assed Bezerra Silva
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lea Assed Bezerra Silva
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Dysbiotic changes of periodontal pathogens in patients wearing conventional and self-ligating orthodontic appliances. AUSTRALASIAN ORTHODONTIC JOURNAL 2023. [DOI: 10.2478/aoj-2023-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to analyse dysbiotic changes of periodontal pathogenic bacteria and their relationship with different types of fixed orthodontic appliances in a population located in Northwestern Mexico.
Methods: Three groups of patients were identified: a control group without orthodontic appliances (C), a conventional-ligating appliance group (CLA), and a self-ligating appliance group (SLA). Periodontal biofilm samples were collected for DNA extraction to identify the presence and load of Treponema denticola, Prevotella intermedia, and Fusobacterium nucleatum, using a quantitative real-time PCR technique.
Results: A total of 92 patients were included. The results showed that F. nucleatum was present in all groups including the control patients (C 96%, CLA 100%, and SLA 67%, respectively). Female participants displayed a higher frequency of periodontal pathogens than males, but males were more affected by F. nucleatum. In addition, the presence of T. denticola and P. intermedia was time-dependent, being more frequent in patients in treatment for longer than 12 months whereas CLA showed 74% and 78% of positive samples and SLA showed 78% and 89%, respectively. F. nucleatum was present in 100% of CLA samples before and after 12 months of treatment and its load was higher in the SLA group after 12 months.
Conclusions: Dysbiotic changes that could affect the periodontal tissues were seen in patients wearing orthodontic appliances. The frequency of F. nucleatum was significantly higher in CLA and noted with a greater load in SLA. In addition, female participants showed a higher frequency of periodontal pathogens while male subjects were more affected by F. nucleatum. As expected, treatment for longer than 12 months correlated with a higher frequency of all periodontal pathogens. The results support the concept that dysbiosis leading to periodontal disease can be caused by the rise of a dominant species, instead of the appearance of a new species.
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Immune System Acts on Orthodontic Tooth Movement: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:9668610. [PMID: 36330460 PMCID: PMC9626206 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9668610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) is a tissue remodeling process based on orthodontic force loading. Compressed periodontal tissues have a complicated aseptic inflammatory cascade, which are considered the initial factor of alveolar bone remodeling. Since skeletal and immune systems shared a wide variety of molecules, osteoimmunology has been generally accepted as an interdisciplinary field to investigate their interactions. Unsurprisingly, OTM is considered a good mirror of osteoimmunology since it involves immune reaction and bone remolding. In fact, besides bone remodeling, OTM involves cementum resorption, soft tissue remodeling, orthodontic pain, and relapse, all correlated with immune cells and/or immunologically active substance. The aim of this paper is to review the interaction of immune system with orthodontic tooth movement, which helps gain insights into mechanisms of OTM and search novel method to short treatment period and control complications.
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D’Ercole S, Dotta TC, Farani MR, Etemadi N, Iezzi G, Comuzzi L, Piattelli A, Petrini M. Bacterial Microleakage at the Implant-Abutment Interface: An In Vitro Study. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:277. [PMID: 35877328 PMCID: PMC9311948 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9070277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study is to evaluate, in vitro, the microleakage of bacteria of 3 different implant connections for a period of 14 days. 60 dental implants (AoN) (n = 20) were distinguished into three groups, accordingly to the type of connection: External Hexagon (EH), Internal Hexagon (IH), and Cone Morse (CM) connection. All implants were inserted and fixed on sterile special vinyl support. Ten fixtures for each group were inoculated in the internal platform with 1.0 μL of Streptococcus oralis (SO) and the other ten with the same amount of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA). The penetration of bacterial suspension into the surrounding solution was determined by the observation of the turbidity of the broth. Five implants for each sub-group were randomly observed at SEM, to verify the correct fitting of the abutments. Considering the total of the samples analyzed, CM showed significantly lower bacterial contamination, with respect to IH. In particular, bacterial contamination was found in 45%, 55%, and 20% of EH, IH, and CM, respectively. Analyzing results for the type of inoculated bacteria, P. aeruginosa showed a higher ability to contaminate all the connections, with respect to S. oralis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simonetta D’Ercole
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (S.D.); (G.I.)
