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Sokolov M, Doblhoff-Dier K, Exner KS. Best practices of modeling complex materials in electrocatalysis, exemplified by oxygen evolution reaction on pentlandites. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:22359-22370. [PMID: 39158931 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp01792g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Pentlandites are natural ores with structural properties comparable to that of [FeNi] hydrogenases. While this class of transition-metal sulfide materials - (Fe,Ni)9S8 - with a variable Fe : Ni ratio has been proven to be an active electrode material for the hydrogen evolution reaction, it is also discussed as electrocatalyst for the alkaline oxygen evolution reaction (OER), corresponding to the bottleneck of anion exchange membrane electrolyzers for green hydrogen production. Despite the experimental evidence for the use of (Fe,Ni)9S8 as an OER catalyst, a detailed investigation of the elementary reaction steps, including consideration of adsorbate coverages and limiting steps under anodic polarizing conditions, is still missing. We address this gap in the present manuscript by gaining atomistic insights into the OER on an Fe4.5Ni4.5S8(111) surface through density functional theory calculations combined with a descriptor-based analysis. We use this system to introduce best practices for modeling this rather complex material by pointing out hidden pitfalls that can arise when using the popular computational hydrogen electrode approach to describe electrocatalytic processes at the electrified solid/liquid interface for energy conversion and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksim Sokolov
- Faculty of Chemistry, Theoretical Inorganic Chemistry, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence RESOLV, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Katharina Doblhoff-Dier
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, Leiden 2300, RA, The Netherlands
| | - Kai S Exner
- Faculty of Chemistry, Theoretical Inorganic Chemistry, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence RESOLV, 44801 Bochum, Germany
- Center for Nanointegration (CENIDE) Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
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2
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Jones TE, Teschner D, Piccinin S. Toward Realistic Models of the Electrocatalytic Oxygen Evolution Reaction. Chem Rev 2024; 124:9136-9223. [PMID: 39038270 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
The electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) supplies the protons and electrons needed to transform renewable electricity into chemicals and fuels. However, the OER is kinetically sluggish; it operates at significant rates only when the applied potential far exceeds the reversible voltage. The origin of this overpotential is hidden in a complex mechanism involving multiple electron transfers and chemical bond making/breaking steps. Our desire to improve catalytic performance has then made mechanistic studies of the OER an area of major scientific inquiry, though the complexity of the reaction has made understanding difficult. While historically, mechanistic studies have relied solely on experiment and phenomenological models, over the past twenty years ab initio simulation has been playing an increasingly important role in developing our understanding of the electrocatalytic OER and its reaction mechanisms. In this Review we cover advances in our mechanistic understanding of the OER, organized by increasing complexity in the way through which the OER is modeled. We begin with phenomenological models built using experimental data before reviewing early efforts to incorporate ab initio methods into mechanistic studies. We go on to cover how the assumptions in these early ab initio simulations─no electric field, electrolyte, or explicit kinetics─have been relaxed. Through comparison with experimental literature, we explore the veracity of these different assumptions. We summarize by discussing the most critical open challenges in developing models to understand the mechanisms of the OER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis E Jones
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institute of the Max-Planck-Society, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Detre Teschner
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institute of the Max-Planck-Society, Berlin 14195, Germany
- Department of Heterogeneous Reactions, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470, Germany
| | - Simone Piccinin
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto Officina dei Materiali, Trieste 34136, Italy
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3
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Zhu X, Huang J, Eikerling M. Hierarchical Modeling of the Local Reaction Environment in Electrocatalysis. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:2080-2092. [PMID: 39031075 PMCID: PMC11308366 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusElectrocatalytic reactions, such as oxygen reduction/evolution reactions and CO2 reduction reaction that are pivotal for the energy transition, are multistep processes that occur in a nanoscale electric double layer (EDL) at a solid-liquid interface. Conventional analyses based on the Sabatier principle, using binding energies or effective electronic structure properties such as the d-band center as descriptors, are able to grasp overall trends in catalytic activity in specific groups of catalysts. However, thermodynamic approaches often fail to account for electrolyte effects that arise in the EDL, including pH, cation, and anion effects. These effects exert strong impacts on electrocatalytic reactions. There is growing consensus that the local reaction environment (LRE) prevailing in the EDL is the key to deciphering these complex and hitherto perplexing electrolyte effects. Increasing attention is thus paid to designing electrolyte properties, positioning the LRE at center stage. To this end, unraveling the LRE is becoming essential for designing electrocatalysts with specifically tailored properties, which could enable much needed breakthroughs in electrochemical energy science.Theory and modeling are getting more and more important and powerful in addressing this multifaceted problem that involves physical phenomena at different scales and interacting in a multidimensional parametric space. Theoretical models developed for this purpose should treat intrinsic multistep kinetics of electrocatalytic reactions, EDL effects from subnm scale to the scale of 10 nm, and mass transport phenomena bridging scales from <0.1 to 100 μm. Given the diverse physical phenomena and scales involved, it is evident that the challenge at hand surpasses the capabilities of any single theoretical or computational approach.In this Account, we present a hierarchical theoretical framework to address the above challenge. It seamlessly integrates several modules: (i) microkinetic modeling that accounts for various reaction pathways; (ii) an LRE model that describes the interfacial region extending from the nanometric EDL continuously to the solution bulk; (iii) first-principles calculations that provide parameters, e.g., adsorption energies, activation barriers and EDL parameters. The microkinetic model considers all elementary steps without designating an a priori rate-determining step. The kinetics of these elementary steps are expressed in terms of local concentrations, potential and electric field that are codetermined by EDL charging and mass transport in the LRE model. Vital insights on electrode kinetic phenomena, i.e., potential-dependent Tafel slopes, cation effects, and pH effects, obtained from this hierarchical framework are then reviewed. Finally, an outlook on further improvement of the model framework is presented, in view of recent developments in first-principles based simulation of electrocatalysis, observations of dynamic reconstruction of catalysts, and machine-learning assisted computational simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwei Zhu
- Theory
and Computation of Energy Materials (IEK-13), Institute of Energy
and Climate Research, Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Chair
of Theory and Computation of Energy Materials, Faculty of Georesources
and Materials Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jun Huang
- Theory
and Computation of Energy Materials (IEK-13), Institute of Energy
and Climate Research, Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Theory
of Electrocatalytic Interfaces, Faculty of Georesources and Materials
Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael Eikerling
- Theory
and Computation of Energy Materials (IEK-13), Institute of Energy
and Climate Research, Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Chair
of Theory and Computation of Energy Materials, Faculty of Georesources
and Materials Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany
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4
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Wang H, Yan Z, Cheng F, Chen J. Advances in Noble Metal Electrocatalysts for Acidic Oxygen Evolution Reaction: Construction of Under-Coordinated Active Sites. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2401652. [PMID: 39189476 PMCID: PMC11348273 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202401652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Renewable energy-driven proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer (PEMWE) attracts widespread attention as a zero-emission and sustainable technology. Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts with sluggish OER kinetics and rapid deactivation are major obstacles to the widespread commercialization of PEMWE. To date, although various advanced electrocatalysts have been reported to enhance acidic OER performance, Ru/Ir-based nanomaterials remain the most promising catalysts for PEMWE applications. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop efficient, stable, and cost-effective Ru/Ir catalysts. Since the structure-performance relationship is one of the most important tools for studying the reaction mechanism and constructing the optimal catalytic system. In this review, the recent research progress from the construction of unsaturated sites to gain a deeper understanding of the reaction and deactivation mechanism of catalysts is summarized. First, a general understanding of OER reaction mechanism, catalyst dissolution mechanism, and active site structure is provided. Then, advances in the design and synthesis of advanced acidic OER catalysts are reviewed in terms of the classification of unsaturated active site design, i.e., alloy, core-shell, single-atom, and framework structures. Finally, challenges and perspectives are presented for the future development of OER catalysts and renewable energy technologies for hydrogen production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, College of ChemistryNankai UniversityTianjin300071China
| | - Zhenhua Yan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, College of ChemistryNankai UniversityTianjin300071China
| | - Fangyi Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, College of ChemistryNankai UniversityTianjin300071China
| | - Jun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, College of ChemistryNankai UniversityTianjin300071China
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Shaldehi TJ, Rowshanzamir S. Theoretical investigation of electrocatalytic activity of Pt-free dual atom-doped graphene for O 2 reduction in an alkaline solution. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14201. [PMID: 38902295 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61223-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-precious electrocatalysts as the alternative to Pt have become a hot research area in the last decade due to the suitable catalytic activity in Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in electrochemical systems. In this work, the density functional theory calculations were investigated to explore the activity of Fe, Cu, and Fe-Cu atoms supported by N-doped graphene as the ORR electrocatalyst for Oxygen-depolarized cathodes (ODCs). To this end, the ORR mechanism was surveyed in detail in the gas and solvent phases. The results show that the solvent phase leads to a higher overpotential and thermodynamic limiting potential. According to the density of states curves, there are strong interactions between metal atom and substrate that can effectively tune the electronics of catalysts. Bader's analysis confirms that, in addition to the single metal atoms, nitrogen atoms have also played a critical role in charge transfer between substrates and oxygen molecules in ORR. It is also predicted that Fe-Cu@NC SAC exhibits the highest catalytic activity which is consistent with thermodynamic limiting potential and theoretical overpotential of - 0.26 and 0.66 (V vs. SHE), respectively, indicating that this type of catalyst may be a suitable candidate instead of precious metals in oxygen-depolarized cathodes in electrochemical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Jangjooye Shaldehi
- Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Research Laboratory, School of Chemical, Petroleum and Gas Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, 16846-13114, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soosan Rowshanzamir
- Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Research Laboratory, School of Chemical, Petroleum and Gas Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, 16846-13114, Tehran, Iran.
