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Baur K, Şan Ş, Hölzl-Wenig G, Mandl C, Hellwig A, Ciccolini F. GDF15 controls primary cilia morphology and function thereby affecting progenitor proliferation. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302384. [PMID: 38719753 PMCID: PMC11077589 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that growth/differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) and its receptor GDNF family receptor alpha-like (GFRAL) are expressed in the periventricular germinal epithelium thereby regulating apical progenitor proliferation. However, the mechanisms are unknown. We now found GFRAL in primary cilia and altered cilia morphology upon GDF15 ablation. Mutant progenitors also displayed increased histone deacetylase 6 (Hdac6) and ciliary adenylate cyclase 3 (Adcy3) transcript levels. Consistently, microtubule acetylation, endogenous sonic hedgehog (SHH) activation and ciliary ADCY3 were all affected in this group. Application of exogenous GDF15 or pharmacological antagonists of either HDAC6 or ADCY3 similarly normalized ciliary morphology, proliferation and SHH signalling. Notably, Gdf15 ablation affected Hdac6 expression and cilia length only in the mutant periventricular niche, in concomitance with ciliary localization of GFRAL. In contrast, in the hippocampus, where GFRAL was not expressed in the cilium, progenitors displayed altered Adcy3 expression and SHH signalling, but Hdac6 expression, cilia morphology and ciliary ADCY3 levels remained unchanged. Thus, ciliary signalling underlies the effect of GDF15 on primary cilia elongation and proliferation in apical progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Baur
- https://ror.org/038t36y30 Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Şeydanur Şan
- https://ror.org/038t36y30 Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Gabriele Hölzl-Wenig
- https://ror.org/038t36y30 Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Mandl
- https://ror.org/038t36y30 Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Hellwig
- https://ror.org/038t36y30 Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Francesca Ciccolini
- https://ror.org/038t36y30 Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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2
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Kawasaki M, Al-Shama RFM, Nariswari FA, Fabrizi B, van den Berg NWE, Wesselink R, Neefs J, Meulendijks ER, Baalman SWE, Driessen AHG, de Groot JR. Primary cilia suppress the fibrotic activity of atrial fibroblasts from patients with atrial fibrillation in vitro. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12470. [PMID: 38816374 PMCID: PMC11139955 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60298-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrosis serves as an arrhythmogenic substrate in atrial fibrillation (AF) and contributes to AF persistence. Treating atrial fibrosis is challenging because atrial fibroblast activity is multifactorial. We hypothesized that the primary cilium regulates the profibrotic response of AF atrial fibroblasts, and explored therapeutic potentials of targeting primary cilia to treat fibrosis in AF. We included 25 patients without AF (non-AF) and 26 persistent AF patients (AF). Immunohistochemistry using a subset of the patients (non-AF: n = 10, AF: n = 10) showed less ciliated fibroblasts in AF versus non-AF. Acetylated α-tubulin protein levels were decreased in AF, while the gene expressions of AURKA and NEDD9 were highly increased in AF patients' left atrium. Loss of primary cilia in human atrial fibroblasts through IFT88 knockdown enhanced expression of ECM genes, including FN1 and COL1A1. Remarkably, restoration or elongation of primary cilia by an AURKA selective inhibitor or lithium chloride, respectively, prevented the increased expression of ECM genes induced by different profibrotic cytokines in atrial fibroblasts of AF patients. Our data reveal a novel mechanism underlying fibrotic substrate formation via primary cilia loss in AF atrial fibroblasts and suggest a therapeutic potential for abrogating atrial fibrosis by restoring primary cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiri Kawasaki
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Heart Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Rushd F M Al-Shama
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Heart Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Fransisca A Nariswari
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Heart Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Benedetta Fabrizi
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Heart Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicoline W E van den Berg
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Heart Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robin Wesselink
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Heart Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jolien Neefs
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Heart Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eva R Meulendijks
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Heart Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah W E Baalman
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Heart Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Antoine H G Driessen
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Heart Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joris R de Groot
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Heart Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Kong MJ, Han SJ, Seu SY, Han KH, Lipschutz JH, Park KM. High water intake induces primary cilium elongation in renal tubular cells. Kidney Res Clin Pract 2024; 43:313-325. [PMID: 37933114 PMCID: PMC11181044 DOI: 10.23876/j.krcp.23.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The primary cilium protrudes from the cell surface and functions as a mechanosensor. Recently, we found that water intake restriction shortens the primary cilia of renal tubular cells, and a blockage of the shortening disturbs the ability of the kidneys to concentrate urine. Here, we investigate whether high water intake (HWI) alters primary cilia length, and if so, what is its underlying mechanism and its role on kidney urine production. METHODS Experimental mice were given free access to normal water (normal water intake) or 3% sucrose-containing water for HWI for 2 days. Some mice were administered with U0126 (10 mg/kg body weight), an inhibitor of MEK kinase, from 2 days before HWI, daily. The primary cilium length and urine amount and osmolality were investigated. RESULTS HWI-induced diluted urine production and primary cilium elongation in renal tubular cells. HWI increased the expression of α-tubulin acetyltransferase 1 (αTAT1), leading to the acetylation of α-tubulins, a core protein of the primary cilia. HWI also increased phosphorylated ERK1/2 (p-ERK1/2) and exocyst complex component 5 (Exoc5) expression in the kidneys. U0126 blocked HWI-induced increases in αTAT1, p-ERK1/2, and Exoc5 expression. U0126 inhibited HWI-induced α-tubulin acetylation, primary cilium elongation, urine amount increase, and urine osmolality decrease. CONCLUSION These results show that increased water intake elongates the primary cilia via ERK1/2 activation and that ERK inhibition prevents primary cilium elongation and diluted urine production. These data suggest that the elongation of primary cilium length is associated with the production of diluted urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jung Kong
- Department of Anatomy, BK21 Plus, and Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Jun Han
- Department of Anatomy, BK21 Plus, and Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Fisheries Science, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Young Seu
- Department of Anatomy, BK21 Plus, and Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Hwan Han
- Department of Anatomy, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joshua H. Lipschutz
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Department of Medicine, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Kwon Moo Park
- Department of Anatomy, BK21 Plus, and Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Niehrs C, Da Silva F, Seidl C. Cilia as Wnt signaling organelles. Trends Cell Biol 2024:S0962-8924(24)00071-0. [PMID: 38697898 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2024.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Cilia and Wnt signaling have a complex relationship, wherein Wnt regulates cilia and, conversely, cilia may affect Wnt signaling. Recently, it was shown that Wnt receptors are present in flagella, primary cilia, and multicilia, where they transmit an intraciliary signal that is independent of β-catenin. Intraciliary Wnt signaling promotes ciliogenesis, affecting male fertility, adipogenesis, and mucociliary clearance. Wnt also stimulates the beating of motile cilia, highlighting that these nanomotors, too, are chemosensory. Intraciliary Wnt signaling employs a Wnt-protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) signaling axis, involving the canonical Wnt pathway's inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) to repress PP1 activity. Collectively, these findings support that cilia are Wnt signaling organelles, with implications for ciliopathies and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof Niehrs
- Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Fabio Da Silva
- Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carina Seidl
- Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Zhang Y, Tawiah GK, Zhang Y, Wang X, Wei X, Chen W, Qiao X, Zhang Q. HDAC6 inhibition regulates substrate stiffness-mediated inflammation signaling in chondrocytes. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2023; 55:1987-1998. [PMID: 37644773 PMCID: PMC10753363 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2023144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic disease and is difficult to cure. Chondrocytes are highly mechanosensitive. Therefore, mechanical therapies have received attention as a therapeutic direction for OA. The stiffness, as a critical cue of the extracellular matrix (ECM), affects cell growth, development, and death. In this study, we use polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to create substrates with varying stiffness for chondrocyte growth, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) treatment to mimic the inflammatory environment, and Tubastatin A (Tub A) to inhibit histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6). Our results show that stiff substrates can be anti-inflammatory and provide a better matrix environment than soft substrates. Inhibition of HDAC6 improves the inflammatory environment caused by IL-1β and coordinates with inflammation to spread the chondrocyte area and primary cilia elongation. Without IL-1β and Tub A treatments, the length of the primary cilia rather than frequency is stiffness-dependent, and their length on stiff substrates are greater than that on soft substrates. In conclusion, we demonstrate that stiff substrates, inflammation, and inhibition of HDAC6 enhance the mechanosensitivity of primary cilia and mediate substrate stiffness to suppress inflammation and protect the matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Department of Histology and EmbryologyShanxi Medical UniversityJinzhong030604China
