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Klemp MT, Dose C, Hautmann C, Jendreizik LT, Mühlenmeister J, Plück J, Wähnke L, Döpfner M. Parenting Behaviors as Mediators of the Association Between Parental Internalizing Symptoms and Child Externalizing Symptoms. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2024; 55:916-928. [PMID: 36306027 PMCID: PMC11245424 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-022-01462-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This study analyzes whether the association between parental internalizing symptoms (depression, anxiety, stress) and child symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is mediated by positive and negative parenting behaviors. Cross-sectional data of 420 parents of children (age 6-12 years) with elevated levels of externalizing symptoms were collected in a randomized controlled trial. Measures included parent ratings of their internalizing symptoms and parenting behaviors and of their child's externalizing symptoms. Two mediation models were examined, one including ADHD symptoms and one including ODD symptoms as the dependent variable. Parental internalizing symptoms were modeled as the independent variable and positive and negative parenting behaviors were modeled as parallel mediators. Regression analyses support negative parenting behavior as a mediator of the association between parental internalizing symptoms and child ODD symptoms. For the ADHD model, no significant mediator could be found. Future studies should use prospective designs and consider reciprocal associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Theres Klemp
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, School for Child and Adolescent Cognitive Behavior Therapy (AKiP), University of Cologne, Pohligstr. 9, 50969, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Christina Dose
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, School for Child and Adolescent Cognitive Behavior Therapy (AKiP), University of Cologne, Pohligstr. 9, 50969, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christopher Hautmann
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, School for Child and Adolescent Cognitive Behavior Therapy (AKiP), University of Cologne, Pohligstr. 9, 50969, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lea T Jendreizik
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, School for Child and Adolescent Cognitive Behavior Therapy (AKiP), University of Cologne, Pohligstr. 9, 50969, Cologne, Germany
| | - Judith Mühlenmeister
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, School for Child and Adolescent Cognitive Behavior Therapy (AKiP), University of Cologne, Pohligstr. 9, 50969, Cologne, Germany
| | - Julia Plück
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, School for Child and Adolescent Cognitive Behavior Therapy (AKiP), University of Cologne, Pohligstr. 9, 50969, Cologne, Germany
| | - Laura Wähnke
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, School for Child and Adolescent Cognitive Behavior Therapy (AKiP), University of Cologne, Pohligstr. 9, 50969, Cologne, Germany
| | - Manfred Döpfner
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, School for Child and Adolescent Cognitive Behavior Therapy (AKiP), University of Cologne, Pohligstr. 9, 50969, Cologne, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 10, 50931, Cologne, Germany
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Brancati GE, Cosentino V, Barbuti M, Weiss F, Calderone A, Fierabracci P, Salvetti G, Santini F, Perugi G. Prevalence and Correlates of Self-Reported ADHD Symptoms in Bariatric Patients: Focus on Mood and Anxiety Comorbidity, Disordered Eating, and Temperamental Traits. Obes Surg 2024:10.1007/s11695-024-07308-z. [PMID: 39052175 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-024-07308-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. A positive association between ADHD and obesity has been observed, especially in adult samples. In this study, prevalence and correlates of self-reported symptoms indicative of a positive screening for ADHD were examined in patients seeking bariatric treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study sample was composed of 260 adult patients with obesity referred for bariatric surgery to the Obesity Center of the Endocrinology Unit in Pisa University Hospital between January 2006 and November 2016 (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2; mean ± standard deviation = 46.27 ± 7.45 kg/m2). ADHD symptoms were identified using ADHD Symptom Check-List-90-R Screening Scale. Night-eating, binge-eating/purging behaviors, and temperamental and character traits were assessed in a subsample of 95 patients. RESULTS Thirty participants had a positive screening for ADHD (11.5%, 95% CI = 7.9-16.1%). Patients with a positive screening showed significantly higher rates of anxiety disorders (40% vs. 16.5%, χ2 = 7.97, p = 0.005) panic disorder (40% vs. 14.3%, χ2 = 10.48, p = 0.001), and a higher severity of psychopathological symptoms and sleep disturbances than those without. In subsample analyses, ADHD symptoms severity was associated with more bulimic behaviors (r = 0.31-0.46), greater harm avoidance (r = 0.45-0.66), less self-directedness (r = - 0.44-0.63), and cooperativeness (r = - 0.26-0.42). CONCLUSION ADHD symptoms may be common in patients with obesity seeking bariatric treatment and are positively associated with disordered eating, internalizing features, and maladaptive character traits. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE V, cross sectional descriptive study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Emilio Brancati
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Viarda Cosentino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Margherita Barbuti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Weiss
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alba Calderone
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Obesity and Lipodystrophy Research Center, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paola Fierabracci
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Obesity and Lipodystrophy Research Center, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Guido Salvetti
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Obesity and Lipodystrophy Research Center, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ferruccio Santini
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Obesity and Lipodystrophy Research Center, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulio Perugi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
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Kim S, Kim MS, Kim J, Kim JS, Hong SB. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and subsequent diagnoses of major psychiatric disorders: a nationwide population-based study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2024:10.1007/s00787-024-02497-5. [PMID: 38958762 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-024-02497-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
We evaluated the risk of being diagnosed with various psychiatric disorders after an attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosis using data from South Korea's National Health Insurance Service from 2002 to 2019, which covers approximately 97% of the country's population. ADHD and control groups were selected after propensity score matching was performed for individuals diagnosed with ADHD and their age- and sex-matched counterparts from the general population. Comorbid psychiatric disorders included depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, tic disorder, and schizophrenia. The incidence of newly diagnosed psychiatric disorders was compared between the groups. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated and adjusted for ADHD medication prescription. After matching, 353,898 individuals were assigned to each of the two groups. Compared to the control group, the ADHD group showed a significantly higher risk of being subsequently diagnosed with depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and tic disorder. The onset age of depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia in the ADHD group was 16-17 years, approximately 5 years earlier than that in the control group. The risk for depression was the highest in individuals with high income levels, and that for schizophrenia was the highest among rural patients. The median length of the follow-up time until the diagnosis of each comorbid psychiatric disorder was 7.53, 8.43, 8.53, and 8.34 years for depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and tic disorder, respectively. Individuals with ADHD had an overall higher risk of being diagnosed with subsequent psychiatric disorders than did the controls. Hence, they should be carefully screened for other psychiatric symptoms from an early age and followed up for an extended duration, along with appropriate interventions for ADHD symptoms, including psychosocial treatments and educational approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujin Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi-Sook Kim
- Medical Research Collaborating Center, Biomedical Research Institution, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jinhee Kim
- Medical Research Collaborating Center, Biomedical Research Institution, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Sung Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soon-Beom Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
- Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea.
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McGrath J. The clinical pathway in ADMiRE, Ireland's first public specialist service for children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Ir J Psychol Med 2024:1-8. [PMID: 38825868 DOI: 10.1017/ipm.2024.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder occurring in approximately one in twenty young people in Ireland, and in one-third of those attending Irish Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS). It is important to treat ADHD, as un/poorly treated ADHD is associated with a raft of negative health and socio-economic outcomes. Effective interventions for ADHD are available, and the use of standardised, evidence-based pathways for assessment and management of ADHD optimises outcomes. Despite this, there is no national standardised clinical pathway for assessment and treatment of ADHD in Ireland. ADMiRE, the first public healthcare specialist service for children and adolescents in Ireland, has developed a strongly evidence-based, efficient, effective and safe clinical pathway for assessment and management of ADHD. This paper describes the ADMiRE Clinical Pathway and references ADMiRE resources that are available to other services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane McGrath
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Linn Dara Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services, Cherry Orchard Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Shahbaz R, Saemi E, Doustan M, Hogg JA, Diekfuss JA. The effect of a visual illusion and self-controlled practice on motor learning in children at risk for developmental coordination disorder. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12414. [PMID: 38816488 PMCID: PMC11139998 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63387-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Numerous efforts have been made to test the OPTIMAL theory of motor learning in healthy children and adult populations. However, only a small number of studies have tested this theory in children with cognitive-motor disorders, such as developmental coordination disorder (DCD). The present study aims to examine the individual and additive effects of a visual illusion and self-controlled practice on a golf putting task in children at risk for DCD based on the OPTIMAL theory. Forty children at risk for DCD (mean age = 8.57 ± 1.05 years) were randomly assigned to four experimental groups (1-small visual illusion + self-controlled practice; 2-big visual illusion + self-controlled practice; 3-small visual illusion + yoked; 4-big visual illusion + yoked). Following 12 pretest trials of a golf putting task, the participants completed 5 blocks of 12 trials of practice on the first day. A retention test (12 trials) and a transfer dual-task test (12 trials) were conducted on the second day. The results indicated that in retention test the big visual illusion + self-controlled practice group was significantly better than the small visual illusion + yoked group (p = 0.01), while there was not any other significant difference between groups at retention test as well as between all groups at practice phase and transfer test (p > 0.05 for all comparisons). In other words, an additive effect has been observed just in the retention test but not the practice phase as well as transfer test. In general, the results of this study support the OPTIMAL theory of motor learning in children at risk for DCD and suggests to all educators who work with these children to use the combination of the visual illusion with self-controlled practice to improve the motor learning of children at risk for DCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyhane Shahbaz
- Department of Motor Behavior and Sport Psychology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Esmaeel Saemi
- Department of Motor Behavior and Sport Psychology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Mohammadreza Doustan
- Department of Motor Behavior and Sport Psychology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Jennifer A Hogg
- Department of Health and Human Performance, The University of Tennessee Chattanooga, Chattanooga, TN, USA
| | - Jed A Diekfuss
- Emory Sports Performance And Research Center (SPARC), Flowery Branch, GA, USA
- Emory Sports Medicine Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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De Ronda AC, Rice L, Zhao Y, Rosch KS, Mostofsky SH, Seymour KE. ADHD-related sex differences in emotional symptoms across development. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2024; 33:1419-1432. [PMID: 37368082 PMCID: PMC10986680 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-023-02251-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
To investigate developmental changes in emotion dysregulation (ED) and associated symptoms of emotional lability, irritability, anxiety, and depression, among girls and boys with and without ADHD from childhood through adolescence. Data were collected from a sample of 8-18-year-old children with (n = 264; 76 girls) and without (n = 153; 56 girls) ADHD, with multiple time-points from a subsample of participants (n = 121). Parents and youth completed rating scales assessing child ED, emotional lability, irritability, anxiety, and depression. Mixed effects models were employed to examine effects and interactions of diagnosis, sex [biological sex assigned at birth], age among boys and girls with and without ADHD. Mixed effects analyses showed sexually dimorphic developmental patterns between boys and girls, such that boys with ADHD showed a greater reduction in ED, irritability, and anxiety with age compared to girls with ADHD, whose symptom levels remained elevated relative to TD girls. Depressive symptoms were persistently elevated among girls with ADHD compared to boys with ADHD, whose symptoms decreased with age, relative to same-sex TD peers. While both boys and girls with ADHD showed higher levels of ED during childhood (compared to their sex-matched TD peers), mixed effects analyses revealed substantial sexually dimorphic patterns of emotional symptom change during adolescence: Boys with ADHD showed robust improvements in emotional symptoms from childhood to adolescence while girls with ADHD continued to show high and/or increased levels of ED, emotional lability, irritability, anxiety and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa C De Ronda
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, 716 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Laura Rice
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, 716 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine, 410 West 10th Street, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Keri S Rosch
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, 716 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 716 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Stewart H Mostofsky
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, 716 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 716 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , 716 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Karen E Seymour
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, 716 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 716 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, 6701 Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Dong HY, Miao CY, Xue Y, Zhang Y, Shan L, Jia FY, Du L. Sleep and internalizing problems in primary school children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Pediatr Res 2024:10.1038/s41390-024-03213-4. [PMID: 38637694 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-024-03213-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Internalizing and externalizing problems have received great attention, and children with ADHD exhibit high rates of comorbid internalizing and externalizing disorders. This study aimed to explore the relationship between sleep and internalizing problems in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and the probable mediating role of externalizing problems. METHODS A total of 203 primary school children diagnosed with ADHD for the first time were recruited for this study. Children with ADHD were evaluated by Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ), Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Internalizing problems were represented by emotional symptoms and peer problems of SDQ, and externalizing problems were represented by conduct problems and hyperactivity-inattention problems of SDQ. Multi-step linear regression analysis was used to investigate the mediating effect of externalizing problems on the relationship between sleep and internalizing problems. RESULTS Sleep in children with ADHD was associated with emotional problems in internalizing problems, and conduct problems in externalizing problems mediated the association between sleep and emotional problems. CONCLUSION For children with ADHD, when it is difficult to identify internalizing problems, especially emotional problems, we can take sleep and externalizing problems as clues to improve our clinical ability to recognize and deal with emotional problems. IMPACT 1. We first explored the possible mediating role of conduct problems between sleep and emotional problems in primary school children with ADHD. 2. When it is difficult to identify internalizing problems, especially emotional problems, we can take sleep and externalizing problems as clues to improve our clinical ability to recognize emotional problems for children with ADHD. 3. For children with ADHD with potential internalizing problems, especially emotional problems, interventions for their sleep and externalizing problems may be the possible methods to deal with.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yu Dong
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Children's Medical Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- The Child Health Clinical Research Center of Jilin Province, Changchun, China
| | - Chun-Yue Miao
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Children's Medical Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- The Child Health Clinical Research Center of Jilin Province, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Xue
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Children's Medical Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- The Child Health Clinical Research Center of Jilin Province, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Children's Medical Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- The Child Health Clinical Research Center of Jilin Province, Changchun, China
| | - Ling Shan
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Children's Medical Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- The Child Health Clinical Research Center of Jilin Province, Changchun, China
| | - Fei-Yong Jia
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Children's Medical Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- The Child Health Clinical Research Center of Jilin Province, Changchun, China
| | - Lin Du
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Children's Medical Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
- The Child Health Clinical Research Center of Jilin Province, Changchun, China.