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6
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Wang G, Ren R, Feng X, Wang Y, Meng J, Jia J. First-principle calculations study of the ORR/OER electrocatalytic activity of ruthenium polyphthalocyanine axially modified with aliphatic thiol groups. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:16207-16217. [PMID: 38804323 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00424h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
In this study, the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalytic activity of ruthenium polyphthalocyanine axially modified with different aliphatic thiol groups, RuPPc-SR (SR = -SCH3, -SC2H5, -SC3H7, -SC4H9, -SC5H11, and -SC6H13), in an acidic medium were simulated using DFT. All -SR groups can effectively enhance the ORR and OER catalytic activities of RuPPc. The ORR and OER overpotentials of RuPPc-SC4H9 are 0.237 V and 0.436 V, respectively, which are far lower than those of RuPPc (0.960 V and 0.903 V). For RuPPc-SC4H9, the four C and S atoms of the -SC4H9 chain and Ru atom are coplanar, and thus, conjugate effects and inductive effects exist between the -SC4H9 chain and Ru atom. This makes the Ru atom exhibit the least positive Bader charge and smallest spin density, and the anti-bonding orbitals of dxz, dyz, and dz2 of the Ru atom shift below the Fermi level (Ef). This makes the adsorption strength of RuPPc-SC4H9 toward ORR and OER intermediates the weakest, which accelerates the reaction process, thus resulting in better ORR and OER catalytic activity. Therefore, the introduction of the aliphatic thiol groups might effectively improve the OER/ORR catalytic activity of RuPPc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules and Magnetic Information Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Material Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, China.
- Department of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Yuncheng University, Yuncheng 044000, China
| | - Rongrong Ren
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules and Magnetic Information Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Material Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, China.
| | - Xiaoqin Feng
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules and Magnetic Information Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Material Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, China.
| | - Yuxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules and Magnetic Information Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Material Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, China.
| | - Jie Meng
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules and Magnetic Information Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Material Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, China.
| | - Jianfeng Jia
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules and Magnetic Information Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Material Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, China.
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7
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Wei S, Liu W, Bai P, Yang C, Kong X, Xu L. Magnetic fields promote electrocatalytic CO 2 reduction via subtle modulations of magnetic moments and molecular bonding. ECO-ENVIRONMENT & HEALTH 2024; 3:247-255. [PMID: 38708006 PMCID: PMC11068524 DOI: 10.1016/j.eehl.2024.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Introducing a magnetic-field gradient into an electrically driven chemical reaction is expected to give rise to intriguing research possibilities. In this work, we elaborate on the modes and mechanisms of electrocatalytic activity (from the perspective of alignment of magnetic moments) and selectivity (at the molecular level) for the CO2 reduction reaction in response to external magnetic fields. We establish a positive correlation between magnetic field strengths and apparent current densities. This correlation can be rationalized by the formation of longer-range ordering of magnetic moments and the resulting decrease in the scattering of conduction electrons and charge-transfer resistances as the field strength increases. Furthermore, aided by the magnetic-field-equipped operando infrared spectroscopy, we find that applied magnetic fields are capable of weakening the C-O bond strength of the key intermediate ∗COOH and elongating the C-O bond length, thereby increasing the faradaic efficiency for the electroreduction of CO2 to CO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilin Wei
- MOE Key Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Weiqi Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Peiyao Bai
- MOE Key Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Chuangchuang Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Xiao Kong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Lang Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
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8
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Meng Y, Ying L, Tao Y, Ma L, Li B, Xing Y, Liu X, Ma Y, Wen X. DFT Study on Effect of Metal Type and Coordination Environment on CO 2 ECR to C 1 Products over M-N-C Catalysts. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:10663-10675. [PMID: 38718299 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Electrocatalytic reduction (ECR) of CO2 to chemical products is an important carbon emission reduction method. This work uses DFT to study the stability of N-doped graphene-supported four metal single-atom catalysts (M-N-C) and the effects of the coordination environment and metal centers on the selectivity of CO2 ECR to C1 products. The results show that Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu have good stability. The coordination environment has a significant modulating effect on product selectivity, and the change of the number of ligand nitrogen atoms will affect the size of the potential-limiting step of each product. When the number of nitrogen ligands is the same, the different metal centers of the M-N-C catalyst have a significant effect on the selectivity of different products. In addition, the introduction of nitrogen atom ligands can adjust the electronic structure of the graphene-supported metal center, increase the d-band center of most metals, and improve the reaction activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Meng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Low Metamorphic Coal Clean Utilization, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yulin University, Yulin 719000, P. R. China
| | - Linbin Ying
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Low Metamorphic Coal Clean Utilization, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yulin University, Yulin 719000, P. R. China
| | - Yani Tao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Low Metamorphic Coal Clean Utilization, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yulin University, Yulin 719000, P. R. China
| | - Liang Ma
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Low Metamorphic Coal Clean Utilization, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yulin University, Yulin 719000, P. R. China
| | - Baoning Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Low Metamorphic Coal Clean Utilization, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yulin University, Yulin 719000, P. R. China
| | - Yan Xing
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Low Metamorphic Coal Clean Utilization, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yulin University, Yulin 719000, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Low Metamorphic Coal Clean Utilization, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yulin University, Yulin 719000, P. R. China
| | - Yajun Ma
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Low Metamorphic Coal Clean Utilization, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yulin University, Yulin 719000, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, P. R. China
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9
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Exner KS. Four Generations of Volcano Plots for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction: Beyond Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer Steps? Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:1336-1345. [PMID: 38621676 PMCID: PMC11080045 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusDue to its importance for electrolyzers or metal-air batteries for energy conversion or storage, there is huge interest in the development of high-performance materials for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Theoretical investigations have aided the search for active material motifs through the construction of volcano plots for the kinetically sluggish OER, which involves the transfer of four proton-electron pairs to form a single oxygen molecule. The theory-driven volcano approach has gained unprecedented popularity in the catalysis and energy communities, largely due to its simplicity, as adsorption free energies can be used to approximate the electrocatalytic activity by heuristic descriptors.In the last two decades, the binding-energy-based volcano method has witnessed a renaissance with special concepts being developed to incorporate missing factors into the analysis. To this end, this Account summarizes and discusses the different generations of volcano plots for the example of the OER. While first-generation methods relied on the assessment of the thermodynamic information for the OER reaction intermediates by means of scaling relations, the second and third generations developed strategies to include overpotential and kinetic effects into the analysis of activity trends. Finally, the fourth generation of volcano approaches allowed the incorporation of various mechanistic pathways into the volcano methodology, thus paving the path toward data- and mechanistic-driven volcano plots in electrocatalysis.Although the concept of volcano plots has been significantly expanded in recent years, further research activities are discussed by challenging one of the main paradigms of the volcano concept. To date, the evaluation of activity trends relies on the assumption of proton-coupled electron transfer steps (CPET), even though there is experimental evidence of sequential proton-electron transfer (SPET) steps. While the computational assessment of SPET for solid-state electrodes is ambitious, it is strongly suggested to comprehend their importance in energy conversion and storage processes, including the OER. This can be achieved by knowledge transfer from homogeneous to heterogeneous electrocatalysis and by focusing on the material class of single-atom catalysts in which the active center is well defined. The derived concept of how to analyze the importance of SPET for mechanistic pathways in the OER over solid-state electrodes could further shape our understanding of the proton-electron transfer steps at electrified solid/liquid interfaces, which is crucial for further progress toward sustainable energy and climate neutrality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai S. Exner
- University
Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Chemistry, Theoretical Inorganic Chemistry, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
- Cluster
of Excellence RESOLV, 44801 Bochum, Germany
- Center
for Nanointegration (CENIDE) Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
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10
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Yu Y, Wei X, Chen W, Qian G, Chen C, Wang S, Min D. Design of Single-Atom Catalysts for E lectrocatalytic Nitrogen Fixation. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301105. [PMID: 37985420 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The Electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (ENRR) can be used to solve environmental problems as well as energy shortage. However, ENRR still faces the problems of low NH3 yield and low selectivity. The NH3 yield and selectivity in ENRR are affected by multiple factors such as electrolytic cells, electrolytes, and catalysts, etc. Among these catalysts are at the core of ENRR research. Single-atom catalysts (SACs) with intrinsic activity have become an emerging technology for numerous energy regeneration, including ENRR. In particular, regulating the microenvironment of SACs (hydrogen evolution reaction inhibition, carrier engineering, metal-carrier interaction, etc.) can break through the limitation of intrinsic activity of SACs. Therefore, this Review first introduces the basic principles of NRR and outlines the key factors affecting ENRR. Then a comprehensive summary is given of the progress of SACs (precious metals, non-precious metals, non-metallic) and diatomic catalysts (DACs) in ENRR. The impact of SACs microenvironmental regulation on ENRR is highlighted. Finally, further research directions for SACs in ENRR are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Yu
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxsi University, Nanning, 530004, P. R. China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning, 530004, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxiao Wei
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxsi University, Nanning, 530004, P. R. China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning, 530004, P. R. China
| | - Wangqian Chen
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxsi University, Nanning, 530004, P. R. China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning, 530004, P. R. China
| | - Guangfu Qian
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxsi University, Nanning, 530004, P. R. China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning, 530004, P. R. China
| | - Changzhou Chen
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxsi University, Nanning, 530004, P. R. China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning, 530004, P. R. China
| | - Shuangfei Wang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxsi University, Nanning, 530004, P. R. China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning, 530004, P. R. China
| | - Douyong Min
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxsi University, Nanning, 530004, P. R. China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning, 530004, P. R. China
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11