- College of Biomedical EngineeringTaiyuan University of TechnologyTaiyuan030024China
| | - Godfred K Tawiah
- College of Biomedical EngineeringTaiyuan University of TechnologyTaiyuan030024China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- College of Biomedical EngineeringTaiyuan University of TechnologyTaiyuan030024China
- Department of Orthopaedicsthe Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical UniversityShanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury RepairShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuan030001China
| | - Xiaohu Wang
- Department of Orthopaedicsthe Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical UniversityShanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury RepairShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuan030001China
| | - Xiaochun Wei
- Department of Orthopaedicsthe Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical UniversityShanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury RepairShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuan030001China
| | - Weiyi Chen
- College of Biomedical EngineeringTaiyuan University of TechnologyTaiyuan030024China
| | - Xiaohong Qiao
- Department of Histology and EmbryologyShanxi Medical UniversityJinzhong030604China
- Department of OrthopaedicsLvliang Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical UniversityLvliang033099China
| | - Quanyou Zhang
- College of Biomedical EngineeringTaiyuan University of TechnologyTaiyuan030024China
- Department of Orthopaedicsthe Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical UniversityShanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury RepairShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuan030001China
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Jagirdar RM, Pitaraki E, Kotsiou OS, Rouka E, Sinis SI, Varsamas C, Marnas P, Stergiopoulou E, Giannou A, Hatzoglou C, Gourgoulianis KI, Zarogiannis SG. Effects of pharmacological primary cilium disturbance in the context of in vitro 2D and 3D malignant pleura mesothelioma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 654:128-135. [PMID: 36907140 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Primary cilium (PC) is a single non-motile antenna-like organelle composed of a microtubule core axon originating from the mother centriole of the centrosome. The PC is universal in all mammalian cells and protrudes to the extracellular environment receiving mechanochemical cues that it transmits in the cell. AIM To investigate the role of PC in mesothelial malignancy in the context of two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) phenotypes. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effect of pharmacological deciliation [using ammonium sulphate (AS) or chloral hydrate (CH)] and PC elongation [using lithium chloride (LC)] on cell viability, adhesion, and migration (2D cultures) as well as in mesothelial sphere formation, spheroid invasion and collagen gel contraction (3D cultures) was investigated in benign mesothelial MeT-5A cells and in malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) cell lines, M14K (epithelioid) and MSTO (biphasic), and primary malignant pleural mesothelioma cells (pMPM). RESULTS Pharmacological deciliation or elongation of the PC significantly affected cell viability, adhesion, migration, spheroid formation, spheroid invasion and collagen gel contraction in MeT-5A, M14K, MSTO cell lines and in pMPM cells compared to controls (no drug treatment). CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate a pivotal role of the PC in functional phenotypes of benign mesothelial cells and MPM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh M Jagirdar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Eleanna Pitaraki
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Ourania S Kotsiou
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, 41500, Larissa, Greece; Department of Human Pathophysiology, Faculty of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, GAIOPOLIS, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Erasmia Rouka
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, 41500, Larissa, Greece; Faculty of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, GAIOPOLIS, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Sotirios I Sinis
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, 41500, Larissa, Greece; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Charalampos Varsamas
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Periklis Marnas
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Elpiniki Stergiopoulou
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, 41500, Larissa, Greece; Faculty of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Anastasios Giannou
- Section of Molecular Immunology and Gastroenterology, I. Department of Medicine, UKE, Hamburg, 20246, Germany; Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany; Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Chrissi Hatzoglou
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Konstantinos I Gourgoulianis
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Sotirios G Zarogiannis
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, 41500, Larissa, Greece.
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7
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Carmona B, Marinho HS, Matos CL, Nolasco S, Soares H. Tubulin Post-Translational Modifications: The Elusive Roles of Acetylation. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12040561. [PMID: 37106761 PMCID: PMC10136095 DOI: 10.3390/biology12040561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs), dynamic polymers of α/β-tubulin heterodimers found in all eukaryotes, are involved in cytoplasm spatial organization, intracellular transport, cell polarity, migration and division, and in cilia biology. MTs functional diversity depends on the differential expression of distinct tubulin isotypes and is amplified by a vast number of different post-translational modifications (PTMs). The addition/removal of PTMs to α- or β-tubulins is catalyzed by specific enzymes and allows combinatory patterns largely enriching the distinct biochemical and biophysical properties of MTs, creating a code read by distinct proteins, including microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs), which allow cellular responses. This review is focused on tubulin-acetylation, whose cellular roles continue to generate debate. We travel through the experimental data pointing to α-tubulin Lys40 acetylation role as being a MT stabilizer and a typical PTM of long lived MTs, to the most recent data, suggesting that Lys40 acetylation enhances MT flexibility and alters the mechanical properties of MTs, preventing MTs from mechanical aging characterized by structural damage. Additionally, we discuss the regulation of tubulin acetyltransferases/desacetylases and their impacts on cell physiology. Finally, we analyze how changes in MT acetylation levels have been found to be a general response to stress and how they are associated with several human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Carmona
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Av. D. João II, Lote 4.69.01, 1990-096 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - H Susana Marinho
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Catarina Lopes Matos
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sofia Nolasco
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Av. D. João II, Lote 4.69.01, 1990-096 Lisboa, Portugal
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Helena Soares
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Av. D. João II, Lote 4.69.01, 1990-096 Lisboa, Portugal
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Zhang K, Da Silva F, Seidl C, Wilsch-Bräuninger M, Herbst J, Huttner WB, Niehrs C. Primary cilia are WNT-transducing organelles whose biogenesis is controlled by a WNT-PP1 axis. Dev Cell 2023; 58:139-154.e8. [PMID: 36693320 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
WNT signaling is important in development, stem cell maintenance, and disease. WNT ligands typically signal via receptor activation across the plasma membrane to induce β-catenin-dependent gene activation. Here, we show that in mammalian primary cilia, WNT receptors relay a WNT/GSK3 signal that β-catenin-independently promotes ciliogenesis. Characterization of a LRP6 ciliary targeting sequence and monitoring of acute WNT co-receptor activation (phospho-LRP6) support this conclusion. Ciliary WNT signaling inhibits protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) activity, a negative regulator of ciliogenesis, by preventing GSK3-mediated phosphorylation of the PP1 regulatory inhibitor subunit PPP1R2. Concordantly, deficiency of WNT/GSK3 signaling by depletion of cyclin Y and cyclin-Y-like protein 1 induces primary cilia defects in mouse embryonic neuronal precursors, kidney proximal tubules, and adult mice preadipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiqing Zhang
- Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fabio Da Silva
- Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carina Seidl
- Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michaela Wilsch-Bräuninger
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraβe 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jessica Herbst
- Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wieland B Huttner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraβe 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Christof Niehrs
- Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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9
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Tsai YC, Kuo TN, Chao YY, Lee PR, Lin RC, Xiao XY, Huang BM, Wang CY. PDGF-AA activates AKT and ERK signaling for testicular interstitial Leydig cell growth via primary cilia. J Cell Biochem 2023; 124:89-102. [PMID: 36306470 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Testes control the development of male reproductive system. The testicular interstitial Leydig cells (Leydig cells) synthesize testosterone for promoting spermatogenesis and secondary sexual characteristics. Type A platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-AA) is one of the most important growth factors in regulating Leydig cell growth and function. Knockout of PDGF-AA or its congenital receptor PDGFR-α leads to poor testicular development caused by reducing Leydig cell numbers, supporting PDGF-AA/PDGFR-α signaling regulates Leydig cell development. Primary cilium is a cellular antenna that functions as an integrative platform to transduce extracellular signaling for proper development and differentiation. Several receptors including PDGFR-α are observed on primary cilia for initiating signaling cascades in distinct cell types. Here we showed that PDGF-AA/PDGFR-α signaling promoted Leydig cells growth, migration, and invasion via primary cilia. Upon PDGF-AA treatment, AKT and ERK signaling were activated to regulate these cellular events. Interestingly, active AKT and ERK were detected around the base of primary cilia. Depletion of ciliary genes (IFT88 and CEP164) alleviated PDGF-AA-activated AKT and ERK, thus reducing Leydig cell growth, migration, and invasion. Thus, our study not only reveals the function of PDGF-AA/PDGFR-α signaling in maintaining testicular physiology but also uncovers the role of primary cilium and downstream signaling in regulating Leydig cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Chieh Tsai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Sport Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tian-Ni Kuo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ying Chao