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8
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Predescu E, Vaidean T, Rapciuc AM, Sipos R. Metabolomic Markers in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) among Children and Adolescents-A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4385. [PMID: 38673970 PMCID: PMC11050195 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), characterized by clinical diversity, poses diagnostic challenges often reliant on subjective assessments. Metabolomics presents an objective approach, seeking biomarkers for precise diagnosis and targeted interventions. This review synthesizes existing metabolomic insights into ADHD, aiming to reveal biological mechanisms and diagnostic potentials. A thorough PubMed and Web of Knowledge search identified studies exploring blood/urine metabolites in ADHD-diagnosed or psychometrically assessed children and adolescents. Synthesis revealed intricate links between ADHD and altered amino acid metabolism, neurotransmitter dysregulation (especially dopamine and serotonin), oxidative stress, and the kynurenine pathway impacting neurotransmitter homeostasis. Sleep disturbance markers, notably in melatonin metabolism, and stress-induced kynurenine pathway activation emerged. Distinct metabolic signatures, notably in the kynurenine pathway, show promise as potential diagnostic markers. Despite limitations like participant heterogeneity, this review underscores the significance of integrated therapeutic approaches targeting amino acid metabolism, neurotransmitters, and stress pathways. While guiding future research, this overview of the metabolomic findings in ADHD suggests directions for precision diagnostics and personalized ADHD interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Predescu
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Pediatric Psychiatry, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 57 Republicii Street, 400489 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Tudor Vaidean
- Clinic of Pediatric Psychiatry and Addiction, Clinical Emergency Hospital for Children, 57 Republicii Street, 400489 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Andreea-Marlena Rapciuc
- Clinical Department of Nephrology, County Emergency Clinical Hospital Cluj, 3-5 Clinicilor Street, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Roxana Sipos
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Pediatric Psychiatry, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 57 Republicii Street, 400489 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
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9
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Pauli-Pott U, Skoluda N, Nater UM, Becker K, Derz F, Kaspar E, Kasperzack D, Kehm K, Kött M, Mann C, Schurek P, Pott W, Schloß S. Long-term cortisol secretion in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: roles of sex, comorbidity, and symptom presentation. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2024; 33:569-579. [PMID: 36917355 PMCID: PMC10869441 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-023-02180-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Low activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPAA) has been found in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The condition may be related to the reduced attention regulation capacity and/or to comorbid oppositional defiant or conduct disorder (ODD/CD). Sex differences are probable but not sufficiently studied. We analyzed the HPAA activity and sympathetic nervous system reactivity (SR) in children with ADHD while accounting for ADHD symptom presentation, comorbidity, and sex differences. The sample comprised 205 children, 98 (61 boys, 37 girls) with ADHD and 107 (48 boys, 59 girls) healthy controls. DSM-5 phenotypic symptom presentation and comorbid ODD/CD were assessed using clinical interviews. Hair cortisol concentration (HCC) was used to assess the long-term, cumulative activity of the HPAA. SR was assessed via skin conductance response (SCR). For control purposes, comorbid internalizing symptoms and indicators of adverse childhood experiences (ACE) were assessed. Children were medication naive. Boys presenting with predominantly inattentive symptoms (ADHD-I) showed lower HCC than healthy boys. Girls presenting with combined symptoms (ADHD-C) showed higher HCC than did healthy girls (p's < 0.05, sex-by-group interaction, F (2,194) = 4.09, p = 0.018). Boys with ADHD plus ODD/CD showed a blunted SR (p < 0.001, sex-by-group interaction, F (2,172) = 3.08, p = 0.048). Adjustment for ACE indicators led to non-significant differences in HCC but did not affect differences in SR. HCC constitutes an easily assessable, reliable, and valid marker of phenotypic ADHD-related features (i.e. symptom presentation and comorbidity). It indicates more homogenous subgroups of ADHD and might point to specifically involved pathophysiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Pauli-Pott
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University of Marburg, Schützenstrasse 45, 35039, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Nadine Skoluda
- Clinical Psychology, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Liebiggasse 5, 1010, Vienna, Austria
- Research Platform The Stress of Life (SOLE)-Processes and Mechanisms underlying Everyday Life Stress, Vienna, Austria
| | - Urs M Nater
- Clinical Psychology, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Liebiggasse 5, 1010, Vienna, Austria
- Research Platform The Stress of Life (SOLE)-Processes and Mechanisms underlying Everyday Life Stress, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katja Becker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University of Marburg, Schützenstrasse 45, 35039, Marburg, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg Justus Liebig University Giessen, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 6, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Friederike Derz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University of Marburg, Schützenstrasse 45, 35039, Marburg, Germany
| | - Elena Kaspar
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University of Marburg, Schützenstrasse 45, 35039, Marburg, Germany
| | - Daria Kasperzack
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University of Marburg, Schützenstrasse 45, 35039, Marburg, Germany
| | - Kira Kehm
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University of Marburg, Schützenstrasse 45, 35039, Marburg, Germany
| | - Marie Kött
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University of Marburg, Schützenstrasse 45, 35039, Marburg, Germany
| | - Christopher Mann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University of Marburg, Schützenstrasse 45, 35039, Marburg, Germany
| | - Pia Schurek
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University of Marburg, Schützenstrasse 45, 35039, Marburg, Germany
| | - Wilfried Pott
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University of Marburg, Schützenstrasse 45, 35039, Marburg, Germany
| | - Susan Schloß
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University of Marburg, Schützenstrasse 45, 35039, Marburg, Germany
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Jallow J, Halt AH, Kerkelä M, Hurtig T, Miettunen J. Association of temperament and character traits with ADHD and its comorbidities. Nord J Psychiatry 2024; 78:64-70. [PMID: 37772465 DOI: 10.1080/08039488.2023.2262994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence suggests that personality traits may be associated with ADHD and comorbid concerns. We investigated temperament and character traits associated with internalizing and externalizing comorbidities in adolescents with or without ADHD. METHODS The population consisted of a subsample (n = 457) of the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 (NFBC1986) that comprised 16-year-old adolescents with and without symptoms of ADHD. ADHD and psychiatric comorbidities were assessed using the Kiddie-SADS-PL and temperament and character profiles were determined with TCI-125. Outcomes were examined using Pearson's chi-square test, Analyses of Covariance and Cohen's d. RESULTS The adolescents with ADHD endorsed more novelty seeking and less persistence, self-directedness, and cooperativeness than those without. Comparison of the personality traits and psychiatric comorbidities with the ADHD cases showed that comorbidities did not particularly affect the temperament and character profiles, but rather ADHD accounted for the differences between the personality traits. However, the temperament and character traits predicted externalizing and internalizing psychiatric disorders in the control group. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal unique comorbidity-related temperament factors, which may have implications for adaptive and personalizing intervention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jandeh Jallow
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Anu-Helmi Halt
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Martta Kerkelä
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tuula Hurtig
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Clinic of Child Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jouko Miettunen
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Research Unit of Population Health, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Gilbert M, Boecker M, Reiss F, Kaman A, Erhart M, Schlack R, Westenhöfer J, Döpfner M, Ravens-Sieberer U. Gender and Age Differences in ADHD Symptoms and Co-occurring Depression and Anxiety Symptoms Among Children and Adolescents in the BELLA Study. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2023:10.1007/s10578-023-01622-w. [PMID: 37851158 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-023-01622-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most diagnosed neurodevelopmental disorders of childhood. Current studies addressing gender and age differences in ADHD are lacking. The present study aims to fill this research gap by dimensionally evaluating gender and age differences in ADHD symptoms, as measured by a DSM-5-based parent rating scale, in children and adolescents who participated in the two-year follow-up of the community-based BELLA study (n = 1326). Associations between ADHD symptoms and depression symptoms and anxiety symptoms were also examined. Multiple linear regressions revealed significant associations between gender and all ADHD symptoms. Age was significantly associated with hyperactive/impulsive symptoms. Additional multiple linear regressions demonstrated significant positive associations between depression and anxiety symptoms and ADHD symptoms. Further, female gender was found to be positively associated with both depression and anxiety symptoms. These findings may suggest a need for more gender-specific approaches to ADHD diagnosis and treatment, as well as more research into the intersections of ADHD and depression and anxiety symptoms in children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Gilbert
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maren Boecker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Reiss
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anne Kaman
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Erhart
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Alice Salomon University of Applied Sciences, Berlin, Germany
- Apollon University of Applied Sciences, Bremen, Germany
| | - Robert Schlack
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joachim Westenhöfer
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Competence Center Health, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Döpfner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ulrike Ravens-Sieberer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Research Section "Child Public Health", University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, W 29, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
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12
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Nobusako S, Wen W, Osumi M, Nakai A, Morioka S. Action-outcome Regularity Perceptual Sensitivity in Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2023:10.1007/s10803-023-06144-x. [PMID: 37812371 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-023-06144-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE An internal model deficit is considered to underlie developmental coordination disorder (DCD); thus, children with DCD have an altered sense of agency (SoA), which is associated with depressive symptoms. Furthermore, the perception of action-outcome regularity is present in early development, is involved in the generation of SoA, and has roles in adaptive motor learning and coordinated motor skills. However, perceptual sensitivity to action-outcome regularity has not been examined in children with DCD. METHODS We investigated perceptual sensitivity to action-outcome regularity in 6-15-year-old children with DCD and age- and sex-matched typically developing (TD) children. Both groups were assessed for coordinated motor skills with the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2nd Edition, while the DCD group was assessed with the DCD Questionnaire, Social Communication Questionnaire, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder-Rating Scale, and Depression Self- Rating Scale for Children. RESULTS Perceptual sensitivity to action-outcome regularity was significantly reduced in children with DCD. However, there was a significant correlation between perceptual sensitivity to action-outcome regularity and age in DCD and TD children. Perceptual sensitivity to action-outcome regularity was significantly lower in younger children with DCD than in younger and older TD children, but there were no significant differences between older children with DCD and younger and older TD children. CONCLUSION The current results suggest that children with DCD have significantly reduced perceptual sensitivity to action-outcome regularity at younger ages, which may alter SoA and inhibit internal model development, thereby reducing motor skill coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Nobusako
- Neurorehabilitation Research Center, Kio University, 4-2-2 Umaminaka, Koryo-cho, Kitakatsuragi-gun, Nara, 635-0832, Japan.
