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Coelmont T, Van Gaelen P, Smets I. Quantification of hydrolysis activity in a biological wastewater treatment context. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:2143-2153. [PMID: 36929187 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12465-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews currently available methods for hydrolysis activity monitoring of the most commonly encountered enzyme categories in biological wastewater treatment. While highlighting the relevant methods for protein, lipid, carbohydrate, organic phosphate, and ester hydrolysis, the discussion of their pros and cons is predominantly aimed at revealing the relevance of the to-be-hydrolyzed substrates that are used in the methods. These "substrates" should mimic the proteins, lipids, or other polymers that are present in the wastewater and are in the reviewed methods (i) real substrates (i.e., naturally present in the wastewater), (ii) chromogenic substrates, or (iii) fluorogenic substrates. We conclude that exploiting relevant substrates such as casein or starch, containing fluorophores, has the highest potential for meaningful high throughput hydrolysis quantification and that lipase activity monitoring is still cumbersome. Monitoring the hydrolysis activity in biological wastewater treatment systems is an underdeveloped area. With this review, which aims at providing a condensed and practice-oriented overview, we hope to facilitate the start or continuation of such monitoring. This monitoring will only grow in importance, given the transition from wastewater treatment plants towards water resource recovery facilities. KEY POINTS: • Colorimetric-based methods are vulnerable to sludge matrix interference. • Bonds in p-nitrophenol-based methods are not representative for the targeted substrates. • Direct methods with relevant/real substrates are preferred. • Fluorophore-containing (real) substrates enable high throughput screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toon Coelmont
- Chemical and Biochemical Reactor Engineering and Safety (CREaS), Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F Box 2424, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Van Gaelen
- Chemical and Biochemical Reactor Engineering and Safety (CREaS), Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F Box 2424, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ilse Smets
- Chemical and Biochemical Reactor Engineering and Safety (CREaS), Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F Box 2424, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium.
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2
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Moopantakath J, Imchen M, Anju VT, Busi S, Dyavaiah M, Martínez-Espinosa RM, Kumavath R. Bioactive molecules from haloarchaea: Scope and prospects for industrial and therapeutic applications. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1113540. [PMID: 37065149 PMCID: PMC10102575 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1113540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine environments and salty inland ecosystems encompass various environmental conditions, such as extremes of temperature, salinity, pH, pressure, altitude, dry conditions, and nutrient scarcity. The extremely halophilic archaea (also called haloarchaea) are a group of microorganisms requiring high salt concentrations (2–6 M NaCl) for optimal growth. Haloarchaea have different metabolic adaptations to withstand these extreme conditions. Among the adaptations, several vesicles, granules, primary and secondary metabolites are produced that are highly significant in biotechnology, such as carotenoids, halocins, enzymes, and granules of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs). Among halophilic enzymes, reductases play a significant role in the textile industry and the degradation of hydrocarbon compounds. Enzymes like dehydrogenases, glycosyl hydrolases, lipases, esterases, and proteases can also be used in several industrial procedures. More recently, several studies stated that carotenoids, gas vacuoles, and liposomes produced by haloarchaea have specific applications in medicine and pharmacy. Additionally, the production of biodegradable and biocompatible polymers by haloarchaea to store carbon makes them potent candidates to be used as cell factories in the industrial production of bioplastics. Furthermore, some haloarchaeal species can synthesize nanoparticles during heavy metal detoxification, thus shedding light on a new approach to producing nanoparticles on a large scale. Recent studies also highlight that exopolysaccharides from haloarchaea can bind the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. This review explores the potential of haloarchaea in the industry and biotechnology as cellular factories to upscale the production of diverse bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamseel Moopantakath
- Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kerala, India
| | - Madangchanok Imchen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - V. T. Anju
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Siddhardha Busi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Madhu Dyavaiah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa
- Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Edaphology and Agricultural Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
- Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies “Ramón Margalef”, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
- Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa,
| | - Ranjith Kumavath
- Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kerala, India
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
- *Correspondence: Ranjith Kumavath, ,
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3
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Lopez MF, Martínez FL, Rajal VB, Irazusta VP. Biotechnological potential of microorganisms isolated from the salar del hombre muerto, Argentina. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2023; 95:e20211199. [PMID: 36790270 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202320211199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial strains were isolated from soil and aqueous solution samples from the Salar del Hombre Muerto, Argentina. A total of 141 strains were characterized and the tolerance to sodium chloride was evaluated. We performed a screening to search for molecules of biotechnological interest: carotenoids (11%), emulsifiers (95%), and exopolysaccharides (6%), and to assess the production of enzymes, including proteolytic (39%), lipolytic (26%), hemolytic (50%), and catalase activities (99%); 25 bacterial strains were selected for further studies. Some of them produced biofilms, but only Bacillus sp. HA120b showed that ability in all the conditions assayed. Although 21 strains were able to form emulsions, the emulsifying index Kocuria sp. M9 and Bacillus sp. V3a cultures were greater than 50% and, emulsions were more stable when the bacteria grew in higher salt concentrations. Only pigmented Kocuria sp. M9 showed lipolytic activity on olive oil medium and was able to produce biofilms when cultured without and with 4 M of NaCl. Yellow pigments, lipase activity, and biosurfactant production were observed for Micrococcus sp. SX120. Summarizing, we found that the selected bacteria produced highly interesting molecules with diverse industrial applications and, many of them are functional in the presence of high salt concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Florencia Lopez
- Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química (INIQUI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa), Salta, 4400, Argentina.,Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa), Salta, 4400, Argentina
| | - Fabiana Lilian Martínez
- Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química (INIQUI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa), Salta, 4400, Argentina
| | - Verónica Beatriz Rajal
- Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química (INIQUI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa), Salta, 4400, Argentina.,Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa), Salta, 4400, Argentina.,Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore
| | - Verónica Patricia Irazusta
- Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química (INIQUI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa), Salta, 4400, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa), Salta, 4400, Argentina
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4
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Dias MAM, Nitschke M. Bacterial-derived surfactants: an update on general aspects and forthcoming applications. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:103-123. [PMID: 36662441 PMCID: PMC9857925 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-00905-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The search for sustainable alternatives to the production of chemicals using renewable substrates and natural processes has been widely encouraged. Microbial surfactants or biosurfactants are surface-active compounds synthesized by fungi, yeasts, and bacteria. Due to their great metabolic versatility, bacteria are the most traditional and well-known microbial surfactant producers, being Bacillus and Pseudomonas species their typical representatives. To be successfully applied in industry, surfactants need to maintain stability under the harsh environmental conditions present in manufacturing processes; thus, the prospection of biosurfactants derived from extremophiles is a promising strategy to the discovery of novel and useful molecules. Bacterial surfactants show interesting properties suitable for a range of applications in the oil industry, food, agriculture, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, bioremediation, and more recently, nanotechnology. In addition, they can be synthesized using renewable resources as substrates, contributing to the circular economy and sustainability. The article presents a general and updated review of bacterial-derived biosurfactants, focusing on the potential of some groups that are still underexploited, as well as, recent trends and contributions of these versatile biomolecules to circular bioeconomy and nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos André Moura Dias
- grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722Departamento de Físico-Química, Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo-USP, Av Trabalhador São Carlense 400, CP 780, CEP 13560-970 São Carlos, SP Brasil
| | - Marcia Nitschke
- Departamento de Físico-Química, Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo-USP, Av Trabalhador São Carlense 400, CP 780, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brasil.
