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Matthijs L, Delande L, De Tobel J, Büyükçakir B, Claes P, Vandermeulen D, Thevissen P. Artificial intelligence and dental age estimation: development and validation of an automated stage allocation technique on all mandibular tooth types in panoramic radiographs. Int J Legal Med 2024:10.1007/s00414-024-03298-w. [PMID: 39105781 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-024-03298-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Age estimation in forensic odontology is mainly based on the development of permanent teeth. To register the developmental status of an examined tooth, staging techniques were developed. However, due to inappropriate calibration, uncertainties during stage allocation, and lack of experience, non-uniformity in stage allocation exists between expert observers. As a consequence, related age estimation results are inconsistent. An automated staging technique applicable to all tooth types can overcome this drawback.This study aimed to establish an integrated automated technique to stage the development of all mandibular tooth types and to compare their staging performances.Calibrated observers staged FDI teeth 31, 33, 34, 37 and 38 according to a ten-stage modified Demirjian staging technique. According to a standardised bounding box around each examined tooth, the retrospectively collected panoramic radiographs were cropped using Photoshop CC 2021® software (Adobe®, version 23.0). A gold standard set of 1639 radiographs were selected (n31 = 259, n33 = 282, n34 = 308, n37 = 390, n38 = 400) and input into a convolutional neural network (CNN) trained for optimal staging accuracy. The performance evaluation of the network was conducted in a five-fold cross-validation scheme. In each fold, the entire dataset was split into a training and a test set in a non-overlapping fashion between the folds (i.e., 80% and 20% of the dataset, respectively). Staging performances were calculated per tooth type and overall (accuracy, mean absolute difference, linearly weighted Cohen's Kappa and intra-class correlation coefficient). Overall, these metrics equalled 0.53, 0.71, 0.71, and 0.89, respectively. All staging performance indices were best for 37 and worst for 31. The highest number of misclassified stages were associated to adjacent stages. Most misclassifications were observed in all available stages of 31.Our findings suggest that the developmental status of mandibular molars can be taken into account in an automated approach for age estimation, while taking incisors into account may hinder age estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lander Matthijs
- Oral Health Sciences and Dentistry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lauren Delande
- Oral Health Sciences and Dentistry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jannick De Tobel
- Diagnostic Sciences - Radiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Barkin Büyükçakir
- Electrical Engineering - Processing Speech and Images, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Claes
- Electrical Engineering - Processing Speech and Images, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dirk Vandermeulen
- Electrical Engineering - Processing Speech and Images, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick Thevissen
- Imaging and Pathology - Forensic Odontology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Beser B, Reis T, Berber MN, Topaloglu E, Gungor E, Kılıc MC, Duman S, Çelik Ö, Kuran A, Bayrakdar IS. YOLO-V5 based deep learning approach for tooth detection and segmentation on pediatric panoramic radiographs in mixed dentition. BMC Med Imaging 2024; 24:172. [PMID: 38992601 PMCID: PMC11238494 DOI: 10.1186/s12880-024-01338-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In the interpretation of panoramic radiographs (PRs), the identification and numbering of teeth is an important part of the correct diagnosis. This study evaluates the effectiveness of YOLO-v5 in the automatic detection, segmentation, and numbering of deciduous and permanent teeth in mixed dentition pediatric patients based on PRs. METHODS A total of 3854 mixed pediatric patients PRs were labelled for deciduous and permanent teeth using the CranioCatch labeling program. The dataset was divided into three subsets: training (n = 3093, 80% of the total), validation (n = 387, 10% of the total) and test (n = 385, 10% of the total). An artificial intelligence (AI) algorithm using YOLO-v5 models were developed. RESULTS The sensitivity, precision, F-1 score, and mean average precision-0.5 (mAP-0.5) values were 0.99, 0.99, 0.99, and 0.98 respectively, to teeth detection. The sensitivity, precision, F-1 score, and mAP-0.5 values were 0.98, 0.98, 0.98, and 0.98, respectively, to teeth segmentation. CONCLUSIONS YOLO-v5 based models can have the potential to detect and enable the accurate segmentation of deciduous and permanent teeth using PRs of pediatric patients with mixed dentition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Busra Beser
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Tugba Reis
- Pedodontics, Private Practice, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Merve Nur Berber
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Edanur Topaloglu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Esra Gungor
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Münevver Coruh Kılıc
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Beykent University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sacide Duman
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Özer Çelik
- Department of Mathematics-Computer, Faculty of Science, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Alican Kuran
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Kocaeli University, İzmit, Kocaeli, 41190, Turkey.
| | - Ibrahim Sevki Bayrakdar
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey
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Adnan N, Umer F, Malik S, Hussain OA. Multi-model deep learning approach for segmentation of teeth and periapical lesions on pantomographs. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2024; 138:196-204. [PMID: 38616480 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2023.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The fields of medicine and dentistry are beginning to integrate artificial intelligence (AI) in diagnostics. This may reduce subjectivity and improve the accuracy of diagnoses and treatment planning. Current evidence on pathosis detection on pantomographs (PGs) indicates the presence or absence of disease in the entire radiographic image, with little evidence of the relation of periapical pathosis to the causative tooth. OBJECTIVE To develop a deep learning (DL) AI model for the segmentation of periapical pathosis and its relation to teeth on PGs. METHOD 250 PGs were manually annotated by subject experts to lay down the ground truth for training AI algorithms on the segmentation of periapical pathosis. Two approaches were used for lesion detection: Multi-models 1 and 2, using U-net and Mask RCNN algorithms, respectively. The resulting segmented lesions generated on the testing data set were superimposed with results of teeth segmentation and numbering algorithms trained separately to relate lesions to causative teeth. Hence, both multi-model approaches related periapical pathosis to the causative teeth on PGs. RESULTS The performance metrics of lesion segmentation carried out by U-net are as follows: Accuracy = 98.1%, precision = 84.5%, re-call = 80.3%, F-1 score = 82.2%, dice index = 75.2%, and Intersection over Union = 67.6%. Mask RCNN carried out lesion segmentation with an accuracy of 46.7%, precision of 80.6%, recall of 55%, and F-1 score of 63.1%. CONCLUSION In this study, the multi-model approach successfully related periapical pathosis to the causative tooth on PGs. However, U-net outperformed Mask RCNN in the tasks performed, suggesting that U-net will remain the standard for medical image segmentation tasks. Further training of the models on other findings and an increased number of images will lead to the automation of the detection of common radiographic findings in the dental diagnostic workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niha Adnan
- Department of Surgery, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Fahad Umer
- Department of Surgery, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan.
| | | | - Owais A Hussain
- Karachi Institute of Economics and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan
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Xiang B, Lu J, Yu J. Evaluating tooth segmentation accuracy and time efficiency in CBCT images using artificial intelligence: A systematic review and Meta-analysis. J Dent 2024; 146:105064. [PMID: 38768854 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2024.105064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the current performance of artificial intelligence (AI)-based methods for tooth segmentation in three-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images, with a focus on their accuracy and efficiency compared to those of manual segmentation techniques. DATA The data analyzed in this review consisted of a wide range of research studies utilizing AI algorithms for tooth segmentation in CBCT images. Meta-analysis was performed, focusing on the evaluation of the segmentation results using the dice similarity coefficient (DSC). SOURCES PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and IEEE Explore were comprehensively searched to identify relevant studies. The initial search yielded 5642 entries, and subsequent screening and selection processes led to the inclusion of 35 studies in the systematic review. Among the various segmentation methods employed, convolutional neural networks, particularly the U-net model, are the most commonly utilized. The pooled effect of the DSC score for tooth segmentation was 0.95 (95 %CI 0.94 to 0.96). Furthermore, seven papers provided insights into the time required for segmentation, which ranged from 1.5 s to 3.4 min when utilizing AI techniques. CONCLUSIONS AI models demonstrated favorable accuracy in automatically segmenting teeth from CBCT images while reducing the time required for the process. Nevertheless, correction methods for metal artifacts and tooth structure segmentation using different imaging modalities should be addressed in future studies. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE AI algorithms have great potential for precise tooth measurements, orthodontic treatment planning, dental implant placement, and other dental procedures that require accurate tooth delineation. These advances have contributed to improved clinical outcomes and patient care in dental practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilu Xiang
- School of Dentistry, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518000, China.
| | - Jiayi Lu
- Department of Stomatology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Jiayi Yu
- Department of Stomatology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
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Yilmaz S, Tasyurek M, Amuk M, Celik M, Canger EM. Developing deep learning methods for classification of teeth in dental panoramic radiography. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2024; 138:118-127. [PMID: 37316425 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2023.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to develop an artificial intelligence-based clinical dental decision-support system using deep-learning methods to reduce diagnostic interpretation error and time and increase the effectiveness of dental treatment and classification. STUDY DESIGN We compared the performance of 2 deep-learning methods, You Only Look Once V4 (YOLO-V4) and Faster Regions with the Convolutional Neural Networks (R-CNN), for tooth classification in dental panoramic radiography for tooth classification in dental panoramic radiography to determine which is more successful in terms of accuracy, time, and detection ability. Using a method based on deep-learning models trained on a semantic segmentation task, we analyzed 1200 panoramic radiographs selected retrospectively. In the classification process, our model identified 36 classes, including 32 teeth and 4 impacted teeth. RESULTS The YOLO-V4 method achieved a mean 99.90% precision, 99.18% recall, and 99.54% F1 score. The Faster R-CNN method achieved a mean 93.67% precision, 90.79% recall, and 92.21% F1 score. Experimental evaluations showed that the YOLO-V4 method outperformed the Faster R-CNN method in terms of accuracy of predicted teeth in the tooth classification process, speed of tooth classification, and ability to detect impacted and erupted third molars. CONCLUSIONS The YOLO-V4 method outperforms the Faster R-CNN method in terms of accuracy of tooth prediction, speed of detection, and ability to detect impacted third molars and erupted third molars. The proposed deep learning based methods can assist dentists in clinical decision making, save time, and reduce the negative effects of stress and fatigue in daily practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serkan Yilmaz
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Murat Tasyurek
- Department of Computer Engineering, Kayseri University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Amuk
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mete Celik
- Department of Computer Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Emin Murat Canger
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.