- Graduate School of Health Science, Kio University, Koryo-cho, Nara, Japan.
| | - Wen Wen
- Department of Psychology, Rikkyo University, Niiza, Saitama, Japan
| | - Michihiro Osumi
- Neurorehabilitation Research Center, Kio University, 4-2-2 Umaminaka, Koryo-cho, Kitakatsuragi-gun, Nara, 635-0832, Japan
- Graduate School of Health Science, Kio University, Koryo-cho, Nara, Japan
| | - Akio Nakai
- Graduate School of Clinical Education, The Center for the Study of Child Development, Institute for Education, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Shu Morioka
- Neurorehabilitation Research Center, Kio University, 4-2-2 Umaminaka, Koryo-cho, Kitakatsuragi-gun, Nara, 635-0832, Japan
- Graduate School of Health Science, Kio University, Koryo-cho, Nara, Japan
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13
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Pranjić M, Rahman N, Kamenetskiy A, Mulligan K, Pihl S, Arnett AB. A systematic review of behavioral and neurobiological profiles associated with coexisting attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and developmental coordination disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 153:105389. [PMID: 37704094 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and developmental coordination disorder (DCD) co-occur in approximately 50% of cases. This study aimed to characterize the behavioral, cognitive, and neurobiological profiles of co-occurring ADHD and DCD diagnoses by mapping, synthesizing, and providing a critical appraisal of the existing literature. A systematic search was conducted across four databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Embase, and Scopus) to identify studies comparing a coexisting ADHD+DCD diagnosis to ADHD and DCD alone. From 2353 screened articles, 15 behavioral and 10 neuroimaging studies were included. Collectively, these studies suggest that the comorbid ADHD+DCD presentation constitutes a more severe phenotype characterized by neurocognitive differences associated with both conditions. Despite sharing some common neural features, our findings support the separate etiology hypothesis indicating that neural network alterations in individuals with ADHD+DCD represent a unique neural pattern rather than a sum of ADHD and DCD characteristics. Considering the heterogeneity inherent to both ADHD and DCD, future studies should involve rigorous and comprehensive assessment procedures to delineate how different subtypes of each diagnosis relate to distinct performance characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Pranjić
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Navin Rahman
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adelia Kamenetskiy
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kaitlin Mulligan
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen Pihl
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anne B Arnett
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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14
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Gutiérrez-Casares JR, Segú-Vergés C, Sabate Chueca J, Pozo-Rubio T, Coma M, Montoto C, Quintero J. In silico evaluation of the role of lisdexamfetamine on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder common psychiatric comorbidities: mechanistic insights on binge eating disorder and depression. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1118253. [PMID: 37457000 PMCID: PMC10347683 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1118253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a psychiatric condition well recognized in the pediatric population that can persist into adulthood. The vast majority of patients with ADHD present psychiatric comorbidities that have been suggested to share, to some extent, the pathophysiological mechanism of ADHD. Lisdexamfetamine (LDX) is a stimulant prodrug approved for treating ADHD and, in the US, also for binge eating disorder (BED). Herein, we evaluated, through a systems biology-based in silico method, the efficacy of a virtual model of LDX (vLDX) as ADHD treatment to improve five common ADHD psychiatric comorbidities in adults and children, and we explored the molecular mechanisms behind LDX's predicted efficacy. After the molecular characterization of vLDX and the comorbidities (anxiety, BED, bipolar disorder, depression, and tics disorder), we created a protein-protein interaction human network to which we applied artificial neural networks (ANN) algorithms. We also generated virtual populations of adults and children-adolescents totaling 2,600 individuals and obtained the predicted protein activity from Therapeutic Performance Mapping System models. The latter showed that ADHD molecular description shared 53% of its protein effectors with at least one studied psychiatric comorbidity. According to the ANN analysis, proteins targeted by vLDX are predicted to have a high probability of being related to BED and depression. In BED, vLDX was modeled to act upon neurotransmission and neuroplasticity regulators, and, in depression, vLDX regulated the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and glutamatergic excitotoxicity. In conclusion, our modeling results, despite their limitations and although requiring in vitro or in vivo validation, could supplement the design of preclinical and potentially clinical studies that investigate treatment for patients with ADHD with psychiatric comorbidities, especially from a molecular point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Ramón Gutiérrez-Casares
- Unidad Ambulatoria de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental de la Infancia, Niñez y Adolescencia, Hospital Perpetuo Socorro, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Cristina Segú-Vergés
- Anaxomics Biotech, Barcelona, Spain
- Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Carmen Montoto
- Department of Medical, Takeda Farmacéutica España, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Quintero
- Servicio de Psiquiatría, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, Departamento de Medicina Legal, Patología y Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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15
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Thompson KN, Agnew-Blais JC, Allegrini AG, Bryan BT, Danese A, Odgers CL, Matthews T, Arseneault L. Do Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms Become Socially Isolated? Longitudinal Within-Person Associations in a Nationally Representative Cohort. JAACAP OPEN 2023; 1:12-23. [PMID: 37312759 PMCID: PMC10259183 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaacop.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Objective This study examined longitudinal associations between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and social isolation across childhood. The study tested the direction of this association across time, while accounting for preexisting characteristics, and assessed whether this association varied by ADHD presentation, informant, sex, and socioeconomic status. Method Participants included 2,232 children from the Environmental Risk (E-Risk) Longitudinal Twin Study. ADHD symptoms and social isolation were measured at ages 5, 7, 10, and 12. Random-intercept cross-lagged panel models were used to assess the directionality of the association across childhood. Results Children with increased ADHD symptoms were consistently at increased risk of becoming socially isolated later in childhood, over and above stable characteristics (β = .05-.08). These longitudinal associations were not bidirectional; isolated children were not at risk of worsening ADHD symptoms later on. Children with hyperactive ADHD presentation were more likely to become isolated, compared with inattentive presentation. This was evident in the school setting, as observed by teachers, but not by mothers at home. Conclusion The study findings highlight the importance of enhancing peer social support and inclusion for children with ADHD, particularly in school settings. This study adds explanatory value beyond traditional longitudinal methods, as the results represent how individual children change over time, relative to their own preexisting characteristics. Diversity & Inclusion Statement We worked to ensure sex and gender balance in the recruitment of human participants. We worked to ensure that the study questionnaires were prepared in an inclusive way. One or more of the authors of this paper self-identifies as a member of one or more historically underrepresented sexual and/or gender groups in science. We actively worked to promote sex and gender balance in our author group. The author list of this paper includes contributors from the location and/or community where the research was conducted who participated in the data collection, design, analysis, and/or interpretation of the work.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrea G. Allegrini
- King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Andrea Danese
- King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Candice L. Odgers
- University of California Irvine, California, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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16
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Yasunaga M, Miyaguchi H, Ishizuki C, Kita Y, Nakai A. Cognitive Orientation to Daily Occupational Performance: A Randomized Controlled Trial Examining Intervention Effects on Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder Traits. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13050721. [PMID: 37239193 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13050721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Children with traits of developmental coordination disorder (DCD-t) may experience occupational performance problems that go unrecognized and therefore may not be adequately supported. The cognitive orientation to daily occupational performance (CO-OP) approach has been effective in interventions for developmental coordination disorder (DCD). Based on an open-label, randomized controlled trial design, this study evaluated the effects of CO-OP on the occupational performance and motor skills of older kindergarten children with DCD-t using the School Assessment of Motor and Process Skills (S-AMPS) and the Movement Assessment Battery for Children, Second Edition. Children with a total DCDQ score of less than 40 or M-ABC2 scores in the 5th to 16th percentile were considered to have DCD-t. Furthermore, children with DCD-t and S-AMPS process skills less than 0.7 were considered to have DAMP (Deficits in Attention, Motor control and Perception)-t. After 3 months of CO-OP intervention, the performance and motor skills of children with DCD-t improved significantly. However, there were no significant changes noted in the motor skills of children with DAMP-t, although their occupational performance improved. These results suggest that CO-OP is effective even for older kindergarten children with DCD-t. However, further improvement of the CO-OP approach or a different strategy is required for children with ADHD comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Yasunaga
- Health and Counseling Center, Campus Life Health Support/Consultation Center, Osaka University, 3rd Floor, Student Exchange Building, 1-10 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Hideki Miyaguchi
- Department of Human Behavior Science of Occupational Therapy, Health Sciences Major, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Minamiku Kasumi, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Chinami Ishizuki
- Department of Human Behavior Science of Occupational Therapy, Health Sciences Major, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Minamiku Kasumi, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Yosuke Kita
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Letters, Keio University, 2-15-45 Mita, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8345, Japan
- Cognitive Brain Research Unit (CBRU), Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 3B Haartmaninkatu, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Akio Nakai
- Graduate School of Clinical Education & The Center for the Study of Child Development, Institute for Education, Mukogawa Women's University, 6-46 Ikebiraki, Nishinomiya 663-8558, Japan
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17
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Lind PA, Medland SE. censusADHD Study: An Australian-wide medication-based recruitment study for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2023; 57:252-263. [PMID: 35360968 DOI: 10.1177/00048674221089234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder affects over 5% of children and is characterised by a persistent pattern of problems with focussing or maintaining attention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity. The censusADHD Study is a richly phenotyped nationwide cohort of Australian children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The overarching aims of the study are to examine attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder medication utilisation patterns and treatment response, the impact of children's attention and behavioural problems on caregivers, and costs related to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. METHODS Families of potential attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder cases aged between 6 and 11 years were identified using Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme prescription records for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder medications held by Services Australia and sent a study information letter. Data were collected from 1574 primary caregivers via online survey in 2015, including the behavioural profile of the child, the child's medication use and experiences with side effects and the impact of the child's behaviour on the caregiver. Approximately 81% of caregivers also consented to record linkage of the child's Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme and Medicare Benefits Schedule claims to directly assess prescription dispensing history and health service usage to estimate costs to the family and Medicare health system. RESULTS Boys were diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder earlier (p = 0.021), more likely to present as the combined and predominantly hyperactive subtypes (p = 0.001) and at higher risk of experiencing a school suspension (p < 0.001) or expulsion (p = 0.043). Overall, children presenting as the combined subtype had higher rates of psychiatric comorbidities (p < 0.001). Finally, prescription costs for each family and the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme significantly increased in the year following attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder diagnosis (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Research examining the psychosocial and financial impact of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder on Australian children and their families is needed. Our findings demonstrate the importance of examining both gender and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder subtype presentation in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope A Lind
- Psychiatric Genetics, Mental Health and Neuroscience Research Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sarah E Medland
- Psychiatric Genetics, Mental Health and Neuroscience Research Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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18
