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Novita N, Asyhari A, Ritonga RP, Gangga A, Anshari GZ, Jupesta J, Bowen JC, Lestari NS, Kauffman JB, Hoyt AM, Perryman CR, Albar I, Putra CAS, Adinugroho WC, Winarno B, Castro M, Yeo S, Budiarna T, Yuono E, Sianipar VC. Strong climate mitigation potential of rewetting oil palm plantations on tropical peatlands. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 952:175829. [PMID: 39197784 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 08/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
For decades, tropical peatlands in Indonesia have been deforested and converted to other land uses, mainly oil palm plantations which now cover one-fourth of the degraded peatland area. Given that the capacity for peatland ecosystems to store carbon depends largely on hydrology, there is a growing interest in rewetting degraded peatlands to shift them back to a carbon sink. Recent estimates suggest that peatland rewetting may contribute up to 13 % of Indonesia's total mitigation potential from natural climate solutions. In this study, we measured CO2 and CH4 fluxes, soil temperature, and water table level (WTL) for drained oil palm plantations, rewetted oil palm plantations, and secondary forests located in the Mempawah and Kubu Raya Regencies of West Kalimantan, Indonesia. We found that peatland rewetting significantly reduced peat CO2 emissions, though CH4 uptake was not significantly different in rewetted peatland compared to drained peatland. Rewetting drained peatlands on oil palm plantations reduced heterotrophic respiration by 34 % and total respiration by 20 %. Our results suggest that rewetting drained oil palm plantations will not achieve low CO2 emissions as observed in secondary forests due to differences in vegetation or land management. However, extrapolating our results to the areas of degraded oil palm plantations in West Kalimantan suggests that successful peatland rewetting could still reduce emissions by 3.9 MtCO2 yr-1. This result confirms that rewetting oil palm plantations in tropical peatlands is an effective natural climate solution for achieving national emission reduction targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisa Novita
- Yayasan Konservasi Alam Nusantara, Graha Iskandarsyah Lt. 3, Jl. Iskandarsyah Raya No. 66C, Jakarta 12160, Indonesia.
| | - Adibtya Asyhari
- Yayasan Konservasi Alam Nusantara, Graha Iskandarsyah Lt. 3, Jl. Iskandarsyah Raya No. 66C, Jakarta 12160, Indonesia
| | - Rasis P Ritonga
- Yayasan Konservasi Alam Nusantara, Graha Iskandarsyah Lt. 3, Jl. Iskandarsyah Raya No. 66C, Jakarta 12160, Indonesia
| | - Adi Gangga
- Yayasan Konservasi Alam Nusantara, Graha Iskandarsyah Lt. 3, Jl. Iskandarsyah Raya No. 66C, Jakarta 12160, Indonesia
| | - Gusti Z Anshari
- Universitas Tanjungpura, Jl. Prof. Dr. H. Hadari Nawawi, Bansir Laut, Pontianak 78124, Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia
| | - Joni Jupesta
- United Nations University, Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability, 5-53-70 Jingumae, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8925, Japan; Center for Transdisciplinary and Sustainability Sciences (CTSS), IPB University, Kampus IPB Baranangsiang, Jl. Raya Pajajaran No.27, Bogor 16127, Indonesia
| | - Jennifer C Bowen
- Stanford University, Department of Earth System Science, 367 Panama Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Nurul Silva Lestari
- Research Center for Ecology and Ethnobiology, Research Organization for Life Sciences and Environment, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia
| | - J Boone Kauffman
- Oregon State University, Nash Hall, 2820 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States
| | - Alison M Hoyt
- Stanford University, Department of Earth System Science, 367 Panama Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Clarice R Perryman
- Stanford University, Department of Earth System Science, 367 Panama Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Israr Albar
- Indonesia Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Gedung Manggala Wanabakti Blok VII Lt 13, Jl. Gatot Subroto, Jakarta 10270, Indonesia
| | - Chandra Agung Septiadi Putra
- Yayasan Konservasi Alam Nusantara, Graha Iskandarsyah Lt. 3, Jl. Iskandarsyah Raya No. 66C, Jakarta 12160, Indonesia
| | - Wahyu Catur Adinugroho
- Research Center for Ecology and Ethnobiology, Research Organization for Life Sciences and Environment, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia
| | - Bondan Winarno