| | - Tatiane Cristina Dotta
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-070, Brazil;
| | - Marzieh Ramezani Farani
- Toxicology and Diseases Group (TDG), Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416634793, Iran;
| | - Niloofar Etemadi
- Department of Materials Engineering-Tissue Engineering Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfhan 6134937333, Iran;
| | - Giovanna Iezzi
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (S.D.); (G.I.)
| | - Luca Comuzzi
- Private Practice, San Vendemiano-Conegliano, 31020 Treviso, Italy;
| | - Adriano Piattelli
- School of Dentistry, Saint Camillus International University for Health Sciences (Unicamillus), 00131 Rome, Italy;
- Fondazione Villa Serena per la Ricerca, 65013 Città Sant’Angelo, Italy
- Casa di Cura Villa Serena, 65013 Città Saint’Angelo, Italy
| | - Morena Petrini
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (S.D.); (G.I.)
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Bergamo AZN, Casarin RCV, do Nascimento C, Matsumoto MAN, de Carvalho FK, da Silva RAB, da Silva LAB, Nelson-Filho P. Self-ligating brackets exhibit accumulation of high levels of periodontopathogens in gingival crevicular fluid. Odontology 2022; 110:460-466. [PMID: 35037112 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-021-00677-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Different types of brackets seem to influence the disruption of the oral microbial environment. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of self-ligating brackets on the gingival crevicular fluid levels of the putative periodontal pathogens Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans sorotype a (Aaa), Tannerella forsythia, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Sixty samples of crevicular fluid of twenty patients (11 boys and 9 girls) were analysed at baseline (T0) and after 30 (T1) and 60 (T2) days of bonding of the self-ligating (In-Ovation®R, Dentsply, GAC or SmartClip™, 3 M Unitek, Monrovia, CA, USA) and of one conventional bracket (Gemini™, 3 M Unitek, Monrovia, CA, USA) used with elastomeric ligatures. Total DNA from samples was extracted using CTAB-DNA precipitation method and Real-time PCR was performed to analyse bacterial level. Non-parametric Friedman and Wilcoxon tests were used for data analysis (p value of < 0.05). F. nucleatum presented a different level among the different brackets at T1 (p = 0.025), the highest level in the Gemini™ bracket when compared to the SmartClip™ bracket (p = 0.043). P. ginigvalis levels increased in the In-Ovation®R (p = 0.028) at T1. The subgingival levels of bacterial species associated with periodontal disease P. ginigvalis increased in the self-ligating brackets In-Ovation®R.Clinical Relevance: Some kinds of brackets could provide more retentive sites than others, and it seems to modulate the subgingival microbiota, since, in this study, we could observe the increase of the species associated with periodontal disease. Preventive protocols should be adopted in the use of self-ligating brackets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Zilda Nazar Bergamo
- Department of Pediatric Clinics, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida Do Café, S/N, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, CEP: 14040-904, Brazil.
| | - Renato Corrêa Viana Casarin
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, School of Dentistry of Piracicaba, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Cássio do Nascimento
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Mírian Aiko Nakane Matsumoto
- Department of Pediatric Clinics, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida Do Café, S/N, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, CEP: 14040-904, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Kitazono de Carvalho
- Department of Pediatric Clinics, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida Do Café, S/N, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, CEP: 14040-904, Brazil
| | - Raquel Assed Bezerra da Silva
- Department of Pediatric Clinics, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida Do Café, S/N, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, CEP: 14040-904, Brazil
| | - Léa Assed Bezerra da Silva
- Department of Pediatric Clinics, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida Do Café, S/N, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, CEP: 14040-904, Brazil
| | - Paulo Nelson-Filho
- Department of Pediatric Clinics, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida Do Café, S/N, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, CEP: 14040-904, Brazil
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Parmar NP, Thompson GL, Atack NE, Ireland AJ, Sherriff M, Haworth JA. Microbial colonisation associated with conventional and self-ligating brackets: a systematic review. J Orthod 2021; 49:151-162. [PMID: 34839734 PMCID: PMC9160783 DOI: 10.1177/14653125211056023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background: Decalcification and gingivitis caused by plaque
accumulation around brackets are common iatrogenic effects of fixed
appliances. The influence of conventional versus self-ligating bracket
design on microbial colonisation is unknown. Objective: To assess the levels of microbial colonisation associated
with conventional and self-ligating brackets. Search sources: Three databases were searched for publications from 2009
to 2021. Data selection: Randomised controlled trials comparing levels of
microbial colonisation before and during treatment with conventional and
self-ligating brackets were assessed independently and in duplicate. Data extraction: Data were extracted independently by two authors from the
studies that fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Risk of bias assessments were
made using the revised Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomized trials. The
quality of the included studies was assessed using the Critical Appraisal
Skills Programme Checklist. Results: A total of 11 randomised controlled trials were included