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Pauli-Pott U, Cosan AS, Schloß S, Skoluda N, Nater UM, Tumala S, Kruse J, Peters EMJ. Hair brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) as predictor of developing psychopathological symptoms in childhood. J Affect Disord 2023; 320:428-435. [PMID: 36208686 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysregulation in the expression of neurotrophins is implicated in the pathophysiology of several mental disorders. Peripheral brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) can be measured in hair and might represent a marker of adequate neuroplasticity regulation. In early developmental periods, neuroplasticity regulation might be particularly important, but BDNF markers have not yet been analyzed in this regard. We used the hair-BDNF concentration (HBC) to investigate the prediction of emerging symptoms of anxiety/depressive and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the developmentally crucial period from preschool to school age. METHODS 117 children (58 girls, 59 boys) participated in a longitudinal study at the ages of 4-5 (T1) and 8 (T2) years. At T1, HBC was measured in a 3 cm hair segment. At T1 and T2, symptom domains were assessed using a multi-method (clinical interview, questionnaire) and multi-informant approach. RESULTS T1 HBC was significantly negatively associated with T1 anxiety/depressive symptoms (r = -0.27) and predicted T2 anxiety disorder symptoms (r = -0.34) after controlling for the T1 symptoms. T1 HBC also predicted T2 depressive disorder symptoms (r = -0.18) but was not associated with ADHD symptom development. LIMITATIONS BDNF hair analysis is a new method with a not yet large number of studies on methodological issues. Our study adds evidence to the validity of the method. CONCLUSIONS Prediction of anxiety/depressive symptom development by HBC was shown. As this study was the first to use HBC in this context, cross-validation is necessary and worthwhile. HBC might prove to constitute a useful, non-invasive early marker of risk for anxiety/depressive disorders in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Pauli-Pott
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Alisa Susann Cosan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Susan Schloß
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Nadine Skoluda
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Urs M Nater
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Susanne Tumala
- Psychoneuroimmunology Laboratory, Justus-Liebig-University of Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Johannes Kruse
- Department of Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Justus-Liebig-University of Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Eva M J Peters
- Psychoneuroimmunology Laboratory, Justus-Liebig-University of Gießen, Gießen, Germany; Charité Center 12 for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department of Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Universitätsmedizin-Charité, Berlin, Germany
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19
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Meyer J, Zetterqvist V, Unenge Hallerbäck M, Ramklint M, Isaksson J. Moderators of long-term treatment outcome when comparing two group interventions for adolescents with ADHD: who benefits more from DBT-based skills training? BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:767. [PMID: 36474201 PMCID: PMC9724371 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-04435-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychosocial interventions for adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), targeting emotional dysregulation and impulsive behaviors, have been requested, but the heterogeneity within this group makes it unlikely that there is one treatment that fits all. The aim of this study was to identify which adolescents with ADHD might have an effect from a structured skills training group (SSTG) based on dialectical behavioral therapy, by exploring pre-treatment characteristics as potential moderators of long-term treatment outcome. METHODS This study was based on follow-up data from a randomized controlled trial comparing the SSTG (n = 71) to a psychoeducational control intervention (n = 57) for adolescents with ADHD (15-18 years old). Clinical characteristics (sex, age, medication status, ADHD presentation, severity of ADHD symptom, psychiatric comorbidity, impairment of emotional dysregulation and functional impairment) were explored as potential moderators of pre-treatment to follow-up change in ADHD symptoms and functional impairment. Moderation analyses were performed using the PROCESS macro for SPSS. RESULTS Three moderators (severity of hyperactivity/impulsivity, conduct problems and impairment of emotional dysregulation) were identified in regard to the outcome self-rated change in ADHD symptoms. Participants with elevated pre-scores on these variables had a better effect of the SSTG than of the psychoeducational control intervention. No moderators were found in regard to the parental-rated outcomes. CONCLUSIONS The SSTG seems to be beneficial for adolescents with ADHD who perceive pronounced symptoms of hyperactivity/impulsivity, conduct problems and emotional dysregulation. Our findings need to be confirmed in future trials evaluating dialectical behavioral therapy-based skills training for adolescents with ADHD, where these moderators could be used as criteria for inclusion or stratification. TRIAL REGISTRATION https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN17366720 , retrospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Meyer
- grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Department of Medical Sciences, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden ,grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vendela Zetterqvist
- grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Department of Medical Sciences, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden ,grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Unenge Hallerbäck
- grid.15895.300000 0001 0738 8966School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden ,grid.20258.3d0000 0001 0721 1351Public Health Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Mia Ramklint
- grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Department of Medical Sciences, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Isaksson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. .,Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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20
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Protopapa C, Smith-Spark JH. Self-reported symptoms of developmental dyslexia predict impairments in everyday cognition in adults. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2022; 128:104288. [PMID: 35728437 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2022.104288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research into the impact of dyslexia on everyday cognition in adults with dyslexia is relatively limited and has tended to focus on university students. AIMS AND METHODS The present online study aimed to add to this small corpus by investigating the everyday effects of dyslexia on memory and attention in a larger community-based sample. One hundred and seventy-two adult volunteers completed five well-established self-report questionnaires, assessing dyslexia and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder symptomatology and everyday experiences with memory, attention, and mind-wandering. RESULTS After controlling for ADHD symptomatology, hierarchical regression analyses revealed that higher levels of dyslexia-related symptomatology were associated with greater, more frequent everyday memory and attentional problems, but not with a greater propensity to mind-wandering. Increased levels of dyslexia symptomatology were positively associated with the frequency of both everyday attentional lapses (at least when performing a pair of tasks or easy tasks while inhibiting intervening stimuli) and everyday memory failures. No significant associations were found between dyslexia symptomatology and attentional lapses when performing difficult tasks in the presence of concurrent stimuli or between dyslexia symptomatology and the propensity to mind-wandering. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Dyslexia symptomatology was perceived as being associated with more everyday memory and attention problems in adulthood. Adjustments to educational and workplace settings and interventions to compensate for these difficulties are proposed.
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21
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Badrfam R, Zandifar A, Barkhori Mehni M, Farid M, Rahiminejad F. Comorbidity of adult ADHD and substance use disorder in a sample of inpatients bipolar disorder in Iran. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:480. [PMID: 35854247 PMCID: PMC9295524 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-04124-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS The study of the relationship between adult Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and bipolar disorder has received more attention in recent years and there is limited information in this area. On the other hand, there is a significant comorbidity between ADHD and bipolar disorder with substance use disorder. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of comorbidity of adult ADHD and substance use disorder among a group of bipolar patients admitted to a psychiatric hospital. METHODS One hundred fifty patients from a total of 200 consecutive patients who were referred to the emergency department of Roozbeh Psychiatric Hospital in Tehran, diagnosed with bipolar disorder based on the initial psychiatric interview and needed hospitalization, were evaluated again by an experienced faculty member psychiatrist by using a subsequent interview based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition(DSM-5). They were evaluated using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (SCID-5) questionnaire to confirm the diagnosis of bipolar disorder and the comorbidity of adult ADHD and substance use disorder. RESULTS From 150 patients diagnosed with bipolar disorder, 106 patients (70.7%) had adult ADHD. 89 patients (59.3%) had substance use disorder and 58 patients (38.7%) had both of these comorbidities with bipolar disorder. Comorbidity of adult ADHD was associated with the earlier onset of the first mood episode in bipolar disorder (p value = 0.025). There was no statistically significant relationship between substance use disorder and age of onset of the first episode. (P value = 0.57). CONCLUSIONS Due to the limitations of studies on adult ADHD comorbidity with bipolar disorder, especially in hospital settings, as well as the increased risk of association with substance use disorder, further multicenter studies in this area with larger sample sizes can increase awareness in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahim Badrfam
- grid.411705.60000 0001 0166 0922Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atefeh Zandifar
- grid.411705.60000 0001 0166 0922Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran ,grid.411705.60000 0001 0166 0922Department of Psychiatry, Imam Hossein Hospital, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mahdi Barkhori Mehni
- grid.411705.60000 0001 0166 0922Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Malihe Farid
- grid.411705.60000 0001 0166 0922Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran ,grid.411705.60000 0001 0166 0922Non Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rahiminejad
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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22
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Zheng Q, Cheng YY, Sonuga-Barke E, Shum KKM. Do Executive Dysfunction, Delay Aversion, and Time Perception Deficit Predict ADHD Symptoms and Early Academic Performance in Preschoolers. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2022; 50:1381-1397. [PMID: 35689730 PMCID: PMC9187895 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-022-00937-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are commonly observed to have learning difficulties. This study examined how three neuropsychological constructs—executive dysfunction, delay aversion, and time perception—were associated with ADHD symptoms and early academic performance in preschoolers at risk of ADHD. One hundred and thirty-one preschoolers (70 boys, 53%) aged 4 to 6 (M = 5.31 years) were assessed on their ADHD-related behaviors, neuropsychological functioning, word reading, and math abilities at two time points one year apart. Factor analysis indicated that inhibitory and attentional control deficit, delay aversion, and time perception/working memory deficit were three dissociable factors. Among the three factors, inhibitory and attentional control measured at Time 1 was the strongest predictor of ADHD symptoms at both Time 1 and Time 2. Time perception was closely related to working memory, and they predicted word reading and numeration across time most strongly among other neuropsychological constructs. Our findings suggested that inhibitory and attentional control, delay aversion, and time perception are dissociable neuropsychological deficits underlying ADHD symptoms in preschoolers. Poor time perception may serve as a marker for the early identification of preschoolers with potential learning problems, and a possible target of intervention for ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Que Zheng
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu Yan Cheng
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Edmund Sonuga-Barke
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
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23
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James ME, Graham JD, Chirico D, King-Dowling S, Cairney J. Investigating the mediating role of internalizing and externalizing problems on physical fitness in children at risk for Developmental Coordination Disorder. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2022; 47:575-581. [PMID: 35167349 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2021-0369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) have poorer fitness and greater internalizing/externalizing problems compared with typically developing (TD) children. The purpose of this study was to examine the potential mediating role of internalizing/externalizing problems on the relationship between children at risk for DCD (DCDr) and physical fitness. Participants (N = 589) included 288 children with DCDr (Mage = 4.9, 67% male) and 301 TD children (Mage = 5.0, 48% male). Motor skills were assessed using the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2nd edition (DCDr: at or below the 16th percentile, TD: >16th percentile). Parent-reported internalizing/externalizing problems were measured using the Child Behaviour Checklist. Physical fitness was measured using the Bruce protocol maximal treadmill test and a 30-second Wingate test. Tests for indirect (mediation) effects were assessed using the PROCESS v3.5 software macro. Children with DCDr had higher internalizing and externalizing problems (p < 0.001, d = 0.35-0.46) and poorer fitness levels (p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.05-0.09). Internalizing problems mediated fitness performance on both the treadmill and Wingate test; however, externalizing problems showed no mediating effects. Thus, interventions targeting internalizing problems may contribute to improving performance on fitness-based tasks among children with DCDr. Novelty: Children at risk for DCD have poorer fitness when compared with TD children. Children at risk for DCD experience greater internalizing/externalizing problems. Internalizing problems were found to mediate the DCD-physical fitness relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maeghan E James
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeffrey D Graham
- Infant and Child Health (INCH) Lab, Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniele Chirico
- Infant and Child Health (INCH) Lab, Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sara King-Dowling
- Infant and Child Health (INCH) Lab, Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John Cairney
- Infant and Child Health (INCH) Lab, Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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24
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Loh HW, Ooi CP, Barua PD, Palmer EE, Molinari F, Acharya UR. Automated detection of ADHD: Current trends and future perspective. Comput Biol Med 2022; 146:105525. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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25