- Research Center for Ecology and Ethnobiology, Research Organization for Life Sciences and Environment, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia
| | - Miguel Castro
- The Nature Conservancy, 4245 Fairfax Dr #100, Arlington, VA 22203, United States
| | - Samantha Yeo
- The Nature Conservancy, 4245 Fairfax Dr #100, Arlington, VA 22203, United States
| | - Tryan Budiarna
- Yayasan Konservasi Alam Nusantara, Graha Iskandarsyah Lt. 3, Jl. Iskandarsyah Raya No. 66C, Jakarta 12160, Indonesia
| | - Eko Yuono
- Yayasan Konservasi Alam Nusantara, Graha Iskandarsyah Lt. 3, Jl. Iskandarsyah Raya No. 66C, Jakarta 12160, Indonesia
| | - Velyn C Sianipar
- Yayasan Konservasi Alam Nusantara, Graha Iskandarsyah Lt. 3, Jl. Iskandarsyah Raya No. 66C, Jakarta 12160, Indonesia
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Samuel Obeng A, Dunne J, Giltrap M, Tian F. Soil organic matter carbon chemistry signatures, hydrophobicity and humification index following land use change in temperate peat soils. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19347. [PMID: 37662816 PMCID: PMC10472004 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Peatlands play a critical role in the global carbon cycle, storing large amounts of carbon because of a net imbalance between primary production and the microbial decomposition of the organic matter. Nevertheless, peatlands have historically been drained for energy sources (e.g. peat briquettes), forestry, or agriculture - practices that could affect the quality of the soil organic matter (SOM) composition, hydrophobicity and humification index. This study compared the effect of land use change on the quality and composition of peatland organic material in Co-Offaly, Ireland. Specifically, drained and grazing peat (grassland), drained and forest plantation peat (forest plantation), drained and industrial cutaway peat (cutaway bog) and an undrained actively accumulating bog (as a reference for natural peatland) were studied. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to examine the organic matter quality, specifically the degree of decomposition (DDI), carbon chemistry signatures, hydrophobicity and humification index. The ratio of hydrophobic to hydrophilic group intensities was calculated as the SOM hydrophobicity. In general, there is greater variance in the carbon chemistry signature, such as aliphatic methyl and methylene, C=O stretching of amide groups, aromatic C=C, strong H-bond C=O of conjugated ketones and O-H deformation and C- O stretching of phenolics and secondary alcohols of the peat samples from industrial cutaway bog samples than in the grassland and forest plantation samples. The hydrophobicity and the aromaticity of the soil organic matter (SOM) are significantly impacted by land use changes, with a trend of order active bog > forest plantation > industrial cutaway bog > grassland. A comparison of the degree of decomposition index of the peat from active bog showed a more advanced state of peat degradation in grassland and industrial cutaway bog and, to a lesser extent, in forest plantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apori Samuel Obeng
- School of Food Science Environmental Health, Technological University Dublin, City Campus, Grangegorman, D07ADY7, Dublin, Ireland
- FOCAS Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, City Campus, Camden Row, D08C, CKP1, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Julie Dunne
- School of Food Science Environmental Health, Technological University Dublin, City Campus, Grangegorman, D07ADY7, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michelle Giltrap
- School of Food Science Environmental Health, Technological University Dublin, City Campus, Grangegorman, D07ADY7, Dublin, Ireland
- FOCAS Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, City Campus, Camden Row, D08C, CKP1, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Furong Tian
- School of Food Science Environmental Health, Technological University Dublin, City Campus, Grangegorman, D07ADY7, Dublin, Ireland
- FOCAS Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, City Campus, Camden Row, D08C, CKP1, Dublin, Ireland