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Exner KS. Importance of the Walden Inversion for the Activity Volcano Plot of Oxygen Evolution. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2305505. [PMID: 37904648 PMCID: PMC10754130 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Since the birth of the computational hydrogen electrode approach, it is considered that activity trends of electrocatalysts in a homologous series can be quantified by the construction of volcano plots. This method aims to steer materials discovery by the identification of catalysts with an improved reaction kinetics, though evaluated by means of thermodynamic descriptors. The conventional approach for the volcano plot of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) relies on the assumption of the mononuclear mechanism, comprising the * OH, * O, and * OOH intermediates. In the present manuscript, two new mechanistic pathways, comprising the idea of the Walden inversion in that bond-breaking and bond-making occurs simultaneously, are factored into a potential-dependent OER activity volcano plot. Surprisingly, it turns out that the Walden inversion plays an important role since the activity volcano is governed by mechanistic pathways comprising Walden steps rather than by the traditionally assumed reaction mechanisms under typical OER conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai S. Exner
- Faculty of ChemistryTheoretical Inorganic ChemistryUniversity Duisburg‐EssenUniversitätsstraße 545141EssenGermany
- Cluster of Excellence RESOLV44801BochumGermany
- Center for Nanointegration (CENIDE) Duisburg‐Essen47057DuisburgGermany
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12
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Wang G, Yang X, Wang R, Jia J. A theoretical study on the ORR electrocatalytic activity of axial ligand modified cobalt polyphthalocyanine. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:27342-27351. [PMID: 37791783 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03707j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the catalytic activity in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) of cobalt polyphthalocyanine whose central Co atom is coordinated at the axial position by ligands (L = -F, -OH, -OCH3, -N3, -Cl, -Br, -I, -SCN, and -CN) (CoPPc-L) was investigated using theoretical calculations in alkaline medium. Among all CoPPc-L, CoPPc-N3 exhibited the lowest ORR overpotential of 0.23 V vs. a standard hydrogen electrode, which is significantly lower than those of CoPPc (0.48 V) and Pt(111) (0.43 V). There is a good linear relationship between ΔG*OOH and the electronegativity of ligating atoms in axial ligands of CoPPc-L. The greater the electronegativity, the stronger the adsorption of the catalyst to the intermediate. Additionally, the adsorption strength of CoPPc to the intermediate is modified by the axial ligands, which adjust the distribution of anti-bonding electronic states of dz2, dxz, and dyz orbitals near the Fermi level, Ef. A larger Mayer bond order of the Co-L bond resulted in a smaller bond order of the Co-O bond. CoPPc-N3 exhibited a moderate Co-O bond order of 0.737, corresponding to moderate adsorption energy to the OOH intermediate. This study demonstrates that the interaction strength between CoPPc and ORR intermediates can be adjusted by selecting appropriate axial ligands, which can modulate the ORR catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules and Magnetic Information Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Material Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, China.
- Department of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Yuncheng University, Yuncheng 044000, China
| | - Xiaoli Yang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules and Magnetic Information Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Material Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, China.
| | - Ruiying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules and Magnetic Information Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Material Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, China.
| | - Jianfeng Jia
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules and Magnetic Information Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Material Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, China.
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13
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He Q, Sheng B, Zhu K, Zhou Y, Qiao S, Wang Z, Song L. Phase Engineering and Synchrotron-Based Study on Two-Dimensional Energy Nanomaterials. Chem Rev 2023; 123:10750-10807. [PMID: 37581572 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been significant interest in the development of two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials with unique physicochemical properties for various energy applications. These properties are often derived from the phase structures established through a range of physical and chemical design strategies. A concrete analysis of the phase structures and real reaction mechanisms of 2D energy nanomaterials requires advanced characterization methods that offer valuable information as much as possible. Here, we present a comprehensive review on the phase engineering of typical 2D nanomaterials with the focus of synchrotron radiation characterizations. In particular, the intrinsic defects, atomic doping, intercalation, and heterogeneous interfaces on 2D nanomaterials are introduced, together with their applications in energy-related fields. Among them, synchrotron-based multiple spectroscopic techniques are emphasized to reveal their intrinsic phases and structures. More importantly, various in situ methods are employed to provide deep insights into their structural evolutions under working conditions or reaction processes of 2D energy nanomaterials. Finally, conclusions and research perspectives on the future outlook for the further development of 2D energy nanomaterials and synchrotron radiation light sources and integrated techniques are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun He
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, China
| | - Beibei Sheng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, China
| | - Kefu Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, China
| | - Yuzhu Zhou
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, China
| | - Sicong Qiao
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, China
| | - Zhouxin Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, China
| | - Li Song
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Photonelectronics, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, China
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14
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Ooka H, Chiba Y, Nakamura R. Thermodynamic principle to enhance enzymatic activity using the substrate affinity. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4860. [PMID: 37620340 PMCID: PMC10449852 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40471-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding how to tune enzymatic activity is important not only for biotechnological applications, but also to elucidate the basic principles guiding the design and optimization of biological systems in nature. So far, the Michaelis-Menten equation has provided a fundamental framework of enzymatic activity. However, there is still no concrete guideline on how the parameters should be optimized towards higher activity. Here, we demonstrate that tuning the Michaelis-Menten constant ([Formula: see text]) to the substrate concentration ([Formula: see text]) enhances enzymatic activity. This guideline ([Formula: see text]) was obtained mathematically by assuming that thermodynamically favorable reactions have higher rate constants, and that the total driving force is fixed. Due to the generality of these thermodynamic considerations, we propose [Formula: see text] as a general concept to enhance enzymatic activity. Our bioinformatic analysis reveals that the [Formula: see text] and in vivo substrate concentrations are consistent across a dataset of approximately 1000 enzymes, suggesting that even natural selection follows the principle [Formula: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideshi Ooka
- Biofunctional Catalyst Research Team, Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Yoko Chiba
- Biofunctional Catalyst Research Team, Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Ryuhei Nakamura
- Biofunctional Catalyst Research Team, Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Earth-Life Science Institute (ELSI), Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-IE-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
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15
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Ashoori A, Noori A, Rahmanifar MS, Morsali A, Hassani N, Neek-Amal M, Ghasempour H, Xia X, Zhang Y, El-Kady MF, Kaner RB, Mousavi MF. Tailoring Metal-Organic Frameworks and Derived Materials for High-Performance Zinc-Air and Alkaline Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37311056 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c04454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Developing multifunctional materials from earth-abundant elements is urgently needed to satisfy the demand for sustainable energy. Herein, we demonstrate a facile approach for the preparation of a metal-organic framework (MOF)-derived Fe2O3/C, composited with N-doped reduced graphene oxide (MO-rGO). MO-rGO exhibits excellent bifunctional electrocatalytic activities toward the oxygen evolution reaction (ηj=10 = 273 mV) and the oxygen reduction reaction (half-wave potential = 0.77 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode) with a low ΔEOER-ORR of 0.88 V in alkaline solutions. A Zn-air battery based on the MO-rGO cathode displays a high specific energy of over 903 W h kgZn-1 (∼290 mW h cm-2), an excellent power density of 148 mW cm-2, and an open-circuit voltage of 1.430 V, outperforming the benchmark Pt/C + RuO2 catalyst. We also hydrothermally synthesized a Ni-MOF that was partially transformed into a Ni-Co-layered double hydroxide (MOF-LDH). A MO-rGO||MOF-LDH alkaline battery exhibits a specific energy of 42.6 W h kgtotal mass-1 (106.5 μW h cm-2) and an outstanding specific power of 9.8 kW kgtotal mass-1 (24.5 mW cm-2). This work demonstrates the potential of MOFs and MOF-derived compounds for designing innovative multifunctional materials for catalysis, electrochemical energy storage, and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Ashoori
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14117-13116, Iran
| | - Abolhassan Noori
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14117-13116, Iran
| | | | - Ali Morsali
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14117-13116, Iran
| | - Nasim Hassani
- Department of Physics, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Lavizan, Tehran, P.O. Box: 16875-163, Iran
| | - Mehdi Neek-Amal
- Department of Physics, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Lavizan, Tehran, P.O. Box: 16875-163, Iran
- Department of Physics, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hosein Ghasempour
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14117-13116, Iran
| | - Xinhui Xia
- College of Materials Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Applications for Batteries of Zhejiang Province, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yongqi Zhang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Science, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611371, China
| | - Maher F El-Kady
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Richard B Kaner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Mir F Mousavi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14117-13116, Iran
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16
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He ZD, Tesch R, Eslamibidgoli MJ, Eikerling MH, Kowalski PM. Low-spin state of Fe in Fe-doped NiOOH electrocatalysts. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3498. [PMID: 37311755 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38978-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Doping with Fe boosts the electrocatalytic performance of NiOOH for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). To understand this effect, we have employed state-of-the-art electronic structure calculations and thermodynamic modeling. Our study reveals that at low concentrations Fe exists in a low-spin state. Only this spin state explains the large solubility limit of Fe and similarity of Fe-O and Ni-O bond lengths measured in the Fe-doped NiOOH phase. The low-spin state renders the surface Fe sites highly active for the OER. The low-to-high spin transition at the Fe concentration of ~ 25% is consistent with the experimentally determined solubility limit of Fe in NiOOH. The thermodynamic overpotentials computed for doped and pure materials, η = 0.42 V and 0.77 V, agree well with the measured values. Our results indicate a key role of the low-spin state of Fe for the OER activity of Fe-doped NiOOH electrocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Da He
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research (IEK-13), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- JARA Energy & Center for Simulation and Data Science (CSD), 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Rebekka Tesch
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research (IEK-13), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- JARA Energy & Center for Simulation and Data Science (CSD), 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Chair of Theory and Computation of Energy Materials, Faculty of Georesources and Materials Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52062, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mohammad J Eslamibidgoli
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research (IEK-13), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- JARA Energy & Center for Simulation and Data Science (CSD), 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Michael H Eikerling
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research (IEK-13), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- JARA Energy & Center for Simulation and Data Science (CSD), 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Chair of Theory and Computation of Energy Materials, Faculty of Georesources and Materials Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52062, Aachen, Germany
| | - Piotr M Kowalski
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research (IEK-13), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52425, Jülich, Germany.