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Turosz N, Chęcińska K, Chęciński M, Rutański I, Sielski M, Sikora M. Oral Health Status and Treatment Needs Based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) Dental Panoramic Radiograph (DPR) Analysis: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Clin Med 2024; 13:3686. [PMID: 38999252 PMCID: PMC11242788 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13133686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: The application of artificial intelligence (AI) is gaining popularity in modern dentistry. AI has been successfully used to interpret dental panoramic radiographs (DPRs) and quickly screen large groups of patients. This cross-sectional study aimed to perform a population-based assessment of the oral health status and treatment needs of the residents of Kielce, Poland, and the surrounding area based on DPR analysis performed by a high-accuracy AI algorithm trained with over 250,000 radiographs. Methods: This study included adults who had a panoramic radiograph performed, regardless of indications. The following diagnoses were used for analysis: (1) dental caries, (2) missing tooth, (3) dental filling, (4) root canal filling, (5) endodontic lesion, (6) implant, (7) implant abutment crown, (8) pontic crown, (9) dental abutment crown, and (10) sound tooth. The study sample included 980 subjects. Results: The patients had an average of 15 sound teeth, with the domination of the lower dental arch over the upper one. The most commonly identified pathology was dental caries, which affected 99% of participants. A total of 67% of patients underwent root canal treatment. Every fifth endodontically treated tooth presented a periapical lesion. Of study group members, 82% lost at least one tooth. Pontics were identified more often (9%) than implants (2%) in replacing missing teeth. Conclusions: DPR assessment by AI has proven to be an efficient method for population analysis. Despite recent improvements in the oral health status of Polish residents, its level is still unsatisfactory and suggests the need to improve oral health. However, due to some limitations of this study, the results should be interpreted with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Turosz
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of the Ministry of Interior, Wojska Polskiego 51, 25-375 Kielce, Poland
| | - Kamila Chęcińska
- Department of Glass Technology and Amorphous Coatings, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Cracow, Poland
| | - Maciej Chęciński
- Department of Oral Surgery, Preventive Medicine Center, Komorowskiego 12, 30-106 Cracow, Poland
| | - Iwo Rutański
- Optident sp. z o.o., ul. Eugeniusza Kwiatkowskiego 4, 52-326 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Sielski
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of the Ministry of Interior, Wojska Polskiego 51, 25-375 Kielce, Poland
| | - Maciej Sikora
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of the Ministry of Interior, Wojska Polskiego 51, 25-375 Kielce, Poland
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
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Kazimierczak W, Wajer R, Wajer A, Kalka K, Kazimierczak N, Serafin Z. Evaluating the Diagnostic Accuracy of an AI-Driven Platform for Assessing Endodontic Treatment Outcomes Using Panoramic Radiographs: A Preliminary Study. J Clin Med 2024; 13:3401. [PMID: 38929931 PMCID: PMC11203965 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13123401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The purpose of this preliminary study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of an AI-driven platform, Diagnocat (Diagnocat Ltd., San Francisco, CA, USA), for assessing endodontic treatment outcomes using panoramic radiographs (PANs). Materials and Methods: The study included 55 PAN images of 55 patients (15 males and 40 females, aged 12-70) who underwent imaging at a private dental center. All images were acquired using a Hyperion X9 PRO digital cephalometer and were evaluated using Diagnocat, a cloud-based AI platform. The AI system assessed the following endodontic treatment features: filling probability, obturation adequacy, density, overfilling, voids in filling, and short filling. Two human observers independently evaluated the images, and their consensus served as the reference standard. The diagnostic accuracy metrics were calculated. Results: The AI system demonstrated high accuracy (90.72%) and a strong F1 score (95.12%) in detecting the probability of endodontic filling. However, the system showed variable performance in other categories, with lower accuracy metrics and unacceptable F1 scores for short filling and voids in filling assessments (8.33% and 14.29%, respectively). The accuracy for detecting adequate obturation and density was 55.81% and 62.79%, respectively. Conclusions: The AI-based system showed very high accuracy in identifying endodontically treated teeth but exhibited variable diagnostic accuracy for other qualitative features of endodontic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Kazimierczak
- Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Jagiellońska 13-15, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, University Hospital No. 1 in Bydgoszcz, Marii Skłodowskiej Curie 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Kazimierczak Private Medical Practice, Dworcowa 13/u6a, 85-009 Bydgoszcz, Poland (N.K.)
| | - Róża Wajer
- Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, University Hospital No. 1 in Bydgoszcz, Marii Skłodowskiej Curie 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Adrian Wajer
- Dental Primus, Poznańska 18, 88-100 Inowrocław, Poland
| | - Karol Kalka
- Kazimierczak Private Medical Practice, Dworcowa 13/u6a, 85-009 Bydgoszcz, Poland (N.K.)
| | - Natalia Kazimierczak
- Kazimierczak Private Medical Practice, Dworcowa 13/u6a, 85-009 Bydgoszcz, Poland (N.K.)
| | - Zbigniew Serafin
- Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Jagiellońska 13-15, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, University Hospital No. 1 in Bydgoszcz, Marii Skłodowskiej Curie 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Sim SY, Hwang J, Ryu J, Kim H, Kim EJ, Lee JY. Differential Diagnosis of OKC and SBC on Panoramic Radiographs: Leveraging Deep Learning Algorithms. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:1144. [PMID: 38893670 PMCID: PMC11172000 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14111144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aims to determine whether it can distinguish odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) and simple bone cyst (SBC) based solely on preoperative panoramic radiographs through a deep learning algorithm. (1) Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of patient data from January 2018 to December 2022 at Pusan National University Dental Hospital. This study included 63 cases of OKC confirmed by histological examination after surgical excision and 125 cases of SBC that underwent surgical curettage. All panoramic radiographs were obtained utilizing the Proline XC system (Planmeca Co., Helsinki, Finland), which already had diagnostic data on them. The panoramic images were cut into 299 × 299 cropped sizes and divided into 80% training and 20% validation data sets for 5-fold cross-validation. Inception-ResNet-V2 system was adopted to train for OKC and SBC discrimination. (2) Results: The classification network for diagnostic performance evaluation achieved 0.829 accuracy, 0.800 precision, 0.615 recall, and a 0.695 F1 score. (4) Conclusions: The deep learning algorithm demonstrated notable accuracy in distinguishing OKC from SBC, facilitated by CAM visualization. This progress is expected to become an essential resource for clinicians, improving diagnostic and treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Yi Sim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dental and Life Science Institute & Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea; (S.-Y.S.); (J.R.); (H.K.)
| | - JaeJoon Hwang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Dental and Life Science Institute & Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jihye Ryu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dental and Life Science Institute & Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea; (S.-Y.S.); (J.R.); (H.K.)
| | - Hyeonjin Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dental and Life Science Institute & Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea; (S.-Y.S.); (J.R.); (H.K.)
| | - Eun-Jung Kim
- Department of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jae-Yeol Lee
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dental and Life Science Institute & Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea; (S.-Y.S.); (J.R.); (H.K.)
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Bonfanti-Gris M, Herrera A, Paraíso-Medina S, Alonso-Calvo R, Martínez-Rus F, Pradíes G. Performance evaluation of three versions of a convolutional neural network for object detection and segmentation using a multiclass and reduced panoramic radiograph dataset. J Dent 2024; 144:104891. [PMID: 38367827 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2024.104891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the diagnostic performance of three versions of a deep-learning convolutional neural network in terms of object detection and segmentation using a multiclass panoramic radiograph dataset. METHODS A total of 600 orthopantomographies were randomly selected for this study and manually annotated by a single operator using an image annotation tool (COCO Annotator v.11.0.1) to establish ground truth. The annotation classes included teeth, maxilla, mandible, inferior alveolar nerve, dento- and implant-supported crowns/pontics, endodontic treatment, resin-based restorations, metallic restorations, and implants. The dataset was then divided into training, validation, and testing subsets, which were used to train versions 5, 7, and 8 of You Only Look Once (YOLO) Neural Network. Results were stored, and a posterior performance analysis was carried out by calculating the precision (P), recall (R), F1 Score, Intersection over Union (IoU), and mean average precision (mAP) at 0.5 and 0.5-0.95 thresholds. The confusion matrix and recall precision graphs were also sketched. RESULTS YOLOv5s showed an improvement in object detection results with an average R = 0.634, P = 0.781, mAP0.5 = 0.631, and mAP0.5-0.95 = 0.392. YOLOv7m achieved the best object detection results with average R = 0.793, P = 0.779, mAP0.5 = 0.740, and mAP0.5-0.95 = 0,481. For object segmentation, YOLOv8m obtained the best average results (R = 0.589, P = 0.755, mAP0.5 = 0.591, and mAP0.5-0.95 = 0.272). CONCLUSIONS YOLOv7m was better suited for object detection, while YOLOv8m demonstrated superior performance in object segmentation. The most frequent error in object detection was related to background classification. Conversely, in object segmentation, there is a tendency to misclassify True Positives across different dental treatment categories. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE General diagnostic and treatment decisions based on panoramic radiographs can be enhanced using new artificial intelligence-based tools. Nevertheless, the reliability of these neural networks should be subjected to training and validation to ensure their generalizability.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bonfanti-Gris
- Department of Conservative and Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid. Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n - 28040 Madrid, España
| | - A Herrera
- Department of Conservative and Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid. Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n - 28040 Madrid, España
| | - S Paraíso-Medina
- Department of Computer Languages and Systems and Software Engineering, Polytechnic University of Madrid. Campus Montegancedo s/n - 28660 Boadilla del Monte, Madrid. Spain
| | - R Alonso-Calvo
- Department of Computer Languages and Systems and Software Engineering, Polytechnic University of Madrid. Campus Montegancedo s/n - 28660 Boadilla del Monte, Madrid. Spain
| | - F Martínez-Rus
- Department of Conservative and Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid. Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n - 28040 Madrid, España.
| | - G Pradíes
- Department of Conservative and Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid. Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n - 28040 Madrid, España
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Putra RH, Astuti ER, Putri DK, Widiasri M, Laksanti PAM, Majidah H, Yoda N. Automated permanent tooth detection and numbering on panoramic radiograph using a deep learning approach. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2024; 137:537-544. [PMID: 37633788 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess the performance of the deep learning (DL) model for automated tooth numbering in panoramic radiographs. STUDY DESIGN The dataset of 500 panoramic images was selected according to the inclusion criteria and divided into training and testing data with a ratio of 80%:20%. Annotation on the data set was categorized into 32 classes based on the dental nomenclature of the universal numbering system using the LabelImg software. The training and testing process was carried out using You Only Look Once (YOLO) v4, a deep convolution neural network model for multiobject detection. The performance of YOLO v4 was evaluated using a confusion matrix. Furthermore, the detection time of YOLO v4 was compared with a certified radiologist using the Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS The accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 scores of YOLO v4 for tooth detection and numbering in the panoramic radiograph were 88.5%, 87.70%, 100%, and 93.44%, respectively. The mean numbering time using YOLO v4 was 20.58 ± 0.29 ms, significantly faster than humans (P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS The DL approach using the YOLO v4 model can be used to assist dentists in daily practice by performing accurate and fast automated tooth detection and numbering on panoramic radiographs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramadhan Hardani Putra
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Eha Renwi Astuti
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.