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Deshmukh CS, Susanto AP, Nardi N, Nurholis N, Kurnianto S, Suardiwerianto Y, Hendrizal M, Rhinaldy A, Mahfiz RE, Desai AR, Page SE, Cobb AR, Hirano T, Guérin F, Serça D, Prairie YT, Agus F, Astiani D, Sabiham S, Evans CD. Net greenhouse gas balance of fibre wood plantation on peat in Indonesia. Nature 2023; 616:740-746. [PMID: 37020018 PMCID: PMC10132972 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05860-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Tropical peatlands cycle and store large amounts of carbon in their soil and biomass1-5. Climate and land-use change alters greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes of tropical peatlands, but the magnitude of these changes remains highly uncertain6-19. Here we measure net ecosystem exchanges of carbon dioxide, methane and soil nitrous oxide fluxes between October 2016 and May 2022 from Acacia crassicarpa plantation, degraded forest and intact forest within the same peat landscape, representing land-cover-change trajectories in Sumatra, Indonesia. This allows us to present a full plantation rotation GHG flux balance in a fibre wood plantation on peatland. We find that the Acacia plantation has lower GHG emissions than the degraded site with a similar average groundwater level (GWL), despite more intensive land use. The GHG emissions from the Acacia plantation over a full plantation rotation (35.2 ± 4.7 tCO2-eq ha-1 year-1, average ± standard deviation) were around two times higher than those from the intact forest (20.3 ± 3.7 tCO2-eq ha-1 year-1), but only half of the current Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Tier 1 emission factor (EF)20 for this land use. Our results can help to reduce the uncertainty in GHG emissions estimates, provide an estimate of the impact of land-use change on tropical peat and develop science-based peatland management practices as nature-based climate solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra S Deshmukh
- Asia Pacific Resources International Ltd., Pelalawan Regency, Indonesia.
| | - Ari P Susanto
- Asia Pacific Resources International Ltd., Pelalawan Regency, Indonesia
| | - Nardi Nardi
- Asia Pacific Resources International Ltd., Pelalawan Regency, Indonesia
| | - Nurholis Nurholis
- Asia Pacific Resources International Ltd., Pelalawan Regency, Indonesia
| | - Sofyan Kurnianto
- Asia Pacific Resources International Ltd., Pelalawan Regency, Indonesia
| | | | - M Hendrizal
- Asia Pacific Resources International Ltd., Pelalawan Regency, Indonesia
| | - Ade Rhinaldy
- Asia Pacific Resources International Ltd., Pelalawan Regency, Indonesia
| | - Reyzaldi E Mahfiz
- Asia Pacific Resources International Ltd., Pelalawan Regency, Indonesia
| | - Ankur R Desai
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Susan E Page
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Alexander R Cobb
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Takashi Hirano
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Frédéric Guérin
- Géosciences Environnement Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, Université Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Dominique Serça
- LAERO, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, UT3, Toulouse, France
| | - Yves T Prairie
- UNESCO Chair in Global Environmental Change, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Fahmuddin Agus
- National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Dwi Astiani
- Faculty of Forestry, Tanjungpura University, Pontianak, Indonesia
| | - Supiandi Sabiham
- Department of Soil Science and Land Resources, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
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Swails EE, Ardón M, Krauss KW, Peralta AL, Emanuel RE, Helton AM, Morse JL, Gutenberg L, Cormier N, Shoch D, Settlemyer S, Soderholm E, Boutin BP, Peoples C, Ward S. Response of soil respiration to changes in soil temperature and water table level in drained and restored peatlands of the southeastern United States. CARBON BALANCE AND MANAGEMENT 2022; 17:18. [PMID: 36401735 PMCID: PMC9675111 DOI: 10.1186/s13021-022-00219-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extensive drainage of peatlands in the southeastern United States coastal plain for the purposes of agriculture and timber harvesting has led to large releases of soil carbon as carbon dioxide (CO2) due to enhanced peat decomposition. Growth in mechanisms that provide financial incentives for reducing emissions from land use and land-use change could increase funding for hydrological restoration that reduces peat CO2 emissions from these ecosystems. Measuring soil respiration and physical drivers across a range of site characteristics and land use histories is valuable for understanding how CO2 emissions from peat decomposition may respond to raising water table levels. We combined measurements of total soil respiration, depth to water table from soil surface, and soil temperature from drained and restored peatlands at three locations in eastern North Carolina and one location in southeastern Virginia to