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Rong Lee
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ruei-Ci Lin
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Xiao-Yi Xiao
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Bu-Miin Huang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yih Wang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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10
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Delfino G, Bénardais K, Graff J, Samama B, Antal MC, Ghandour MS, Boehm N. Oligodendroglial primary cilium heterogeneity during development and demyelination/remyelination. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:1049468. [PMID: 36505511 PMCID: PMC9729284 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1049468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium (PC) has emerged as an indispensable cellular antenna essential for signal transduction of important cell signaling pathways. The rapid acquisition of knowledge about PC biology has raised attention to PC as a therapeutic target in some neurological and psychiatric diseases. However, the role of PC in oligodendrocytes and its participation in myelination/remyelination remain poorly understood. Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) give rise to oligodendrocytes during central nervous system (CNS) development. In adult, a small percentage of OPCs remains as undifferentiated cells located sparsely in the different regions of the CNS. These cells can regenerate oligodendrocytes and participate to certain extent in remyelination. This study aims characterize PC in oligodendrocyte lineage cells during post-natal development and in a mouse model of demyelination/remyelination. We show heterogeneity in the frequency of cilium presence on OPCs, depending on culture conditions in vitro and cerebral regions in vivo during development and demyelination/remyelination. In vitro, Lithium chloride (LiCl), Forskolin and Chloral Hydrate differentially affect cilium, depending on culture environment and PC length correlates with the cell differentiation state. Beside the role of PC as a keeper of cell proliferation, our results suggest its involvement in myelination/remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Delfino
- ICube Laboratory UMR 7357, Team IMIS, Strasbourg, France,Institut d’Histologie, Service Central de Microscopie Electronique, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France,Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France,*Correspondence: Giada Delfino,
| | - Karelle Bénardais
- ICube Laboratory UMR 7357, Team IMIS, Strasbourg, France,Institut d’Histologie, Service Central de Microscopie Electronique, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France,Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France,Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Julien Graff
- Institut d’Histologie, Service Central de Microscopie Electronique, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France,Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Brigitte Samama
- ICube Laboratory UMR 7357, Team IMIS, Strasbourg, France,Institut d’Histologie, Service Central de Microscopie Electronique, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France,Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France,Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Maria Cristina Antal
- ICube Laboratory UMR 7357, Team IMIS, Strasbourg, France,Institut d’Histologie, Service Central de Microscopie Electronique, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France,Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France,Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - M. Said Ghandour
- ICube Laboratory UMR 7357, Team IMIS, Strasbourg, France,Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Nelly Boehm
- ICube Laboratory UMR 7357, Team IMIS, Strasbourg, France,Institut d’Histologie, Service Central de Microscopie Electronique, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France,Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France,Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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11
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Lithium chloride-induced primary cilia recovery enhances biosynthetic response of chondrocytes to mechanical stimulation. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2022; 21:605-614. [DOI: 10.1007/s10237-021-01551-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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12
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Łysyganicz PK, Pooranachandran N, Liu X, Adamson KI, Zielonka K, Elworthy S, van Eeden FJ, Grierson AJ, Malicki JJ. Loss of Deacetylation Enzymes Hdac6 and Sirt2 Promotes Acetylation of Cytoplasmic Tubulin, but Suppresses Axonemal Acetylation in Zebrafish Cilia. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:676214. [PMID: 34268305 PMCID: PMC8276265 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.676214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cilia are evolutionarily highly conserved organelles with important functions in many organs. The extracellular component of the cilium protruding from the plasma membrane comprises an axoneme composed of microtubule doublets, arranged in a 9 + 0 conformation in primary cilia or 9 + 2 in motile cilia. These microtubules facilitate transport of intraflagellar cargoes along the axoneme. They also provide structural stability to the cilium, which may play an important role in sensory cilia, where signals are received from the movement of extracellular fluid. Post-translational modification of microtubules in cilia is a well-studied phenomenon, and acetylation on lysine 40 (K40) of alpha tubulin is prominent in cilia. It is believed that this modification contributes to the stabilization of cilia. Two classes of enzymes, histone acetyltransferases and histone deacetylases, mediate regulation of tubulin acetylation. Here we use a genetic approach, immunocytochemistry and behavioral tests to investigate the function of tubulin deacetylases in cilia in a zebrafish model. By mutating three histone deacetylase genes (Sirt2, Hdac6, and Hdac10), we identify an unforeseen role for Hdac6 and Sirt2 in cilia. As expected, mutation of these genes leads to increased acetylation of cytoplasmic tubulin, however, surprisingly it caused decreased tubulin acetylation in cilia in the developing eye, ear, brain and kidney. Cilia in the ear and eye showed elevated levels of mono-glycylated tubulin suggesting a compensatory mechanism. These changes did not affect the length or morphology of cilia, however, functional defects in balance was observed, suggesting that the level of tubulin acetylation may affect function of the cilium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł K Łysyganicz
- The Bateson Centre, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | | | - Xinming Liu
- The School of Clinical Dentistry, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn I Adamson
- The Bateson Centre, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Katarzyna Zielonka
- The Bateson Centre, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Stone Elworthy
- The Bateson Centre, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Fredericus J van Eeden
- The Bateson Centre, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Grierson
- The Bateson Centre, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Jarema J Malicki
- The Bateson Centre, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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13
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Alonso VL, Carloni ME, Gonçalves CS, Martinez Peralta G, Chesta ME, Pezza A, Tavernelli LE, Motta MCM, Serra E. Alpha-Tubulin Acetylation in Trypanosoma cruzi: A Dynamic Instability of Microtubules Is Required for Replication and Cell Cycle Progression. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:642271. [PMID: 33777851 PMCID: PMC7991793 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.642271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomatids have a cytoskeleton arrangement that is simpler than what is found in most eukaryotic cells. However, it is precisely organized and constituted by stable microtubules. Such microtubules compose the mitotic spindle during mitosis, the basal body, the flagellar axoneme and the subpellicular microtubules, which are connected to each other and also to the plasma membrane forming a helical arrangement along the central axis of the parasite cell body. Subpellicular, mitotic and axonemal microtubules are extensively acetylated in Trypanosoma cruzi. Acetylation on lysine (K) 40 of α-tubulin is conserved from lower eukaryotes to mammals and is associated with microtubule stability. It is also known that K40 acetylation occurs significantly on flagella, centrioles, cilia, basal body and the mitotic spindle in eukaryotes. Several tubulin posttranslational modifications, including acetylation of K40, have been cataloged in trypanosomatids, but the functional importance of these modifications for microtubule dynamics and parasite biology remains largely undefined. The primary tubulin acetyltransferase was recently identified in several eukaryotes as Mec-17/ATAT, a Gcn5-related N-acetyltransferase. Here, we report that T. cruzi ATAT acetylates α-tubulin in vivo and is capable of auto-acetylation. TcATAT is located in the cytoskeleton and flagella of epimastigotes and colocalizes with acetylated α-tubulin in these structures. We have expressed TcATAT with an HA tag using the inducible vector pTcINDEX-GW in T. cruzi. Over-expression of TcATAT causes increased levels of the alpha tubulin acetylated species, induces morphological and ultrastructural defects, especially in the mitochondrion, and causes a halt in the cell cycle progression of epimastigotes, which is related to an impairment of the kinetoplast division. Finally, as a result of TcATAT over-expression we observed that parasites became more resistant to microtubule depolymerizing drugs. These results support the idea that α-tubulin acetylation levels are finely regulated for the normal progression of T. cruzi cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Lucia Alonso
- Laboratorio de Biología y Bioquímica de Trypanosoma cruzi, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Rosario, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquimicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Mara Emilia Carloni