- JARA Energy & Center for Simulation and Data Science (CSD), 52425, Jülich, Germany.
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17
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Exner KS. On the mechanistic complexity of oxygen evolution: potential-dependent switching of the mechanism at the volcano apex. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:2086-2095. [PMID: 36928519 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00047h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The anodic four-electron oxygen evolution reaction (OER) corresponds to the limiting process in acidic or alkaline electrolyzers to produce gaseous hydrogen at the cathode of the device. In the last decade, tremendous efforts have been dedicated to the identification of active OER materials by electronic structure calculations in the density functional theory approximation. Most of these works rely on the assumption that the mononuclear mechanism, comprising the *OH, *O, and *OOH intermediates, is operative under OER conditions, and that a single elementary reaction step (most likely *OOH formation) governs the kinetics. In the present manuscript, six different OER mechanisms are analyzed, and potential-dependent volcano curves are constructed to comprehend the electrocatalytic activity of these pathways in the approximation of the descriptor Gmax(U), a potential-dependent activity measure based on the notion of the free-energy span model. While the mononuclear description mainly describes the legs of the volcano plot, corresponding to electrocatalysts with low intrinsic activity, it is demonstrated that the preferred pathway at the volcano apex is a strong function of the applied electrode potential. The observed mechanistic complexity including a switch of the favored pathway with increasing overpotential sets previous investigations aiming at the identification of reaction mechanisms and limiting steps into question since the entire breadth of OER pathways was not accounted for. A prerequisite for future atomic-scale studies on highly active OER catalysts refers to the evaluation of several mechanistic pathways so that neither important mechanistic features are overlooked nor limiting steps are incorrectly determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai S Exner
- University Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Chemistry, Theoretical Inorganic Chemistry, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence RESOLV, 44801 Bochum, Germany
- Center for Nanointegration (CENIDE) Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
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18
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Romeo E, Lezana-Muralles MF, Illas F, Calle-Vallejo F. Extracting Features of Active Transition Metal Electrodes for NO Electroreduction with Catalytic Matrices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:22176-22183. [PMID: 37098248 PMCID: PMC10176317 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c03385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Electrocatalytic reduction of oxidized nitrogen compounds (NOx) promises to help rebalance the nitrogen cycle. It is widely accepted that nitrate reduction to NH4+/NH3 involves NO as an intermediate, and NO hydrogenation is the potential-limiting step of NO reduction. Whether *NO hydrogenates to *NHO or *NOH is still a matter of debate, which makes it difficult to optimize catalysts for NOx electroreduction. Here, "catalytic matrices" are used to swiftly extract features of active transition metal catalysts for NO electroreduction. The matrices show that active catalysts statistically stabilize *NHO over *NOH and have undercoordinated sites. Besides, square-symmetry active sites with Cu and other elements may prove active for NO electroreduction. Finally, multivariate regressions are able to reproduce the main features found by the matrices, which opens the door for more sophisticated machine-learning studies. In sum, catalytic matrices may ease the analysis of complex electrocatalytic reactions on multifaceted materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Romeo
- Department de Ciència de Materials i Química Física & Institut de Química Teòrica i Computational (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí i Franquès 1, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - María Fernanda Lezana-Muralles
- Department de Ciència de Materials i Química Física & Institut de Química Teòrica i Computational (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí i Franquès 1, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Francesc Illas
- Department de Ciència de Materials i Química Física & Institut de Química Teòrica i Computational (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí i Franquès 1, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Federico Calle-Vallejo
- Nano-Bio Spectroscopy Group and European Theoretical Spectroscopy Facility (ETSF), Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Tolosa 72, San Sebastián 20018, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza de Euskadi 5, Bilbao 48009, Spain
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19
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Calle-Vallejo F. The ABC of Generalized Coordination Numbers and Their Use as a Descriptor in Electrocatalysis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023:e2207644. [PMID: 37102632 PMCID: PMC10369287 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202207644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The quest for enhanced electrocatalysts can be boosted by descriptor-based analyses. Because adsorption energies are the most common descriptors, electrocatalyst design is largely based on brute-force routines that comb materials databases until an energetic criterion is verified. In this review, it is shown that an alternative is provided by generalized coordination numbers (denoted by CN ¯ $\overline {{\rm{CN}}} $ or GCN), an inexpensive geometric descriptor for strained and unstrained transition metals and some alloys. CN ¯ $\overline {{\rm{CN}}} $ captures trends in adsorption energies on both extended surfaces and nanoparticles and is used to elaborate structure-sensitive electrocatalytic activity plots and selectivity maps. Importantly, CN ¯ $\overline {{\rm{CN}}} $ outlines the geometric configuration of the active sites, thereby enabling an atom-by-atom design, which is not possible using energetic descriptors. Specific examples for various adsorbates (e.g., *OH, *OOH, *CO, and *H), metals (e.g., Pt and Cu), and electrocatalytic reactions (e.g., O2 reduction, H2 evolution, CO oxidation, and reduction) are presented, and comparisons are made against other descriptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Calle-Vallejo
- Nano-Bio Spectroscopy Group and European Theoretical Spectroscopy Facility (ETSF), Department of Advanced Materials and Polymers: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 20018, Av. Tolosa 72, San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza de Euskadi 5, Bilbao, 48009, Spain
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20
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Zhu B, Dong B, Wang F, Yang Q, He Y, Zhang C, Jin P, Feng L. Unraveling a bifunctional mechanism for methanol-to-formate electro-oxidation on nickel-based hydroxides. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1686. [PMID: 36973279 PMCID: PMC10042884 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37441-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
For nickel-based catalysts, in-situ formed nickel oxyhydroxide has been generally believed as the origin for anodic biomass electro-oxidations. However, rationally understanding the catalytic mechanism still remains challenging. In this work, we demonstrate that NiMn hydroxide as the anodic catalyst can enable methanol-to-formate electro-oxidation reaction (MOR) with a low cell-potential of 1.33/1.41 V at 10/100 mA cm-2, a Faradaic efficiency of nearly 100% and good durability in alkaline media, remarkably outperforming NiFe hydroxide. Based on a combined experimental and computational study, we propose a cyclic pathway that consists of reversible redox transitions of NiII-(OH)2/NiIII-OOH and a concomitant MOR. More importantly, it is proved that the NiIII-OOH provides combined active sites including NiIII and nearby electrophilic oxygen species, which work in a cooperative manner to promote either spontaneous or non-spontaneous MOR process. Such a bifunctional mechanism can well account for not only the highly selective formate formation but also the transient presence of NiIII-OOH. The different catalytic activities of NiMn and NiFe hydroxides can be attributed to their different oxidation behaviors. Thus, our work provides a clear and rational understanding of the overall MOR mechanism on nickel-based hydroxides, which is beneficial for advanced catalyst design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Botao Zhu
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovation (SIEMIS), School of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Bo Dong
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovation (SIEMIS), School of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovation (SIEMIS), School of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qifeng Yang
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovation (SIEMIS), School of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yunpeng He
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovation (SIEMIS), School of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Cunjin Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Peng Jin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China.