in this systematic review. Six of the studies were found to be at low risk
of bias and five presented with some concerns. The studies were considered
moderate to high quality. Five trials reported no statistically significant
difference in microbial colonisation between bracket types. The remaining
studies showed mixed results, with some reporting increased colonisation of
conventional brackets and others increased colonisation of self-ligating
brackets. The heterogeneity of study methods and outcomes precluded
meta-analysis. Conclusion: Of the 11 studies included in this systematic review,
five found no differences in colonisation between conventional and
self-ligating brackets. The remaining studies showed mixed results. The
evidence is inconclusive regarding the association between bracket design
and levels of microbial colonisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi P Parmar
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Nikki E Atack
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Skilbeck MG, Mei L, Mohammed H, Cannon RD, Farella M. The effect of ligation methods on biofilm formation in patients undergoing multi-bracketed fixed orthodontic therapy - A systematic review. Orthod Craniofac Res 2021; 25:14-30. [PMID: 34042260 DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many modifications to fixed orthodontic appliances have been introduced to manage biofilm formation. The aim of this review was to investigate elastomeric ligation in comparison with stainless steel ligation and self-ligation with regard to microbiological and clinical indicators of biofilm formation in patients wearing multi-bracketed fixed orthodontic appliances. METHODS The MEDLINE and the EMBASE databases were searched up to February 2021 and supplemented by additional manual searches of bibliographies. Parallel-group and split-mouth randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing different ligation methods were identified. The Cochrane Risk of Bias-2 tool was applied to assess the quality of evidence. RESULTS A total of 11 RCTs were included in this review. Nine RCTs compared self-ligation and elastomeric ligation; two compared elastomeric ligation and stainless steel ligation. The included studies had either some concerns or were at a high risk of bias. Qualitative assessment of the studies identified that there were no significant differences in biofilm formation between elastomeric ligation and self-ligation, but that stainless steel ligation was less susceptible to biofilm formation than elastomeric ligation. CONCLUSIONS There were no significant differences between self-ligation and elastomeric ligation for biofilm formation in patients wearing multi-bracketed fixed orthodontic appliances. Stainless steel ligation may accumulate less biofilm than elastomeric ligation; however, the clinical significance of the difference could not be evaluated. Further high-quality studies are required in order to determine which ligation method is better for managing biofilm formation in patients wearing multi-bracketed fixed orthodontic appliances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Skilbeck
- Department of Oral Sciences and Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Li Mei
- Department of Oral Sciences and Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Hisham Mohammed
- Department of Oral Sciences and Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Richard D Cannon
- Department of Oral Sciences and Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Mauro Farella
- Department of Oral Sciences and Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Alteration of the oral microbiota may be a responsible factor, along with estrogen deficiency, by the development of larger periapical lesions. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 25:3651-3662. [PMID: 33188615 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03688-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To answer the questions: (1) Does reducing estrogen levels influence the microbial composition of the oral cavity? (2) Does the presence of periapical lesion (PL) cause changes in the oral microbiota? (3) Since estrogen deficiency alters the oral microbiota, can this be one of the factors that contribute to the increase of the PL? MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-six rats were divided into four groups: sham (control), ovariectomy (OVX), control with PL (Sham + PL), and OVX + PL. After 9 weeks of OVX, the lower first molars were submitted to PL induction. After 21 days, the microbiological collection of the oral cavity was performed, and the animals were euthanized. The contents were evaluated by the checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization method, to verify the prevalence of 40 bacterial species (divided into 7 microbial complexes). The blocks containing the lower first molars were submitted to histotechnical processing and staining with hematoxylin and eosin (HE), for the measurement of the periapical lesion area. The results were submitted to ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests and Tukey and Dunn post-tests, with a significance level of 5%. RESULTS In conditions of estrogen deficiency, there was alteration of the oral microbiota. The OVX groups had a higher amount of bacteria compared to the SHAM group in most of the microbial complexes (p < 0.001). The animals in the control group (with or without lesion) did not present a statistically significant difference (p > 0.001) in any of the microbial complexes. The PLs in OVX animals were significantly higher compared to SHAM animals (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Hypoestrogenicity conditions interfere in the oral microbiota by increasing the amount of bacteria in the saliva and influencing the progression of periapical lesions. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This inedited study shows that deficiency of estrogen leads to alteration of the oral microbiota.