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquimicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Camila Silva Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gonzalo Martinez Peralta
- Laboratorio de Biología y Bioquímica de Trypanosoma cruzi, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Rosario, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquimicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Maria Eugenia Chesta
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Pezza
- Laboratorio de Biología y Bioquímica de Trypanosoma cruzi, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Luis Emilio Tavernelli
- Laboratorio de Biología y Bioquímica de Trypanosoma cruzi, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Maria Cristina M. Motta
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Esteban Serra
- Laboratorio de Biología y Bioquímica de Trypanosoma cruzi, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Rosario, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquimicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Rosario, Argentina
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14
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Pereira RC, Gitomer BY, Chonchol M, Harris PC, Noche KJ, Salusky IB, Albrecht LV. Characterization of Primary Cilia in Osteoblasts Isolated From Patients With ADPKD and CKD. JBMR Plus 2021; 5:e10464. [PMID: 33869988 PMCID: PMC8046038 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common inherited cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and leads to a specific type of bone disease. The primary cilium is a major cellular organelle implicated in the pathophysiology of ADPKD caused by mutations in polycystin-1 (PKD1) and polycystin-2 (PKD2). In this study, for the first time, cilia were characterized in primary preosteoblasts isolated from patients with ADPKD. All patients with ADPKD had low bone turnover and primary osteoblasts were also obtained from patients with non-ADPKD CKD with low bone turnover. Image-based immunofluorescence assays analyzed cilia using standard markers, pericentrin, and acetylated-α-tubulin, where cilia induction and elongation were chosen as relevant endpoints for these initial investigations. Osteoblastic activity was examined by measuring alkaline phosphatase levels and mineralized matrix deposition rates. It was found that primary cilia can be visualized in patient-derived osteoblasts and respond to elongation treatments. Compared with control cells, ADPKD osteoblasts displayed abnormal cilia elongation that was significantly more responsive in cells with PKD2 nontruncating mutations and PKD1 mutations. In contrast, non-ADPKD CKD osteoblasts were unresponsive and had shorter cilia. Finally, ADPKD osteoblasts showed increased rates of mineralized matrix deposition compared with non-ADPKD CKD. This work represents the first study of cilia in primary human-derived osteoblasts from patients with CKD and patients with ADPKD who have normal kidney function, offering new insights as bone disease phenotypes are not well recapitulated in animal models. These data support a model whereby altered cilia occurs in PKD-mutated osteoblasts, and that ADPKD-related defects in bone cell activity and mineralization are distinct from adynamic bone disease from patients with non-ADPKD CKD. © 2021 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata C Pereira
- Department of Pediatrics David Geffen School of Medicine at UCL Los Angeles CA USA
| | - Berenice Y Gitomer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora CO USA
| | - Michel Chonchol
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora CO USA
| | - Peter C Harris
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA
| | - Kathleen J Noche
- Department of Pediatrics David Geffen School of Medicine at UCL Los Angeles CA USA
| | - Isidro B Salusky
- Department of Pediatrics David Geffen School of Medicine at UCL Los Angeles CA USA
| | - Lauren V Albrecht
- Department of Biological Chemistry David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Los Angeles CA USA
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15
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Nakakura T, Suzuki T, Tanaka H, Arisawa K, Miyashita T, Nekooki-Machida Y, Kurosawa T, Tega Y, Deguchi Y, Hagiwara H. Fibronectin is essential for formation of fenestrae in endothelial cells of the fenestrated capillary. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 383:823-833. [PMID: 32910242 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03273-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial fenestrae are transcellular pores that pierce the capillary walls in endocrine glands such as the pituitary. The fenestrae are covered with a thin fibrous diaphragm consisting of the plasmalemma vesicle-associated protein (PLVAP) that clusters to form sieve plates. The basal surface of the vascular wall is lined by basement membrane (BM) composed of various extracellular matrices (ECMs). However, the relationship between the ECMs and the endothelial fenestrae is still unknown. In this study, we isolated fenestrated endothelial cells from the anterior lobe of the rat pituitary, using a dynabeads-labeled antibody against platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 (PECAM1). We then analyzed the gene expression levels of several endothelial marker genes and genes for integrin α subunits, which function as the receptors for ECMs, by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The results showed that the genes for the integrin α subunit, which binds to collagen IV, fibronectin, laminin-411, or laminin-511, were highly expressed. When the PECAM1-positive cells were cultured for 7 days on collagen IV-, fibronectin-, laminins-411-, or laminins-511-coated coverslips, the sieve plate structures equipped with probably functional fenestrae were maintained only when the cells were cultured on fibronectin. Additionally, real-time PCR analysis showed that the fibronectin coating was effective in maintaining the expression pattern of several endothelial marker genes that were preferentially expressed in the endothelial cells of the fenestrated capillaries. These results indicate that fibronectin functions as the principal factor in the maintenance of the sieve plate structures in the endothelial cells of the fenestrated capillary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nakakura
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Suzuki
- Department of Biology, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Tanaka
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Arisawa
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
| | - Toshio Miyashita
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
| | - Yoko Nekooki-Machida
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
| | - Toshiki Kurosawa
- Laboratory of Drug Disposition and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuma Tega
- Laboratory of Drug Disposition and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Deguchi
- Laboratory of Drug Disposition and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruo Hagiwara
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
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16
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Ding D, Yang X, Luan HQ, Wu XT, He C, Sun LW, Fan YB. Pharmacological Regulation of Primary Cilium Formation Affects the Mechanosensitivity of Osteocytes. Calcif Tissue Int 2020; 107:625-635. [PMID: 32940720 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-020-00756-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilia are responsible for sensing mechanical loading in osteocytes. However, the underlying working mechanism of cilia remains elusive. An osteocyte model is necessary to reveal the role of cilia. Furthermore, the osteocyte model should be with upregulated or downregulated primary cilium expression. Herein, we used a pharmacological method to regulate the cilium formation of osteocytes. After screening, some pharmacological agents can regulate the cilium formation of osteocytes. We performed a CCK-8 assay to analyze the optimal working conditions of the drugs for MLO-Y4 cells. The agents include chloral hydrate (CH), Gd3+, Li+, and rapamycin. The expression of cilia affects the cellular functions, including mechanosensitivity, of osteocytes. Results showed that CH downregulated the cilium formation and ciliogenesis of osteocytes. In addition, Gd3+, Li+, and rapamycin upregulated the cilium expression of osteocytes. Moreover, the cilium expression positively correlated with the mechanosensitivity of osteocytes. This work reveals the role of primary cilia in the mechanosensing of osteocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Ding
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, No. 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, No. 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hui-Qin Luan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Technical Aids for Old-Age Disability, National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Xin-Tong Wu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, No. 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Cai He
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, No. 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Lian-Wen Sun
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, No. 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Yu-Bo Fan
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, No. 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Technical Aids for Old-Age Disability, National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids, Beijing, 100176, China.
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17
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Nekooki-Machida Y, Hagiwara H. Role of tubulin acetylation in cellular functions and diseases. Med Mol Morphol 2020; 53:191-197. [PMID: 32632910 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-020-00260-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Acetylation is a well-studied post-translational modification (PTM) of tubulin. Acetylated tubulin is present in the centrioles, primary cilia, and flagella, which contain long-lived stable microtubules. Tubulin acetylation plays an important role in cellular activities including cell polarity, cell migration, vesicle transport, and cell development. Cryo-electron microscopy reconstructions have revealed conformational changes in acetylated tubulin, revealing a reduction in intermonomer interactions among tubulins and an increase in microtubule elasticity. The kinetics of conformational changes in acetylated tubulin may elucidate microtubule functions in these cellular activities. Abnormal tubulin acetylation has been implicated in neurodegenerative disorders, ciliopathies, and cancers. Thus, it is important to elucidate the mechanisms underlying tubulin acetylation and its effects on cellular activity to understand these diseases and to design potential therapeutic strategies. This review discusses the cellular distribution and dynamics of acetylated tubulin and its role in regulating cellular activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Nekooki-Machida
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan.
| | - Haruo Hagiwara
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan.