| | - Lai Feng
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovation (SIEMIS), School of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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21
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Razdan NK, Lin TC, Bhan A. Concepts Relevant for the Kinetic Analysis of Reversible Reaction Systems. Chem Rev 2023; 123:2950-3006. [PMID: 36802557 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
The net rate of a reversible chemical reaction is the difference between unidirectional rates of traversal along forward and reverse reaction paths. In a multistep reaction sequence, the forward and reverse trajectories, in general, are not the microscopic reverse of one another; rather, each unidirectional route is comprised of distinct rate-controlling steps, intermediates, and transition states. Consequently, traditional descriptors of rate (e.g., reaction orders) do not reflect intrinsic kinetic information but instead conflate unidirectional contributions determined by (i) the microscopic occurrence of forward/reverse reactions (i.e., unidirectional kinetics) and (ii) the reversibility of reaction (i.e., nonequilibrium thermodynamics). This review aims to provide a comprehensive resource of analytical and conceptual tools which deconvolute the contributions of reaction kinetics and thermodynamics to disambiguate unidirectional reaction trajectories and precisely identify rate- and reversibility-controlling molecular species and steps in reversible reaction systems. The extrication of mechanistic and kinetic information from bidirectional reactions is accomplished through equation-based formalisms (e.g., De Donder relations) grounded in principles of thermodynamics and interpreted in the context of theories of chemical kinetics developed in the past 25 years. The aggregate of mathematical formalisms detailed herein is general to thermochemical and electrochemical reactions and encapsulates a diverse body of scientific literature encompassing chemical physics, thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, catalysis, and kinetic modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil K Razdan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota─Twin Cities, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Ting C Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota─Twin Cities, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Aditya Bhan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota─Twin Cities, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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22
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Exner KS. Toward data‐ and mechanistic‐driven volcano plots in electrocatalysis. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202200014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kai S. Exner
- Faculty of Chemistry Theoretical Inorganic Chemistry University Duisburg‐Essen Essen Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESOLV Bochum Germany
- Center for Nanointegration (CENIDE) Duisburg‐Essen Duisburg Germany
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23
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Razzaq S, Exner KS. Materials Screening by the Descriptor G max(η): The Free-Energy Span Model in Electrocatalysis. ACS Catal 2023; 13:1740-1758. [PMID: 36776387 PMCID: PMC9903997 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
To move from fossil-based energy resources to a society based on renewables, electrode materials free of precious noble metals are required to efficiently catalyze electrochemical processes in fuel cells, batteries, or electrolyzers. Materials screening operating at minimal computational cost is a powerful method to assess the performance of potential electrode compositions based on heuristic concepts. While the thermodynamic overpotential in combination with the volcano concept refers to the most popular descriptor-based analysis in the literature, this notion cannot reproduce experimental trends reasonably well. About two years ago, the concept of G max(η), based on the idea of the free-energy span model, has been proposed as a universal approach for the screening of electrocatalysts. In contrast to other available descriptor-based methods, G max(η) factors overpotential and kinetic effects by a dedicated evacuation scheme of adsorption free energies into an analysis of trends. In the present perspective, we discuss the application of G max(η) to different electrocatalytic processes, including the oxygen evolution and reduction reactions, the nitrogen reduction reaction, and the selectivity problem of the competing oxygen evolution and peroxide formation reactions, and we outline the advantages of this screening approach over previous investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samad Razzaq
- University
Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Chemistry, Theoretical Inorganic Chemistry, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Kai S. Exner
- University
Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Chemistry, Theoretical Inorganic Chemistry, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany,Cluster
of Excellence RESOLV, 44801 Bochum, Germany,Center
for Nanointegration (CENIDE) Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany,Email
for K.S.E.:
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24
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Koolen CD, Luo W, Züttel A. From Single Crystal to Single Atom Catalysts: Structural Factors Influencing the Performance of Metal Catalysts for CO 2 Electroreduction. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cedric David Koolen
- Laboratory of Materials for Renewable Energy (LMER), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), Basic Science Faculty (SB), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Valais/Wallis, Energypolis, Sion 1951, Switzerland
- Empa Materials Science & Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Wen Luo
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Andreas Züttel
- Laboratory of Materials for Renewable Energy (LMER), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), Basic Science Faculty (SB), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Valais/Wallis, Energypolis, Sion 1951, Switzerland
- Empa Materials Science & Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
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25
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Chen J, Lu N, Zhao Y, Huang J, Gan X, Chen X, Yang Z, Wen Q, Zhai T, Liu Y. On-Chip Microdevice Unveils Reactant Enrichment Effect Dominated Electrocatalysis Activity in Molecular-Linked Catalysts. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:10154-10162. [PMID: 36512651 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Molecular functionalization has been intensely studied and artificially constructed to advance various electrocatalytic processes. While there is a widely approved charge-doping effect, the underlying action for reactant distribution/transport remains long neglected. Here an on-chip microdevice unravels that the proton enrichment effect at prototypical methylene blue (MB)/MoS2 interfaces rather than charge doping contributes to the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity. Back-gated electrical/electrochemical tests detect quantitatively a strong charge injection from MB to MoS2 realized over diploid carrier density, but these excess carriers are unqualified for the actual enhanced HER activity (from 32 to 125 mA cm-2 at -0.29 V). On-chip electrochemical impedance further certifies that the proton enrichment in the vicinity of MoS2, which is generated by the nucleophilic group of MB, actually dominates the HER activity. This finding uncovers the leading function of molecular-linked catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Lu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Optoelectric Materials Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids Ministry of Education, and Department of Physics, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiazhao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojuan Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuezhen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Qunlei Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyou Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Youwen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, People's Republic of China
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26
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Đukić T, Pavko L, Jovanovič P, Maselj N, Gatalo M, Hodnik N. Stability challenges of carbon-supported Pt-nanoalloys as fuel cell oxygen reduction reaction electrocatalysts. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:13832-13854. [PMID: 36472187 PMCID: PMC9753161 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05377b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-supported Pt-based nanoalloys (CSPtNs) as the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalysts are considered state-of-the-art electrocatalysts for use in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Although their ORR activity performance is already adequate to allow lowering of the Pt loading and thus commercialisation of the fuel cell technology, their stability remains an open challenge. In this Feature Article, the recent achievements and acquired knowledge on the degradation behaviour of these electrocatalysts are overviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Đukić
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova ulica 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Luka Pavko
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova ulica 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Primož Jovanovič
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova ulica 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Nik Maselj
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova ulica 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matija Gatalo
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova ulica 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- ReCatalyst d.o.o., Hajdrihova ulica 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nejc Hodnik
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova ulica 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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27
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Abstract
Adsorption energy (AE) of reactive intermediate is currently the most important descriptor for electrochemical reactions (e.g., water electrolysis, hydrogen fuel cell, electrochemical nitrogen fixation, electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction, etc.), which can bridge the gap between catalyst's structure and activity. Tracing the history and evolution of AE can help to understand electrocatalysis and design optimal electrocatalysts. Focusing on oxygen electrocatalysis, this review aims to provide a comprehensive introduction on how AE is selected as the activity descriptor, the intrinsic and empirical relationships related to AE, how AE links the structure and electrocatalytic performance, the approaches to obtain AE, the strategies to improve catalytic activity by modulating AE, the extrinsic influences on AE from the environment, and the methods in circumventing linear scaling relations of AE. An outlook is provided at the end with emphasis on possible future investigation related to the obstacles existing between adsorption energy and electrocatalytic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junming Zhang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Hong Bin Yang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Daojin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Bin Liu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore
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28
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Liang Y, Lihter M, Lingenfelder M. Spin‐Control in Electrocatalysis for Clean Energy. Isr J Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202200052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunchang Liang
- Max Planck-EPFL Laboratory for Molecular Nanoscience and Technology École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
- Institut of Physics (IPHYS) Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Martina Lihter
- Max Planck-EPFL Laboratory for Molecular Nanoscience and Technology École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
- Institut of Physics (IPHYS) Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Magalí Lingenfelder
- Max Planck-EPFL Laboratory for Molecular Nanoscience and Technology École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
- Institut of Physics (IPHYS) Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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29
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Zeradjanin AR, Narangoda P, Masa J, Schlögl R. What Controls Activity Trends of Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Reaction?─Activation Energy Versus Frequency Factor. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar R. Zeradjanin
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34−36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Praveen Narangoda
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34−36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Justus Masa
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34−36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Robert Schlögl
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34−36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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30
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Das BK, Banerjee A, Das A, Chattopadhyay KK. Graphyne Supported Co13, Fe13 and Ni13 nano-cluster as Efficient Electrocatalysts for Nitrogen Reduction Reaction: A First Principles Study. Catal Today 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2022.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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31
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Wen Q, Duan J, Wang W, Huang D, Liu Y, Shi Y, Fang J, Nie A, Li H, Zhai T. Engineering a Local Free Water Enriched Microenvironment for Surpassing Platinum Hydrogen Evolution Activity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202206077. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202206077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qunlei Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology School of Materials Science and Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan Hubei, 430074 P. R. China
| | - Junyuan Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology School of Materials Science and Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan Hubei, 430074 P. R. China
| | - Wenbin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology School of Materials Science and Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan Hubei, 430074 P. R. China
| | - Danji Huang
- State Key Lab of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan Hubei, 430074 P. R. China