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Ebersole J, Samburova V, Son Y, Cappelli D, Demopoulos C, Capurro A, Pinto A, Chrzan B, Kingsley K, Howard K, Clark N, Khlystov A. Harmful chemicals emitted from electronic cigarettes and potential deleterious effects in the oral cavity. Tob Induc Dis 2020; 18:41. [PMID: 32435175 PMCID: PMC7233525 DOI: 10.18332/tid/116988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), such as electronic cigarettes (e-cigs), is increasing across the US population and is particularly troubling due to their adoption by adolescents, teens, and young adults. The industry’s marketing approach for these instruments of addiction has been to promote them as a safer alternative to tobacco, a behavioral choice supporting smoking cessation, and as the ‘cool’ appearance of vaping with flavored products (e.g. tutti frutti, bubble gum, and buttered popcorn etc.). Thus, there is a clear need to better document the health outcomes of e-cig use in the oral cavity of the addicted chronic user. There appears to be an array of environmental toxins in the vapors, including reactive aldehydes and carbonyls resulting from the heating elements action on fluid components, as well as from the composition of chemical flavoring agents. The chemistry of these systems shows that the released vapors from the e-cigs frequently contain levels of environmental toxins that considerably exceed federal occupational exposure limits. Additionally, the toxicants in the vapors appear to be retained in the host fluids/tissues at levels often approximating 90% of the levels in the e-cig vapors. These water-soluble reactive toxins can challenge the oral cavity constituents, potentially contributing to alterations in the autochthonous microbiome and host cells critical for maintaining oral homeostasis. This review updates the existing chemistry/environmental aspects of e-cigs, as well as providing an overview of the somewhat limited data on potential oral health effects that could occur across the lifetime of daily e-cig users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Ebersole
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, United States
| | - Vera Samburova
- Organic Analytical Laboratory, Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, United States
| | - Yeongkwon Son
- Organic Analytical Laboratory, Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, United States
| | - David Cappelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, United States
| | - Christina Demopoulos
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, United States
| | - Antonina Capurro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, United States
| | - Andres Pinto
- Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western University, Cleveland, United States
| | - Brian Chrzan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, United States
| | - Karl Kingsley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, United States
| | - Katherine Howard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, United States
| | - Nathaniel Clark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, United States
| | - Andrey Khlystov
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, United States
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Shirozaki MU, da Silva RAB, Romano FL, da Silva LAB, De Rossi A, Lucisano MP, Messora MR, Feres M, Novaes Júnior AB. Clinical, microbiological, and immunological evaluation of patients in corrective orthodontic treatment. Prog Orthod 2020; 21:6. [PMID: 32064567 PMCID: PMC7024686 DOI: 10.1186/s40510-020-00307-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The objective was to analyze clinical, microbiological, and immunological periodontal parameters in patients in corrective orthodontic treatment. Materials and methods Twenty-eight patients were selected. Plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), width of keratinized gingiva, levels of 40 bacterial species, and of 3 cytokines (IL-1β, MMP-8, and TNF-α) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) were evaluated at T0, before orthodontic treatment; T1, 6 months; and T2, 12 months post-treatment. Non-parametric, Friedman, Wilcoxon, ANOVA, and Spearman correlation coefficient tests were used for statistical analyses, with the significance level of 5%. Results No significant difference was found for the width of keratinized gingiva, but PI presented a significant increase at T1 and T2 (p < 0.05) when compared with T0. The percentage of sites with BOP increased significantly from T0 to T1 (p < 0.05); however, at T2, the values decreased and did not differ anymore from T0 (p > 0.05). In the microbiological analysis, red complex pathogens were in significantly greater proportions in T2 compared with T0 (p < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the cytokine levels between the periods but there was a positive correlation between BOP and IL-1β (r = 0.49 p = .01) and TNF-α (r = 0.39 and p = .05). Conclusion In conclusion, corrective orthodontic treatment caused clinical periodontal alterations regarding biofilm accumulation and gingival bleeding, with alteration of periodontopathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Umekita Shirozaki
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café S/N, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-904, Brazil
| | - Raquel Assed Bezerra da Silva
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café S/N, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-904, Brazil
| | - Fábio Lourenço Romano
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café S/N, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-904, Brazil
| | - Léa Assed Bezerra da Silva
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café S/N, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-904, Brazil
| | - Andiara De Rossi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café S/N, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-904, Brazil
| | - Marília Pacífico Lucisano
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café S/N, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-904, Brazil.