| | - Dina Karimah Putri
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia; Division of Dental Informatics and Radiology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Monica Widiasri
- Department of Informatics, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia; Department of Informatics, Faculty of Intelligent Electrical and Informatics Technology, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | | | - Hilda Majidah
- Undergraduate Study Program, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Nobuhiro Yoda
- Division of Advanced Prosthetic Dentistry, Tohoku University, Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
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11
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Naeimi SM, Darvish S, Salman BN, Luchian I. Artificial Intelligence in Adult and Pediatric Dentistry: A Narrative Review. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:431. [PMID: 38790300 PMCID: PMC11118054 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11050431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) has been recently introduced into clinical dentistry, and it has assisted professionals in analyzing medical data with unprecedented speed and an accuracy level comparable to humans. With the help of AI, meaningful information can be extracted from dental databases, especially dental radiographs, to devise machine learning (a subset of AI) models. This study focuses on models that can diagnose and assist with clinical conditions such as oral cancers, early childhood caries, deciduous teeth numbering, periodontal bone loss, cysts, peri-implantitis, osteoporosis, locating minor apical foramen, orthodontic landmark identification, temporomandibular joint disorders, and more. The aim of the authors was to outline by means of a review the state-of-the-art applications of AI technologies in several dental subfields and to discuss the efficacy of machine learning algorithms, especially convolutional neural networks (CNNs), among different types of patients, such as pediatric cases, that were neglected by previous reviews. They performed an electronic search in PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Medline to locate relevant articles. They concluded that even though clinicians encounter challenges in implementing AI technologies, such as data management, limited processing capabilities, and biased outcomes, they have observed positive results, such as decreased diagnosis costs and time, as well as early cancer detection. Thus, further research and development should be considered to address the existing complications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shayan Darvish
- School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA;
| | - Bahareh Nazemi Salman
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan 4513956184, Iran
| | - Ionut Luchian
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
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12
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Delamare E, Fu X, Huang Z, Kim J. Panoramic imaging errors in machine learning model development: a systematic review. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2024; 53:165-172. [PMID: 38273661 PMCID: PMC11003661 DOI: 10.1093/dmfr/twae002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the management of imaging errors from panoramic radiography (PAN) datasets used in the development of machine learning (ML) models. METHODS This systematic literature followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses and used three databases. Keywords were selected from relevant literature. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA PAN studies that used ML models and mentioned image quality concerns. RESULTS Out of 400 articles, 41 papers satisfied the inclusion criteria. All the studies used ML models, with 35 papers using deep learning (DL) models. PAN quality assessment was approached in 3 ways: acknowledgement and acceptance of imaging errors in the ML model, removal of low-quality radiographs from the dataset before building the model, and application of image enhancement methods prior to model development. The criteria for determining PAN image quality varied widely across studies and were prone to bias. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed significant inconsistencies in the management of PAN imaging errors in ML research. However, most studies agree that such errors are detrimental when building ML models. More research is needed to understand the impact of low-quality inputs on model performance. Prospective studies may streamline image quality assessment by leveraging DL models, which excel at pattern recognition tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Delamare
- Sydney Dental School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
- Digital Health and Data Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Xingyue Fu
- School of Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Zimo Huang
- School of Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Jinman Kim
- School of Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
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13
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Ayhan B, Ayan E, Bayraktar Y. A novel deep learning-based perspective for tooth numbering and caries detection. Clin Oral Investig 2024; 28:178. [PMID: 38411726 PMCID: PMC10899376 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-024-05566-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was automatically detecting and numbering teeth in digital bitewing radiographs obtained from patients, and evaluating the diagnostic efficiency of decayed teeth in real time, using deep learning algorithms. METHODS The dataset consisted of 1170 anonymized digital bitewing radiographs randomly obtained from faculty archives. After image evaluation and labeling process, the dataset was split into training and test datasets. This study proposed an end-to-end pipeline architecture consisting of three stages for matching tooth numbers and caries lesions to enhance treatment outcomes and prevent potential issues. Initially, a pre-trained convolutional neural network (CNN) utilized to determine the side of the bitewing images. Then, an improved CNN model YOLOv7 was proposed for tooth numbering and caries detection. In the final stage, our developed algorithm assessed which teeth have caries by comparing the numbered teeth with the detected caries, using the intersection over union value for the matching process. RESULTS According to test results, the recall, precision, and F1-score values were 0.994, 0.987 and 0.99 for teeth detection, 0.974, 0.985 and 0.979 for teeth numbering, and 0.833, 0.866 and 0.822 for caries detection, respectively. For teeth numbering and caries detection matching performance; the accuracy, recall, specificity, precision and F1-Score values were 0.934, 0.834, 0.961, 0.851 and 0.842, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The proposed model exhibited good achievement, highlighting the potential use of CNNs for tooth detection, numbering, and caries detection, concurrently. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE CNNs can provide valuable support to clinicians by automating the detection and numbering of teeth, as well as the detection of caries on bitewing radiographs. By enhancing overall performance, these algorithms have the capacity to efficiently save time and play a significant role in the assessment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baturalp Ayhan
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Turkey.
| | - Enes Ayan
- Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Bayraktar
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Turkey
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Wang S, Liang S, Chang Q, Zhang L, Gong B, Bai Y, Zuo F, Wang Y, Xie X, Gu Y. STSN-Net: Simultaneous Tooth Segmentation and Numbering Method in Crowded Environments with Deep Learning. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:497. [PMID: 38472969 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14050497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Accurate tooth segmentation and numbering are the cornerstones of efficient automatic dental diagnosis and treatment. In this paper, a multitask learning architecture has been proposed for accurate tooth segmentation and numbering in panoramic X-ray images. A graph convolution network was applied for the automatic annotation of the target region, a modified convolutional neural network-based detection subnetwork (DSN) was used for tooth recognition and boundary regression, and an effective region segmentation subnetwork (RSSN) was used for region segmentation. The features extracted using RSSN and DSN were fused to optimize the quality of boundary regression, which provided impressive results for multiple evaluation metrics. Specifically, the proposed framework achieved a top F1 score of 0.9849, a top Dice metric score of 0.9629, and an mAP (IOU = 0.5) score of 0.9810. This framework holds great promise for enhancing the clinical efficiency of dentists in tooth segmentation and numbering tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofeng Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shuang Liang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Fundamicationental Research on Biomechanics in Clinical Application, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Qiao Chang
- Department of Orthodontics, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Beiwen Gong
- Department of Orthodontics, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yuxing Bai
- Department of Orthodontics, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
- Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Feifei Zuo
- LargeV Instrument Corp., Ltd., Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yajie Wang
- LargeV Instrument Corp., Ltd., Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xianju Xie
- Department of Orthodontics, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
- Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yu Gu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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15
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Niu L, Zhong S, Yang Z, Tan B, Zhao J, Zhou W, Zhang P, Hua L, Sun W, Li H. Mask refinement network for tooth segmentation on panoramic radiographs. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2024; 53:127-136. [PMID: 38166355 DOI: 10.1093/dmfr/twad012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Instance-level tooth segmentation extracts abundant localization and shape information from panoramic radiographs (PRs). The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of a mask refinement network that extracts precise tooth edges. METHODS A public dataset which consists of 543 PRs and 16211 labelled teeth was utilized. The structure of a typical Mask Region-based Convolutional Neural Network (Mask RCNN) was used as the baseline. A novel loss function was designed focus on producing accurate mask edges. In addition to our proposed method, 3 existing tooth segmentation methods were also implemented on the dataset for comparative analysis. The average precisions (APs), mean intersection over union (mIoU), and mean Hausdorff distance (mHAU) were exploited to evaluate the performance of the network. RESULTS A novel mask refinement region-based convolutional neural network was designed based on Mask RCNN architecture to extract refined masks for individual tooth on PRs. A total of 3311 teeth were correctly detected from 3382 tested teeth in 111 PRs. The AP, precision, and recall were 0.686, 0.979, and 0.952, respectively. Moreover, the mIoU and mHAU achieved 0.941 and 9.7, respectively, which are significantly better than the other existing segmentation methods. CONCLUSIONS This study proposed an efficient deep learning algorithm for accurately extracting the mask of any individual tooth from PRs. Precise tooth masks can provide valuable reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment. This algorithm is a fundamental basis for further automated processing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Niu
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210008, China
| | - Shengwei Zhong
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210094, China
| | - Zhiyu Yang
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210008, China
| | - Baochun Tan
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210008, China
| | - Junjie Zhao
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210008, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210008, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210008, China
| | - Lingchen Hua
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210008, China
| | - Weibin Sun
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210008, China
| | - Houxuan Li
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210008, China
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16
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Li R, Zhu C, Chu F, Yu Q, Fan D, Ouyang N, Jin Y, Guo W, Xia L, Feng Q, Fang B. Deep learning for virtual orthodontic bracket removal: tool establishment and application. Clin Oral Investig 2024; 28:121. [PMID: 38280038 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-05440-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to develop a tool for virtual orthodontic bracket removal based on deep learning algorithms for feature extraction from bonded teeth and to demonstrate its application in a bracket position assessment scenario. MATERIALS AND METHODS Our segmentation network for virtual bracket removal was trained using dataset A, containing 978 bonded teeth, 20 original teeth, and 20 brackets generated by scanners. The accuracy and segmentation time of the network were tested by dataset B, which included an additional 118 bonded teeth without knowing the original tooth morphology. This tool was then applied for bracket position assessment. The clinical crown center, bracket center, and orientations of separated teeth and brackets were extracted for analyzing the linear distribution and angular deviation of bonded brackets. RESULTS This tool performed virtual bracket removal in 2.9 ms per tooth with accuracies of 98.93% and 97.42% (P < 0.01) in datasets A and B, respectively. The tooth surface and bracket characteristics were extracted and used to evaluate the results of manually bonded brackets by 49 orthodontists. Personal preferences for bracket angulation and bracket distribution were displayed graphically and tabularly. CONCLUSIONS The tool's efficiency and precision are satisfactory, and it can be operated without original tooth data. It can be used to display the bonding deviation in the bracket position assessment scenario. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE With the aid of this tool, unnecessary bracket removal can be avoided when evaluating bracket positions and modifying treatment plans. It has the potential to produce retainers and orthodontic devices prior to tooth debonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruomei Li
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 500 Quxi Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Cheng Zhu
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 500 Quxi Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Fengting Chu
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 500 Quxi Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Quan Yu
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 500 Quxi Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Di Fan
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ningjuan Ouyang
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 500 Quxi Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Yu Jin
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 500 Quxi Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Weiming Guo
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 500 Quxi Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Lunguo Xia
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 500 Quxi Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Qiping Feng
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 500 Quxi Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Bing Fang
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 500 Quxi Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
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17
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Sadr S, Rokhshad R, Daghighi Y, Golkar M, Tolooie Kheybari F, Gorjinejad F, Mataji Kojori A, Rahimirad P, Shobeiri P, Mahdian M, Mohammad-Rahimi H. Deep learning for tooth identification and numbering on dental radiography: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2024; 53:5-21. [PMID: 38183164 PMCID: PMC11003608 DOI: 10.1093/dmfr/twad001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Improved tools based on deep learning can be used to accurately number and identify teeth. This study aims to review the use of deep learning in tooth numbering and identification. METHODS An electronic search was performed through October 2023 on PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, Google Scholar, IEEE, arXiv, and medRxiv. Studies that used deep learning models with segmentation, object detection, or classification tasks for teeth identification and numbering of human dental radiographs were included. For risk of bias assessment, included studies were critically analysed using quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies (QUADAS-2). To generate plots for meta-analysis, MetaDiSc and STATA 17 (StataCorp LP, College Station, TX, USA) were used. Pooled outcome diagnostic odds ratios (DORs) were determined through calculation. RESULTS The initial search yielded 1618 studies, of which 29 were eligible based on the inclusion criteria. Five studies were found to have low bias across all domains of the QUADAS-2 tool. Deep learning has been reported to have an accuracy range of 81.8%-99% in tooth identification and numbering and a precision range of 84.5%-99.94%. Furthermore, sensitivity was reported as 82.7%-98% and F1-scores ranged from 87% to 98%. Sensitivity was 75.5%-98% and specificity was 79.9%-99%. Only 6 studies found the deep learning model to be less than 90% accurate. The average DOR of the pooled data set was 1612, the sensitivity was 89%, the specificity was 99%, and the area under the curve was 96%. CONCLUSION Deep learning models successfully can detect, identify, and number teeth on dental radiographs. Deep learning-powered tooth numbering systems can enhance complex automated processes, such as accurately reporting which teeth have caries, thus aiding clinicians in making informed decisions during clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soroush Sadr