| | - Youwen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology School of Materials Science and Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan Hubei, 430074 P. R. China
| | - Yongliang Shi
- Center for Spintronics and Quantum Systems, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Shanxi, 710049 P. R. China
| | - JiaKun Fang
- State Key Lab of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan Hubei, 430074 P. R. China
| | - Anmin Nie
- Center for High Pressure Science State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology Yanshan University Qinhuangdao Hebei, 066004 P. R. China
| | - Huiqiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology School of Materials Science and Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan Hubei, 430074 P. R. China
| | - Tianyou Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology School of Materials Science and Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan Hubei, 430074 P. R. China
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32
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Exner KS. On the optimum binding energy for the hydrogen evolution reaction: How do experiments contribute? ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202100101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kai S. Exner
- Faculty of Chemistry Theoretical Inorganic Chemistry University Duisburg‐Essen Essen Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESOLV Bochum Germany
- Center for Nanointegration (CENIDE) Duisburg‐Essen Duisburg Germany
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33
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Sargeant E, Illas F, Rodríguez P, Calle-Vallejo F. On the shifting peak of volcano plots for oxygen reduction and evolution. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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34
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Wen Q, Lin Y, Yang Y, Gao R, Ouyang N, Ding D, Liu Y, Zhai T. In Situ Chalcogen Leaching Manipulates Reactant Interface toward Efficient Amine Electrooxidation. ACS NANO 2022; 16:9572-9582. [PMID: 35679123 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c02838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Engineering the reaction interface is necessary for advancing various electrocatalytic processes. However, most designed catalysts tend to be ineffective due to the inevitable structural reconstruction. Here we utilize that operando electrocatalysis variations (i.e., chalcogen leaching) manipulate the reactant interface toward amine electrooxidation. Taking chalcogen-doped Ni(OH)2 as an example, operando techniques uncover that chalcogens leach from the matrix and then adsorb on the surface of NiOOH as chalcogenates during the electrooxidation process. The charged chalcogenates will induce the local electric field that pushes the polar amines through the inner Helmholtz plane to enrich on the catalyst surface. Meanwhile, the polarization effect of chalcogenates and amines boost amino C-N bond activation for dehydrogenation into nitrile C≡N bonds. Under the promotion effect of surface-adsorbed chalcogenate ions, our catalysts display over 99.5% propionitrile selectivity at the low potential of 1.317 V with an ultrahigh current density. This finding highlights the use of operando changes of catalysts to rationally design efficient catalysts and further clarifies the underlying role of chalcogen atoms in the electrooxidation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunlei Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Lin
- Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruijian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Nanqiu Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Defang Ding
- Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Youwen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyou Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, People's Republic of China
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35
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Wen Q, Duan J, Wang W, Huang D, Liu Y, Shi Y, Fang J, Nie A, Li H, Zhai T. Engineering a Local Free Water Enriched Microenvironment for Surpassing Platinum Hydrogen Evolution Activity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202206077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qunlei Wen
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology School of Material Science and Engineering CHINA
| | - Junyuan Duan
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology School of Material Science and Engineering CHINA
| | - Wenbin Wang
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology School of Material Science and Engineering CHINA
| | - Danji Huang
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology School of Electrical and Eltctronic Engineering CHINA
| | - Youwen Liu
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology School of Material Science and Engineering CHINA
| | - Yongliang Shi
- Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Material Science and Engineering CHINA
| | - Jiakun Fang
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology School of Electrical and Eltctronic Engineering CHINA
| | - Anmin Nie
- Yanshan University School of Material Science and Engineering CHINA
| | - Huiqiao Li
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology School of Material Science and Engineering CHINA
| | - Tianyou Zhai
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology - Main Campus: Huazhong University of Science and Technology Luoyu Road 430074 Wuhan CHINA
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36
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Chatenet M, Pollet BG, Dekel DR, Dionigi F, Deseure J, Millet P, Braatz RD, Bazant MZ, Eikerling M, Staffell I, Balcombe P, Shao-Horn Y, Schäfer H. Water electrolysis: from textbook knowledge to the latest scientific strategies and industrial developments. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:4583-4762. [PMID: 35575644 PMCID: PMC9332215 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01079k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Replacing fossil fuels with energy sources and carriers that are sustainable, environmentally benign, and affordable is amongst the most pressing challenges for future socio-economic development. To that goal, hydrogen is presumed to be the most promising energy carrier. Electrocatalytic water splitting, if driven by green electricity, would provide hydrogen with minimal CO2 footprint. The viability of water electrolysis still hinges on the availability of durable earth-abundant electrocatalyst materials and the overall process efficiency. This review spans from the fundamentals of electrocatalytically initiated water splitting to the very latest scientific findings from university and institutional research, also covering specifications and special features of the current industrial processes and those processes currently being tested in large-scale applications. Recently developed strategies are described for the optimisation and discovery of active and durable materials for electrodes that ever-increasingly harness first-principles calculations and machine learning. In addition, a technoeconomic analysis of water electrolysis is included that allows an assessment of the extent to which a large-scale implementation of water splitting can help to combat climate change. This review article is intended to cross-pollinate and strengthen efforts from fundamental understanding to technical implementation and to improve the 'junctions' between the field's physical chemists, materials scientists and engineers, as well as stimulate much-needed exchange among these groups on challenges encountered in the different domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Chatenet
- University Grenoble Alpes, University Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP (Institute of Engineering and Management University Grenoble Alpes), LEPMI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Bruno G Pollet
- Hydrogen Energy and Sonochemistry Research group, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
- Green Hydrogen Lab, Institute for Hydrogen Research (IHR), Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), 3351 Boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, Québec G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Dario R Dekel
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
- The Nancy & Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program (GTEP), Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Fabio Dionigi
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Division, Technical University Berlin, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonathan Deseure
- University Grenoble Alpes, University Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP (Institute of Engineering and Management University Grenoble Alpes), LEPMI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Pierre Millet
- Paris-Saclay University, ICMMO (UMR 8182), 91400 Orsay, France
- Elogen, 8 avenue du Parana, 91940 Les Ulis, France
| | - Richard D Braatz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Martin Z Bazant
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Michael Eikerling
- Chair of Theory and Computation of Energy Materials, Division of Materials Science and Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Intzestraße 5, 52072 Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-13: Modelling and Simulation of Materials in Energy Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Iain Staffell
- Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Paul Balcombe
- Division of Chemical Engineering and Renewable Energy, School of Engineering and Material Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Yang Shao-Horn
- Research Laboratory of Electronics and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Helmut Schäfer
- Institute of Chemistry of New Materials, The Electrochemical Energy and Catalysis Group, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 7, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany.
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37
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Scott SB, Rao RR, Moon C, Sørensen JE, Kibsgaard J, Shao-Horn Y, Chorkendorff I. The low overpotential regime of acidic water oxidation part I: the importance of O 2 detection. ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 2022; 15:1977-1987. [PMID: 35706423 PMCID: PMC9116083 DOI: 10.1039/d1ee03914h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The high overpotential required for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) represents a significant barrier for the production of closed-cycle renewable fuels and chemicals. Ruthenium dioxide is among the most active catalysts for OER in acid, but the activity at low overpotentials can be difficult to measure due to high capacitance. In this work, we use electrochemistry - mass spectrometry to obtain accurate OER activity measurements spanning six orders of magnitude on a model series of ruthenium-based catalysts in acidic electrolyte, quantifying electrocatalytic O2 production at potential as low as 1.30 VRHE. We show that the potential-dependent O2 production rate, i.e., the Tafel slope, exhibits three regimes, revealing a previously unobserved Tafel slope of 25 mV decade-1 below 1.4 VRHE. We fit the expanded activity data to a microkinetic model based on potential-dependent coverage of the surface intermediates from which the rate-determining step takes place. Our results demonstrate how the familiar quantities "onset potential" and "exchange current density" are influenced by the sensitivity of the detection method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soren B Scott
- SurfCat Section for Surface Physics and Catalysis, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Reshma R Rao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Choongman Moon
- SurfCat Section for Surface Physics and Catalysis, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Jakob E Sørensen
- SurfCat Section for Surface Physics and Catalysis, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Jakob Kibsgaard
- SurfCat Section for Surface Physics and Catalysis, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Yang Shao-Horn
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Ib Chorkendorff
- SurfCat Section for Surface Physics and Catalysis, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
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38
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Selectively anchoring single atoms on specific sites of supports for improved oxygen evolution. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2473. [PMID: 35513390 PMCID: PMC9072319 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30148-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The homogeneity of single-atom catalysts is only to the first-order approximation when all isolated metal centers interact identically with the support. Since the realistic support with various topologies or defects offers diverse coordination environments, realizing real homogeneity requires precise control over the anchoring sites. In this work, we selectively anchor Ir single atoms onto the three-fold hollow sites (Ir1/TO–CoOOH) and oxygen vacancies (Ir1/VO–CoOOH) on defective CoOOH surface to investigate how the anchoring sites modulate catalytic performance. The oxygen evolution activities of Ir1/TO–CoOOH and Ir1/VO–CoOOH are improved relative to CoOOH through different mechanisms. For Ir1/TO–CoOOH, the strong electronic interaction between single-atom Ir and the support modifies the electronic structure of the active center for stronger electronic affinity to intermediates. For Ir1/VO–CoOOH, a hydrogen bonding is formed between the coordinated oxygen of single-atom Ir center and the oxygenated intermediates, which stabilizes the intermediates and lowers the energy barrier of the rate-determining step. While single-atom catalysts offer well-defined structures, the homogeneity of the active sites is determined by localized coordination environments. Here, authors anchor Ir single atoms onto different sites on CoOOH and show how their distinct coordinations activate oxygen-evolving electrocatalysis
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39
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Rao RR, Corby S, Bucci A, García-Tecedor M, Mesa CA, Rossmeisl J, Giménez S, Lloret-Fillol J, Stephens IEL, Durrant JR. Spectroelectrochemical Analysis of the Water Oxidation Mechanism on Doped Nickel Oxides. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:7622-7633. [PMID: 35442661 PMCID: PMC9073940 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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Metal oxides and
oxyhydroxides exhibit state-of-the-art activity
for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER); however, their reaction mechanism,
particularly the relationship between charging of the oxide and OER
kinetics, remains elusive. Here, we investigate a series of Mn-, Co-,
Fe-, and Zn-doped nickel oxides using operando UV–vis
spectroscopy coupled with time-resolved stepped potential spectroelectrochemistry.