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5
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Baati H, Siala M, Azri C, Ammar E, Trigui M. Hydrolytic enzyme screening and carotenoid production evaluation of halophilic archaea isolated from highly heavy metal-enriched solar saltern sediments. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:1893-1906. [PMID: 36280648 PMCID: PMC9679124 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00855-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper aimed to screen the enzymatic activities and evaluate the carotenoid production level of twenty-two halophilic archaea isolated from Sfax solar saltern sediments. The molecular identification performed by sequencing the 16S rRNA genes showed that all strains have a high similarity degree (99.7-100%) with Halobacterium salinarum NRC-1. The strains were screened for the presence of eight hydrolase activities using agar plate-based assays. The most detected enzyme was gelatinase (77.27% of total strains), followed by protease (63.63%) and amylase activities (50%). The carotenoid production yields of the strains ranged between 2.027 and 14.880 mg/l. The UV-Visible spectroscopy of pigments revealed that it was a bacterioruberin type. When evaluated and compared to the standard β-carotene, the antioxidant capacities of these pigments showed a scavenging activity of more than 75% at a concentration of 5 μg/ml for three strains (AS16, AS17, and AS18). Then a sequence of one-step optimization processes was performed, using the one-factor-at-a-time approach, to define the optimum conditions for growth and carotenoid production of the highest carotenoid producing strain (AS17). Different environmental factors and nutritional conditions were tested. Variations in these factors were found to deeply influence growth and carotenoid production. A maximum carotenoid production (16.490 mg/l), higher than that of the control (14.880 mg/l), was observed at 37 °C, pH 7, 250 g/l of salinity, with 80% air phase in the flask at 110 rpm, in presence of light and in culture media containing (g/l) 10, yeast extract; 7.5, casamino acid; 20, MgSO4; 4, KCl; and 3, trisodium citrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houda Baati
- Research Laboratory of Environmental Sciences and Sustainable Development "LASED", University of Sfax, LR18ES32, Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Mariem Siala
- Research Laboratory of Environmental Sciences and Sustainable Development "LASED", University of Sfax, LR18ES32, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Chafai Azri
- Research Laboratory of Environmental Sciences and Sustainable Development "LASED", University of Sfax, LR18ES32, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Emna Ammar
- Research Laboratory of Environmental Sciences and Sustainable Development "LASED", University of Sfax, LR18ES32, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Trigui
- Research Laboratory of Environmental Sciences and Sustainable Development "LASED", University of Sfax, LR18ES32, Sfax, Tunisia
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6
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Jimoh AA, Ikhimiukor OO, Adeleke R. Prospects in the bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminants from hypersaline environments: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:35615-35642. [PMID: 35247173 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19299-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hypersaline environments are underappreciated and are frequently exposed to pollution from petroleum hydrocarbons. Unlike other environs, the high salinity conditions present are a deterrent to various remediation techniques. There is also production of hypersaline waters from oil-polluted ecosystems which contain toxic hydrophobic pollutants that are threat to public health, environmental protection, and sustainability. Currently, innovative advances are being proposed for the remediation of oil-contaminated hypersaline regions. Such advancements include the exploration and stimulation of native microbial communities capable of utilizing and degrading petroleum hydrocarbons. However, prevailing salinity in these environments is unfavourable for the growth of non-halophylic microorganisms, thus limiting effective bioremediation options. An in-depth understanding of the potentials of various remediation technologies of hydrocarbon-polluted hypersaline environments is lacking. Thus, we present an overview of petroleum hydrocarbon pollution in hypersaline ecosystems and discuss the challenges and prospects associated with several technologies that may be employed in remediation of hydrocarbon pollution in the presence of delimiting high salinities. The application of biological remediation technologies including the utilization of halophilic and halotolerant microorganisms is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullahi Adekilekun Jimoh
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.
- Institute for Microbial Biotechnology and Metagenomics, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town, 7535, South Africa.
| | - Odion Osebhahiemen Ikhimiukor
- Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Rasheed Adeleke
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
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7
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Paggi RA, Giménez MI, De Castro RE. Proteolytic Activity Assays in Haloarchaea. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2522:319-330. [PMID: 36125759 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2445-6_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Extreme halophilic archaea (haloarchaea) have adapted their physiology and biomolecules to thrive in saline environments (>2 M NaCl). Many haloarchaea produce extracellular hydrolases (including proteases) with potential biotechnological applications, which require unusual high salt concentrations to attain their function and maintain their stability. These conditions restrict many of the standard methods used to study these enzymes such as activity determination and/or protein purification. Here, we describe basic protocols to detect and measure extracellular proteolytic activity in haloarchaea including casein hydrolysis on agar plates, quantitative proteolytic activity determination by the azocasein assay and gelatin zymography in presence of the compatible solute glycine-betaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Alejandro Paggi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, FCEyN, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMDP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - María Inés Giménez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, FCEyN, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMDP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Rosana Esther De Castro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, FCEyN, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMDP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mar del Plata, Argentina.