investigate relationships among total soil respiration and physical drivers, and to develop models relating total soil respiration to parameters that can be easily measured and monitored in the field. RESULTS Total soil respiration increased with deeper water tables and warmer soil temperatures in both drained and hydrologically restored peatlands. Variation in soil respiration was more strongly linked to soil temperature at drained (R2 = 0.57, p < 0.0001) than restored sites (R2 = 0.28, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that drainage amplifies the impact of warming temperatures on peat decomposition. Proxy measurements for estimation of CO2 emissions from peat decomposition represent a considerable cost reduction compared to direct soil flux measurements for land managers contemplating the potential climate impact of restoring drained peatland sites. Research can help to increase understanding of factors influencing variation in soil respiration in addition to physical variables such as depth to water table and soil temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E Swails
- TerraCarbon LLC, Peoria, IL, USA.
- Center for International Forestry Research, Bogor, Indonesia.
| | - M Ardón
- North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - K W Krauss
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, Lafayette, LA, USA
| | - A L Peralta
- East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | | | - A M Helton
- University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - J L Morse
- Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - N Cormier
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, Lafayette, LA, USA
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - D Shoch
- TerraCarbon LLC, Peoria, IL, USA
| | | | - E Soderholm
- The Nature Conservancy, North Carolina Chapter, Durham, NC, USA
| | - B P Boutin
- The Nature Conservancy, North Carolina Chapter, Durham, NC, USA
| | - C Peoples
- The Nature Conservancy, North Carolina Chapter, Durham, NC, USA
| | - S Ward
- United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Raleigh Ecological Services Field Office, Raleigh, NC, USA
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5
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Swails E, Hergoualc'h K, Deng J, Frolking S, Novita N. How can process-based modeling improve peat CO 2 and N 2O emission factors for oil palm plantations? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 839:156153. [PMID: 35609697 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Oil palm plantations on peat and associated drainage generate sizeable GHG emissions. Current IPCC default emission factors (EF) for oil palm on organic soil are based on a very limited number of observations from young plantations, thereby resulting in large uncertainties in emissions estimates. To explore the potential of process-based modeling to refine oil palm peat CO2 and N2O EFs, we simulated peat GHG emissions and biogeophysical variables over 30 years in plantations of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. The DNDC model simulated well the magnitude of C inputs (litterfall and root mortality) and dynamics of annual heterotrophic respiration and peat decomposition N2O fluxes. The modeled peat onsite CO2-C EF was lower than the IPCC default (11 Mg C ha-1 yr-1) and decreased from 7.7 ± 0.4 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 in the first decade to 3.0 ± 0.2 and 1.8 ± 0.3 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 in the second and third decades of the rotation. The modeled N2O-N EF from peat decomposition was higher than the IPCC default (1.2 kg N ha-1 yr-1) and increased from 3.5 ± 0.3 kg N ha-1 yr-1 in the first decade to 4.7-4.6 ± 0.5 kg N ha-1 yr-1 in the following ones. Modeled fertilizer-induced N2O emissions were minimal and much less than 1.6% of N inputs recommended by the IPCC in wet climates regardless of soil type. Temporal variations in EFs were strongly linked to soil C:N ratio and soil mineral N content for CO2 and fertilizer-induced N2O emissions, and to precipitation, water table level and soil NH4+ content for peat decomposition N2O emissions. These results suggest that current IPCC EFs for oil palm on organic soil could over-estimate peat onsite CO2 emissions and underestimate peat decomposition N2O emissions and that temporal variation in emissions should be considered for further improvement of EFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Swails
- Center for International Forestry Research, Jalan CIFOR, Situ Gede, Sindang Barang, Bogor 16115, Indonesia.