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan 6517838636, Iran
| | - Rata Rokhshad
- Topic Group Dental Diagnostics and Digital Dentistry, ITU/WHO Focus Group AI on Health, Berlin 10117, Germany
- Section of Endocrinology, Nutrition, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, United States
| | - Yasaman Daghighi
- School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1983963113, Iran
| | - Mohsen Golkar
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 4188794755, Iran
| | - Fateme Tolooie Kheybari
- Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz 5166/15731, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Gorjinejad
- Faculty of Dentistry, Dental School of Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 19395/1495, Iran
| | - Atousa Mataji Kojori
- Faculty of Dentistry, Dental School of Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 19395/1495, Iran
| | - Parisa Rahimirad
- Student Research Committee, School of Dentistry, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht 4188794755, Iran
| | - Parnian Shobeiri
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Mina Mahdian
- Department of Prosthodontics and Digital Technology, Stony Brook University School of Dental Medicine, New York, NY 11794, United States
| | - Hossein Mohammad-Rahimi
- Topic Group Dental Diagnostics and Digital Dentistry, ITU/WHO Focus Group AI on Health, Berlin 10117, Germany
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Chopra S, Vranckx M, Ockerman A, Östgren P, Krüger-Weiner C, Benchimol D, Shujaat S, Jacobs R. A retrospective longitudinal assessment of artificial intelligence-assisted radiographic prediction of lower third molar eruption. Sci Rep 2024; 14:994. [PMID: 38200067 PMCID: PMC10781671 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51393-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Prediction of lower third molar eruption is crucial for its timely extraction. Therefore, the primary aim of this study was to investigate the prediction of lower third molar eruption and its uprighting with the assistance of an artificial intelligence (AI) tool. The secondary aim was identifying the incidence of fully erupted lower third molars with hygienic cleansability. In total, 771 patients having two panoramic radiographs were recruited, where the first radiograph was acquired at 8-15 years of age (T1) and the second acquisition was between 16 and 23 years (T2). The predictive model for third molar eruption could not be obtained as few teeth reached full eruption. However, uprighting model at T2 showed that in cases with sufficient retromolar space, an initial angulation of < 32° predicted uprighting. Full eruption was observed for 13.9% of the teeth, and only 1.7% showed hygienic cleansability. The predictions model of third molar uprighting could act as a valuable aid for guiding a clinician with the decision-making process of extracting third molars which fail to erupt in an upright fashion. In addition, a low incidence of fully erupted molars with hygienic cleansability suggest that a clinician might opt for prophylactic extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivi Chopra
- Section of Oral Diagnostics and Surgery, Division of Diagnostics and Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels Allé 8, Huddinge, 141 53, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Myrthel Vranckx
- OMFS-IMPATH Research Group, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anna Ockerman
- OMFS-IMPATH Research Group, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Östgren
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Eastmaninstitutet, Folktandvården Stockholm Län AB, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carina Krüger-Weiner
- Section of Oral Diagnostics and Surgery, Division of Diagnostics and Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels Allé 8, Huddinge, 141 53, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Eastmaninstitutet, Folktandvården Stockholms Län AB, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel Benchimol
- Section of Oral Diagnostics and Surgery, Division of Diagnostics and Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels Allé 8, Huddinge, 141 53, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sohaib Shujaat
- OMFS-IMPATH Research Group, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Reinhilde Jacobs
- Section of Oral Diagnostics and Surgery, Division of Diagnostics and Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels Allé 8, Huddinge, 141 53, Stockholm, Sweden
- OMFS-IMPATH Research Group, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Bumann EE, Al-Qarni S, Chandrashekar G, Sabzian R, Bohaty B, Lee Y. A novel collaborative learning model for mixed dentition and fillings segmentation in panoramic radiographs. J Dent 2024; 140:104779. [PMID: 38007173 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2023.104779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It is critical for dentists to identify and differentiate primary and permanent teeth, fillings, dental restorations and areas with pathological findings when reviewing dental radiographs to ensure that an accurate diagnosis is made and the optimal treatment can be planned. Unfortunately, dental radiographs are sometimes read incorrectly due to human error or low-quality images. While secondary or group review can help catch errors, many dentists work in practice alone and/or do not have time to review all of their patients' radiographs with another dentist. Artificial intelligence may facilitate the accurate interpretation of radiographs. To help support the review of panoramic radiographs, we developed a novel collaborative learning model that simultaneously identifies and differentiates primary and permanent teeth and detects fillings. METHODS We used publicly accessible dental panoramic radiographic images and images obtained from the University of Missouri-Kansas City, School of Dentistry to develop and optimize two high-performance classifiers: (1) a system for tooth segmentation that can differentiate primary and permanent teeth and (2) a system to detect dental fillings. RESULTS By utilizing these high-performance classifiers, we created models that can identify primary and permanent teeth (mean average precision [mAP] 95.32 % and performance [F-1] 92.50 %), as well as their associated dental fillings (mAP 91.53 % and F-1 91.00 %). We also designed a novel method for collaborative learning that utilizes these two classifiers to enhance recognition performance (mAP 94.09 % and F-1 93.41 %). CONCLUSIONS Our model improves upon the existing machine learning models to simultaneously identify and differentiate primary and permanent teeth, and to identify any associated fillings. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Human error can lead to incorrect readings of panoramic radiographs. By developing artificial intelligence and machine learning methods to analyze panoramic radiographs, dentists can use this information to support their radiograph interpretations, help communicate the information to patients, and assist dental students learning to read radiographs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Ealba Bumann
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, USA.
| | - Saeed Al-Qarni
- Department of Computer Science, University of Missouri-Kansas City, USA; Department of Computing and Informatics, Saudi Electronic University, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Roya Sabzian
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, USA
| | - Brenda Bohaty
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, USA; Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Children's Mercy Hospital, USA
| | - Yugyung Lee
- Department of Computer Science, University of Missouri-Kansas City, USA
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Katsumata A. Deep learning and artificial intelligence in dental diagnostic imaging. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2023; 59:329-333. [PMID: 37811196 PMCID: PMC10551806 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2023.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The application of artificial intelligence (AI) based on deep learning in dental diagnostic imaging is increasing. Several popular deep learning tasks have been applied to dental diagnostic images. Classification tasks are used to classify images with and without positive abnormal findings or to evaluate the progress of a lesion based on imaging findings. Region (object) detection and segmentation tasks have been used for tooth identification in panoramic radiographs. This technique is useful for automatically creating a patient's dental chart. Deep learning methods can also be used for detecting and evaluating anatomical structures of interest from images. Furthermore, generative AI based on natural language processing can automatically create written reports from the findings of diagnostic imaging.
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21
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Jeevitha S J, Kumar S L, Yadalam PK. Artificial Intelligence: A Reliable Tool to Detect the Elongation of the Styloid Process. Cureus 2023; 15:e49541. [PMID: 38156132 PMCID: PMC10753149 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.49541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Eagle's syndrome is characterized by the anomalous elongation of the styloid process. This condition is usually identified through the manual evaluation of orthopantomogram (OPG) images, which is time-consuming and can have interobserver variability. The application of Artificial intelligence (AI) in radiology is gaining importance and interest in recent years. The application of AI in detecting styloid process elongation is less explored, advocating for research in the same arena. Aim and objectives The study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of artificial intelligence in detecting styloid process elongation in digital OPGs and to compare the performance of the three different AI algorithms with that of the manual radiographic evaluation by the radiologist. Materials and methods A total of 400 digital OPGs were screened, and linear measurements of the styloid process length (ImageJ software (National Institute of Health, Maryland, USA)) were done for the identification of styloid process elongation by a single calibrated observer to finally include a processed image dataset including 169 images of the elongated styloid process and 200 images of the normal styloid process. A machine learning approach was used to detect the styloid process elongation using the three different AI models: logistic regression, neural network, and Naïve Bayes algorithms in Orange software (University of Ljubljana, Slovenia). Performance evaluation was done using the accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, precision, recall, F1 score, and AUC-ROC (area under the receiver operating characteristic) curve. Results Logistic regression and neural network algorithms depicted the highest accuracy of 100% with no false positives or false negatives, securing a score of 1.000 for all the metrics. However, the Naïve Bayes model demonstrated a fairly considerable accuracy, classifying 49 false positive images and 59 false negative images with an AUC (area under the curve) score of 78 %. Nevertheless, it performed better than random guessing. Conclusion Logistic regression and neural network algorithms accurately detected styloid process elongation similar to that of manual radiographic evaluation. The Naïve Bayes algorithm did not perform an accurate classification yet performed better than random guessing. AI holds a promising scope for its application in automatically detecting styloid process elongation in digital OPGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jebarani Jeevitha S
- Department of Oral Medicine, Radiology, and Special Care Dentistry, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS) Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
| | - Lokesh Kumar S
- Department of Oral Medicine, Radiology, and Special Care Dentistry, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS) Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
| | - Pradeep Kumar Yadalam
- Department of Periodontology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS) Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
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22
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Tian Y, Zhang Z, Zhao B, Liu L, Liu X, Feng Y, Tian J, Kou D. Coarse-to-fine prior-guided attention network for multi-structure segmentation on dental panoramic radiographs. Phys Med Biol 2023; 68:215010. [PMID: 37816372 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ad0218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Objective. Accurate segmentation of various anatomical structures from dental panoramic radiographs is essential for the diagnosis and treatment planning of various diseases in digital dentistry. In this paper, we propose a novel deep learning-based method for accurate and fully automatic segmentation of the maxillary sinus, mandibular condyle, mandibular nerve, alveolar bone and teeth on panoramic radiographs.Approach. A two-stage coarse-to-fine prior-guided segmentation framework is proposed to segment multiple structures on dental panoramic radiographs. In the coarse stage, a multi-label segmentation network is used to generate the coarse segmentation mask, and in the fine-tuning stage, a prior-guided attention network with an encoder-decoder architecture is proposed to precisely predict the mask of each anatomical structure. First, a prior-guided edge fusion module is incorporated into the network at the input of each convolution level of the encode path to generate edge-enhanced image feature maps. Second, a prior-guided spatial attention module is proposed to guide the network to extract relevant spatial features from foreground regions based on the combination of the prior information and the spatial attention mechanism. Finally, a prior-guided hybrid attention module is integrated at the bottleneck of the network to explore global context from both spatial and category perspectives.Main results. We evaluated the segmentation performance of our method on a testing dataset that contains 150 panoramic radiographs collected from real-world clinical scenarios. The segmentation results indicate that our proposed method achieves more accurate segmentation performance compared with state-of-the-art methods. The average Jaccard scores are 87.91%, 85.25%, 63.94%, 93.46% and 88.96% for the maxillary sinus, mandibular condyle, mandibular nerve, alveolar bone and teeth, respectively.Significance. The proposed method was able to accurately segment multiple structures on panoramic radiographs. This method has the potential to be part of the process of automatic pathology diagnosis from dental panoramic radiographs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tian
- Angelalign Inc. No. 500 Zhengli Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhejia Zhang
- Angelalign Inc. No. 500 Zhengli Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Bailiang Zhao
- Angelalign Inc. No. 500 Zhengli Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lichao Liu
- Angelalign Inc. No. 500 Zhengli Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolin Liu
- Angelalign Inc. No. 500 Zhengli Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Feng
- Angelalign Inc. No. 500 Zhengli Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Tian
- Angelalign Inc. No. 500 Zhengli Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Dazhi Kou
- Shanghai Supercomputer Center. No. 585 Guoshoujing Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Liu J, Zhang C, Shan Z. Application of Artificial Intelligence in Orthodontics: Current State and Future Perspectives. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:2760. [PMID: 37893833 PMCID: PMC10606213 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11202760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been the notable emergency of artificial intelligence (AI) as a transformative force in multiple domains, including orthodontics. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the present state of AI applications in orthodontics, which can be categorized into the following domains: (1) diagnosis, including cephalometric analysis, dental analysis, facial analysis, skeletal-maturation-stage determination and upper-airway obstruction assessment; (2) treatment planning, including decision making for extractions and orthognathic surgery, and treatment outcome prediction; and (3) clinical practice, including practice guidance, remote care, and clinical documentation. We have witnessed a broadening of the application of AI in orthodontics, accompanied by advancements in its performance. Additionally, this review outlines the existing limitations within the field and offers future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqi Liu
- Division of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China;
| | - Chengfei Zhang
- Division of Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China;
| | - Zhiyi Shan
- Division of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China;
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24