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18
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Kurbegovic A, Trudel M. The master regulators Myc and p53 cellular signaling and functions in polycystic kidney disease. Cell Signal 2020; 71:109594. [PMID: 32145315 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factors Myc and p53 associated with oncogenesis play determinant roles in a human genetic disorder, autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), that was coined early in ADPKD etiology a «neoplasia in disguise ». These factors are interdependent master cell regulators of major biological processes including proliferation, apoptosis, cell growth, metabolism, inflammation, fibrosis and differentiation that are all modulated in ADPKD. Myc and p53 proteins evolved to respond and carry out overlapping functions via opposing mechanisms of action. Studies in human ADPKD kidneys, caused by mutations in the PKD1 or PKD2 genes, reveal reduced p53 expression and high expression of Myc in the cystic tubular epithelium. Myc and p53 via direct interaction act respectively, as transcriptional activator and repressor of PKD1 gene expression, consistent with increased renal PKD1 levels in ADPKD. Mouse models generated by Pkd1 and Pkd2 gene dosage dysregulation reproduce renal cystogenesis with activation of Myc expression and numerous signaling pathways, strikingly similar to those determined in human ADPKD. In fact, upregulation of renal Myc expression is also detected in virtually all non-orthologous animal models of PKD. A definitive causal connection of Myc with cystogenesis was established by renal overexpression of Myc in transgenic mice that phenocopies human ADPKD. The network of activated signaling pathways in human and mouse cystogenesis individually or in combination can target Myc as a central node of PKD pathogenesis. One or many of the multiple functions of Myc upon activation can play a role in every phases of ADPKD development and lend credence to the notion of "Myc addiction" for cystogenesis. We propose that the residual p53 levels are conducive to an ADPKD biological program without cancerogenesis while a "p53 dependent annihilation" mechanism would be permissive to oncogenesis. Of major importance, Myc ablation in orthologous mouse models or direct inhibition in non-orthologous mouse model significantly delays cystogenesis consistent with pharmacologic or genetic inhibition of Myc upstream regulator or downstream targets in the mouse. Together, these studies on PKD proteins upon dysregulation not only converged on Myc as a focal point but also attribute to Myc upregulation a causal and « driver » role in pathogenesis. This review will present and discuss our current knowledge on Myc and p53, focused on PKD mouse models and ADPKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almira Kurbegovic
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Molecular Genetics and Development, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie Trudel
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Molecular Genetics and Development, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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19
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Uytingco CR, Green WW, Martens JR. Olfactory Loss and Dysfunction in Ciliopathies: Molecular Mechanisms and Potential Therapies. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:3103-3119. [PMID: 29303074 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180105102447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ciliopathies are a class of inherited pleiotropic genetic disorders in which alterations in cilia assembly, maintenance, and/or function exhibit penetrance in the multiple organ systems. Olfactory dysfunction is one such clinical manifestation that has been shown in both patients and model organisms. Existing therapies for ciliopathies are limited to the treatment or management of symptoms. The last decade has seen an increase in potential curative therapeutic options including small molecules and biologics. Recent work in multiciliated olfactory sensory neurons has demonstrated the capacity of targeted gene therapy to restore ciliation in terminally differentiated cells and rescue olfactory function. This review will discuss the current understanding of the penetrance of ciliopathies in the olfactory system. Importantly, it will highlight both pharmacological and biological approaches, and their potential therapeutic value in the olfactory system and other ciliated tissues. METHODS We undertook a structured and comprehensive search of peer-reviewed research literature encompassing in vitro, in vivo, model organism, and clinical studies. From these publications, we describe the olfactory system, and discuss the penetrance of ciliopathies and impact of cilia loss on olfactory function. In addition, we outlined the developing therapies for ciliopathies across different organ and cell culture systems, and discussed their potential therapeutic application to the mammalian olfactory system. RESULTS One-hundred sixty-one manuscripts were included in the review, centering on the understanding of olfactory penetrance of ciliopathies, and discussing the potential therapeutic options for ciliopathies in the context of the mammalian olfactory system. Forty-four manuscripts were used to generate a table listing the known congenital causes of olfactory dysfunction, with the first ten listed are linked to ciliopathies. Twenty-three manuscripts were used to outline the potential of small molecules for the olfactory system. Emphasis was placed on HDAC6 inhibitors and lithium, both of which were shown to stabilize microtubule structures, contributing to ciliogenesis and cilia lengthening. Seventy-five manuscripts were used to describe gene therapy and gene therapeutic strategies. Included were the implementation of adenoviral, adeno-associated virus (AAV), and lentiviral vectors to treat ciliopathies across different organ systems and application toward the olfactory system. Thus far, adenoviral and AAVmeditated ciliary restoration demonstrated successful proof-of-principle preclinical studies. In addition, gene editing, ex vivo gene therapy, and transplantation could serve as alternative therapeutic and long-term approaches. But for all approaches, additional assessment of vector immunogenicity, specificity, and efficacy need further investigation. Currently, ciliopathy treatments are limited to symptomatic management with no curative options. However, the accessibility and amenability of the olfactory system to treatment would facilitate development and advancement of a viable therapy. CONCLUSION The findings of this review highlight the contribution of ciliopathies to a growing list of congenial olfactory dysfunctions. Promising results from other organ systems imply the feasibility of biologics, with results from gene therapies proving to be a viable therapeutic option for ciliopathies and olfactory dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric R Uytingco
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States.,University of Florida Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | - Warren W Green
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States.,University of Florida Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | - Jeffrey R Martens
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States.,University of Florida Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
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Kakiuchi A, Kohno T, Kakuki T, Kaneko Y, Konno T, Hosaka Y, Hata T, Kikuchi S, Ninomiya T, Himi T, Takano K, Kojima T. Rho-kinase and PKCα Inhibition Induces Primary Cilia Elongation and Alters the Behavior of Undifferentiated and Differentiated Temperature-sensitive Mouse Cochlear Cells. J Histochem Cytochem 2019; 67:523-535. [PMID: 30917058 DOI: 10.1369/0022155419841013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia, regulated via distinct signal transduction pathways, play crucial roles in various cellular behaviors. However, the full regulatory mechanism involved in primary cilia development during cellular differentiation is not fully understood, particularly for the sensory hair cells of the mammalian cochlea. In this study, we investigated the effects of the Rho-kinase inhibitor Y27632 and PKCα inhibitor GF109203X on primary cilia-related cell behavior in undifferentiated and differentiated temperature-sensitive mouse cochlear precursor hair cells (the conditionally immortalized US/VOT-E36 cell line). Our results indicate that treatment with Y27632 or GF109203X induced primary cilia elongation and tubulin acetylation in both differentiated and undifferentiated cells. Concomitant with cilia elongation, Y27632 treatment also increased Hook2 and cyclinD1 expression, while only Hook2 expression was increased after treatment with GF109203X. In the undifferentiated cells, we observed an increase in the number of S and G2/M stage cells and a decrease of G1 cells after treatment with Y27632, while the opposite was observed after treatment with GF109203X. Finally, while both treatments decreased oxidative stress, only treatment with Y27632, not GF109203X, induced cell cycle-dependent cell proliferation and cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akito Kakiuchi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Cell Science, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kohno
- Department of Cell Science, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takuya Kakuki
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yakuto Kaneko
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Cell Science, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takumi Konno
- Department of Cell Science, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yukino Hosaka
- Department of Cell Science, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Hata
- Department of Cell Science, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shin Kikuchi
- Department of Anatomy, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takafumi Ninomiya
- Department of Anatomy, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Himi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Takano
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takashi Kojima
- Department of Cell Science, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Ciliotherapy Treatments to Enhance Biochemically- and Biophysically-Induced Mesenchymal Stem Cell Osteogenesis: A Comparison Study. Cell Mol Bioeng 2018; 12:53-67. [PMID: 31719899 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-018-00561-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction New approaches to treat osteoporosis have focused on promoting bone formation through the targeting of osteoblasts and their progenitors, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The primary cilium is a singular cellular extension known to play an important role in biochemical and biophysical osteogenic induction of MSCs. Defects in ciliary structure have been associated with a plethora of diseases. Therefore targeting the cilium therapeutically (ciliotherapies) has emerged as a potential new treatment modality. Therefore, this study performed a comparison analysis on known ciliotherapies and their potential effects in mediating MSC osteogenic differentiation. Methods MSCs were treated with forskolin, lithium chloride (LiCl) or fenoldopam to investigate the effect on ciliogenesis and cilia-associated signalling. Moreover, both early and long term biochemical and biophysical (fluid shear) induced osteogenic differentiation was examined in terms of osteogenic gene expression and bone matrix deposition following each treatment. Results LiCl and fenoldopam were found to enhance MSC ciliogenesis to a similar degree. LiCl significantly altered hedgehog (HH) and Wnt signalling which was associated with inhibited osteogenic gene expression, while fenoldopam demonstrated enhanced early osteogenesis. Long term treatment with both ciliotherapies did not enhance osteogenesis, however LiCl had detrimental effects on cell viability. Intriguingly both ciliotherapies enhanced MSC mechanosensitivity as demonstrated by augmented osteogenic gene expression in response to fluid shear, which over longer durations resulted in enhanced matrix deposition per cell. Conclusions Therefore, ciliotherapies can be utilised to enhance MSC ciliogenesis resulting in enhanced mechanosensitivity, however, only fenoldopam is a viable ciliotherapeutic option to enhance MSC osteogenesis.