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8
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Saona LA, Soria M, Durán-Toro V, Wörmer L, Milucka J, Castro-Nallar E, Meneses C, Contreras M, Farías ME. Phosphate-Arsenic Interactions in Halophilic Microorganisms of the Microbial Mat from Laguna Tebenquiche: from the Microenvironment to the Genomes. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2021; 81:941-953. [PMID: 33388944 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-020-01673-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) is a metalloid present in the earth's crust and widely distributed in the environment. Due to its high concentrations in the Andean valleys and its chemical similarity with phosphorus (P), its biological role in Andean Microbial Ecosystems (AMEs) has begun to be studied. The AMEs are home to extremophilic microbial communities that form microbial mats, evaporites, and microbialites inhabiting Andean lakes, puquios, or salt flats. In this work, we characterize the biological role of As and the effect of phosphate in AMEs from the Laguna Tebenquiche (Atacama Desert, Chile). Using micro X-ray fluorescence, the distribution of As in microbial mat samples was mapped. Taxonomic and inferred functional profiles were obtained from enriched cultures of microbial mats incubated under As stress and different phosphate conditions. Additionally, representative microorganisms highly resistant to As and able to grow under low phosphate concentration were isolated and studied physiologically. Finally, the genomes of the isolated Salicola sp. and Halorubrum sp. were sequenced to analyze genes related to both phosphate metabolism and As resistance. The results revealed As as a key component of the microbial mat ecosystem: (i) As was distributed across all sections of the microbial mat and represented a significant weight percentage of the mat (0.17 %) in comparison with P (0.40%); (ii) Low phosphate concentration drastically changed the microbial community in microbial mat samples incubated under high salinity and high As concentrations; (iii) Archaea and Bacteria isolated from the microbial mat were highly resistant to arsenate (up to 500 mM), even under low phosphate concentration; (iv) The genomes of the two isolates were predicted to contain key genes in As metabolism (aioAB and arsC/acr3) and the genes predicted to encode the phosphate-specific transport operon (pstSCAB-phoU) are next to the arsC gene, suggesting a functional relationship between these two elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Saona
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Microbiológicas de Lagunas Andinas (LIMLA), Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos (PROIMI), CCT, CONICET, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina.
- Department of Biogeochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstrasse 1, 28359, Bremen, Germany.
| | - M Soria
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Microbiológicas de Lagunas Andinas (LIMLA), Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos (PROIMI), CCT, CONICET, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - V Durán-Toro
- Hydrothermal Geomicrobiology Group, MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - L Wörmer
- Organic Geochemistry Group, MARUM-Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 8, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - J Milucka
- Department of Biogeochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstrasse 1, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - E Castro-Nallar
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - C Meneses
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal (CBV), FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Contreras
- Centro de Ecología Aplicada, Santiago, Chile
| | - M E Farías
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Microbiológicas de Lagunas Andinas (LIMLA), Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos (PROIMI), CCT, CONICET, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina.
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9
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Kasirajan L, Maupin-Furlow JA. Halophilic archaea and their potential to generate renewable fuels and chemicals. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 118:1066-1090. [PMID: 33241850 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biofuels and chemicals have great potential to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels and mitigate air pollution by cutting down on greenhouse gas emissions. Chemical, thermal, and enzymatic processes are used to release the sugars from the lignocellulosic biomass for conversion to biofuels. These processes often operate at extreme pH conditions, high salt concentrations, and/or high temperature. These harsh treatments add to the cost of the biofuels, as most known biocatalysts do not operate under these conditions. To increase the economic feasibility of biofuel production, microorganisms that thrive in extreme conditions are considered as ideal resources to generate biofuels and value-added products. Halophilic archaea (haloarchaea) are isolated from hypersaline ecosystems with high salt concentrations approaching saturation (1.5-5 M salt concentration) including environments with extremes in pH and/or temperature. The unique traits of haloarchaea and their enzymes that enable them to sustain catalytic activity in these environments make them attractive resources for use in bioconversion processes that must occur across a wide range of industrial conditions. Biocatalysts (enzymes) derived from haloarchaea occupy a unique niche in organic solvent, salt-based, and detergent industries. This review focuses on the use of haloarchaea and their enzymes to develop and improve biofuel production. The review also highlights how haloarchaea produce value-added products, such as antibiotics, carotenoids, and bioplastic precursors, and can do so using feedstocks considered "too salty" for most microbial processes including wastes from the olive-mill, shell fish, and biodiesel industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Kasirajan
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore, India
| | - Julie A Maupin-Furlow
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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10