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Ali MA, Fujita D, Kobashi S. Teeth and prostheses detection in dental panoramic X-rays using CNN-based object detector and a priori knowledge-based algorithm. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16542. [PMID: 37783773 PMCID: PMC10545749 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43591-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Deep learning techniques for automatically detecting teeth in dental X-rays have gained popularity, providing valuable assistance to healthcare professionals. However, teeth detection in X-ray images is often hindered by alterations in tooth appearance caused by dental prostheses. To address this challenge, our paper proposes a novel method for teeth detection and numbering in dental panoramic X-rays, leveraging two separate CNN-based object detectors, namely YOLOv7, for detecting teeth and prostheses, alongside an optimization algorithm to refine the outcomes. The study utilizes a dataset of 3138 radiographs, of which 2553 images contain prostheses, to build a robust model. The tooth and prosthesis detection algorithms perform excellently, achieving mean average precisions of 0.982 and 0.983, respectively. Additionally, the trained tooth detection model is verified using an external dataset, and six-fold cross-validation is conducted to demonstrate the proposed method's feasibility and robustness. Moreover, the investigation of performance improvement resulting from the inclusion of prosthesis information in the teeth detection process reveals a marginal increase in the average F1-score, rising from 0.985 to 0.987 compared to the sole teeth detection method. The proposed method is unique in its approach to numbering teeth as it incorporates prosthesis information and considers complete restorations such as dental implants and dentures of fixed bridges during the teeth enumeration process, which follows the universal tooth numbering system. These advancements hold promise for automating dental charting processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Anas Ali
- Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, Himeji, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Fujita
- Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, Himeji, Japan
| | - Syoji Kobashi
- Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, Himeji, Japan
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Almalki SA, Alsubai S, Alqahtani A, Alenazi AA. Denoised encoder-based residual U-net for precise teeth image segmentation and damage prediction on panoramic radiographs. J Dent 2023; 137:104651. [PMID: 37553029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2023.104651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This research focuses on performing teeth segmentation with panoramic radiograph images using a denoised encoder-based residual U-Net model, which enhances segmentation techniques and has the capacity to adapt to predictions with different and new data in the dataset, making the proposed model more robust and assisting in the accurate identification of damages in individual teeth. METHODS The effective segmentation starts with pre-processing the Tufts dataset to resize images to avoid computational complexities. Subsequently, the prediction of the defect in teeth is performed with the denoised encoder block in the residual U-Net model, in which a modified identity block is provided in the encoder section for finer segmentation on specific regions in images, and features are identified optimally. The denoised block aids in handling noisy ground truth images effectively. RESULTS Proposed module achieved greater values of mean dice and mean IoU with 98.90075 and 98.74147 CONCLUSIONS: Proposed AI enabled model permitted a precise approach to segment the teeth on Tuffs dental dataset in spite of the existence of densed dental filling and the kind of tooth. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The proposed model is pivotal for improved dental diagnostics, offering precise identification of dental anomalies. This could revolutionize clinical dental settings by facilitating more accurate treatments and safer examination processes with lower radiation exposure, thus enhancing overall patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan A Almalki
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam Bin AbdulAziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Shtwai Alsubai
- Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Engineering and Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Alqahtani
- Department of Software Engineering, College of Computer Engineering and Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel A Alenazi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Science, College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
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26
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Xu M, Wu Y, Xu Z, Ding P, Bai H, Deng X. Robust automated teeth identification from dental radiographs using deep learning. J Dent 2023; 136:104607. [PMID: 37422206 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2023.104607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study developed and validated a deep learning-based method to automatically segment and number teeth in panoramic radiographs across primary, mixed, and permanent dentitions. METHODS A total of 6,046 panoramic radiographs were collected and annotated. The dataset encompassed primary, mixed and permanent dentitions and dental abnormalities such as tooth number anomalies, dental diseases, dental prostheses, and orthodontic appliances. A deep learning-based algorithm consisting of a U-Net-based region of interest extraction model, a Hybrid Task Cascade-based teeth segmentation and numbering model, and a post-processing procedure was trained on 4,232 images, validated on 605 images, and tested on 1,209 images. Precision, recall and Intersection-over-Union (IoU) were used to evaluate its performance. RESULTS The deep learning-based teeth identification algorithm achieved good performance on panoramic radiographs, with precision and recall for teeth segmentation and numbering exceeding 97%, and the IoU between predictions and ground truths reaching 92%. It generalized well across all three dentition stages and complex real-world cases. CONCLUSIONS By utilizing a two-stage training framework with a large-scale heterogeneous dataset, the automatic teeth identification algorithm achieved a performance level comparable to that of dental experts. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Deep learning can be leveraged to aid clinical interpretation of panoramic radiographs across primary, mixed, and permanent dentitions, even in the presence of real-world complexities. This robust teeth identification algorithm could contribute to the future development of more advanced, diagnosis- or treatment-oriented dental automation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Xu
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Peking, University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yujia Wu
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Peking, University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | | | | | | | - Xuliang Deng
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Peking, University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China; Key Laboratory of Dental Material, National Medical Products Administration, Beijing 100081, China.
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27
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Lin X, Xin W, Huang J, Jing Y, Liu P, Han J, Ji J. Accurate mandibular canal segmentation of dental CBCT using a two-stage 3D-UNet based segmentation framework. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:551. [PMID: 37563606 PMCID: PMC10416403 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03279-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study is to develop a deep learning (DL) model for fast and accurate mandibular canal (MC) segmentation on cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). METHODS A total of 220 CBCT scans from dentate subjects needing oral surgery were used in this study. The segmentation ground truth is annotated and reviewed by two senior dentists. All patients were randomly splitted into a training dataset (n = 132), a validation dataset (n = 44) and a test dataset (n = 44). We proposed a two-stage 3D-UNet based segmentation framework for automated MC segmentation on CBCT. The Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC) and 95% Hausdorff Distance (95% HD) were used as the evaluation metrics for the segmentation model. RESULTS The two-stage 3D-UNet model successfully segmented the MC on CBCT images. In the test dataset, the mean DSC was 0.875 ± 0.045 and the mean 95% HD was 0.442 ± 0.379. CONCLUSIONS This automatic DL method might aid in the detection of MC and assist dental practitioners to set up treatment plans for oral surgery evolved MC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Lin
- Clinic of Stomatology of the Shantou University Medical College, No. 22, Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong China
| | - Weini Xin
- Clinic of Stomatology of the Shantou University Medical College, No. 22, Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong China
- Department of Stomatology of Shantou University Medical College, No. 22, Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangddong China
| | - Jingna Huang
- Clinic of Stomatology of the Shantou University Medical College, No. 22, Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong China
| | - Yang Jing
- Huiying Medical Technology Co., Ltd, Room A206, B2, Dongsheng Science and Technology Park, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Huiying Medical Technology Co., Ltd, Room A206, B2, Dongsheng Science and Technology Park, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Jingdan Han
- Huiying Medical Technology Co., Ltd, Room A206, B2, Dongsheng Science and Technology Park, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Ji
- Network and Information Center, Shantou University, No. 243, University Road, Shantou, Guangdong China
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Chu G, Zhang R, He Y, Ng CH, Gu M, Leung YY, He H, Yang Y. Deep Learning Models for Automatic Upper Airway Segmentation and Minimum Cross-Sectional Area Localisation in Two-Dimensional Images. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:915. [PMID: 37627800 PMCID: PMC10451171 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10080915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop and validate convolutional neural network algorithms for automatic upper airway segmentation and minimum cross-sectional area (CSAmin) localisation in two-dimensional (2D) radiographic airway images. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two hundred and one 2D airway images acquired using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scanning were randomly assigned to a test group (n = 161) to train artificial intelligence (AI) models and a validation group (n = 40) to evaluate the accuracy of AI processing. Four AI models, UNet18, UNet36, DeepLab50 and DeepLab101, were trained to automatically segment the upper airway 2D images in the test group. Precision, recall, Intersection over Union, the dice similarity coefficient and size difference were used to evaluate the performance of the AI-driven segmentation models. The CSAmin height in each image was manually determined using three-dimensional CBCT data. The nonlinear mathematical morphology technique was used to calculate the CSAmin level. Height errors were assessed to evaluate the CSAmin localisation accuracy in the validation group. The time consumed for airway segmentation and CSAmin localisation was compared between manual and AI processing methods. RESULTS The precision of all four segmentation models exceeded 90.0%. No significant differences were found in the accuracy of any AI models. The consistency of CSAmin localisation in specific segments between manual and AI processing was 0.944. AI processing was much more efficient than manual processing in terms of airway segmentation and CSAmin localisation. CONCLUSIONS We successfully developed and validated a fully automatic AI-driven system for upper airway segmentation and CSAmin localisation using 2D radiographic airway images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Chu
- Orthodontics, Division of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (G.C.)
| | - Rongzhao Zhang
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yingqing He
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chun Hown Ng
- Orthodontics, Division of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (G.C.)
| | - Min Gu
- Orthodontics, Division of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (G.C.)
| | - Yiu Yan Leung
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hong He
- Department of Orthodontics, The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST), Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yanqi Yang
- Orthodontics, Division of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (G.C.)
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Shafi I, Fatima A, Afzal H, Díez IDLT, Lipari V, Breñosa J, Ashraf I. A Comprehensive Review of Recent Advances in Artificial Intelligence for Dentistry E-Health. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2196. [PMID: 37443594 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13132196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Artificial intelligence has made substantial progress in medicine. Automated dental imaging interpretation is one of the most prolific areas of research using AI. X-ray and infrared imaging systems have enabled dental clinicians to identify dental diseases since the 1950s. However, the manual process of dental disease assessment is tedious and error-prone when diagnosed by inexperienced dentists. Thus, researchers have employed different advanced computer vision techniques, and machine- and deep-learning models for dental disease diagnoses using X-ray and near-infrared imagery. Despite the notable development of AI in dentistry, certain factors affect the performance of the proposed approaches, including limited data availability, imbalanced classes, and lack of transparency and interpretability. Hence, it is of utmost importance for the research community to formulate suitable approaches, considering the existing challenges and leveraging findings from the existing studies. Based on an extensive literature review, this survey provides a brief overview of X-ray and near-infrared imaging systems. Additionally, a comprehensive insight into challenges faced by researchers in the dental domain has been brought forth in this survey. The article further offers an amalgamative assessment of both performances and methods evaluated on public benchmarks and concludes with ethical considerations and future research avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Shafi
- College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Anum Fatima
- National Centre for Robotics, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Hammad Afzal
- Military College of Signals (MCS), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Isabel de la Torre Díez
- Department of Signal Theory and Communications and Telematic Engineering, University of Valladolid, Paseo de Belén 15, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Vivian Lipari
- Research Unit in Food Technologies, Agro-Food Industries and Nutrition, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Isabel Torres 21, 39011 Santander, Spain
- Research Unit in Food Technologies, Agro-Food Industries and Nutrition, Universidad Internacional Iberoamericana, Campeche 24560, Mexico
- Research Unit in Food Technologies, Agro-Food Industries and Nutrition, Fundación Universitaria Internacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111311, Colombia
| | - Jose Breñosa
- Research Unit in Food Technologies, Agro-Food Industries and Nutrition, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Isabel Torres 21, 39011 Santander, Spain
- Universidade Internacional do Cuanza, Cuito EN250, Bié, Angola
- Research Unit in Food Technologies, Agro-Food Industries and Nutrition, Universidad Internacional Iberoamericana Arecibo, Puerto Rico, PR 00613, USA
| | - Imran Ashraf
- Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
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Yuce F, Öziç MÜ, Tassoker M. Detection of pulpal calcifications on bite-wing radiographs using deep learning. Clin Oral Investig 2023; 27:2679-2689. [PMID: 36564651 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-022-04839-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pulpal calcifications are discrete hard calcified masses of varying sizes in the dental pulp cavity. This study is aimed at measuring the performance of the YOLOv4 deep learning algorithm to automatically determine whether there is calcification in the pulp chambers in bite-wing radiographs. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, 2000 bite-wing radiographs were collected from the faculty database. The oral radiologists labeled the pulp chambers on the radiographs as "Present" and "Absent" according to whether there was calcification. The data were randomly divided into 80% training, 10% validation, and 10% testing. The weight file for pulpal calcification was obtained by training the YOLOv4 algorithm with the transfer learning method. Using the weights obtained, pulp chambers and calcifications were automatically detected on the test radiographs that the algorithm had never seen. Two oral radiologists evaluated the test results, and performance criteria were calculated. RESULTS The results obtained on the test data were evaluated in two stages: detection of pulp chambers and detection of pulpal calcification. The detection performance of pulp chambers was as follows: recall 86.98%, precision 98.94%, F1-score 91.60%, and accuracy 86.18%. Pulpal calcification "Absent" and "Present" detection performance was as follows: recall 86.39%, precision 85.23%, specificity 97.94%, F1-score 85.49%, and accuracy 96.54%. CONCLUSION The YOLOv4 algorithm trained with bite-wing radiographs detected pulp chambers and calcification with high success rates. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Automatic detection of pulpal calcifications with deep learning will be used in clinical practice as a decision support system with high accuracy rates in diagnosing dentists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Yuce
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Okan University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Muhammet Üsame Öziç
- Faculty of Technology Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Melek Tassoker
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey.