| | - Michel Reis Messora
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Periodontology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café S/N, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-904, Brazil
| | - Magda Feres
- Department of Periodontology, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos, SP, Brazil
| | - Arthur Belém Novaes Júnior
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café S/N, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-904, Brazil
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Bergamo AZN, Matsumoto MAN, Nascimento CD, Andrucioli MCD, Romano FL, Silva RAB, Silva LAB, Nelson-Filho P. Microbial species associated with dental caries found in saliva and in situ after use of self-ligating and conventional brackets. J Appl Oral Sci 2019; 27:e20180426. [PMID: 30994775 PMCID: PMC6459231 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2018-0426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Enamel demineralization is among the main topics of interest in the orthodontic field. Self-ligating brackets have been regarded as advantageous in this aspect. The aim of this study was to evaluate the break homeostasis in the oral environment and the levels of microorganisms associated with dental caries among the different types of brackets. Material and Methods Twenty patients received two self-ligating brackets: In-Ovation®R, SmartClipTM, and one conventional GeminiTM. Saliva was collected before bonding (S0), 30 (S1) and 60 (S2) days after bonding. One sample of each bracket was removed at 30 and 60 days for the in situ analysis. Checkerboard DNA-DNA Hybridization was employed to evaluate the levels of microbial species as-sociated with dental caries. Data were evaluated by nonparametric Friedman and Wilcoxon tests at 5% significance level. Results The salivary levels of L. casei (p=0.033), S. sobrinus (p=0.011), and S. sanguinis (p=0.004) increased in S1. The in situ analyses showed alteration in S. mutans (p=0.047), whose highest levels were observed to the In-Ovation®R. Conclusions The orthodontic appliances break the salivary homeostasis of microorganisms involved in dental caries. The contamination pattern was different between self-ligating and conventional brackets. The In-Ovation®R presented worse performance considering the levels of cariogenic bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Zilda Nazar Bergamo
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Clinica Infantil, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Mirian Aiko Nakane Matsumoto
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Clinica Infantil, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Cássio do Nascimento
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Materiais Dentários e Prótese, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Marcela Cristina Damião Andrucioli
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Clinica Infantil, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Fábio Lourenço Romano
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Clinica Infantil, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Raquel Assed Bezerra Silva
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Clinica Infantil, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Léa Assed Bezerra Silva
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Clinica Infantil, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Paulo Nelson-Filho
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Clinica Infantil, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
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Bergamo AZN, de Oliveira KMH, Matsumoto MAN, Nascimento CD, Romano FL, da Silva RAB, da Silva LAB, Nelson-Filho P. Orthodontic appliances did not increase risk of dental caries and periodontal disease under preventive protocol. Angle Orthod 2018; 89:25-32. [PMID: 30239218 DOI: 10.2319/022118-139.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess periodontal parameters and microbial species levels after orthodontic appliance placement in patients who received oral hygiene instructions and who were monitored and motivated throughout the study. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Periodontal Index was recorded and saliva collection was performed before (T0) and 30 (T1), 60 (T2), and 90 (T3) days after orthodontic appliance placement in 15 patients (mean age 17.53 ± 8.0 years). Analysis was carried out using checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization. Nonparametric statistical analysis was performed. RESULTS The Periodontal Index did not change. The total amount of the purple and red complexes and Candida species showed a significant decrease from T2. The green, yellow, and orange complex showed a significant decrease at T3. The specific species analysis showed that Prevotella nigrescens, Pseudomonas putida, Fusobacterium periodonticum, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, and Tanerella forsythia showed high incidence before bonding, and their levels decreased at T2 and T3. Only Porphyromonas gingivalis showed increased levels at T2 and displayed the highest level at T3. The Streptococcus group decreased their levels from T2 onward. CONCLUSIONS A dynamic change in microbial levels was identified. The decrease in the levels of complexes present was only possible due to the mechanical method of oral hygiene implemented in this sample.