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Balogh L, Pulay AJ, Réthelyi JM. Genetics in the ADHD Clinic: How Can Genetic Testing Support the Current Clinical Practice? Front Psychol 2022; 13:751041. [PMID: 35350735 PMCID: PMC8957927 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.751041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with a childhood prevalence of 5%. In about two-thirds of the cases, ADHD symptoms persist into adulthood and often cause significant functional impairment. Based on the results of family and twin studies, the estimated heritability of ADHD approximates 80%, suggests a significant genetic component in the etiological background of the disorder; however, the potential genetic effects on disease risk, symptom severity, and persistence are unclear. This article provides a brief review of the genome-wide and candidate gene association studies with a focus on the clinical aspects, summarizing findings of ADHD disease risk, ADHD core symptoms as dimensional traits, and other traits frequently associated with ADHD, which may contribute to the susceptibility to other comorbid psychiatric disorders. Furthermore, neuropsychological impairment and measures from neuroimaging and electrophysiological paradigms, emerging as potential biomarkers, also provide a prominent target for molecular genetic studies, since they lie in the pathway from genes to behavior; therefore, they can contribute to the understanding of the underlying neurobiological mechanisms and the interindividual heterogeneity of clinical symptoms. Beyond the aforementioned aspects, throughout the review, we also give a brief summary of the genetic results, including polygenic risk scores that can potentially predict individual response to different treatment options and may offer a possibility for personalized treatment for the therapy of ADHD in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia Balogh
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila J Pulay
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - János M Réthelyi
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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26
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Wexler D, Salgado R, Gornik A, Peterson R, Pritchard A. What's race got to do with it? Informant rating discrepancies in neuropsychological evaluations for children with ADHD. Clin Neuropsychol 2022; 36:264-286. [PMID: 34238112 PMCID: PMC8985113 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2021.1944671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate race-based discrepancies in informant ratings and in rates of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) diagnosis among a clinically referred sample of Black and White children. METHOD Demographic information and ratings of inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity, and conduct were collected from caregivers and teachers as part of neuropsychological evaluations at an outpatient clinic. The final sample included 3,943 children (6-18 years), of which 70% were White and 30% were Black. RESULTS Teachers, but not caregivers, endorsed more inattentive symptoms and conduct problems for Black than for White children, irrespective of ADHD diagnostic status and socioeconomic status (SES), and after controlling for child sex, child age, and learning difficulties. Teachers endorsed more hyperactive/impulsive symptoms for Black children with ADHD of lower SES than for White children with these characteristics. Caregivers of Black children of higher SES reported fewer hyperactive/impulsive symptoms than caregivers of White children of higher SES. Despite differences in teachers' ratings by race, diagnostic rates of ADHD in the context of neuropsychological evaluations were comparable for Black and White children. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with previous literature, teachers endorsed more ADHD and conduct problems in Black children. Within our clinically referred sample, this may reflect teacher bias rather than actual prevalence differences by rafce, given that Black caregivers endorsed fewer or similar numbers of symptoms relative to White caregivers. This lack of racial disparities in rates of ADHD diagnosis is inconsistent with findings in community- and population-based samples, and reflectspossible benefit of the use of neuropsychological evaluations in diagnostic decision-making for ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Wexler
- Department of Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA;,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rod Salgado
- Department of Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA;,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Allison Gornik
- Department of Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA;,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rachel Peterson
- Department of Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA;,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alison Pritchard
- Department of Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA;,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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27
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Park S, Chang H. Developmental Trajectory of Inattention and Its Association With Depressive Symptoms in Adolescence: Peer Relationships as a Mediator. Front Psychol 2022; 12:736840. [PMID: 35178006 PMCID: PMC8845459 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.736840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the developmental trajectory of inattention symptoms as a predictor of later depressive symptoms in adolescence, and examined potential mediating role of peer relationships in this process. Participants were adolescents who were part of the large longitudinal panel study on Korean Youths, Korean Children & Youth Panel Survey 2010 (KCYPS 2010) of the National Youth Policy Institute (NYPI). Specifically, data were drawn from two cohorts of KCYPS that differed in participant age (Panel 1: 2003 birth cohort, n = 2,342, 48.2% girls; Panel 2: 2000 birth cohorts, n = 2,378, 40.0% girls). We analyzed data collected from 2010 to 2016 when children in panel 1 were 6-7 to 12-13 years old, and children in panel 2 were 9-10 to 15-16 years old. Results of latent growth modeling (LGM) were as follows. In Panel 1, the inattention symptoms increased from 9-10 to 12-13 years. Otherwise, the inattention symptoms decreased from 11-12 to 15-16 years in panel 2. Additionally, in both panels, initial status and slope of inattention significantly predicted later levels of depressive symptoms, and peer relationships partly mediated the association between inattention trajectory and depressive symptoms. The findings are discussed with respect to considering the growth of inattention and the quality of peer relationships as promising targets for early identification and intervention of depression in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hyein Chang
- Department of Psychology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
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28
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Temperament Profiles Associated with Internalizing Symptoms and Externalizing Behavior in Adolescents with ADHD. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2022; 53:109-123. [PMID: 33398690 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-020-01116-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The current study investigated temperament profiles associated with internalizing symptoms and externalizing behavior in adolescents with ADHD. Participants were 121 adolescents (90 males) with ADHD, ranging in age from 13 to 18 years (M = 15.40, SD = 1.59). Emotional and behavioral ratings were obtained using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and temperament profiles were assessed by administering the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). Multivariate profile analyses and post hoc tests revealed that youth high in internalizing symptoms were significantly higher in harm avoidance and lower in self-directedness. Youth high in externalizing behavior were significantly lower in cooperativeness. No cognitive differences were observed across groups, but youth high in externalizing behavior had more ADHD symptoms and greater impairment in daily life. Findings reveal unique temperament factors associated with comorbid concerns, which may have implications for adapting and personalizing intervention efforts based on these different profiles within adolescents with ADHD.
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29
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Wong RS, Tung KTS, Leung HE, Chow R, Chua GT, Ho MHK, Tso WWY, Fung GPG, Tao VQC, Kwan MYW, Lum TYS, Wong ICK, Ip P. Comorbidity of ADHD and allergic diseases in early adolescence: The role of parental smoking at home. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 42:1-9. [PMID: 35018079 PMCID: PMC8734129 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-02693-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of research suggests an association between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and allergic disorders, but little work has been done to explore the role of external factors such as parental smoking at home in the development of comorbid ADHD and allergic disorders. This study aimed to examine the association between allergic diseases and ADHD adjusted for exposure to parental smoking at home in early adolescents. We recruited 250 male (41.7%) and 350 female (58.3%) adolescents (mean [SD] age, 13.29 [0.52] years) via chain-referral sampling. Their ADHD symptoms were assessed by the parent proxy-report version of the Chinese Strengths and Weaknesses of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity-symptoms and Normal-behaviours (SWAN) rating scale. Data on the participants' history of clinician-diagnosed allergic diseases, family socio-demographics, and parental smoking habit were collected using a parent-completed questionnaire. Regression analyses were performed to examine the associations of interest. The levels of ADHD symptoms were comparable between allergic and non-allergic participants after controlling for child and family demographics and parental smoking at home. Notably, the risk of probable ADHD was particularly high in participants with food allergies (odd ratio = 4.51, p = 0.011) but not in those with allergic rhinitis after adjusting for parental smoking at home. Our findings suggest that second-hand smoke exposure at home is a potential risk factor underlying the link between ADHD and allergic diseases. Current management guidelines should emphasize the importance of early identification and cessation of tobacco smoke exposure for prevention of comorbidity of ADHD and allergic disorders. Clinical Trial Registration (if any): NA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa S. Wong
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Room 115, 1/F, New Clinical Building, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, SAR China
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
- Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Keith T. S. Tung
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Room 115, 1/F, New Clinical Building, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Hugo E. Leung
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Room 115, 1/F, New Clinical Building, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Reena Chow
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Room 115, 1/F, New Clinical Building, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Gilbert T. Chua
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Room 115, 1/F, New Clinical Building, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Macro H. K. Ho
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Room 115, 1/F, New Clinical Building, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Winnie W. Y. Tso
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Room 115, 1/F, New Clinical Building, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Genevieve P. G. Fung
- Department of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | | | - Mike Y. W. Kwan
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Terry Y. S. Lum
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Ian C. K. Wong
- Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Research Department of Practice and Policy, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, UK
| | - Patrick Ip
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Room 115, 1/F, New Clinical Building, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, SAR China
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30
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Holmes J, Mareva S, Bennett MP, Black MJ, Guy J. Higher-order dimensions of psychopathology in a neurodevelopmental transdiagnostic sample. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 130:909-922. [PMID: 34843293 PMCID: PMC8628482 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hierarchical dimensional models of psychopathology derived for adult and child community populations offer more informative and efficient methods for assessing and treating symptoms of mental ill health than traditional diagnostic approaches. It is not yet clear how many dimensions should be included in models for youth with neurodevelopmental conditions. The aim of this study was to delineate the hierarchical dimensional structure of psychopathology in a transdiagnostic sample of children and adolescents with learning-related problems, and to test the concurrent predictive value of the model for clinically, socially, and educationally relevant outcomes. A sample of N = 403 participants from the Centre for Attention Learning and Memory (CALM) cohort were included. Hierarchical factor analysis delineated dimensions of psychopathology from ratings on the Conner's Parent Rating Short Form, the Revised Children's Anxiety and Depression Scale, and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. A hierarchical structure with a general p factor at the apex, broad internalizing and broad externalizing spectra below, and three more specific factors (specific internalizing, social maladjustment, and neurodevelopmental) emerged. The p factor predicted all concurrently measured social, clinical, and educational outcomes, but the other dimensions provided incremental predictive value. The neurodevelopmental dimension, which captured symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and executive function and emerged from the higher-order externalizing factor, was the strongest predictor of learning. This suggests that in struggling learners, cognitive and affective behaviors may interact to influence learning outcomes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joni Holmes
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge
| | - Silvana Mareva
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge
| | - Marc P Bennett
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge
| | - Melissa J Black
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge
| | - Jacalyn Guy
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge
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31
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Targeting working memory to modify emotional reactivity in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 16:680-691. [PMID: 34524649 PMCID: PMC9010388 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-021-00532-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the neural mechanisms of emotional reactivity in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) may help develop more effective treatments that target emotion dysregulation. In adult ADHD, emotion regulation problems cover a range of dimensions, including emotional reactivity (ER). One important process that could underlie an impaired ER in ADHD might be impaired working memory (WM) processing. We recently demonstrated that taxing WM prior to the exposure of emotionally salient stimuli reduced physiological and subjective reactivity to such cues in heavy drinkers, suggesting lasting effects of WM activation on ER. Here, we investigated neural mechanisms that could underlie the interaction between WM and ER in adult ADHD participants. We included 30 male ADHD participants and 30 matched controls. Participants performed a novel functional magnetic resonance imaging paradigm in which active WM-blocks were alternated with passive blocks of negative and neutral images. We demonstrated group-independent significant main effects of negative emotional images on amygdala activation, and WM-load on paracingulate gyrus and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activation. Contrary to earlier reports in adolescent ADHD, no impairments were found in neural correlates of WM or ER. Moreover, taxing WM did not alter the neural correlates of ER in either ADHD or control participants. While we did find effects on the amygdala, paCG, and dlPFC activation, we did not find interactions between WM and ER, possibly due to the relatively unimpaired ADHD population and a well-matched control group. Whether targeting WM might be effective in participants with ADHD with severe ER impairments remains to be investigated.