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Uzun Saylan BC, Baydar O, Yeşilova E, Kurt Bayrakdar S, Bilgir E, Bayrakdar İŞ, Çelik Ö, Orhan K. Assessing the Effectiveness of Artificial Intelligence Models for Detecting Alveolar Bone Loss in Periodontal Disease: A Panoramic Radiograph Study. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13101800. [PMID: 37238284 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13101800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The assessment of alveolar bone loss, a crucial element of the periodontium, plays a vital role in the diagnosis of periodontitis and the prognosis of the disease. In dentistry, artificial intelligence (AI) applications have demonstrated practical and efficient diagnostic capabilities, leveraging machine learning and cognitive problem-solving functions that mimic human abilities. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of AI models in identifying alveolar bone loss as present or absent across different regions. To achieve this goal, alveolar bone loss models were generated using the PyTorch-based YOLO-v5 model implemented via CranioCatch software, detecting periodontal bone loss areas and labeling them using the segmentation method on 685 panoramic radiographs. Besides general evaluation, models were grouped according to subregions (incisors, canines, premolars, and molars) to provide a targeted evaluation. Our findings reveal that the lowest sensitivity and F1 score values were associated with total alveolar bone loss, while the highest values were observed in the maxillary incisor region. It shows that artificial intelligence has a high potential in analytical studies evaluating periodontal bone loss situations. Considering the limited amount of data, it is predicted that this success will increase with the provision of machine learning by using a more comprehensive data set in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilge Cansu Uzun Saylan
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Dokuz Eylul University, İzmir 35220, Turkey
| | - Oğuzhan Baydar
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ege University, İzmir 35040, Turkey
| | - Esra Yeşilova
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir 26040, Turkey
| | - Sevda Kurt Bayrakdar
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir 26040, Turkey
| | - Elif Bilgir
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir 26040, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Şevki Bayrakdar
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir 26040, Turkey
| | - Özer Çelik
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir 26480, Turkey
| | - Kaan Orhan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara University, Ankara 06830, Turkey
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Polizzi A, Quinzi V, Ronsivalle V, Venezia P, Santonocito S, Lo Giudice A, Leonardi R, Isola G. Tooth automatic segmentation from CBCT images: a systematic review. Clin Oral Investig 2023:10.1007/s00784-023-05048-5. [PMID: 37148371 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-05048-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the current state of the art regarding technological advances in full-automatic tooth segmentation approaches from 3D cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. MATERIALS AND METHODS In March 2023, a search strategy without a timeline setting was carried out through a combination of MeSH terms and free text words pooled through Boolean operators ('AND', 'OR') on the following databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and IEEE Explore. Randomized and non-randomized controlled trials, cohort, case-control, cross-sectional and retrospective studies in the English language only were included. RESULTS The search strategy identified 541 articles, of which 23 have been selected. The most employed segmentation methods were based on deep learning approaches. One article exposed an automatic approach for tooth segmentation based on a watershed algorithm and another article used an improved level set method. Four studies presented classical machine learning and thresholding approaches. The most employed metric for evaluating segmentation performance was the Dice similarity index which ranged from 90 ± 3% to 97.9 ± 1.5%. CONCLUSIONS Thresholding appeared not reliable for tooth segmentation from CBCT images, whereas convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been demonstrated as the most promising approach. CNNs could help overcome tooth segmentation's main limitations from CBCT images related to root anatomy, heavy scattering, immature teeth, metal artifacts and time consumption. New studies with uniform protocols and evaluation metrics with random sampling and blinding for data analysis are encouraged to objectively compare the different deep learning architectures' reliability. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Automatic tooth segmentation's best performance has been obtained through CNNs for the different ambits of digital dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Polizzi
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, AOU "Policlinico-San Marco", Via S. Sofia 78, 95124, Catania, Italy.
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, Postgraduate School of Orthodontics, University of L'Aquila, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Quinzi
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, Postgraduate School of Orthodontics, University of L'Aquila, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Ronsivalle
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, AOU "Policlinico-San Marco", Via S. Sofia 78, 95124, Catania, Italy
| | - Pietro Venezia
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, AOU "Policlinico-San Marco", Via S. Sofia 78, 95124, Catania, Italy
| | - Simona Santonocito
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, AOU "Policlinico-San Marco", Via S. Sofia 78, 95124, Catania, Italy
| | - Antonino Lo Giudice
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, AOU "Policlinico-San Marco", Via S. Sofia 78, 95124, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosalia Leonardi
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, AOU "Policlinico-San Marco", Via S. Sofia 78, 95124, Catania, Italy
| | - Gaetano Isola
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, AOU "Policlinico-San Marco", Via S. Sofia 78, 95124, Catania, Italy
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Gardiyanoğlu E, Ünsal G, Akkaya N, Aksoy S, Orhan K. Automatic Segmentation of Teeth, Crown-Bridge Restorations, Dental Implants, Restorative Fillings, Dental Caries, Residual Roots, and Root Canal Fillings on Orthopantomographs: Convenience and Pitfalls. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13081487. [PMID: 37189586 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13081487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of our study is to provide successful automatic segmentation of various objects on orthopantomographs (OPGs). METHODS 8138 OPGs obtained from the archives of the Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology were included. OPGs were converted into PNGs and transferred to the segmentation tool's database. All teeth, crown-bridge restorations, dental implants, composite-amalgam fillings, dental caries, residual roots, and root canal fillings were manually segmented by two experts with the manual drawing semantic segmentation technique. RESULTS The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) for both inter- and intra-observers for manual segmentation was excellent (ICC > 0.75). The intra-observer ICC was found to be 0.994, while the inter-observer reliability was 0.989. No significant difference was detected amongst observers (p = 0.947). The calculated DSC and accuracy values across all OPGs were 0.85 and 0.95 for the tooth segmentation, 0.88 and 0.99 for dental caries, 0.87 and 0.99 for dental restorations, 0.93 and 0.99 for crown-bridge restorations, 0.94 and 0.99 for dental implants, 0.78 and 0.99 for root canal fillings, and 0.78 and 0.99 for residual roots, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Thanks to faster and automated diagnoses on 2D as well as 3D dental images, dentists will have higher diagnosis rates in a shorter time even without excluding cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emel Gardiyanoğlu
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Near East University, 99138 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Gürkan Ünsal
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Near East University, 99138 Nicosia, Cyprus
- DESAM Institute, Near East University, 99138 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Nurullah Akkaya
- Department of Computer Engineering, Applied Artificial Intelligence Research Centre, Near East University, 99138 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Seçil Aksoy
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Near East University, 99138 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Kaan Orhan
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara University, 06560 Ankara, Turkey
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Bui R, Iozzino R, Richert R, Roy P, Boussel L, Tafrount C, Ducret M. Artificial Intelligence as a Decision-Making Tool in Forensic Dentistry: A Pilot Study with I3M. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4620. [PMID: 36901630 PMCID: PMC10002153 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20054620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Expert determination of the third molar maturity index (I3M) constitutes one of the most common approaches for dental age estimation. This work aimed to investigate the technical feasibility of creating a decision-making tool based on I3M to support expert decision-making. Methods: The dataset consisted of 456 images from France and Uganda. Two deep learning approaches (Mask R-CNN, U-Net) were compared on mandibular radiographs, leading to a two-part instance segmentation (apical and coronal). Then, two topological data analysis approaches were compared on the inferred mask: one with a deep learning component (TDA-DL), one without (TDA). Regarding mask inference, U-Net had a better accuracy (mean intersection over union metric (mIoU)), 91.2% compared to 83.8% for Mask R-CNN. The combination of U-Net with TDA or TDA-DL to compute the I3M score revealed satisfying results in comparison with a dental forensic expert. The mean ± SD absolute error was 0.04 ± 0.03 for TDA, and 0.06 ± 0.04 for TDA-DL. The Pearson correlation coefficient of the I3M scores between the expert and a U-Net model was 0.93 when combined with TDA and 0.89 with TDA-DL. This pilot study illustrates the potential feasibility to automate an I3M solution combining a deep learning and a topological approach, with 95% accuracy in comparison with an expert.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Bui
- Pôle d’Odontologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France
- Faculté d’Odontologie, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69372 Lyon, France
| | - Régis Iozzino
- Pôle d’Odontologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France
- Faculté d’Odontologie, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69372 Lyon, France
| | - Raphaël Richert
- Pôle d’Odontologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France
- Faculté d’Odontologie, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69372 Lyon, France
| | - Pascal Roy
- Service de Biostatistique—Bioinformatique, Pôle Santé Publique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France
- Équipe Biostatistique-Santé, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, UMR 5558 CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Loïc Boussel
- Department of Radiology, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69004 Lyon, France
- CREATIS, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UJM-Saint Etienne, CNRS, Inserm, UMR 5220, U1294, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Cheraz Tafrount
- Pôle d’Odontologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France
- Faculté d’Odontologie, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69372 Lyon, France
| | - Maxime Ducret
- Pôle d’Odontologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France
- Faculté d’Odontologie, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69372 Lyon, France
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique, UMR 5305 CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69367 Lyon, France
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Dai X, Jiang X, Jing Q, Zheng J, Zhu S, Mao T, Wang D. A one-stage deep learning method for fully automated mesiodens localization on panoramic radiographs. Biomed Signal Process Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2022.104315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Evaluation of the Diagnostic and Prognostic Accuracy of Artificial Intelligence in Endodontic Dentistry: A Comprehensive Review of Literature. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2023; 2023:7049360. [PMID: 36761829 PMCID: PMC9904932 DOI: 10.1155/2023/7049360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Aim This comprehensive review is aimed at evaluating the diagnostic and prognostic accuracy of artificial intelligence in endodontic dentistry. Introduction Artificial intelligence (AI) is a relatively new technology that has widespread use in dentistry. The AI technologies have primarily been used in dentistry to diagnose dental diseases, plan treatment, make clinical decisions, and predict the prognosis. AI models like convolutional neural networks (CNN) and artificial neural networks (ANN) have been used in endodontics to study root canal system anatomy, determine working length measurements, detect periapical lesions and root fractures, predict the success of retreatment procedures, and predict the viability of dental pulp stem cells. Methodology. The literature was searched in electronic databases such as Google Scholar, Medline, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus, published over the last four decades (January 1980 to September 15, 2021) by using keywords such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, deep learning, application, endodontics, and dentistry. Results The preliminary search yielded 2560 articles relevant enough to the paper's purpose. A total of 88 articles met the eligibility criteria. The majority of research on AI application in endodontics has concentrated on tracing apical foramen, verifying the working length, projection of periapical pathologies, root morphologies, and retreatment predictions and discovering the vertical root fractures. Conclusion In endodontics, AI displayed accuracy in terms of diagnostic and prognostic evaluations. The use of AI can help enhance the treatment plan, which in turn can lead to an increase in the success rate of endodontic treatment outcomes. The AI is used extensively in endodontics and could help in clinical applications, such as detecting root fractures, periapical pathologies, determining working length, tracing apical foramen, the morphology of root, and disease prediction.