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Di Meglio LG, Busalmen JP, Pegoraro CN, Nercessian D. Biofilms of Halobacterium salinarum as a tool for phenanthrene bioremediation. BIOFOULING 2020; 36:564-575. [PMID: 32580583 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2020.1779709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The use of hyperhalophilic microorganisms is emerging as a sustainable alternative to clean hydrocarbon-polluted hypersaline water bodies. In line with this practice, this work reports on the ability of the archaeon Halobacterium salinarum to develop biofilms on a solid surface conditioned by the presence of phenanthrene crystals, which results in the removal of the contaminating compound. The cell surface hydrophobicity does not change during the removal process and this organism is shown to constitutively produce a surfactant molecule with specific action on aromatic hydrocarbons, both indicating that phenanthrene removal might proceed through a non-contact mechanism. A new approach is presented to follow the process in situ through epifluorescence microscopy by monitoring phenanthrene auto-fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Gabriel Di Meglio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas (CONICET-UNMdP), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata-CONICET, Mar del Plata, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Bioelectroquímica, INTEMA (CONICET-UNMdP), Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Juan Pablo Busalmen
- Laboratorio de Bioelectroquímica, INTEMA (CONICET-UNMdP), Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - César Nicolas Pegoraro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas (CONICET-UNMdP), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata-CONICET, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Débora Nercessian
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas (CONICET-UNMdP), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata-CONICET, Mar del Plata, Argentina
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11
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Abdollahnia M, Makhdoumi A, Mashreghi M, Eshghi H. Exploring the potentials of halophilic prokaryotes from a solar saltern for synthesizing nanoparticles: The case of silver and selenium. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229886. [PMID: 32130283 PMCID: PMC7055902 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Halophiles are the organisms that thrive in extreme high salt environments. Despite the extensive studies on their biotechnological potentials, the ability of halophilic prokaryotes for the synthesis of nanoparticles has remained understudied. In this study, the archaeal and bacterial halophiles from a solar saltern were investigated for the intracellular/extracellular synthesis of silver and selenium nanoparticles. Silver nanoparticles were produced by the archaeal Haloferax sp. (AgNP-A, intracellular) and the bacterial Halomonas sp. (AgNP-B, extracellular), while the intracellular selenium nanoparticles were produced by the archaeal Halogeometricum sp. (SeNP-A) and the bacterial Bacillus sp. (SeNP-B). The nanoparticles were characterized by various techniques including UV-Vis spectroscopy, XRD, DLS, ICP-OES, Zeta potentials, FTIR, EDX, SEM, and TEM. The average particle size of AgNP-A and AgNP-B was 26.34 nm and 22 nm based on TEM analysis. Also, the characteristic Bragg peaks of face-centered cubic with crystallite domain sizes of 13.01 nm and 6.13 nm were observed in XRD analysis, respectively. Crystallographic characterization of SeNP-A and SeNP-B strains showed a hexagonal crystallite structure with domain sizes of 30.63 nm and 29.48 nm and average sizes of 111.6 nm and 141.6 nm according to TEM analysis, respectively. The polydispersity index of AgNP-A, AgNP-B, SeNP-A, and SeNP-B was determined as 0.26, 0.28, 0.27, and 0.36 and revealed high uniformity of the nanoparticles. All of the synthesized nanoparticles were stable and their zeta potentials were calculated as (mV): -33.12, -35.9, -31.2, and -29.34 for AgNP-A, AgNP-B, SeNP-A, and SeNP-B, respectively. The nanoparticles showed the antibacterial activity against various bacterial pathogens. The results of this study suggested that the (extremely) halophilic prokaryotes have great potentials for the green synthesis of nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Abdollahnia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Makhdoumi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mansour Mashreghi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
- Center of Nano Research, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Eshghi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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Extreme environments: a source of biosurfactants for biotechnological applications. Extremophiles 2019; 24:189-206. [PMID: 31823065 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-019-01151-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The surfactant industry moves billions of dollars a year and consists of chemically synthesized molecules usually derived from petroleum. Surfactant is a versatile molecule that is widely used in different industrial areas, with an emphasis on the petroleum, biomedical and detergent industries. Recently, interest in environmentally friendly surfactants that are resistant to extreme conditions has increased because of consumers' appeal for sustainable products and industrial processes that often require these characteristics. With this context, the need arises to search for surfactants produced by microorganisms coming from extreme environments and to mine their unique biotechnological potential. The production of biosurfactants is still incipient and presents challenges regarding economic viability due to the high costs of cultivation, production, recovery and purification. Advances can be made by exploring the extreme biosphere and bioinformatics tools. This review focuses on biosurfactants produced by microorganisms from different extreme environments, presenting a complete overview of what information is available in the literature, including the advances, challenges and future perspectives, as well as showing the possible applications of extreme biosurfactants.