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32
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Kimland EE, Bardage C, Collin J, Järleborg A, Ljung R, Iliadou AN. Pediatric use of prescribed melatonin in Sweden 2006-2017: a register based study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2021; 30:1339-1350. [PMID: 32699990 PMCID: PMC8440257 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-020-01598-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Sleep disturbances are common in the pediatric population and should primarily be treated non-pharmacologically. Most medicines for sleep disturbances are not approved for pediatric use and data on long-term safety is scarce. In Sweden, melatonin is classified as a prescription medicine. The aim of the present study was to characterize the prevalence and incidence of dispensed melatonin prescriptions, long-term treatment, concomitant dispensation of psychotropic medication, and psychiatric comorbidity, in children and adolescents aged 0-17 years living in Sweden during 2006-2017. Data was retrieved by linking the national population-based registers, the Swedish Prescribed Drug register and the National Patient register. In 2017, nearly 2% of the pediatric population 0-17 years was dispensed at least one prescription of melatonin, which was more than a 15-fold increase for girls and a 20-fold increase for boys, when compared to 2006. Among the children in the age group 5-9 who initiated a melatonin treatment in 2009, 15% of girls and 17% of boys were found to be continuously prescribed melatonin 8 years later. Nearly 80% of all children with dispensed melatonin had concomitant dispensations of psychotropic medications. The most common combination was melatonin together with centrally acting sympathomimetic medicines (23% of girls and 43% of boys). About half of the children (47% of girls and 50% of boys) had at least one registered diagnosis of mental or behavioral disorders. The most common diagnosis was attention deficit hyperactive disorder, across all age groups and genders. The continuous increase of use of melatonin in children, often concomitant with other psychotropic medications, together with a high proportion of younger children with prescriptions of melatonin on a long-term basis, suggests the need for further structured follow up studies, in particular of long-term use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin E Kimland
- Swedish Medical Products Agency, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 42, Box 26, 751 03, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Carola Bardage
- Swedish Medical Products Agency, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 42, Box 26, 751 03, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Julius Collin
- National Board of Health and Welfare, Rålambsvägen 3, 116 30, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Järleborg
- National Board of Health and Welfare, Rålambsvägen 3, 116 30, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rickard Ljung
- Swedish Medical Products Agency, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 42, Box 26, 751 03, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anastasia N Iliadou
- National Board of Health and Welfare, Rålambsvägen 3, 116 30, Stockholm, Sweden
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Kaiser A, Bottelier MA, de Ruiter MB, Solleveld MM, Tamminga HGH, Bouziane C, Geurts HM, Lindauer RJL, Kooij JJS, Lucassen PJ, Schrantee A, Reneman L. Effects of prolonged methylphenidate treatment on amygdala reactivity and connectivity: a randomized controlled trial in stimulant treatment-naive, male participants with ADHD. PSYCHORADIOLOGY 2021; 1:152-163. [PMID: 38665807 PMCID: PMC10917223 DOI: 10.1093/psyrad/kkab013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Background Problems with emotional processing are widely reported in individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Although methylphenidate (MPH) effectively alleviates inattention and hyperactivity symptoms in ADHD, its effects on emotional processing and internalizing symptoms have remained elusive. While we previously found that acute MPH administration modulated neural mechanisms underlying emotional processing in an age-dependent manner, the effects of prolonged administration remained unknown. Objectives Therefore, we investigated: (i) whether prolonged MPH treatment influences neural substrates (amygdala reactivity and connectivity) of emotional processing, and (ii) whether these effects are modulated by age. Methods The "effects of Psychotropic drugs On Developing brain-MPH" ("ePOD-MPH") randomized controlled trial was a 16-week double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-center trial with MPH in 50 boys (10-12 years of age) and 49 men (23-40 years of age), all stimulant treatment-naive and diagnosed with ADHD. Participants performed an emotional face-matching task during functional magnetic resonance imaging. We assessed their symptoms of ADHD and internalizing symptoms at baseline, during the trial (8 weeks), and 1 week after the trial end (17 weeks). Results and Conclusions We did not find effects of prolonged MPH treatment on emotional processing, as measured by amygdala reactivity and connectivity and internalizing symptoms in this trial with stimulant treatment-naive participants. This differs from our findings on emotional processing following acute MPH administration and the effects of prolonged MPH treatment on the dopamine system, which were both modulated by age. Interestingly, prolonged MPH treatment did improve ADHD symptoms, although depressive and anxiety symptoms showed a medication-independent decrease. Furthermore, our data indicate that baseline internalizing symptoms may be used to predict MPH treatment effects on ADHD symptoms, particularly in (male) adults with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Kaiser
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, the Netherlands
| | - Marco A Bottelier
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, the Netherlands
- University Medical Center Groningen, Child Study Center, Accare, Groningen, 9713GZ, the Netherlands
| | - Michiel B de Ruiter
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Psychosocial Research and Epidemiology, Amsterdam, 1066CX, the Netherlands
| | - Michelle M Solleveld
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, the Netherlands
| | - Hyke G H Tamminga
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, the Netherlands
- University of Amsterdam, Dutch Autism & ADHD Research Center, Department of Psychology, Amsterdam, 1018WT, the Netherlands
| | - Cheima Bouziane
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, the Netherlands
| | - Hilde M Geurts
- University of Amsterdam, Dutch Autism & ADHD Research Center, Department of Psychology, Amsterdam, 1018WT, the Netherlands
| | - Ramon J L Lindauer
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam, 1105AZ, the Netherlands
- Academic Centre for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Levvel, Amsterdam, 1076EC, the Netherlands
| | - J J Sandra Kooij
- Expertise Center Adult ADHD, PsyQ, The Hague, 2512VA, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam, 1105AZ, the Netherlands
| | - Paul J Lucassen
- University of Amsterdam, Brain Plasticity Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Amsterdam, 1012WX, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk Schrantee
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, the Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth Reneman
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, the Netherlands
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Effectiveness of structured exercises on motor skills, physical fitness and attention in children with ADHD compared to typically developing children-A pilot study. eNeurologicalSci 2021; 24:100357. [PMID: 34345720 PMCID: PMC8319563 DOI: 10.1016/j.ensci.2021.100357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Children with ADHD exhibit decrements in fitness levels, motor skill ability and attention. The purpose was to evaluate the benefits of a structured, school-based exercise program on motor skill, physical fitness and attention in children with ADHD. Method: Ten 8–12 year old school boys with ADHD and ten typically developing (TD) were recruited. They underwent a six week structured exercise program which included aerobics, resistance exercises, motor skills and attention training. Results: Following the 6 week, school -based exercise program significant improvements in physical fitness, motor skills and attention were observed in ADHD children compared to the TD children. Additionally, the exercise sessions were acceptable and enjoyable to all children. Conclusion: It is proposed that an exercise program be incorporated in school physical education curriculum. Exercises should be considered, in addition to other forms of intervention, as an essential treatment for improving problems associated with ADHD in school children. The structured exercise program was administrated for 45 min per session, over a period of six weeks for a total of eighteen sessions. All children improved in motor skill, physical fitness and attention. This program can be incorporated within the physical education curriculum as all children found the exercise sessions to be acceptable and more importantly, enjoyable. Exercise helped ADHD children to manage their deficits, & also to integrate with their peers within school & community.
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Lantz S, Fornwall C, Lööf M, Isaksson J. SKILLS - A psychoeducational group programme for children with ADHD. Scand J Psychol 2021; 62:460-467. [PMID: 33982811 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Psychoeducation is regarded as a first line of intervention for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Previous studies have been limited to psychoeducation for adult patients or parents of children with ADHD. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the acceptability and effectiveness of a psychoeducational group intervention for children with ADHD. The two-session psychoeducational intervention, SKILLS, was completed by 125 children (6-12 years) with ADHD and their parents. Self-ratings and parental ratings of ADHD symptoms, functional impairment and attitudes to diagnosis and treatment were collected before and after treatment. Post-treatment client satisfaction and parental responses to an open question about SKILLS were assessed. The data were analyzed using a combination of quantitative and qualitative (content analysis) methods. A majority of the participants expressed satisfaction with the group intervention. The intervention had no effect on symptoms and level of function, although the parents were more positive to their child's diagnosis after the intervention. The parents were positive to the group format and to the opportunity for their children to meet other children with similar symptoms. Parents wished for more interactive elements and more opportunities for children to share experiences. We concluded that the group intervention was accepted by most participants, although more activating exercises and opportunities for interaction between participants should be included. Since the intervention group was not compared with a control group, the results should be interpreted with caution. Future studies should use a randomized control treatment design and investigate the effect on adherence to later treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Lantz
- Department of Neuroscience, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Charlotta Fornwall
- Department of Neuroscience, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Måns Lööf
- Child & Adolescent Psychiatric Clinic, Gävle, Sweden
| | - Johan Isaksson
- Department of Neuroscience, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institute Centre of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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36
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Selander H, Strand N, Almberg M, Lidestam B. Ready for a Learner's Permit? Clinical Neuropsychological Off-road Tests and Driving Behaviors in a Simulator among Adolescents with ADHD and ASD. Dev Neurorehabil 2021; 24:256-265. [PMID: 33459571 DOI: 10.1080/17518423.2020.1869339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A simulator driving test (SDT) and two neuropsychological tests, the Useful Field of View (UFOV) test and the Test of Variables of Attention (TOVA) were evaluated with regard to validity for fitness to drive on 51 young clients diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 33 of whom also had autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and 38 adolescents without a neurodevelopmental diagnosis. The results show generally much greater variability and significantly poorer performance in the SDT and the TOVA for clients with ADHD/ASD compared with the control group. The SDT results were strongly intratest correlated, but had no interest correlation with either the UFOV test or the TOVA. The greater variability among clients with ADHD/ASD suggests greater effort and susceptibility to motivational issues and decline in sustained attention over several tests. In conclusion, the SDT is sensitive and has good face validity, and the TOVA is sensitive to neuropsychological aspects of safe driving. The SDT and the TOVA thus complement each other, and discrepancy between test scores calls for special consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Selander
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Driver and vehicle, Gothenburg, Swedish National Transport Research Institute, Sweden
| | - N Strand
- Division Digital Systems, Department Mobility and Systems, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - M Almberg
- Mobilitetscenter, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - B Lidestam
- Driver and vehicle, Gothenburg, Swedish National Transport Research Institute, Sweden
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Shi X, Ji Y, Cai S, Wu Y, Zhang L, Shen L, Jiang Z, Chen Y. Comorbidities and functional impairments in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in China: a hospital-based retrospective cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e042196. [PMID: 33753435 PMCID: PMC7986753 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to assess comorbidity patterns and functional impairment in children with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). DESIGN Hospital-based retrospective cross-sectional study; data collection occurred between 2016 and 2019. SETTINGS AND PATIENTS A total of 8256 children and adolescents, 6-17 years of age, with suspected ADHD agreed to participate in this hospital-based cross-sectional study over a 4-year period in China. Comorbidities and social functions were assessed according to the scales Vanderbilt ADHD Diagnostic Parent Rating Scale and Weiss Functional Impairment Rating Scale-Parent Form, which were completed by the parents of the study participants. RESULTS Of the 8256 children, 5640 were diagnosed with ADHD. Other 2616 children who did not meet the ADHD diagnostic criteria were classified as the N-ADHD group . The proportion of comorbidities (47.4%) and functional impairments (84.5%) in the ADHD group were higher than the N-ADHD group (p≤0.001). The functional impairment scores in all of the six domains, including family, academic, life skills, self-concept, social activities and risky activities, were significantly higher in the ADHD group than the N-ADHD group (p≤0.001). The functional impairment in ADHD group with comorbidities was more severe than those without comorbidities (p≤0.001). Comorbidities and core symptoms both can affect the functions of children with ADHD. Logistics regression analysis indicated that in all of the six functional domains, the effect of comorbidities on functional impairment exceeded the effects of ADHD core symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Comorbidities had the greatest influence on different areas of adaptive functioning in children with ADHD. Clinical management of children suspected to have ADHD should address multiple comorbidities and functional impairments assessment, as well as core symptom analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Shi
- Department of Child and Adolescent Healthcare, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yiting Ji
- Department of Child and Adolescent Healthcare, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shizhong Cai
- Department of Child and Adolescent Healthcare, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of Child and Adolescent Healthcare, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Healthcare, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ling Shen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Healthcare, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhiying Jiang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Healthcare, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Healthcare, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Nordby ES, Gilje S, Jensen DA, Sørensen L, Stige SH. Goal management training for adults with ADHD - clients' experiences with a group-based intervention. BMC Psychiatry 2021; 21:113. [PMID: 33607969 PMCID: PMC7893765 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-021-03114-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing evidence for the efficacy of group-based interventions for adults with ADHD. However, there is still a lack of research investigating how clients experience participating in such interventions. The aim of the current study was to explore how adults with ADHD experience participating in a group-based intervention (Goal Management Training) for ADHD. METHOD We conducted individual, semi-structured, interviews with ten adults with ADHD who had participated in Goal Management Training administered as a group intervention. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using thematic analysis within a hermeneutic phenomenological framework. RESULTS Our analysis identified three main themes. The participants' starting point captured the participants' motivation and expectations prior to treatment. The ambiguity of the group - the various meanings of the group consisted of three sub-themes (The group created a sense of belonging - "I am not alone"; The personal cost of participating in the group - "At times it was a hot mess"; and The group supported the learning experience - "We worked with it together"). The group promoted positive change - How the group affected the participants' everyday lives consisted of two sub-themes (Managing ADHD in daily life - "It's much easier to handle everyday life", and Personal growth - "Gaining new perspectives"). CONCLUSION The group format was experienced as a valuable aspect of treatment. The structure provided by Goal Management Training allowed participants to expand their perspectives and experience improved management of ADHD, as well as personal growth. The opportunity to exchange experiences with others in similar situations was seen as particularly beneficial and brought feelings of recognition and belonging. However, some also experienced the group as a burden at times, for instance by stealing one's focus. This study expands existing knowledge by exploring clients' experiences of participating in group-based interventions for ADHD and shows how the group format provided participants with more than they had hoped for. While expecting a more instrumental outcome of treatment, such as tools to manage ADHD, participants also gained a welcomed, but unexpected outcome of personal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie S. Nordby
- grid.7914.b0000 0004 1936 7443Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway ,grid.412008.f0000 0000 9753 1393Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Sigrid Gilje
- grid.459157.b0000 0004 0389 7802Department of Mental Health and Addiction, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Kongsberg, Norway
| | - Daniel A. Jensen
- grid.7914.b0000 0004 1936 7443Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway ,grid.489983.70000000406467461Betanien Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lin Sørensen
- grid.7914.b0000 0004 1936 7443Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Signe H. Stige
- grid.7914.b0000 0004 1936 7443Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Crisci G, Caviola S, Cardillo R, Mammarella IC. Executive Functions in Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Comorbidity Overlaps Between Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder and Specific Learning Disorders. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:594234. [PMID: 33732121 PMCID: PMC7958764 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.594234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study examines the comorbidity between specific learning disorders (SLD) and attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) by comparing the neuropsychological profiles of children with and without this comorbidity. Ninety-seven schoolchildren from 8 to 14 years old were tested: a clinical sample of 49 children with ADHD (n = 18), SLD (n = 18) or SLD in comorbidity with ADHD (n = 13), and 48 typically-developing (TD) children matched for age and intelligence. Participants were administered tasks and questionnaires to confirm their initial diagnosis, and a battery of executive function (EF) tasks testing inhibition, shifting, and verbal and visuospatial updating. Using one-way ANOVAs, our results showed that all children in the clinical samples exhibited impairments on EF measures (inhibition and shifting tasks) when compared with TD children. A more specific pattern only emerged for the updating tasks. Only children with SLD had significant impairment in verbal updating, whereas children with ADHD, and those with SLD in comorbidity with ADHD, had the worst performance in visuospatial updating. The clinical and educational implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Crisci
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Sara Caviola
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Ramona Cardillo
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Irene C. Mammarella
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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Perry RC, Ford TJ, O’Mahen H, Russell AE. Prioritising Targets for School-Based ADHD Interventions: A Delphi Survey. SCHOOL MENTAL HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12310-020-09408-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMany studies have investigated the effectiveness of school-based ADHD interventions at modifying different social, emotional and behavioural target outcomes. However, there is a lack of evidence about which targets stakeholders perceive to be most important. This study sought to obtain consensus on which outcomes are perceived to be most important. A total of 114 people with ADHD, educational professionals, parents of children with ADHD, clinicians and researchers participated in a Delphi survey with 3 rounds. The importance of 52 intervention targets was rated on a scale from 0 to 8 (8 being extremely important). Consensus was reached if >70% of a stakeholder group rated a target as between 6–8 and <15% rated it as 0–2. Targets were dropped from subsequent rounds if more than 50% of stakeholder groups rated it as 0–5. Targets that all four stakeholder groups reached consensus on in any round were automatically included in our final outcome set. Comments were analysed using Thematic Analysis. All four stakeholder groups reached consensus on the importance of seven targets: ability to pay attention, conflict with teachers and peers, executive functioning, global functioning and quality of life, inattention symptoms, organisation skills and self-esteem. Four overarching themes were identified: Complexity of ADHD, Relationships, School Context, and What ADHD means to me. School-based ADHD interventions should target outcomes identified as most important to those who stand to benefit from such interventions. Some outcomes prioritised by our participants have not yet been targeted in school-based ADHD interventions. Implications of our findings for intervention and research design are discussed.