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Computer-aided design and 3-dimensional artificial/convolutional neural network for digital partial dental crown synthesis and validation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1561. [PMID: 36709380 PMCID: PMC9884213 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28442-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The current multiphase, invitro study developed and validated a 3-dimensional convolutional neural network (3D-CNN) to generate partial dental crowns (PDC) for use in restorative dentistry. The effectiveness of desktop laser and intraoral scanners in generating data for the purpose of 3D-CNN was first evaluated (phase 1). There were no significant differences in surface area [t-stat(df) = - 0.01 (10), mean difference = - 0.058, P > 0.99] and volume [t-stat(df) = 0.357(10)]. However, the intraoral scans were chosen for phase 2 as they produced a greater level of volumetric details (343.83 ± 43.52 mm3) compared to desktop laser scanning (322.70 ± 40.15 mm3). In phase 2, 120 tooth preparations were digitally synthesized from intraoral scans, and two clinicians designed the respective PDCs using computer-aided design (CAD) workflows on a personal computer setup. Statistical comparison by 3-factor ANOVA demonstrated significant differences in surface area (P < 0.001), volume (P < 0.001), and spatial overlap (P < 0.001), and therefore only the most accurate PDCs (n = 30) were picked to train the neural network (Phase 3). The current 3D-CNN produced a validation accuracy of 60%, validation loss of 0.68-0.87, sensitivity of 1.00, precision of 0.50-0.83, and serves as a proof-of-concept that 3D-CNN can predict and generate PDC prostheses in CAD for restorative dentistry.
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Arsiwala-Scheppach LT, Chaurasia A, Müller A, Krois J, Schwendicke F. Machine Learning in Dentistry: A Scoping Review. J Clin Med 2023; 12:937. [PMID: 36769585 PMCID: PMC9918184 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12030937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Machine learning (ML) is being increasingly employed in dental research and application. We aimed to systematically compile studies using ML in dentistry and assess their methodological quality, including the risk of bias and reporting standards. We evaluated studies employing ML in dentistry published from 1 January 2015 to 31 May 2021 on MEDLINE, IEEE Xplore, and arXiv. We assessed publication trends and the distribution of ML tasks (classification, object detection, semantic segmentation, instance segmentation, and generation) in different clinical fields. We appraised the risk of bias and adherence to reporting standards, using the QUADAS-2 and TRIPOD checklists, respectively. Out of 183 identified studies, 168 were included, focusing on various ML tasks and employing a broad range of ML models, input data, data sources, strategies to generate reference tests, and performance metrics. Classification tasks were most common. Forty-two different metrics were used to evaluate model performances, with accuracy, sensitivity, precision, and intersection-over-union being the most common. We observed considerable risk of bias and moderate adherence to reporting standards which hampers replication of results. A minimum (core) set of outcome and outcome metrics is necessary to facilitate comparisons across studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubaina T. Arsiwala-Scheppach
- Department of Oral Diagnostics, Digital Health and Health Services Research, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 14197 Berlin, Germany
- ITU/WHO Focus Group AI on Health, Topic Group Dental Diagnostics and Digital Dentistry, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland
| | - Akhilanand Chaurasia
- ITU/WHO Focus Group AI on Health, Topic Group Dental Diagnostics and Digital Dentistry, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow 226003, India
| | - Anne Müller
- Pharmacovigilance Institute (Pharmakovigilanz- und Beratungszentrum, PVZ) for Embryotoxicology, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Joachim Krois
- Department of Oral Diagnostics, Digital Health and Health Services Research, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 14197 Berlin, Germany
- ITU/WHO Focus Group AI on Health, Topic Group Dental Diagnostics and Digital Dentistry, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland
| | - Falk Schwendicke
- Department of Oral Diagnostics, Digital Health and Health Services Research, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 14197 Berlin, Germany
- ITU/WHO Focus Group AI on Health, Topic Group Dental Diagnostics and Digital Dentistry, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland
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Silva BPM, Pinheiro LB, Sobrinho BPP, Lima FP, Sobrinho BPP, Abdalla Buzar Lima K, Pithon MM, Cury PR, Oliveira LRD. Boosting research on dental panoramic radiographs: a challenging data set, baselines, and a task central online platform for benchmark. COMPUTER METHODS IN BIOMECHANICS AND BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING: IMAGING & VISUALIZATION 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/21681163.2022.2157747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Laís Bastos Pinheiro
- Intelligent Vision Research Lab, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Kalyf Abdalla Buzar Lima
- Intelligent Vision Research Lab, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
- Federal Institute of Bahia, Barreiras, BA, Brazil
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Stature estimation by semi-automatic measurements of 3D CT images of the femur. Int J Legal Med 2023; 137:359-377. [PMID: 36474127 PMCID: PMC9902306 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-022-02921-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stature estimation is one of the most basic and important methods of personal identification. The long bones of the limbs provide the most accurate stature estimation, with the femur being one of the most useful. In all the previously reported methods of stature estimation using computed tomography (CT) images of the femur, laborious manual measurement was necessary. A semi-automatic bone measuring method can simplify this process, so we firstly reported a stature estimation process using semi-automatic bone measurement software equipped with artificial intelligence. Multiple measurements of femurs of adult Japanese cadavers were performed using automatic three-dimensional reconstructed CT images of femurs. After manually setting four points on the femur, an automatic measurement was acquired. The relationships between stature and five femoral measurements, with acceptable intraobserver and interobserver errors, were analyzed with single regression analysis using the standard error of the estimate (SEE) and the coefficient of determination (R2). The maximum length of the femur (MLF) provided the lowest SEE and the highest R2; the SEE and R2 in all cadavers, males and females, respectively, were 3.913 cm (R2 = 0.842), 3.664 cm (R2 = 0.705), and 3.456 cm (R2 = 0.686) for MLF on the right femur, and 3.837 cm (R2 = 0.848), 3.667 cm (R2 = 0.705), and 3.384 cm (R2 = 0.699) for MLF on the left femur. These results were non-inferior to those of previous reports regarding stature estimation using the MLF. Stature estimation with this simple and time-saving method would be useful in forensic medical practice.
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Çelik B, Çelik ME. Automated detection of dental restorations using deep learning on panoramic radiographs. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2022; 51:20220244. [PMID: 36043433 PMCID: PMC9717396 DOI: 10.1259/dmfr.20220244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Automatically detecting dental conditions using Artificial intelligence (AI) and reporting it visually are now a need for treatment planning and dental health management. This work presents a comprehensive computer-aided detection system to detect dental restorations. METHODS The state-of-art ten different deep-learning detection models were used including R-CNN, Faster R-CNN, SSD, YOLOv3, and RetinaNet as detectors. ResNet-50, ResNet-101, XCeption-101, VGG16, and DarkNet53 were integrated as backbone and feature extractor in addition to efficient approaches such Side-Aware Boundary Localization, cascaded structures and simple model frameworks like Libra and Dynamic.Total 684 objects in panoramic radiographs were used to detect available three classes, namely, dental restorations, denture and implant.Each model was evaluated by mean average precision (mAP), average recall (AR), and precision-recall curve using Common Objects in Context (COCO) detection evaluation metrics. RESULTS mAP varied between 0.755 and 0.973 for ten models explored while AR ranges between 0.605 and 0.771. Faster R-CNN RegnetX provided the best detection performance with mAP of 0.973 and AR of 0.771. Area under precision-recall curve was 0.952. Precision-recall curve indicated that errors were mainly dominated by localization confusions. CONCLUSIONS Results showed that the proposed AI-based computer-aided system had great potential with reliable, accurate performance detecting dental restorations, denture and implant in panoramic radiographs. As training models with more data and standardization in reporting, AI-based solutions will be implemented to dental clinics for daily use soon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berrin Çelik
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Emin Çelik
- Electrical Electronics Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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Shi Y, Ye Z, Liu Y, Wang H, You M. Detection and diagnosis of cleidocranial dysplasia by panoramic radiography: a retrospective study. BMC Oral Health 2022; 22:558. [PMID: 36456973 PMCID: PMC9714060 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02610-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) is a rare and underdiagnosed congenital disorder in dentistry. The purpose of this study was to illustrate and quantify the maxillofacial bone abnormalities detected on panoramic radiographs from a relatively large retrospective case series and to provide a series of diagnostic references for dentists to indicate the presence of disease and help in making an early and accurate diagnosis. METHODS The dental panoramic radiographs of thirty CCD patients aged 11 to 45 years (18 males and 12 females) were examined retrospectively. The dentition states, including supernumerary teeth and impacted teeth, were recorded. Twelve quantified measurements were adopted to determine the abnormalities of maxillofacial bones, including the degree of the zygomatic arch downward bend, bicondylar breadth, ramal height, mandibular height, mandibular aspect ratio, mandibular body height, condylar height, coronoid height, distance between the coronoid process and the condyle, bigonial width, gonial angle and best-fit gonial circle diameter. The Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to compare the findings of the CCD patients with those of their matched controls (n = 300). RESULTS Supernumerary teeth were detected in 27 patients (90.0%), and all 30 patients presented impacted teeth. Compared to the matched controls, the CCD patients had a significantly larger degree of zygomatic arch downward bend (ZAD), a larger diameter of the best-fit gonial circle (BGC), and a shorter distance between the coronoid process and the condyle (DCC) in panoramic radiographs (P < 0.001). According to the reference cutoff values established from the 5th or 95th percentile of the measurements in the control group, ZAD higher than 6.90 mm, DDC less than 22.37 mm and BGC higher than 52.41 mm were significantly associated with the CCD features identified. Other panoramic measurements were not significantly different between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS Panoramic radiographs had great value in the diagnosis of CCD. In this study, we identified some dental and maxillofacial features on panoramic radiographs from a relatively large retrospective case series of CCD. A series of reliable quantitative indicators were provided for dentists that can indicate the presence of disease and improve the diagnostic specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchao Shi
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of Oral Radiology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Ren Min South Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Zelin Ye
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of Oral Radiology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Ren Min South Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of Oral Radiology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Ren Min South Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Hu Wang
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of Oral Radiology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Ren Min South Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Meng You
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of Oral Radiology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Ren Min South Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
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Baseri Saadi S, Moreno-Rabié C, van den Wyngaert T, Jacobs R. Convolutional neural network for automated classification of osteonecrosis and related mandibular trabecular patterns. Bone Rep 2022; 17:101632. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2022.101632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Comparison of detection performance of soft tissue calcifications using artificial intelligence in panoramic radiography. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19115. [PMID: 36352043 PMCID: PMC9646809 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22595-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) is limited to teeth and periodontal disease in the dental field, and is used for diagnosis assistance or data analysis, and there has been no research conducted in actual clinical situations. So, we created an environment similar to actual clinical practice and conducted research by selecting three of the soft tissue diseases (carotid artery calcification, lymph node calcification, and sialolith) that are difficult for general dentists to see. Therefore, in this study, the accuracy and reading time are evaluated using panoramic images and AI. A total of 20,000 panoramic images including three diseases were used to develop and train a fast R-CNN model. To compare the performance of the developed model, two oral and maxillofacial radiologists (OMRs) and two general dentists (GDs) read 352 images, excluding the panoramic images used in development for soft tissue calcification diagnosis. On the first visit, the observers read images without AI; on the second visit, the same observers used AI to read the same image. The diagnostic accuracy and specificity for soft tissue calcification of AI were high from 0.727 to 0.926 and from 0.171 to 1.000, whereas the sensitivity for lymph node calcification and sialolith were low at 0.250 and 0.188, respectively. The reading time of AI increased in the GD group (619 to 1049) and decreased in the OMR group (1347 to 1372). In addition, reading scores increased in both groups (GD from 11.4 to 39.8 and OMR from 3.4 to 10.8). Using AI, although the detection sensitivity of sialolith and lymph node calcification was lower than that of carotid artery calcification, the total reading time of the OMR specialists was reduced and the GDs reading accuracy was improved. The AI used in this study helped to improve the diagnostic accuracy of the GD group, who were not familiar with the soft tissue calcification diagnosis, but more data sets are needed to improve the detection performance of the two diseases with low sensitivity of AI.