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Diaz-Horta O, Abad C, Cengiz FB, Bademci G, Blackwelder P, Walz K, Tekin M. Ripor2 is involved in auditory hair cell stereociliary bundle structure and orientation. J Mol Med (Berl) 2018; 96:1227-1238. [PMID: 30280293 PMCID: PMC6238639 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-018-1694-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
RIPOR2 (previously known as FAM65B) localizes to stereocilia of auditory hair cells and causes deafness when its function is disturbed by mutations. Here, we demonstrate that during the morphogenesis of the hair cell bundle, absence of Ripor2 affects the orientation of this key subcellular structure. We show that Ripor2 interacts with Myh9, a protein encoded by a known deafness gene. Absence of Ripor2 is associated with low Myh9 abundance in the mouse cochlea despite increased amount of Myh9 transcripts. While Myh9 is mainly expressed in stereocilia, a phosphorylated form of Myh9 is particularly enriched in the kinocilium. In Ripor2-deficient mice, kinocilium shows an aberrant localization which associates with a reduced content of phosphorylated Myh9. Acetylated alpha tubulin, another specific kinociliary protein which contributes to microtubule stabilization, is reduced in the absence of Ripor2 as well. We propose that Ripor2 deficiency influences abundance and/or post-translational modifications of proteins expressed in both stereocilia and kinocilia. This effect may have a negative impact on the structure and function of the auditory hair cell bundle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Diaz-Horta
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Clemer Abad
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Filiz Basak Cengiz
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Guney Bademci
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Pat Blackwelder
- MGS/RSMAS and UMCAM/Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA
- NSU Oceanographic Center, Dania Beach, FL, 33004, USA
| | - Katherina Walz
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
| | - Mustafa Tekin
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
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Dynamic localization of α-tubulin acetyltransferase ATAT1 through the cell cycle in human fibroblastic KD cells. Med Mol Morphol 2018; 51:217-226. [PMID: 29869029 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-018-0195-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Acetylation of α-tubulin is a well-studied posttranscriptional modification, which is mostly catalyzed by α-tubulin N-acetyltransferase (ATAT1). ATAT1 possibly affects various cellular functions related with microtubules, such as intracellular transport, cell motility, cilia formation, and neuronal signaling. Here, we analyzed the subcellular localization of immunolabeled ATAT1 in human fibroblast KD cells through the cell cycle using confocal laser scanning microscopy. ATAT1 dramatically changed its localization through the cell cycle, depending on the mitotic phase. In interphase, immunolabeled ATAT1 was observed in centrioles, nuclei, and basal bodies if the cells projected primary cilia. ATAT1 was intensely detected as clusters in the nuclei in the G1-G2 phase. In telophase, ATAT1 colocalized with chromatids and spindle poles, and ultimately migrated to the daughter nucleus, newly synthesized centrioles, and midbody. The nucleolus is a core region of ribosomal RNA transcription, and the midbody is associated with severing and depolymerizing of microtubules in the stembody. The specific distributions of ATAT1 through the cell cycle suggest multiple functions of ATAT1, which could include acetylation of microtubules, RNA transcription activity, severing microtubules, and completion of cytokinesis.
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Criollo A, Altamirano F, Pedrozo Z, Schiattarella GG, Li DL, Rivera-Mejías P, Sotomayor-Flores C, Parra V, Villalobos E, Battiprolu PK, Jiang N, May HI, Morselli E, Somlo S, de Smedt H, Gillette TG, Lavandero S, Hill JA. Polycystin-2-dependent control of cardiomyocyte autophagy. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Muñoz-Estrada J, Lora-Castellanos A, Meza I, Alarcón Elizalde S, Benítez-King G. Primary cilia formation is diminished in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: A possible marker for these psychiatric diseases. Schizophr Res 2018; 195:412-420. [PMID: 28927861 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilium (PC) is a microtubule-rich organelle that protrudes from the plasma membrane and acts as a cellular antenna sensing extracellular signals during brain development. DISC1 (Disrupted-in-Schizophrenia-1) is involved in PC formation and is considered a risk factor for neuropsychiatric disorders. We have previously described altered subcellular distribution of DISC1 and an aberrant microtubule organization in olfactory neuronal precursors (ONP) obtained from schizophrenia (SCZ) and bipolar disorder (BD) patients. Herein, we analyzed in vitro PC formation in healthy control subjects, SCZ and BD patients. The results indicated that 66.73±4.33% of ONP from control subjects showed immunostaining for the PC marker, acetylated α-tubulin. By contrast, only a small percentage of cells in culture from paranoid SCZ and BD patients showed PC staining (SCZ, 12.8±4.43%; BD, 12.32±5.86%). However, cells from an affected proband with disorganized SCZ and a subject with BD displayed a higher percentage of cells with cilia (SCZ, 42.20%; BD, 38.59%). Additionally, cilia elongation was observed in lithium-treated ONP derived from all groups, with a more evident response in cells from the BD group. The present study provides novel evidence that the molecular pathways involved in PC formation are defective in SCZ and BD, and impairment in these processes may be involved in the physiopathology of both diseases. Our observations also suggest that ONP is a patient-derived cell model with a potential use for diagnosis and high-throughput drug screening for brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Muñoz-Estrada
- Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñíz, Ciudad de México, Mexico; Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | - Isaura Meza
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | - Gloria Benítez-King
- Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñíz, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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Muthaiyan Shanmugam M, Bhan P, Huang HY, Hsieh J, Hua TE, Wu GH, Punjabi H, Lee Aplícano VD, Chen CW, Wagner OI. Cilium Length and Intraflagellar Transport Regulation by Kinases PKG-1 and GCK-2 in Caenorhabditis elegans Sensory Neurons. Mol Cell Biol 2018; 38:e00612-17. [PMID: 29378827 PMCID: PMC5854826 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00612-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand how ciliopathies such as polycystic kidney disease or Bardet-Biedl syndrome develop, we need to understand the basic molecular mechanisms underlying cilium development. Cilium growth depends on the presence of functional intraflagellar transport (IFT) machinery, and we hypothesized that various kinases and phosphatases might be involved in this regulatory process. A candidate screen revealed two kinases, PKG-1 (a cGMP-dependent protein kinase) and GCK-2 (a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase 3 [MAP4K3] kinase involved in mTOR signaling), significantly affecting dye filling, chemotaxis, cilium morphology, and IFT component distribution. PKG-1 and GCK-2 show similar expression patterns in Caenorhabditis elegans cilia and colocalize with investigated IFT machinery components. In pkg-1 mutants, a high level of accumulation of kinesin-2 OSM-3 in distal segments was observed in conjunction with an overall reduction of anterograde and retrograde IFT particle A transport, likely as a function of reduced tubulin acetylation. In contrast, in gck-2 mutants, both kinesin-2 motility and IFT particle A motility were significantly elevated in the middle segments, in conjunction with increased tubulin acetylation, possibly the cause of longer cilium growth. Observed effects in mutants can be also seen in manipulating upstream and downstream effectors of the respective cGMP and mTOR pathways. Importantly, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed no structural changes in cilia of pkg-1 and gck-2 mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muniesh Muthaiyan Shanmugam
- National Tsing Hua University, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Life Science, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Prerana Bhan
- National Tsing Hua University, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Life Science, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hsin-Yi Huang
- National Tsing Hua University, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Life Science, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jung Hsieh
- National Tsing Hua University, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Life Science, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tzu-En Hua
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Gong-Her Wu
- National Tsing Hua University, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Life Science, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Helly Punjabi
- National Tsing Hua University, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Life Science, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Víctor Daniel Lee Aplícano
- National Tsing Hua University, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Life Science, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chih-Wei Chen
- National Tsing Hua University, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Life Science, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Oliver Ingvar Wagner
- National Tsing Hua University, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Life Science, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Zhao W, Li Z, Ping P, Wang G, Yuan X, Sun F. Outer dense fibers stabilize the axoneme to maintain sperm motility. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 22:1755-1768. [PMID: 29168316 PMCID: PMC5824370 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Outer dense fibers (ODFs), as unique accessory structures in mammalian sperm, are considered to play a role in the protection of the sperm tail against shear forces. However, the role and relevant mechanisms of ODFs in modulating sperm motility and its pathological involvement in asthenozoospermia were unknown. Here, we found that the percentage of ODF defects was higher in asthenozoospermic samples than that in control samples and was significantly correlated with the percentage of axoneme defects and non-motile sperm. Furthermore, the expression levels of ODF major components (Odf1, 2, 3, 4) were frequently down-regulated in asthenozoospermic samples. Intriguingly, the positive relationship between ODF size and sperm motility existed across species. The conditional disruption of Odf2 expression in mice led to reduced sperm motility and the characteristics of asthenozoospermia. Meanwhile, the expression of acetylated α-tubulin was decreased in sperm from both Odf2 conditional knockout (cKO) mice and asthenozoospermic men. Immunofluorescence and biochemistry analyses showed that Odf2 could bind to acetylated α-tubulin and protect the acetylation level of α-tubulin in HEK293T cells in a cold environment. Finally, we found that lithium elevated the expression levels of Odf family proteins and acetylated α-tubulin, elongated the midpiece length and increased the percentage of rapidly moving sperm in mice. Our results demonstrate that ODFs are beneficial for sperm motility via stabilization of the axoneme and that hypo-expression of Odf family proteins is involved in the pathogenesis of asthenozoospermia. The lithium administration assay will provide valuable insights into the development of new treatments for asthenozoospermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Zhao
- International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengzheng Li
- International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Ping
- International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Assistant Reproduction, International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Guishuan Wang
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaobing Yuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (East China Normal University), Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,Hussman Institute for Autism, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Fei Sun
- International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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ATAT1 is essential for regulation of homeostasis-retaining cellular responses in corticotrophs along hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 370:169-178. [PMID: 28687926 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2654-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The production and secretion of adrenocorticotropin, a proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-derived hormone, by corticotrophs in the anterior pituitary, is regulated by corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) and glucocorticoids. We have previously demonstrated that adrenalectomy induces α-tubulin N-acetyltransferase 1 (ATAT1) expression and α-tubulin acetylation in corticotrophs. However, the regulatory mechanism of ATAT1 expression and the function of acetylated microtubules in corticotrophs are unclear. Here, we analyze the effect of CRH or dexamethasone on Atat1 expression in the mouse corticotroph AtT20 cell line. The expression of Atat1 was increased by CRH and decreased by dexamethasone in AtT20 cells. We examined the effect of Atat1 knockdown on the expression of POMC-associated genes and the dexamethasone-induced nuclear translocation of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis, respectively. Atat1 knockdown resulted in a significant increase in the expression of ACTH-producing genes and decreased the dexamethasone-induced nuclear translocation of GR accompanied with a reduction in α-tubulin acetylation. Atat1 overexpression resulted in a significant increase in α-tubulin acetylation and the dexamethasone-induced nuclear translocation of GR. These results suggest that the acetylated microtubules function as the rail-line for the transportation of GR into the nucleus. We conclude that ATAT1 finely tunes the cellular responses of corticotrophs to hormonal stimulation through an intracellular feedback circuit.