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Şahan E, Zengin Eroğlu M, Sertçelik S. Eating behaviors, depression, and anxiety levels of pre bariatric surgery patients with obesity comorbid with or without Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder: ADHD or Major Depression? Which is more related with eating behaviors? Brain Behav 2021; 11:e01915. [PMID: 33118314 PMCID: PMC7821566 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A high rate of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been reported in patients undergoing obesity treatment. It is controversial whether ADHD solely or its comorbid disorders account for eating behaviors associated with obesity. METHODS After presurgery psychiatric assessment, 100 severely obese patients (50 with ADHD and 50 without ADHD) were administered Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report Scale(ASRS), Wender Utah Rating Scale(WURS), Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire(TFEQ), and Beck Depression Inventory(BDI) and Beck Anxiety Inventory(BAI). RESULTS Patients with obesity and ADHD had significantly greater emotional eating, susceptibility to hunger, depression, and anxiety but less restraint of eating scores than those without ADHD. Disinhibition of eating scores and presence of Binge Eating Disorder(BED) did not differ significantly between ADHD and non-ADHD groups. Obese patients with major depression had significantly higher ASRS, WURS, TFEQ, BAI scores, disinhibition of eating control, emotional eating, susceptibility to hunger, and diagnosis of BED than nondepressed ones. CONCLUSIONS Major depression and anxiety disorder have associations with disinhibition of eating control, emotional eating, susceptibility to hunger and BED, ADHD. Disinhibition of eating and BED did not differ according to the presence of ADHD; thus, depression was associated with eating control on more constructs than ADHD in our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Şahan
- Department of PsychiatryMarmara UniversityİstanbulTurkey
| | - Meliha Zengin Eroğlu
- Department of PsychiatryHaydarpaşa Numune Training and Research HospitalİstanbulTurkey
| | - Sencan Sertçelik
- Department of PsychiatryHaydarpaşa Numune Training and Research HospitalİstanbulTurkey
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Young S, Asherson P, Lloyd T, Absoud M, Arif M, Colley WA, Cortese S, Cubbin S, Doyle N, Morua SD, Ferreira-Lay P, Gudjonsson G, Ivens V, Jarvis C, Lewis A, Mason P, Newlove-Delgado T, Pitts M, Read H, van Rensburg K, Zoritch B, Skirrow C. Failure of Healthcare Provision for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in the United Kingdom: A Consensus Statement. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:649399. [PMID: 33815178 PMCID: PMC8017218 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.649399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Despite evidence-based national guidelines for ADHD in the United Kingdom (UK), ADHD is under-identified, under-diagnosed, and under-treated. Many seeking help for ADHD face prejudice, long waiting lists, and patchy or unavailable services, and are turning to service-user support groups and/or private healthcare for help. Methods: A group of UK experts representing clinical and healthcare providers from public and private healthcare, academia, ADHD patient groups, educational, and occupational specialists, met to discuss shortfalls in ADHD service provision in the UK. Discussions explored causes of under-diagnosis, examined biases operating across referral, diagnosis and treatment, together with recommendations for resolving these matters. Results: Cultural and structural barriers operate at all levels of the healthcare system, resulting in a de-prioritization of ADHD. Services for ADHD are insufficient in many regions, and problems with service provision have intensified as a result of the response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Research has established a range of adverse outcomes of untreated ADHD, and associated long-term personal, social, health and economic costs are high. The consensus group called for training of professionals who come into contact with people with ADHD, increased funding, commissioning and monitoring to improve service provision, and streamlined communication between health services to support better outcomes for people with ADHD. Conclusions: Evidence-based national clinical guidelines for ADHD are not being met. People with ADHD should have access to healthcare free from discrimination, and in line with their legal rights. UK Governments and clinical and regulatory bodies must act urgently on this important public health issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Young
- Psychology Services Limited, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland.,ADHD Foundation, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Asherson
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom.,South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tony Lloyd
- ADHD Foundation, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Absoud
- Department of Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.,King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Muhammad Arif
- Leicestershire Partnership NHS Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Samuele Cortese
- Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, School of Psychology, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences & Clinical and Experimental Sciences (CNS and Psychiatry), Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.,Solent NHS Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom.,Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,Hassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU Langone, New York University Child Study Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sally Cubbin
- The ADHD Clinic, Manor Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nancy Doyle
- Genius Within, Plumpton Green, United Kingdom.,Department of Organizational Psychology, Birkbeck College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Dunn Morua
- AADD-United Kingdom, Bristol, United Kingdom.,Bristol Adult ADHD Support Group, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Ferreira-Lay
- Surrey and Borders Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Leatherhead, United Kingdom
| | - Gisli Gudjonsson
- Department of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Alexandra Lewis
- Cambridge & Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Mason
- ADHD Foundation, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,ADHD and Psychiatry Services Limited, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Cheshire and Wirral Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Chester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mark Pitts
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Read
- ADHD Consultancy Limited, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kobus van Rensburg
- Adult ADHD and Asperger's Team & Children and Young People's ADHD and ASD Service, Northamptonshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Kettering, United Kingdom
| | - Bozhena Zoritch
- ADDmire Clinic, West Byfleet, United Kingdom.,Epsom and St. Helier University Hospital, Epsom, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Skirrow
- Cambridge Cognition, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Psychological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Perfiles conductuales del alumnado con TDAH: Dominios y Subdominios del Cuestionario Five to Fifteen (FTF). REVISTA IBEROAMERICANA DE PSICOLOGÍA 2020. [DOI: 10.33881/2027-1786.rip.13304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
El Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con o sin Hiperactividad (TDAH) es un trastorno neurobiológico en el que se presentan una serie de síntomas o patrones de indicadores más o menos estables como hiperactividad, impulsividad y déficit de atención que se empiezan a manifestar en la infancia, solapados en muchos casos con problemas comórbidos. En este artículo se presenta un estudio empírico, realizado con una muestra de 64 alumnos entre los 5 y 15 años de edad, con diagnóstico clínico en TDAH, cursando estudios desde 3º de Educación Infantil a 4º de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria, con una M de edad 10.27 años (DT=2.76), de los cuales 51 son niños y 13 son niñas. Para el estudio se ha empleado una metodología con técnicas cuantitativas, en la que los participantes fueron evaluados mediante el Cuestionario Five to Fifteen (FTF) de Kadesjö, con un cuestionario cumplimentado por sus padres que ofrece la posibilidad de descubrir los problemas propios de un niño con TDAH y aquellos que se pueden asociar. Se aplica el software SPSS para la obtención de los resultados de los 179 ítems correspondientes a los dominios y subdominios del TDAH. Con estos resultados se pretende definir el perfil de los dominios y subdominios del TDAH a través del cuestionario FTF. Entre los resultados hallados encontramos que algunas de las características clave de los niños que presentan este trastorno son las dificultades de aprendizaje y la problemática de estos niños con la interacción social.
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Nobusako S, Osumi M, Furukawa E, Nakai A, Maeda T, Morioka S. Increased visual bias in children with developmental coordination disorder: Evidence from a visual-tactile temporal order judgment task. Hum Mov Sci 2020; 75:102743. [PMID: 33341403 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2020.102743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have suggested that children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) rely heavily on vision to perform movements, which may contribute to their clumsy movements. However, few studies have objectively and quantitatively investigated the perceptual biases of children with DCD. METHODS A visual-tactile temporal order judgment (TOJ) task was used to measure and compare the perceptual biases of 19 children with DCD and 19 age- and sex-matched typically developing children. The point of subjective equality, which demonstrates when "visual first" and "tactile first" judgment probabilities are equal (50%), obtained by analyzing the results of the visual-tactile TOJ task, was used as an indicator of perceptual biases. Further, variables (age and manual dexterity in all participants; motor function, autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder traits, and depressive symptoms in children with DCD) associated with perceptual biases were examined with correlation analysis. RESULTS Children with DCD had significantly stronger visual bias than typically developing children. Overall correlation analysis showed that increased visual bias was significantly correlated with poor manual dexterity. CONCLUSION Children with DCD had a strong visual bias, which was associated with poor manual dexterity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Nobusako
- Neurorehabilitation Research Center, Kio University, 4-2-2 Umaminaka, Koryo-cho, Kitakatsuragi-gun, Nara 635-0832, Japan; Graduate School of Health Science, Kio University, 4-2-2 Umaminaka, Koryo-cho, Kitakatsuragi-gun, Nara 635-0832, Japan.