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Barbachano‐Torres A, López‐Ortega MA, Delgado‐García M, González‐García Y, Rodríguez JA, Kirchmayr MR, Camacho‐Ruíz RM. Production and Characterization of Surface‐Active Lipopeptides by Haloalkaliphilic Bacteria
Salibacterium
sp. 4CTb. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jsde.12336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Barbachano‐Torres
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco Avenida Normalistas 800, 44270 Guadalajara Jal Mexico
| | - Mayra A. López‐Ortega
- Departamento de Madera, Celulosa y Papel, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e IngenieríasUniversidad de Guadalajara Km 15.5, Carretera Guadalajara‐Nogales, 45220 Zapopan Jal Mexico
| | - Mariana Delgado‐García
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco Avenida Normalistas 800, 44270 Guadalajara Jal Mexico
| | - Yolanda González‐García
- Departamento de Madera, Celulosa y Papel, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e IngenieríasUniversidad de Guadalajara Km 15.5, Carretera Guadalajara‐Nogales, 45220 Zapopan Jal Mexico
| | - Jorge A. Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco Avenida Normalistas 800, 44270 Guadalajara Jal Mexico
| | - Manuel R. Kirchmayr
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco Avenida Normalistas 800, 44270 Guadalajara Jal Mexico
| | - Rosa M. Camacho‐Ruíz
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco Avenida Normalistas 800, 44270 Guadalajara Jal Mexico
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Malik AD, Furtado IJ. Haloferax sulfurifontis GUMFAZ2 producing xylanase-free cellulase retrieved from Haliclona sp. inhabiting rocky shore of Anjuna, Goa-India. J Basic Microbiol 2019; 59:692-700. [PMID: 30980726 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201800672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Salt stable cellulases are implicated in detritic food webs of marine invertebrates for their role in the degradation of cellulosic material. A haloarchaeon, Haloferax sulfurifontis GUMFAZ2 producing cellulase was successfully isolated from marine Haliclona sp., a sponge inhabiting the rocky intertidal region of Anjuna, Goa. The culture produced extracellular xylanase-free cellulase with a maximum activity of 11.7 U/ml, using carboxymethylcellulose-Na (CMC-Na), as a sole source of carbon in 3.5 M NaCl containing medium, pH 7 at 40°C and produced cellobiose and glucose, detectable by thin-layer chromatography. Nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the crude enzyme, revealed a single protein band of 19.6 kDa which on zymographic analysis exhibited cellulase activity while corresponding sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed a molecular weight of 46 kDa. Unlike conventional cellulases, this enzyme is active in presence of 5 M NaCl and does not have accompanying xylanase activity, hence can be considered as xylanase-free cellulase. Such enzymes from haloarchaea offer great potential for biotechnological application because of their stability at high salinity and is therefore worth pursuing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisha D Malik
- Department of Microbiology, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, Goa, India
| | - Irene J Furtado
- Department of Microbiology, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, Goa, India
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The Biogeography of Great Salt Lake Halophilic Archaea: Testing the Hypothesis of Avian Mechanical Carriers. DIVERSITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/d10040124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Halophilic archaea inhabit hypersaline ecosystems globally, and genetically similar strains have been found in locales that are geographically isolated from one another. We sought to test the hypothesis that small salt crystals harboring halophilic archaea could be carried on bird feathers and that bird migration is a driving force of these distributions. In this study, we discovered that the American White Pelicans (AWPE) at Great Salt Lake soak in the hypersaline brine and accumulate salt crystals (halite) on their feathers. We cultured halophilic archaea from AWPE feathers and halite crystals. The microorganisms isolated from the lakeshore crystals were restricted to two genera: Halorubrum and Haloarcula, however, archaea from the feathers were strictly Haloarcula. We compared partial DNA sequence of the 16S rRNA gene from our cultivars with that of similar strains in the GenBank database. To understand the biogeography of genetically similar halophilic archaea, we studied the geographical locations of the sampling sites of the closest-matched species. An analysis of the environmental factors of each site pointed to salinity as the most important factor for selection. The geography of the sites was consistent with the location of the sub-tropical jet stream where birds typically migrate, supporting the avian dispersal hypothesis.