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Satou K, Mochimaru Y, Nakakura T, Kusada T, Negishi J, Musha S, Yoshimura N, Kato Y, Tomura H. Easy detection of hormone secretion from LβT2 cells by using Gaussia luciferase. J Reprod Dev 2017; 63:199-204. [PMID: 28090002 PMCID: PMC5401814 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2016-174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproduction is regulated by gonadotropins secreted from gonadotrophs. The production and secretion of gonadotropins are mainly regulated by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Agonists or antagonists that influence GnRH
action on gonadotrophs are important to regulate reproduction; however, these factors have not been fully characterized due to the lack of simple and easy-to-use techniques to detect gonadotropin secretion from
gonadotropin-producing cells. In the present study, we found that Gaussia luciferase (Gluc), which was expressed in LβT2 cells, can be secreted like a luteinizing-hormone (LH) upon stimulation with GnRH. The Gluc secreted into the
medium was easily monitored as luminescence signals. The detection range of the GnRH-induced Gluc activity was comparable to that of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for LH. In addition, when the Gluc was expressed in AtT20
cells, which produce adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), the Gluc activity in the medium increased in parallel with the ACTH secretion upon stimulation with corticotropin-releasing hormone. Thus, the Gluc assay in the present
study can be easily used for high-throughput screening of factors that influence LH or ACTH secretion from LβT2 or AtT20 cells, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Satou
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling Regulation, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Yuta Mochimaru
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling Regulation, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakakura
- Department of Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, Teikyo University, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Kusada
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling Regulation, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Jun Negishi
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling Regulation, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Shiori Musha
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling Regulation, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Nanaka Yoshimura
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling Regulation, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Yukio Kato
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan.,Institute of Endocrinology, Meiji University, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Hideaki Tomura
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling Regulation, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan.,Institute of Endocrinology, Meiji University, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
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Ehnert S, Sreekumar V, Aspera-Werz RH, Sajadian SO, Wintermeyer E, Sandmann GH, Bahrs C, Hengstler JG, Godoy P, Nussler AK. TGF-β 1 impairs mechanosensation of human osteoblasts via HDAC6-mediated shortening and distortion of primary cilia. J Mol Med (Berl) 2017; 95:653-663. [PMID: 28271209 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-017-1526-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is a critical regulator of bone density owing to its multiple effects on cell growth and differentiation. Recently, we have shown that TGF-β1 effectively blocks bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) induced maturation of osteoblasts by upregulating histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity. The current study aimed at investigating the effect of rhTGF-β1 treatment on the expression of specific HDACs and their cellular effects, e.g., microtubule structures (primary cilia) and mechanosensation. Exposure to TGF-β1 most significantly induced expression of HDAC6 both on gene and protein level. Being most abundant in the cytoplasm HDAC6 effectively deacetylates microtubule structures. Thus, TGF-β1-induced expression of HDAC6 led to deformation and shortening of primary cilia as well as to reduced numbers of ciliated cells. Primary cilia are described to sense mechanical stimuli. Thus, fluid flow was applied to the cells, which stimulated osteoblast function (AP activity and matrix mineralization). Compromised primary cilia in TGF-β1-treated cells were associated with reduced osteogenic function, despite exposure to fluid flow conditions. Chemical inhibition of HDAC6 with Tubacin restored primary cilium structure and length. These cells showed improved osteogenic function especially under fluid flow conditions. Summarizing our results, TGF-β1 impairs human osteoblast maturation partially via HDAC6-mediated distortion and/or shortening of primary cilia. This knowledge opens up new treatment options for trauma patients with chronically elevated TGF-β1-levels (e.g., diabetics), which frequently suffer from delayed fracture healing despite adequate mechanical stimulation. KEY MESSAGES Exposure to TGF-β1 induces expression of HDAC6 in human osteoblasts. TGF-β1 exposed human osteoblasts show less and distorted primary cilia. TGF-β1 exposed human osteoblasts are less sensitive towards mechanical stimulation. Mechanosensation can be recovered by HDAC6 inhibitor Tubacin in human osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Ehnert
- Siegfried Weller Institute for trauma research at the BG Trauma Center, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Vrinda Sreekumar
- Siegfried Weller Institute for trauma research at the BG Trauma Center, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Romina H Aspera-Werz
- Siegfried Weller Institute for trauma research at the BG Trauma Center, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sahar O Sajadian
- Siegfried Weller Institute for trauma research at the BG Trauma Center, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Elke Wintermeyer
- Siegfried Weller Institute for trauma research at the BG Trauma Center, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gunther H Sandmann
- Siegfried Weller Institute for trauma research at the BG Trauma Center, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian Bahrs
- Siegfried Weller Institute for trauma research at the BG Trauma Center, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- IfADo-Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Ardeystraße 67, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Patricio Godoy
- IfADo-Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Ardeystraße 67, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andreas K Nussler
- Siegfried Weller Institute for trauma research at the BG Trauma Center, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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Undi RB, Gutti U, Gutti RK. LiCl regulates mitochondrial biogenesis during megakaryocyte development. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2017; 39:193-201. [PMID: 27908414 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
JAK-STAT, PI3K-AKT and MAPK signaling pathways are involved in platelet production process. Although wnt signaling has been reported in the biogenesis of platelets, but its role in megakaryocyte development is not well studied. We used an inducible canonical wnt signaling system that utilizes LiCl (GSK-3β inhibitor). LiCl could activate wnt signaling pathway along with maturation of megakaryocytes. Mitochondrial staining showed an increase in mitochondrial mass upon induction with LiCl. Also, mitochondrial markers PGC-1α and TFAM were up regulated with increase in mitochondrial DNA content. LiCl leads to increase in the ROS production, suggesting significance of mitochondria in megakaryocyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Babu Undi
- Stem Cells and Haematological Disorders Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, PO Gachibowli, Hyderabad-500046, Telangana, India
| | - Usha Gutti
- Department of Biotechnology, GITAM Institute of Science, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam-530 045, Andhra Pradesh, India.
| | - Ravi Kumar Gutti
- Stem Cells and Haematological Disorders Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, PO Gachibowli, Hyderabad-500046, Telangana, India.
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Microtubule Destabilization Paves the Way to Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:6762-6774. [PMID: 27757833 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0188-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules are dynamic structures normally associated to the cell division, during which they form the mitotic spindle, as well as to the initial phases of specification and polarization of various cell types, including neurons. Although microtubules could have a role in the death of many cells and tissues, the microtubule-based degenerative mechanisms have been poorly investigated; nevertheless, during the last two decades, many clues have been accumulated suggesting the importance of the microtubule system during neurodegeneration. Thus, the aim of this review is to analyse how the changes of the microtubule cytoskeleton, in terms of organization and dynamics, as well as the failure of the microtubule-dependent neuronal processes, as axonal transport, may play a pivotal role in the chain of events leading to Parkinson's disease. Last but not least, since disease-modifying or neuroprotective strategies are a clinical priority in Parkinson's disease, we will also present the hints about the concrete possibility of a microtubule-targeted therapy, which would have the potentiality to block the running degenerative events and to prompt the regeneration of the lost tissues.