The Ni2+/Ni3+ redox peak potential is found
to shift anodically from Mn- < Co- < Fe- < Zn-doped samples,
suggesting a decrease in oxygen binding energetics from Mn- to Zn-doped
samples. At OER-relevant potentials, using optical absorption spectroscopy,
we quantitatively detect the subsequent oxidation of these redox centers.
The OER kinetics was found to have a second-order dependence on the
density of these oxidized species, suggesting a chemical rate-determining
step involving coupling of two oxo species. The intrinsic turnover
frequency per oxidized species exhibits a volcano trend with the binding
energy of oxygen on the Ni site, having a maximum activity of ∼0.05
s–1 at 300 mV overpotential for the Fe-doped sample.
Consequently, we propose that for Ni centers that bind oxygen too
strongly (Mn- and Co-doped oxides), OER kinetics is limited by O–O
coupling and oxygen desorption, while for Ni centers that bind oxygen
too weakly (Zn-doped oxides), OER kinetics is limited by the formation
of oxo groups. This study not only experimentally demonstrates the
relation between electroadsorption free energy and intrinsic kinetics
for OER on this class of materials but also highlights the critical
role of oxidized species in facilitating OER kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshma R Rao
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Sacha Corby
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Alberto Bucci
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avinguda Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Miguel García-Tecedor
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), University Jaume I, 12071 Castello de la Plana, Spain
| | - Camilo A Mesa
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), University Jaume I, 12071 Castello de la Plana, Spain
| | - Jan Rossmeisl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Sixto Giménez
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), University Jaume I, 12071 Castello de la Plana, Spain
| | - Julio Lloret-Fillol
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avinguda Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Ifan E L Stephens
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - James R Durrant
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K
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40
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Yu S, Li K, Wang W, Xie Z, Ding L, Kang Z, Wrubel J, Ma Z, Bender G, Yu H, Baxter J, Cullen DA, Keane A, Ayers K, Capuano CB, Zhang FY. Tuning Catalyst Activation and Utilization Via Controlled Electrode Patterning for Low-Loading and High-Efficiency Water Electrolyzers. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2107745. [PMID: 35174962 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202107745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
An anode electrode concept of thin catalyst-coated liquid/gas diffusion layers (CCLGDLs), by integrating Ir catalysts with Ti thin tunable LGDLs with facile electroplating in proton exchange membrane electrolyzer cells (PEMECs), is proposed. The CCLGDL design with only 0.08 mgIr cm-2 can achieve comparative cell performances to the conventional commercial electrode design, saving ≈97% Ir catalyst and augmenting a catalyst utilization to ≈24 times. CCLGDLs with regulated patterns enable insight into how pattern morphology impacts reaction kinetics and catalyst utilization in PEMECs. A specially designed two-sided transparent reaction-visible cell assists the in situ visualization of the PEM/electrode reaction interface for the first time. Oxygen gas is observed accumulating at the reaction interface, limiting the active area and increasing the cell impedances. It is demonstrated that mass transport in PEMECs can be modified by tuning CCLGDL patterns, thus improving the catalyst activation and utilization. The CCLGDL concept promises a future electrode design strategy with a simplified fabrication process and enhanced catalyst utilization. Furthermore, the CCLGDL concept also shows great potential in being a powerful tool for in situ reaction interface research in PEMECs and other energy conversion devices with solid polymer electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shule Yu
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering, UT Space Institute, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37388, USA
| | - Kui Li
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering, UT Space Institute, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37388, USA
| | - Weitian Wang
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering, UT Space Institute, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37388, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Xie
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering, UT Space Institute, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37388, USA
| | - Lei Ding
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering, UT Space Institute, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37388, USA
| | - Zhenye Kang
- Chemistry and Nanoscience Department, National Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Jacob Wrubel
- Chemistry and Nanoscience Department, National Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Zhiwen Ma
- Chemistry and Nanoscience Department, National Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Guido Bender
- Chemistry and Nanoscience Department, National Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Haoran Yu
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Lab, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Jefferey Baxter
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Lab, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - David A Cullen
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Lab, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Alex Keane
- Nel Hydrogen, Wallingford, CT, 06492, USA
| | | | | | - Feng-Yuan Zhang
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering, UT Space Institute, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37388, USA
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41
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Morphology engineering of iridium electrodes via modifying titanium substrates with controllable pillar structures for highly efficient oxygen evolution reaction. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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42
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Ahsan MA, He T, Eid K, Abdullah AM, Sanad MF, Aldalbahi A, Alvarado-Tenorio B, Du A, Puente Santiago AR, Noveron JC. Controlling the Interfacial Charge Polarization of MOF-Derived 0D-2D vdW Architectures as a Unique Strategy for Bifunctional Oxygen Electrocatalysis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:3919-3929. [PMID: 35014264 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c17283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The design of alternative earth-abundant van der Waals (vdW) nanoheterostructures for bifunctional oxygen evolution/reduction (OER/ORR) electrocatalysis is of paramount importance to fabricate energy-related devices. Herein, we report a simple metal-organic framework (MOF)-derived synthetic strategy to fabricate low-dimensional (LD) nanohybrids formed by zero-dimensional (0D) ZrO2 nanoparticles (NPs) and heteroatom-doped two-dimensional (2D) carbon nanostructures. The 2D platforms controlled the electronic structures of interfacial Zr atoms, thus producing optimized electron polarization for boron and nitrogen-doped carbon (BCN)/ZrO2 nanohybrids. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and theoretical studies revealed the key role of the synergistic couple effect of boron (B) and nitrogen (N) in interfacial electronic polarization. The BCN/ZrO2 nanohybrid showed excellent bifunctional electrocatalytic activity, delivering an overpotential (η10) of 301 mV to reach a current density of 10 mA-cm-2 for the OER process and a half-wave potential (E1/2) of 0.85 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) for the ORR process, which are comparable to the state-of-the-art LD nanohybrids. Furthermore, BCN/ZrO2 also showed competitive performances for water-splitting and zinc-air battery devices. This work establishes a new route to fabricate highly efficient multifunctional electrocatalysts by tuning the electronic polarization properties of 0D-2D electrochemical interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ariful Ahsan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Tianwei He
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, Gardens Point Campus, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Gardens Point Campus, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Kamel Eid
- Gas Processing Center, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | | | - Mohamed Fathi Sanad
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Ali Aldalbahi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Aijun Du
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, Gardens Point Campus, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Gardens Point Campus, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Alain R Puente Santiago
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Juan C Noveron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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43
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Wang B, Zhang F. Main Descriptors To Correlate Structures with the Performances of Electrocatalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202111026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy The Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM) Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences 457# Zhongshan Road Dalian 116023 Liaoning China
- Center for Advanced Materials Research School of Materials and Chemical Engineering Zhongyuan University of Technology 41# Zhongyuan Road Zhengzhou 450007 Henan China
| | - Fuxiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy The Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM) Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences 457# Zhongshan Road Dalian 116023 Liaoning China
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44
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Harper DR, Kulik HJ. Computational Scaling Relationships Predict Experimental Activity and Rate-Limiting Behavior in Homogeneous Water Oxidation. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:2186-2197. [PMID: 35037756 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
While computational screening with first-principles density functional theory (DFT) is essential for evaluating candidate catalysts, limitations in accuracy typically prevent the prediction of experimentally relevant activities. Exemplary of these challenges are homogeneous water oxidation catalysts (WOCs) where differences in experimental conditions or small changes in ligand structure can alter rate constants by over an order of magnitude. Here, we compute mechanistically relevant electronic and energetic properties for 19 mononuclear Ru transition-metal complexes (TMCs) from three experimental water oxidation catalysis studies. We discover that 15 of these TMCs have experimental activities that correlate with a single property, the ionization potential of the Ru(II)-O2 catalytic intermediate. This scaling parameter allows the quantitative understanding of activity trends and provides insight into the rate-limiting behavior. We use this approach to rationalize differences in activity with different experimental conditions, and we qualitatively analyze the source of distinct behavior for different electronic states in the other four catalysts. Comparison to closely related single-atom catalysts and modified WOCs enables rationalization of the source of rate enhancement in these WOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Harper
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Heather J Kulik
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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45
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Bozal-Ginesta C, Rao RR, Mesa CA, Liu X, Hillman SAJ, Stephens IEL, Durrant JR. Redox-State Kinetics in Water-Oxidation IrO x Electrocatalysts Measured by Operando Spectroelectrochemistry. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlota Bozal-Ginesta
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, 80 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Reshma R. Rao
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, 80 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Camilo A. Mesa