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Amoozegar MA, Siroosi M, Atashgahi S, Smidt H, Ventosa A. Systematics of haloarchaea and biotechnological potential of their hydrolytic enzymes. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2017; 163:623-645. [PMID: 28548036 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Halophilic archaea, also referred to as haloarchaea, dominate hypersaline environments. To survive under such extreme conditions, haloarchaea and their enzymes have evolved to function optimally in environments with high salt concentrations and, sometimes, with extreme pH and temperatures. These features make haloarchaea attractive sources of a wide variety of biotechnological products, such as hydrolytic enzymes, with numerous potential applications in biotechnology. The unique trait of haloarchaeal enzymes, haloenzymes, to sustain activity under hypersaline conditions has extended the range of already-available biocatalysts and industrial processes in which high salt concentrations inhibit the activity of regular enzymes. In addition to their halostable properties, haloenzymes can also withstand other conditions such as extreme pH and temperature. In spite of these benefits, the industrial potential of these natural catalysts remains largely unexplored, with only a few characterized extracellular hydrolases. Because of the applied impact of haloarchaea and their specific ability to live in the presence of high salt concentrations, studies on their systematics have intensified in recent years, identifying many new genera and species. This review summarizes the current status of the haloarchaeal genera and species, and discusses the properties of haloenzymes and their potential industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali Amoozegar
- Extremophiles Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Siroosi
- Extremophiles Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Siavash Atashgahi
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hauke Smidt
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Antonio Ventosa
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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Di Meglio L, Santos F, Gomariz M, Almansa C, López C, Antón J, Nercessian D. Seasonal dynamics of extremely halophilic microbial communities in three Argentinian salterns. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2016; 92:fiw184. [PMID: 27604253 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiw184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonal sampling was carried out at three Argentinian salterns, Salitral Negro (SN), Colorada Grande (CG) and Guatraché (G), to analyze abiotic parameters and microbial diversity and dynamics. Microbial assemblages were correlated to environmental factors by statistical analyses. Principal component analysis of the environmental data grouped SN and CG samples separately from G samples owing to G's higher pH values and sulfate concentration. Differences in microbial assemblages were also found. Many archaeal sequences belonged to uncultured members of Haloquadratum and Haloquadratum-related genera, with different environmental optima. Notably, nearly half of the archaeal sequences were affiliated to the recently described 'Candidatus Haloredividus' (phylum Nanohaloarchaeota), not previously detected in salt-saturated environments. Most bacterial sequences belonged to Salinibacter representatives, while sequences affiliated to the recently described genus Spiribacter were also found. Seasonal analysis showed at least 40% of the microbiota from the three salterns was prevalent through the year, indicating they are well adapted to environmental fluctuations. On the other hand, a minority of archaeal and bacterial sequences were found to be seasonally distributed. Five viral morphotypes and also eukaryal predators were detected, suggesting different mechanisms for controlling prokaryotic numbers. Notably, Guatraché was the saltern that harbored the highest virus-to-cell ratios reported to date for hypersaline environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Di Meglio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UNMDP - CONICET, Funes 3250 4° nivel, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Fernando Santos
- Departamento de Fisiología, Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, España
| | - María Gomariz
- Departamento de Fisiología, Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, España
| | - Cristina Almansa
- Servicios Técnicos de Investigación (SSTTI), Unidad de Microscopía, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, España
| | - Cristina López
- Departamento de Fisiología, Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, España
| | - Josefa Antón
- Departamento de Fisiología, Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, España
| | - Débora Nercessian
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UNMDP - CONICET, Funes 3250 4° nivel, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
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Brumano LP, Soler MF, da Silva SS. Recent Advances in Sustainable Production and Application of Biosurfactants in Brazil and Latin America. Ind Biotechnol (New Rochelle N Y) 2016. [DOI: 10.1089/ind.2015.0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Pereira Brumano
- Department of Biotechnology, Lorena School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Matheus Francisco Soler
- Department of Biotechnology, Lorena School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvio Silvério da Silva
- Department of Biotechnology, Lorena School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil
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Kumar S, Grewal J, Sadaf A, Hemamalini R, K. Khare S. Halophiles as a source of polyextremophilic α-amylase for industrial applications. AIMS Microbiol 2016. [DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2016.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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