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Zhu H, Yu H, Zhang F, Cao Z, Wu F, Zhu F. Automatic segmentation and detection of ectopic eruption of first permanent molars on panoramic radiographs based on nnU-Net. Int J Paediatr Dent 2022; 32:785-792. [PMID: 35315146 DOI: 10.1111/ipd.12964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM The purpose of this research was to present an artificial intelligence (AI) model, which can automatically segment and detect ectopic eruption of first permanent molars (EMMs) in early mixed dentition on panoramic radiographs using the no-new-Net (nnU-Net) model. DESIGN A total of 438 EMMs obtained from 285 panoramic radiographs were included in this study. An AI model based on nnU-Net was trained to segment and detect EMMs. The performance of the model was evaluated by the intersection over union (IoU), precision, F1-score, accuracy and FROC. Furthermore, the detecting performance of nnU-Net was compared with that of three dentists with different years of experience using the McNemar chi-squared test. The reliability of different dentists was evaluated by intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). RESULTS The nnU-Net yielded an IoU of 0.834, a precision of 0.845, an F1-score of 0.902 and an accuracy of 0.990, whereas the dentists yielded a mean IoU of 0.530, a mean precision of 0.539, a mean F1-score of 0.699 and a mean accuracy of 0.811. The ICC of different dentists was 0.776. The statistical analysis of the McNemar chi-squared test showed that the nnU-Net results were statistically significant and superior to those of dentists (p < .05). CONCLUSION This study validated an AI model based on nnU-Net for automatically segmenting and detecting EMMs more consistently and accurately on panoramic radiography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihua Zhu
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haojie Yu
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zheng Cao
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fuli Wu
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fudong Zhu
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Sheng C, Wang L, Huang Z, Wang T, Guo Y, Hou W, Xu L, Wang J, Yan X. Transformer-Based Deep Learning Network for Tooth Segmentation on Panoramic Radiographs. JOURNAL OF SYSTEMS SCIENCE AND COMPLEXITY 2022; 36:257-272. [PMID: 36258771 PMCID: PMC9561331 DOI: 10.1007/s11424-022-2057-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Panoramic radiographs can assist dentist to quickly evaluate patients' overall oral health status. The accurate detection and localization of tooth tissue on panoramic radiographs is the first step to identify pathology, and also plays a key role in an automatic diagnosis system. However, the evaluation of panoramic radiographs depends on the clinical experience and knowledge of dentist, while the interpretation of panoramic radiographs might lead misdiagnosis. Therefore, it is of great significance to use artificial intelligence to segment teeth on panoramic radiographs. In this study, SWin-Unet, the transformer-based Ushaped encoder-decoder architecture with skip-connections, is introduced to perform panoramic radiograph segmentation. To well evaluate the tooth segmentation performance of SWin-Unet, the PLAGH-BH dataset is introduced for the research purpose. The performance is evaluated by F1 score, mean intersection and Union (IoU) and Acc, Compared with U-Net, Link-Net and FPN baselines, SWin-Unet performs much better in PLAGH-BH tooth segmentation dataset. These results indicate that SWin-Unet is more feasible on panoramic radiograph segmentation, and is valuable for the potential clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Sheng
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853 China
- Department of Stomatology, the first Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Lin Wang
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853 China
- Department of Stomatology, the first Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853 China
- Beihang University, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Zhenhuan Huang
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853 China
- Department of Stomatology, the first Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853 China
- Beihang University, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Tian Wang
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853 China
- Department of Stomatology, the first Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853 China
- Beihang University, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Yalin Guo
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853 China
- Department of Stomatology, the first Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853 China
- Beihang University, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Wenjie Hou
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853 China
- Department of Stomatology, the first Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853 China
- Beihang University, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Laiqing Xu
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853 China
- Department of Stomatology, the first Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853 China
- Beihang University, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Jiazhu Wang
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853 China
- Department of Stomatology, the first Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853 China
- Beihang University, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Xue Yan
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853 China
- Department of Stomatology, the first Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853 China
- Beihang University, Beijing, 100191 China
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Bayrakdar IS, Orhan K, Akarsu S, Çelik Ö, Atasoy S, Pekince A, Yasa Y, Bilgir E, Sağlam H, Aslan AF, Odabaş A. Deep-learning approach for caries detection and segmentation on dental bitewing radiographs. Oral Radiol 2022; 38:468-479. [PMID: 34807344 DOI: 10.1007/s11282-021-00577-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study is to recommend an automatic caries detection and segmentation model based on the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) algorithms in dental bitewing radiographs using VGG-16 and U-Net architecture and evaluate the clinical performance of the model comparing to human observer. METHODS A total of 621 anonymized bitewing radiographs were used to progress the Artificial Intelligence (AI) system (CranioCatch, Eskisehir, Turkey) for the detection and segmentation of caries lesions. The radiographs were obtained from the Radiology Archive of the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology of the Faculty of Dentistry of Ordu University. VGG-16 and U-Net implemented with PyTorch models were used for the detection and segmentation of caries lesions, respectively. RESULTS The sensitivity, precision, and F-measure rates for caries detection and caries segmentation were 0.84, 0.81; 0.84, 0.86; and 0.84, 0.84, respectively. Comparing to 5 different experienced observers and AI models on external radiographic dataset, AI models showed superiority to assistant specialists. CONCLUSION CNN-based AI algorithms can have the potential to detect and segmentation of dental caries accurately and effectively in bitewing radiographs. AI algorithms based on the deep-learning method have the potential to assist clinicians in routine clinical practice for quickly and reliably detecting the tooth caries. The use of these algorithms in clinical practice can provide to important benefit to physicians as a clinical decision support system in dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Sevki Bayrakdar
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, 26240, Eskisehir, Turkey.
- Eskisehir Osmangazi University Center of Research and Application for Computer Aided Diagnosis and Treatment in Health, Eskisehir, Turkey.
| | - Kaan Orhan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
- Ankara University Medical Design Application and Research Center (MEDITAM), Ankara, Turkey
| | - Serdar Akarsu
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Özer Çelik
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
- Ankara University Medical Design Application and Research Center (MEDITAM), Ankara, Turkey
| | - Samet Atasoy
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey
| | - Adem Pekince
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Karabuk University, Karabuk, Turkey
| | - Yasin Yasa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey
| | - Elif Bilgir
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, 26240, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Hande Sağlam
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, 26240, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Faruk Aslan
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Alper Odabaş
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
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Vila-Blanco N, Varas-Quintana P, Aneiros-Ardao Á, Tomás I, Carreira MJ. XAS: Automatic yet eXplainable Age and Sex determination by combining imprecise per-tooth predictions. Comput Biol Med 2022; 149:106072. [PMID: 36115299 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.106072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Chronological age and biological sex estimation are two key tasks in a variety of procedures, including human identification and migration control. Issues such as these have led to the development of both semiautomatic and automatic prediction models, but the former are expensive in terms of time and human resources, while the latter lack the interpretability required to be applicable in real-life scenarios. This paper therefore proposes a new, fully automatic methodology for the estimation of age and sex. This first applies a tooth detection by means of a modified CNN with the objective of extracting the oriented bounding boxes of each tooth. Then, it feeds the image features inside the tooth boxes into a second CNN module designed to produce per-tooth age and sex probability distributions. The method then adopts an uncertainty-aware policy to aggregate these estimated distributions. Our approach yielded a lower mean absolute error than any other previously described, at 0.97 years. The accuracy of the sex classification was 91.82%, confirming the suitability of the teeth for this purpose. The proposed model also allows analyses of age and sex estimations on every tooth, enabling experts to identify the most relevant for each task or population cohort or to detect potential developmental problems. In conclusion, the performance of the method in both age and sex predictions is excellent and has a high degree of interpretability, making it suitable for use in a wide range of application scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Vila-Blanco
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Tecnoloxías Intelixentes (CiTIUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Spain.
| | - Paulina Varas-Quintana
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Special Needs Unit, Department of Surgery and Medical Surgical Specialities, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Ángela Aneiros-Ardao
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Special Needs Unit, Department of Surgery and Medical Surgical Specialities, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Inmaculada Tomás
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Tecnoloxías Intelixentes (CiTIUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Oral Sciences Research Group, Special Needs Unit, Department of Surgery and Medical Surgical Specialities, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Spain.
| | - María J Carreira
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Tecnoloxías Intelixentes (CiTIUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Departamento de Electrónica e Computación, Escola Técnica Superior de Enxeñaría, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Spain.
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Muhammed Sunnetci K, Ulukaya S, Alkan A. Periodontal bone loss detection based on hybrid deep learning and machine learning models with a user-friendly application. Biomed Signal Process Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2022.103844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Artificial intelligence-aided detection of ectopic eruption of maxillary first molars based on panoramic radiography. J Dent 2022; 125:104239. [PMID: 35863549 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2022.104239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ectopic eruption (EE) of maxillary permanent first molars (PFMs) is among the most frequent ectopic eruption, which leads to premature loss of adjacent primary second molars, impaction of premolars and a decrease in dental arch length. Apart from oral manifestations such as delayed eruption and discoloration of PFMs, panoramic radiography can reveal EE of maxillary PFMs as well. Identifying eruption anomalies in radiographs can be strongly experience-dependent, leading us to develop here an automatic model that can aid dentists in this task and allow timelier interventions. METHODS Panoramic X-ray images from 1480 patients aged 4-9 years old were used to train an auto-screening model. Another 100 panoramic images were used to validate and test the model. RESULTS The positive and negative predictive values of this auto-screening system were 0.86 and 0.88, respectively, with a specificity of 0.90 and a sensitivity of 0.86. Using the model to aid dentists in detecting EE on the 100 panoramic images led to higher sensitivity and specificity than when three experienced pediatric dentists detected EE manually. CONCLUSIONS Deep learning-based automatic screening system is useful and promising in the detection EE of maxillary PFMs with relatively high specificity. However, deep learning is not completely accurate in the detection of EE. To minimize the effect of possible false negative diagnosis, regular follow-ups and re-evaluation are required if necessary. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Identification of EE through a semi-automatic screening model can improve the efficacy and accuracy of clinical diagnosis compared to human experts alone. This method may allow earlier detection and timelier intervention and management.
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