| | - Kristell Hergoualc'h
- Center for International Forestry Research, Jalan CIFOR, Situ Gede, Sindang Barang, Bogor 16115, Indonesia
| | - Jia Deng
- Earth Systems Research Center, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and Space, University of New Hampshire, 8 College Road, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Steve Frolking
- Earth Systems Research Center, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and Space, University of New Hampshire, 8 College Road, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Nisa Novita
- Yayasan Konservasi Alam Nusantara, Graha Iskandarsyah 3(rd) floor, Jalan Iskandarsyah Raya 66 C, 12160 Jakarta, Indonesia
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Comparing GHG Emissions from Drained Oil Palm and Recovering Tropical Peatland Forests in Malaysia. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13233372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
For agricultural purposes, the drainage and deforestation of Southeast Asian peatland resulted in high greenhouse gases’ (GHGs, e.g., CO2, N2O and CH4) emission. A peatland regenerating initiative, by rewetting and vegetation restoration, reflects evidence of subsequent forest recovery. In this study, we compared GHG emissions from three Malaysian tropical peatland systems under the following different land-use conditions: (i) drained oil palm plantation (OP), (ii) rewetting-restored forest (RF) and (iii) undrained natural forest (NF). Biweekly temporal measurements of CO2, CH4 and N2O fluxes were conducted using a closed-chamber method from July 2017 to December 2018, along with the continuous measurement of environmental variables and a one-time measurement of the soil physicochemical properties. The biweekly emission data were integrated to provide cumulative fluxes using the trapezoidal rule. Our results indicated that the changes in environmental conditions resulting from draining (OP) or rewetting historically drained peatland (RF) affected CH4 and N2O emissions more than CO2 emissions. The cumulative CH4 emission was significantly higher in the forested sites (RF and NF), which was linked to their significantly higher water table (WT) level (p < 0.05). Similarly, the high cumulative CO2 emission trends at the RF and OP sites indicated that the RF rewetting-restored peatland system continued to have high decomposition rates despite having a significantly higher WT than the OP (p < 0.05). The highest cumulative N2O emission at the drained-fertilized OP and rewetting-restored RF sites was linked to the available substrates for high decomposition (low C/N ratio) together with soil organic matter mineralization that provided inorganic nitrogen (N), enabling ideal conditions for microbial mediated N2O emissions. Overall, the measured peat properties did not vary significantly among the different land uses. However, the lower C/N ratio at the OP and the RF sites indicated higher decomposition rates in the drained and historically drained peat than the undrained natural peat (NF), which was associated with high cumulative CO2 and N2O emissions in our study.
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McCalmont J, Kho LK, Teh YA, Lewis K, Chocholek M, Rumpang E, Hill T. Short- and long-term carbon emissions from oil palm plantations converted from logged tropical peat swamp forest. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:2361-2376. [PMID: 33528067 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Need for regional economic development and global demand for agro-industrial commodities have resulted in large-scale conversion of forested landscapes to industrial agriculture across South East Asia. However, net emissions of CO2 from tropical peatland conversions may be significant and remain poorly quantified, resulting in controversy around the magnitude of carbon release following conversion. Here we present long-term, whole ecosystem monitoring of carbon exchange from two oil palm plantations on converted tropical peat swamp forest. Our sites compare a newly converted oil palm plantation (OPnew) to a mature oil palm plantation (OPmature) and combine them in the context of existing emission factors. Mean annual net emission (NEE) of CO2 measured at OPnew during the conversion period (137.8 Mg CO2 ha-1 year-1 ) was an order of magnitude lower during the measurement period at OPmature (17.5 Mg CO2 ha-1 year-1 ). However, mean water table depth (WTD) was shallower (0.26 m) than a typical drainage target of 0.6 m suggesting our emissions may be a conservative estimate for mature plantations, mean WTD at OPnew was more typical at 0.54 m. Reductions in net emissions were primarily driven by increasing biomass accumulation into highly productive palms. Further analysis suggested annual peat carbon losses of 24.9 Mg CO2 -C ha-1 year-1 over the first 6 years, lower than previous estimates for this early period from subsidence studies, losses reduced to 12.8 Mg CO2 -C ha-1 year-1 in the later, mature phase. Despite reductions in NEE and carbon loss over time, the system remained a large net source of carbon to the atmosphere after 12 years with the remaining 8 years of a typical plantation's rotation unlikely to recoup losses. These results emphasize the need for effective protection of tropical peatlands globally and strengthening of legislative enforcement where moratoria on peatland conversion already exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon McCalmont