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Bergamo AZN, Nelson-Filho P, do Nascimento C, Casarin RCV, Casati MZ, Andrucioli MCD, Kuchler ÉC, Longo DL, da Silva LAB, Matsumoto MAN. Cytokine profile changes in gingival crevicular fluid after placement different brackets types. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 85:79-83. [PMID: 29032048 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between bracket design and ratio of five proinflammatory cytokine, in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), and bacterial adhesion without tooth movement influence. DESIGN The sample was comprised of 20 participants, aged 11 to 15 years old (mean age: 13.3 years±1.03). A conventional Gemini™ metallic bracket and two self-ligating brackets, In-Ovation®R and SmartClip™, were bonded to the maxillary incisors and canines. GCF was collected using a standard filter paper strip before and 60days after bonding. The cytokine levels (IL-12, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) were performed by the LUMINEX assay. The levels of the red and orange bacterial complexes were analyzed by the Checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization. The data of cytokine and bacterial complexes were carried out using the non-parametric tests at 5% of significance level. RESULTS Increased cytokine levels were observed. However, only the SmartClip™ group showed a significantly increased level of TNF-α (p=0.046). The SmartClip™ brackets group presented higher levels of red complex bacteria. CONCLUSIONS The bracket design affected cytokine levels and bacterial adhesion since it was observed that the proinflammatory cytokines released in GCF to the SmartClip™ group showed an increase in the TNF-α levels associated with higher bacterial levels, which possibly represents greater inflammatory potential. Thereby, the bracket design should be considered in patients with risk of periodontal disease and root resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Zilda Nazar Bergamo
- Department of Pediatric Clinic, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Nelson-Filho
- Department of Pediatric Clinic, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cássio do Nascimento
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Érika Calvano Kuchler
- Department of Pediatric Clinic, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniele Lucca Longo
- Department of Pediatric Clinic, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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Bagatin CR, Andrucioli MCD, Ferreira JTL, Matsumoto MAN, da Silva RAB, da Silva LAB, Romano FL, Nelson-Filho P. Biofilm formation in Haas palatal expanders with and without use of an antimicrobial agent: an in situ study. Microsc Res Tech 2016; 80:471-477. [PMID: 27935660 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Orthodontic appliances causes specific alterations in oral environment, including reduction of pH, increase of dental biofilm and elevation of salivary microbial levels, causing an increased risk for dental caries. This study evaluated, using microbial culture and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the in situ contamination by mutans streptococci (MS) of different surfaces of Haas palatal expanders with and without use of chlorhexidine gluconate mouthrinses (CHX). Thirty-four patients were randomly assigned to two groups (n = 17/group), using placebo (Group I) and 0.12% CHX (Group II-Periogard® ) mouthrinses twice a week. After 4 months, appliances were submitted to microbiological processing and after fragments were analyzed by SEM. Mann-Whitney U test (α = 5%) was used to assess differences between groups on the appliances' different surfaces and to compare the contamination on the free and nonfree surfaces of these components. There was no difference (p = 0.999) between groups regarding the number of MS colonies/biofilms on the nonfree surfaces, which showed intense contamination. However, free surfaces of Group II presented less contamination (p < 0.001) than those of Group I in all appliances' components. Results of the microbial culture were confirmed by SEM. Use of 0.12% CHX was effective in reducing the formation of MS colonies/biofilms on free surfaces of Haas expanders, in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristhiane Ristum Bagatin
- Department of Pediatric Clinic School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Lea Assed Bezerra da Silva
- Department of Pediatric Clinic School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fábio Lourenço Romano
- Department of Pediatric Clinic School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo Nelson-Filho
- Department of Pediatric Clinic School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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