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, 80 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Xinyi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, 80 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Sam A. J. Hillman
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, 80 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Ifan E. L. Stephens
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, 80 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - James R. Durrant
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, 80 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K
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46
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Kan D, Wang D, Cheng Y, Lian R, Sun B, Chen K, Huo W, Wang Y, Chen G, Wei Y. Designing of Efficient Bifunctional ORR/OER Pt Single-Atom Catalysts Based on O-Terminated MXenes by First-Principles Calculations. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:52508-52518. [PMID: 34699189 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c12893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
MXenes have been used as substrate materials for single-atom catalysts (SACs) due to their unique two-dimensional (2D) structure, high surface area, and high electronic conductivity. Oxygen is the primary terminating group of MXenes; however, all of the reported Pt SACs till now are fabricated with F-terminated MXenes. According to the first-principles calculations of this work, the failure of using O-terminated MXenes as substrates is due to the low charge density around Pt and C, which weakens the catalytic activity of Pt. By adjusting the electronic structure of M2C using a second submetal with a lower work function than M, 18 potential bifunctional Pt SACs are constructed based on O-terminated bimetal MXenes. After further consideration of some important practical application factors such as overpotential, solvation effect, and reaction barriers, only four of them, i.e., Cr2Nb2C3O2-VO-Pt, Cr2Ta2C3O2-VO-Pt, Cr2NbC2O2-VO-Pt, and Cr2TaC2O2-VO-Pt, are screened as bifunctional oxygen reduction reaction/oxygen evolution reaction (ORR/OER) catalysts. All of these screened SACs are originated from Cr-based MXenes, implying the significance of Cr-based MXenes in designing bifunctional Pt SACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxiao Kan
- Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), Jilin Engineering Laboratory of New Energy Materials and Technology, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- Advanced Materials Research Central, Northwest Institute for Non-Ferrous Metal Research, Xi'an 710016, China
| | - Dashuai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), Jilin Engineering Laboratory of New Energy Materials and Technology, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yingjie Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), Jilin Engineering Laboratory of New Energy Materials and Technology, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Ruqian Lian
- Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), Jilin Engineering Laboratory of New Energy Materials and Technology, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Bo Sun
- Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), Jilin Engineering Laboratory of New Energy Materials and Technology, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Kaiyun Chen
- Advanced Materials Research Central, Northwest Institute for Non-Ferrous Metal Research, Xi'an 710016, China
| | - Wangtu Huo
- Advanced Materials Research Central, Northwest Institute for Non-Ferrous Metal Research, Xi'an 710016, China
| | - Yizhan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), Jilin Engineering Laboratory of New Energy Materials and Technology, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), Jilin Engineering Laboratory of New Energy Materials and Technology, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yingjin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), Jilin Engineering Laboratory of New Energy Materials and Technology, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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47
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Wang N, Xu A, Ou P, Hung SF, Ozden A, Lu YR, Abed J, Wang Z, Yan Y, Sun MJ, Xia Y, Han M, Han J, Yao K, Wu FY, Chen PH, Vomiero A, Seifitokaldani A, Sun X, Sinton D, Liu Y, Sargent EH, Liang H. Boride-derived oxygen-evolution catalysts. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6089. [PMID: 34667176 PMCID: PMC8526748 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26307-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal borides/borates have been considered promising as oxygen evolution reaction catalysts; however, to date, there is a dearth of evidence of long-term stability at practical current densities. Here we report a phase composition modulation approach to fabricate effective borides/borates-based catalysts. We find that metal borides in-situ formed metal borates are responsible for their high activity. This knowledge prompts us to synthesize NiFe-Boride, and to use it as a templating precursor to form an active NiFe-Borate catalyst. This boride-derived oxide catalyzes oxygen evolution with an overpotential of 167 mV at 10 mA/cm2 in 1 M KOH electrolyte and requires a record-low overpotential of 460 mV to maintain water splitting performance for over 400 h at current density of 1 A/cm2. We couple the catalyst with CO reduction in an alkaline membrane electrode assembly electrolyser, reporting stable C2H4 electrosynthesis at current density 200 mA/cm2 for over 80 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- grid.33763.320000 0004 1761 2484School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350 China ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4 Canada
| | - Aoni Xu
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4 Canada
| | - Pengfei Ou
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4 Canada
| | - Sung-Fu Hung
- grid.260539.b0000 0001 2059 7017Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300 Taiwan ROC
| | - Adnan Ozden
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8 Canada
| | - Ying-Rui Lu
- grid.410766.20000 0001 0749 1496National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, 30076 Taiwan ROC
| | - Jehad Abed
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4 Canada
| | - Ziyun Wang
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4 Canada
| | - Yu Yan
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4 Canada
| | - Meng-Jia Sun
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4 Canada
| | - Yujian Xia
- grid.263761.70000 0001 0198 0694Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Mei Han
- grid.33763.320000 0004 1761 2484School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350 China
| | - Jingrui Han
- grid.33763.320000 0004 1761 2484School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350 China
| | - Kaili Yao
- grid.33763.320000 0004 1761 2484School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350 China
| | - Feng-Yi Wu
- grid.260539.b0000 0001 2059 7017Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300 Taiwan ROC
| | - Pei-Hsuan Chen
- grid.260539.b0000 0001 2059 7017Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300 Taiwan ROC
| | - Alberto Vomiero
- grid.6926.b0000 0001 1014 8699Division of Materials Science, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden ,grid.7240.10000 0004 1763 0578Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia Mestre, Italy
| | - Ali Seifitokaldani
- grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C5 Canada
| | - Xuhui Sun
- grid.263761.70000 0001 0198 0694Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - David Sinton
- grid.260539.b0000 0001 2059 7017Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300 Taiwan ROC
| | - Yongchang Liu
- grid.33763.320000 0004 1761 2484School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350 China
| | - Edward H. Sargent
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4 Canada
| | - Hongyan Liang
- grid.33763.320000 0004 1761 2484School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350 China
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48
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Zhang L, Cai J, Chen Y, Huang J. Modelling electrocatalytic reactions with a concerted treatment of multistep electron transfer kinetics and local reaction conditions. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33. [PMID: 34525456 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac26fb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A physicochemical model is developed for electrocatalytic reactions involving multiple electron transfer steps occurring in the electric double layer (EDL). The local reaction conditions are calculated using a mean-field EDL model, which is derived from a comprehensive grand potential that considers the steric effects, solvent polarization, and chemisorption-induced surface dipoles. Macroscopic mass transport in the so-called diffusion layer is controlled by the same set of controlling equations of the EDL model, without imposing the electroneutrality assumption as usual. The Gerischer's formulation of electron transfer theory, corrected with local reaction conditions, is used to describe the kinetics of elementary steps. Multistep kinetics of the electrocatalytic reaction is treated using microkinetics modelling, without resorting to the usual rate-determining step approximation. In formal analysis of the model, we retrieve canonical models with additional assumptions. Self-consistent numerical implementation of the model is demonstrated for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at Pt(111) in acidic solution, and the aptness of the model is verified by comparison with experimental data. A comparative study of the full model and its simplified versions allows us to examine how the ORR is influenced by asymmetric steric effects, finite concentration of ions, solvent polarization, surface charge effects, and metal electronic structure effects. We find that the difference in terms of the overpotential between the full model and the simplest model can be up to ∼0.1 V at a current density of -6 mAcm-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Cai
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanxia Chen
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, People's Republic of China
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49
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Huang J, Zhu X, Eikerling M. The rate-determining term of electrocatalytic reactions with first-order kinetics. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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50
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Wang B, Zhang F. Main Descriptors To Correlate Structures with the Performances of Electrocatalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202111026. [PMID: 34587345 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202111026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Traditional trial and error approaches to search for hydrogen/oxygen redox catalysts with high activity and stability are typically tedious and inefficient. There is an urgent need to identify the most important parameters that determine the catalytic performance and so enable the development of design strategies for catalysts. In the past decades, several descriptors have been developed to unravel structure-performance relationships. This Minireview summarizes reactivity descriptors in electrocatalysis including adsorption energy descriptors involving reaction intermediates, electronic descriptors represented by a d-band center, structural descriptors, and universal descriptors, and discusses their merits/limitations. Understanding the trends in electrocatalytic performance and predicting promising catalytic materials using reactivity descriptors should enable the rational construction of catalysts. Artificial intelligence and machine learning have also been adopted to discover new and advanced descriptors. Finally, linear scaling relationships are analyzed and several strategies proposed to circumvent the established scaling relationships and overcome the constraints imposed on the catalytic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, The Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457# Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, China.,Center for Advanced Materials Research, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhongyuan University of Technology, 41# Zhongyuan Road, Zhengzhou, 450007, Henan, China
| | - Fuxiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, The Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457# Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, China
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