- College of Life and Environmental Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Lip Khoon Kho
- Tropical Peat Research Institute, Biological Research Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yit Arn Teh
- School of Natural and Environmental Science, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Kennedy Lewis
- College of Life and Environmental Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Melanie Chocholek
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, UK
| | - Elisa Rumpang
- Tropical Peat Research Institute, Biological Research Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Timothy Hill
- College of Life and Environmental Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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8
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Hergoualc’h K, Dezzeo N, Verchot LV, Martius C, van Lent J, del Aguila‐Pasquel J, López Gonzales M. Spatial and temporal variability of soil N 2 O and CH 4 fluxes along a degradation gradient in a palm swamp peat forest in the Peruvian Amazon. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:7198-7216. [PMID: 32949077 PMCID: PMC7756671 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mauritia flexuosa palm swamp, the prevailing Peruvian Amazon peatland ecosystem, is extensively threatened by degradation. The unsustainable practice of cutting whole palms for fruit extraction modifies forest's structure and composition and eventually alters peat-derived greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. We evaluated the spatiotemporal variability of soil N2 O and CH4 fluxes and environmental controls along a palm swamp degradation gradient formed by one undegraded site (Intact), one moderately degraded site (mDeg) and one heavily degraded site (hDeg). Microscale variability differentiated hummocks supporting live or cut palms from surrounding hollows. Macroscale analysis considered structural changes in vegetation and soil microtopography as impacted by degradation. Variables were monitored monthly over 3 years to evaluate intra- and inter-annual variability. Degradation induced microscale changes in N2 O and CH4 emission trends and controls. Site-scale average annual CH4 emissions were similar along the degradation gradient (225.6 ± 50.7, 160.5 ± 65.9 and 169.4 ± 20.7 kg C ha-1 year-1 at the Intact, mDeg and hDeg sites, respectively). Site-scale average annual N2 O emissions (kg N ha-1 year-1 ) were lower at the mDeg site (0.5 ± 0.1) than at the Intact (1.3 ± 0.6) and hDeg sites (1.1 ± 0.4), but the difference seemed linked to heterogeneous fluctuations in soil water-filled pore space (WFPS) along the forest complex rather than to degradation. Monthly and annual emissions were mainly controlled by variations in WFPS, water table level (WT) and net nitrification for N2 O; WT, air temperature and net nitrification for CH4 . Site-scale N2 O emissions remained steady over years, whereas CH4 emissions rose exponentially with increased precipitation. While the minor impact of degradation on palm swamp peatland N2 O and CH4 fluxes should be tested elsewhere, the evidenced large and variable CH4 emissions and significant N2 O emissions call for improved modeling of GHG dynamics in tropical peatlands to test their response to climate changes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nelda Dezzeo
- Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)LimaPeru
- Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research (IVIC)CaracasVenezuela
| | - Louis V. Verchot
- Center for International Tropical Agriculture (CIAT)CaliColombia
| | | | - Jeffrey van Lent
- Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)LimaPeru
- Department for Soil QualityWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
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9
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Aini FK, Hergoualc’h K, Smith JU, Verchot L, Martius C. How does replacing natural forests with rubber and oil palm plantations affect soil respiration and methane fluxes? Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fitri Khusyu Aini