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Nakakura T, Nemoto T, Suzuki T, Asano-Hoshino A, Tanaka H, Arisawa K, Nishijima Y, Kiuchi Y, Hagiwara H. Adrenalectomy facilitates ATAT1 expression and α-tubulin acetylation in ACTH-producing corticotrophs. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 366:363-370. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2441-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Intracellular localization of α-tubulin acetyltransferase ATAT1 in rat ciliated cells. Med Mol Morphol 2015; 49:133-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s00795-015-0132-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Li L, Yang XJ. Tubulin acetylation: responsible enzymes, biological functions and human diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:4237-55. [PMID: 26227334 PMCID: PMC11113413 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2000-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules have important functions ranging from maintenance of cell morphology to subcellular transport, cellular signaling, cell migration, and formation of cell polarity. At the organismal level, microtubules are crucial for various biological processes, such as viral entry, inflammation, immunity, learning and memory in mammals. Microtubules are subject to various covalent modifications. One such modification is tubulin acetylation, which is associated with stable microtubules and conserved from protists to humans. In the past three decades, this reversible modification has been studied extensively. In mammals, its level is mainly governed by opposing actions of α-tubulin acetyltransferase 1 (ATAT1) and histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6). Knockout studies of the mouse enzymes have yielded new insights into biological functions of tubulin acetylation. Abnormal levels of this modification are linked to neurological disorders, cancer, heart diseases and other pathological conditions, thereby yielding important therapeutic implications. This review summarizes related studies and concludes that tubulin acetylation is important for regulating microtubule architecture and maintaining microtubule integrity. Together with detyrosination, glutamylation and other modifications, tubulin acetylation may form a unique 'language' to regulate microtubule structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Center, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Xiang-Jiao Yang
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Center, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada.
- McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada.
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Thompson CL, Wiles A, Poole CA, Knight MM. Lithium chloride modulates chondrocyte primary cilia and inhibits Hedgehog signaling. FASEB J 2015; 30:716-26. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-274944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clare L. Thompson
- Institute of BioengineeringSchool of Engineering and Materials ScienceQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Anna Wiles
- Dunedin School of MedicineUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | | | - Martin M. Knight
- Institute of BioengineeringSchool of Engineering and Materials ScienceQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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RhoA Ambivalently Controls Prominent Myofibroblast Characteritics by Involving Distinct Signaling Routes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137519. [PMID: 26448568 PMCID: PMC4598021 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction RhoA has been shown to be beneficial in cardiac disease models when overexpressed in cardiomyocytes, whereas its role in cardiac fibroblasts (CF) is still poorly understood. During cardiac remodeling CF undergo a transition towards a myofibroblast phenotype thereby showing an increased proliferation and migration rate. Both processes involve the remodeling of the cytoskeleton. Since RhoA is known to be a major regulator of the cytoskeleton, we analyzed its role in CF and its effect on myofibroblast characteristics in 2 D and 3D models. Results Downregulation of RhoA was shown to strongly affect the actin cytoskeleton. It decreased the myofibroblast marker α-sm-actin, but increased certain fibrosis-associated factors like TGF-β and collagens. Also, the detailed analysis of CTGF expression demonstrated that the outcome of RhoA signaling strongly depends on the involved stimulus. Furthermore, we show that proliferation of myofibroblasts rely on RhoA and tubulin acetylation. In assays accessing three different types of migration, we demonstrate that RhoA/ROCK/Dia1 are important for 2D migration and the repression of RhoA and Dia1 signaling accelerates 3D migration. Finally, we show that a downregulation of RhoA in CF impacts the viscoelastic and contractile properties of engineered tissues. Conclusion RhoA positively and negatively influences myofibroblast characteristics by differential signaling cascades and depending on environmental conditions. These include gene expression, migration and proliferation. Reduction of RhoA leads to an increased viscoelasticity and a decrease in contractile force in engineered cardiac tissue.
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Kong JN, Hardin K, Dinkins M, Wang G, He Q, Mujadzic T, Zhu G, Bielawski J, Spassieva S, Bieberich E. Regulation of Chlamydomonas flagella and ependymal cell motile cilia by ceramide-mediated translocation of GSK3. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:4451-65. [PMID: 26446842 PMCID: PMC4666139 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-06-0371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia are important organelles formed by cell membrane protrusions; however, little is known about their regulation by membrane lipids. A novel, evolutionarily conserved activation mechanism for GSK3 by the sphingolipid (phyto)ceramide is characterized that is critical for ciliogenesis in Chlamydomonas and murine ependymal cells. Cilia are important organelles formed by cell membrane protrusions; however, little is known about their regulation by membrane lipids. We characterize a novel activation mechanism for glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) by the sphingolipids phytoceramide and ceramide that is critical for ciliogenesis in Chlamydomonas and murine ependymal cells, respectively. We show for the first time that Chlamydomonas expresses serine palmitoyl transferase (SPT), the first enzyme in (phyto)ceramide biosynthesis. Inhibition of SPT in Chlamydomonas by myriocin led to loss of flagella and reduced tubulin acetylation, which was prevented by supplementation with the precursor dihydrosphingosine. Immunocytochemistry showed that (phyto)ceramide was colocalized with phospho–Tyr-216-GSK3 (pYGSK3) at the base and tip of Chlamydomonas flagella and motile cilia in ependymal cells. The (phyto)ceramide distribution was consistent with that of a bifunctional ceramide analogue UV cross-linked and visualized by click-chemistry–mediated fluorescent labeling. Ceramide depletion, by myriocin or neutral sphingomyelinase deficiency (fro/fro mouse), led to GSK3 dephosphorylation and defective flagella and cilia. Motile cilia were rescued and pYGSK3 localization restored by incubation of fro/fro ependymal cells with exogenous C24:1 ceramide, which directly bound to pYGSK3. Our findings suggest that (phyto)ceramide-mediated translocation of pYGSK into flagella and cilia is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism fundamental to the regulation of ciliogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Na Kong
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Kara Hardin
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Michael Dinkins
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Guanghu Wang
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Qian He
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Tarik Mujadzic
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Gu Zhu
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Jacek Bielawski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Stefka Spassieva
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Erhard Bieberich
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912
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Kubo T, Hirono M, Aikawa T, Kamiya R, Witman GB. Reduced tubulin polyglutamylation suppresses flagellar shortness in Chlamydomonas. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:2810-22. [PMID: 26085508 PMCID: PMC4571340 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-03-0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tubulin polyglutamylation is a posttranslational modification known to affect ciliary/flagellar motility and assembly. Investigation of Chlamydomonas mutants deficient in axonemal polyglutamylation shows that polyglutamylation functions by increasing tubulin turnover at the flagellar tip and reducing axonemal stability. Ciliary length control is an incompletely understood process essential for normal ciliary function. The flagella of Chlamydomonas mutants lacking multiple axonemal dyneins are shorter than normal; previously it was shown that this shortness can be suppressed by the mutation suppressor of shortness 1 (ssh1) via an unknown mechanism. To elucidate this mechanism, we carried out genetic analysis of ssh1 and found that it is a new allele of TPG2 (hereafter tpg2-3), which encodes FAP234 functioning in tubulin polyglutamylation in the axoneme. Similar to the polyglutamylation-deficient mutants tpg1 and tpg2-1, tpg2-3 axonemal tubulin has a greatly reduced level of long polyglutamate side chains. We found that tpg1 and tpg2-1 mutations also promote flagellar elongation in short-flagella mutants, consistent with a polyglutamylation-dependent mechanism of suppression. Double mutants of tpg1 or tpg2-1 and fla10-1, a temperature-sensitive mutant of intraflagellar transport, underwent slower flagellar shortening than fla10-1 at restrictive temperatures, indicating that the rate of tubulin disassembly is decreased in the polyglutamylation-deficient flagella. Moreover, α-tubulin incorporation into the flagellar tips in temporary dikaryons was retarded in polyglutamylation-deficient flagella. These results show that polyglutamylation deficiency stabilizes axonemal microtubules, decelerating axonemal disassembly at the flagellar tip and shifting the axonemal assembly/disassembly balance toward assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Kubo
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655 Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masafumi Hirono
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takumi Aikawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ritsu Kamiya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - George B Witman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
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