| | - Michihiro Osumi
- Neurorehabilitation Research Center, Kio University, 4-2-2 Umaminaka, Koryo-cho, Kitakatsuragi-gun, Nara 635-0832, Japan; Graduate School of Health Science, Kio University, 4-2-2 Umaminaka, Koryo-cho, Kitakatsuragi-gun, Nara 635-0832, Japan
| | - Emi Furukawa
- Neurorehabilitation Research Center, Kio University, 4-2-2 Umaminaka, Koryo-cho, Kitakatsuragi-gun, Nara 635-0832, Japan
| | - Akio Nakai
- Graduate School of Clinical Education & The Center for the Study of Child Development, Institute for Education, Mukogawa Women's University, 6-46 Ikebiraki-cho, Nishinomiya-city, Hyogo 663-8558, Japan
| | - Takaki Maeda
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shu Morioka
- Neurorehabilitation Research Center, Kio University, 4-2-2 Umaminaka, Koryo-cho, Kitakatsuragi-gun, Nara 635-0832, Japan; Graduate School of Health Science, Kio University, 4-2-2 Umaminaka, Koryo-cho, Kitakatsuragi-gun, Nara 635-0832, Japan
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Nobusako S, Osumi M, Hayashida K, Furukawa E, Nakai A, Maeda T, Morioka S. Altered sense of agency in children with developmental coordination disorder. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2020; 107:103794. [PMID: 33086140 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing evidence that children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) have deficits in sensory-motor integration, but it is unclear whether the sense of agency (SoA) generated by sensory-motor integration is altered. AIMS To investigate whether there is a difference in the time window for SoA between children with DCD and typically developing (TD) children. METHODS AND PROCEDURES An agency attribution task was used to quantitatively measure and compare the time window for SoA in 15 children with DCD and 46 children in the TD group. Variables that correlated with the time window for SoA were also examined in both groups of children. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS The time window for SoA was significantly extended in children with DCD compared to TD children. The time window for SoA in TD children was significantly associated with manual dexterity, whereas the time window for SoA in children with DCD was significantly associated with depressive tendency. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The time window for SoA is altered in children with DCD. The present results suggest that there may be a bidirectional relationship between an internal model deficit and depressive tendency and SoA in children with DCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Nobusako
- Neurorehabilitation Research Center, Kio University, 4-2-2 Umaminaka, Koryo-cho, Kitakatsuragi-gun, Nara, 635-0832, Japan; Graduate School of Health Science, Kio University, 4-2-2 Umaminaka, Koryo-cho, Kitakatsuragi-gun, Nara, 635-0832, Japan.
| | - Michihiro Osumi
- Neurorehabilitation Research Center, Kio University, 4-2-2 Umaminaka, Koryo-cho, Kitakatsuragi-gun, Nara, 635-0832, Japan; Graduate School of Health Science, Kio University, 4-2-2 Umaminaka, Koryo-cho, Kitakatsuragi-gun, Nara, 635-0832, Japan
| | - Kazuki Hayashida
- Graduate School of Health Science, Kio University, 4-2-2 Umaminaka, Koryo-cho, Kitakatsuragi-gun, Nara, 635-0832, Japan; Department of Rehabilitation, Fujiikai Rehabilitation Hospital, 17-6 Yayoi-cho, Higashiosaka-city, Osaka, 579-8026, Japan
| | - Emi Furukawa
- Neurorehabilitation Research Center, Kio University, 4-2-2 Umaminaka, Koryo-cho, Kitakatsuragi-gun, Nara, 635-0832, Japan
| | - Akio Nakai
- Graduate School of Clinical Education & The Center for the Study of Child Development, Institute for Education, Mukogawa Women's University, 6-46 Ikebiraki-cho, Nishinomiya-city, Hyogo, 663-8558, Japan
| | - Takaki Maeda
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shu Morioka
- Neurorehabilitation Research Center, Kio University, 4-2-2 Umaminaka, Koryo-cho, Kitakatsuragi-gun, Nara, 635-0832, Japan; Graduate School of Health Science, Kio University, 4-2-2 Umaminaka, Koryo-cho, Kitakatsuragi-gun, Nara, 635-0832, Japan
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Fibert P, Relton C. What families in the UK use to manage attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a survey of resource use. BMJ Paediatr Open 2020; 4:e000771. [PMID: 33294627 PMCID: PMC7689584 DOI: 10.1136/bmjpo-2020-000771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify interventions being used to manage attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the UK. DESIGN A survey within the Sheffield Treatments for ADHD Research project. A convenience sample of participants in the UK who consented to join an observational cohort were asked closed questions about medication, behavioural change programmes and service use, and an open-ended question about what else they used. SETTING A broad variety of non-National Health Service, non-treatment seeking settings throughout the UK, including local authority organisations, schools, ADHD and autism spectrum condition support groups and social media. PARTICIPANTS Families of children aged 5-18 with carer reported ADHD and Conners Global Index (CGI) T scores of 55+. RESULTS Responses from 175 families were analysed. The mean age of the children was 10.21 (2.44), and two-thirds (n=114) had additional diagnoses. The majority used medications to manage ADHD (n=120) and had participated in a parenting class (n=130). Just over a quarter (28%, n=49) did not use ADHD medications, and used sleep medications. Just under half had consulted psychologists (n=83), and 32 had participated in other talking therapies such as psychotherapy, counselling and cognitive-behavioural therapy. A few used aids such as reward charts or fiddle toys (n=17) and participated in activities (mostly physical) (n=14). A substantial minority (78/175) had used non-mainstream treatments, the most popular being homoeopathy (n=32), nutritional interventions (n=21) and bodywork such as massage or cranial osteopathy (n=9). CONCLUSIONS Families reported use of a wide variety of treatments to help with management of their children with ADHD in addition to their use of mainstream treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clare Relton
- Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Sanjeevan T, Cardy RE, Anagnostou E. Procedural Sequence Learning in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Meta-Analysis. Front Psychol 2020; 11:560064. [PMID: 33192824 PMCID: PMC7655644 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.560064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous literature proposes that the motor deficits in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) may be attributed to impairments of the procedural memory network, a long-term memory system involved in sensorimotor and cognitive skill development. A handful of studies have explored procedural sequence learning in ADHD, but findings have been inconsistent. A meta-analysis was conducted to begin to establish whether procedural sequence learning deficits exist in ADHD. The results of seven studies comprising 213 participants with ADHD and 257 participants with typical development (TD) generated an average standardized mean difference of 0.02 (CI95 -0.35, 0.39) that was not significant. Heterogeneity was significant across studies and could be partially attributed to the age of participants. We argue that procedural sequence learning appears to be preserved in ADHD and discuss potential explanations for and against this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teenu Sanjeevan
- Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Robyn E. Cardy
- Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Evdokia Anagnostou
- Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, Medical Sciences Building, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Fleming M, Salim EE, Mackay DF, Henderson A, Kinnear D, Clark D, King A, McLay JS, Cooper SA, Pell JP. Neurodevelopmental multimorbidity and educational outcomes of Scottish schoolchildren: A population-based record linkage cohort study. PLoS Med 2020; 17:e1003290. [PMID: 33048945 PMCID: PMC7553326 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurodevelopmental conditions commonly coexist in children, but compared to adults, childhood multimorbidity attracts less attention in research and clinical practice. We previously reported that children treated for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and depression have more school absences and exclusions, additional support needs, poorer attainment, and increased unemployment. They are also more likely to have coexisting conditions, including autism and intellectual disability. We investigated prevalence of neurodevelopmental multimorbidity (≥2 conditions) among Scottish schoolchildren and their educational outcomes compared to peers. METHODS AND FINDINGS We retrospectively linked 6 Scotland-wide databases to analyse 766,244 children (390,290 [50.9%] boys; 375,954 [49.1%] girls) aged 4 to 19 years (mean = 10.9) attending Scottish schools between 2009 and 2013. Children were distributed across all deprivation quintiles (most to least deprived: 22.7%, 20.1%, 19.3%, 19.5%, 18.4%). The majority (96.2%) were white ethnicity. We ascertained autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and intellectual disabilities from records of additional support needs and ADHD and depression through relevant encashed prescriptions. We identified neurodevelopmental multimorbidity (≥2 of these conditions) in 4,789 (0.6%) children, with ASD and intellectual disability the most common combination. On adjusting for sociodemographic (sex, age, ethnicity, deprivation) and maternity (maternal age, maternal smoking, sex-gestation-specific birth weight centile, gestational age, 5-minute Apgar score, mode of delivery, parity) factors, multimorbidity was associated with increased school absenteeism and exclusion, unemployment, and poorer exam attainment. Significant dose relationships were evident between number of conditions (0, 1, ≥2) and the last 3 outcomes. Compared to children with no conditions, children with 1 condition, and children with 2 or more conditions, had more absenteeism (1 condition adjusted incidence rate ratio [IRR] 1.28, 95% CI 1.27-1.30, p < 0.001 and 2 or more conditions adjusted IRR 1.23, 95% CI 1.20-1.28, p < 0.001), greater exclusion (adjusted IRR 2.37, 95% CI 2.25-2.48, p < 0.001 and adjusted IRR 3.04, 95% CI 2.74-3.38, p < 0.001), poorer attainment (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3.92, 95% CI 3.63-4.23, p < 0.001 and adjusted OR 12.07, 95% CI 9.15-15.94, p < 0.001), and increased unemployment (adjusted OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.49-1.66, p < 0.001 and adjusted OR 2.11, 95% CI 1.83-2.45, p < 0.001). Associations remained after further adjustment for comorbid physical conditions and additional support needs. Coexisting depression was the strongest driver of absenteeism and coexisting ADHD the strongest driver of exclusion. Absence of formal primary care diagnoses was a limitation since ascertaining depression and ADHD from prescriptions omitted affected children receiving alternative or no treatment and some antidepressants can be prescribed for other indications. CONCLUSIONS Structuring clinical practice and training around single conditions may disadvantage children with neurodevelopmental multimorbidity, who we observed had significantly poorer educational outcomes compared to children with 1 condition and no conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Fleming
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Ehsan E. Salim
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel F. Mackay
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Henderson
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah Kinnear
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - David Clark
- Information Services Division, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Albert King
- ScotXed, Scottish Government, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - James S. McLay
- Department of Child Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Sally-Ann Cooper
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jill P. Pell
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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49
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Relative Frequency of Psychiatric, Neurodevelopmental, and Somatic Symptoms as Reported by Mothers of Children with Autism Compared with ADHD and Typical Samples. J Autism Dev Disord 2020; 51:2297-2307. [PMID: 32949313 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04697-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
No study has analyzed the relative occurrence of a broad range of symptoms reported by mothers of children with autism, ADHD-Combined, and ADHD-Inattentive and typical controls. Mothers rated 1436 children with autism, 1056 with ADHD without autism, and 186 controls, 2-17 years, on 41 internalizing, externalizing, neurodevelopmental, and somatic problems. Most children with autism had symptoms of ADHD, oppositional defiant disorder, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, and expressive language disorder and almost half had dysgraphia and receptive language disorder. Symptom overlap between autism and ADHD-Combined was high. Clinicians specializing in autism and ADHD must have expertise in evaluating and treating these comorbidities identified as most problematic by mothers in order to relieve family concerns and develop treatment plans relevant to families.
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50
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Bledsoe JC, Xiao C, Chaovalitwongse A, Mehta S, Grabowski TJ, Semrud-Clikeman M, Pliszka S, Breiger D. Diagnostic Classification of ADHD Versus Control: Support Vector Machine Classification Using Brief Neuropsychological Assessment. J Atten Disord 2020; 24:1547-1556. [PMID: 27231214 DOI: 10.1177/1087054716649666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Common methods for clinical diagnosis include clinical interview, behavioral questionnaires, and neuropsychological assessment. These methods rely on clinical interpretation and have variable reliability, sensitivity, and specificity. The goal of this study was to evaluate the utility of machine learning in the prediction and classification of children with ADHD-Combined presentation (ADHD-C) using brief neuropsychological measures (d2 Test of Attention, Children with ADHD-C and typically developing control children completed semi-structured clinical interviews and measures of attention/concentration and parents completed symptom severity questionnaires. Method: We used a forward feature selection method to identify the most informative neuropsychological features for support vector machine (SVM) classification and a decision tree model to derive a rule-based model. Results: The SVM model yielded excellent classification accuracy (100%) of individual children with and without ADHD (1.0). Decision tree algorithms identified individuals with and without ADHD-C with 100% sensitivity and specificity. Conclusion:This study observed highly accurate statistical diagnostic classification, at the individual level, in a sample of children with ADHD-C. The findings suggest data-driven behavioral algorithms based on brief neuropsychological data may present an efficient and accurate diagnostic tool for clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse C Bledsoe
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, USA.,Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, USA
| | - Cao Xiao
- University of Washington, Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Seattle, USA
| | - Art Chaovalitwongse
- University of Washington, Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Seattle, USA.,University of Washington, Department of Radiology, Seattle, USA
| | - Sonya Mehta
- University of Washington, Department of Radiology, Seattle, USA
| | - Thomas J Grabowski
- University of Washington, Department of Radiology, Seattle, USA.,University of Washington, Department of Neurology, Seattle, USA
| | | | - Steven Pliszka
- University of Texas Health and Science Center, San Antonio, USA
| | - David Breiger
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, USA.,Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, USA
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