- Centre for International Forestry Research Jalan CIFOR, Situ GedeSindang Barang Bogor (Barat)16115Indonesia
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Science School of Biological Science University of Aberdeen Cruickshank Building, 23 St Machar Drive AberdeenAB24 3UUUK
| | - Kristell Hergoualc’h
- Centre for International Forestry Research Jalan CIFOR, Situ GedeSindang Barang Bogor (Barat)16115Indonesia
| | - Jo U. Smith
- Centre for International Forestry Research Jalan CIFOR, Situ GedeSindang Barang Bogor (Barat)16115Indonesia
| | - Louis Verchot
- International Center for Tropical Agriculture Km 17 Recta Cali‐PalmiraApartado Aéreo 6713 Cali763537Colombia
| | - Christopher Martius
- Center for International Forestry Research Germany gGmbH Charles‐de‐Gaulle‐Strasse 5 Bonn53113Germany
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Oliver V, Cochrane N, Magnusson J, Brachi E, Monaco S, Volante A, Courtois B, Vale G, Price A, Teh YA. Effects of water management and cultivar on carbon dynamics, plant productivity and biomass allocation in European rice systems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 685:1139-1151. [PMID: 31390704 PMCID: PMC6686074 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Water saving techniques, such as alternate wetting and drying (AWD), are becoming a necessity in modern rice farming because of climate change mitigation and growing water use scarcity. Reducing water can vastly reduce methane (CH4) emissions; however, this net climate benefit may be offset by enhanced carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from soil. The main aims of this study were: to determine the effects of AWD on yield and ecosystem C dynamics, and to establish the underlying mechanistic basis for observed trends in net ecosystem C gain or loss in an Italian rice paddy. We investigated the effects of conventional water management (i.e. conventionally flooded paddy; CF) and AWD on biomass accumulation (aboveground, belowground, grain), key ecosystem C fluxes (net ecosystem exchange (NEE), net primary productivity (NPP), gross primary productivity (GPP), ecosystem respiration (ER), autotrophic respiration (RA), heterotrophic respiration (RH)), and soil organic matter (SOM) decay for four common commercial European rice cultivars. The most significant finding was that neither treatment nor cultivar affected NEE, GPP, ER or SOM decomposition. RA was the dominant contributor to ER for both CF and AWD treatments. Cultivar and treatment affected the total biomass of the rice plants; specifically, with greater root production in CF compared to AWD. Importantly, there was no effect of treatment on the overall yield for any cultivar. Possibly, the wetting-drying cycles may have been insufficient to allow substantial soil C metabolism or there was a lack of labile substrate in the soil. These results imply that AWD systems may not be at risk of enhancing soil C loss, making it a viable solution for climate change mitigation and water conservation. Although more studies are needed, the initial outlook for AWD in Europe is positive; with no net loss of soil C from SOM decomposition, whilst also maintaining yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Oliver
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, St. Machar Drive, AB24 3UU Aberdeen, UK.
| | - Nicole Cochrane
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, St. Machar Drive, AB24 3UU Aberdeen, UK
| | - Julia Magnusson
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, St. Machar Drive, AB24 3UU Aberdeen, UK
| | - Erika Brachi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina, 13, Torino, Italy
| | - Stefano Monaco
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'analisi dell' Economia Agraria (CREA), Centro di ricerca cerealicoltura e colture industriali, S.S.11 to Torino, 13100 Vercelli, Italy
| | - Andrea Volante
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'analisi dell' Economia Agraria (CREA), Centro di ricerca cerealicoltura e colture industriali, S.S.11 to Torino, 13100 Vercelli, Italy
| | - Brigitte Courtois
- Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), UMR AGAP, Avenue Agropolis, TA A-108/03, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Giampiero Vale
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'analisi dell' Economia Agraria (CREA), Centro di ricerca cerealicoltura e colture industriali, S.S.11 to Torino, 13100 Vercelli, Italy
| | - Adam Price
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, St. Machar Drive, AB24 3UU Aberdeen, UK
| | - Yit Arn Teh
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, St. Machar Drive, AB24 3UU Aberdeen, UK
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