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The Common Single Cause of Chronic Multi-Hormonal Resistance in Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 12:antiox12010075. [PMID: 36670938 PMCID: PMC9854708 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In diseases with concomitant oxidative stress, chronic multi-hormonal resistances could be detected. The most conspicuous component of these resistances is insulin resistance, but also leptin, erythropoietin, acetylcholine, triiodothyronine and glucagon-like peptide-1 resistances also occur. On the other hand, in oxidative stress, abnormal tyrosines, for instance, meta- and ortho-tyrosine are also produced and incorporated into the proteins through the translational process. In case these modified proteins are components of the intracellular signalling pathways, a hormonal resistance may develop. The above-mentioned hormones, owning overlapping signalling pathways at the insulin receptor substrate, develop an abnormal tyrosine phosphorylation dependent chronic multi-hormonal resistance. A few weeks free of oxidative stress or the use of antioxidant therapy are required to provide a return from this resistance, which return may be further supported by the supplementation of physiological para-tyrosine and by the add-on therapy of a pharmacological dose of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, which is able to bypass the critical insulin receptor substrate signalling.
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Wang Y, Song X, Wang Y, Wang N. Specific interaction of insulin receptor and GLP-1 receptor mediates crosstalk between their signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 636:31-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.10.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Jones B, Bloom SR, Buenaventura T, Tomas A, Rutter GA. Control of insulin secretion by GLP-1. Peptides 2018; 100:75-84. [PMID: 29412835 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stimulation of insulin secretion by glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and other gut-derived peptides is central to the incretin response to ingesting nutriments. Analogues of GLP-1, and inhibitors of its breakdown, have found widespread clinical use for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity. The release of these peptides underlies the improvements in glycaemic control and disease remission after bariatric surgery. Given therapeutically, GLP-1 analogues can lead to side effects including nausea, which limit dosage. Greater understanding of the interactions between the GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) and both the endogenous and artificial ligands therefore holds promise to provide more efficacious compounds. Here, we discuss recent findings concerning the signalling and trafficking of the GLP-1R in pancreatic beta cells. Leveraging "bias" at the receptor towards cAMP generation versus the recruitment of β-arrestins and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2) activation may allow the development of new analogues with significantly improved clinical efficacy. We describe how, unexpectedly, relatively low-affinity agonists, which prompt less receptor internalisation than the parent compound, provoke greater insulin secretion and consequent improvements in glycaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Jones
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Stephen R Bloom
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Teresa Buenaventura
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics & Imperial Consortium for Islet Biology and Diabetes, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Alejandra Tomas
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics & Imperial Consortium for Islet Biology and Diabetes, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Guy A Rutter
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics & Imperial Consortium for Islet Biology and Diabetes, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.
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Caporarello N, Parrino C, Trischitta V, Frittitta L. Insulin receptor signaling and glucagon-like peptide 1 effects on pancreatic beta cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181190. [PMID: 28767692 PMCID: PMC5540605 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a potent gluco-incretin hormone, which plays a central role on pancreatic beta cell proliferation, survival and insulin secreting activity and whose analogs are used for treating hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Notably, abnormal insulin signaling affects all the above-mentioned aspects on pancreatic beta cells. The aim of our study was to investigate whether the protective effects of GLP1-1 on beta cells are affected by altered insulin receptor signaling. To this end, several effects of GLP-1 were studied in INS-1E rat beta cells transfected either with an inhibitor of insulin receptor function (i.e., the Ectonucleotide Pyrophosphatase Phosphodiesterase 1, ENPP1), or with insulin receptor small interfering RNA, as well as in control cells. Crucial experiments were carried out also in a second cell line, namely the βTC-1 mouse beta cells. Our data indicate that in insulin secreting beta cells in which either ENPP1 was up-regulated or insulin receptor was down-regulated, GLP-1 positive effects on several pancreatic beta cell activities, including glucose-induced insulin secretion, cell proliferation and cell survival, were strongly reduced. Further studies are needed to understand whether such a scenario occurs also in humans and, if so, if it plays a role of clinical relevance in diabetic patients with poor responsiveness to GLP-1 related treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunzia Caporarello
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Cristina Parrino
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Trischitta
- IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Research Unit of Diabetes and Endocrine Diseases, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine “Sapienza” University, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Frittitta
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Moon MJ, Lee YN, Park S, Reyes-Alcaraz A, Hwang JI, Millar RP, Choe H, Seong JY. Ligand binding pocket formed by evolutionarily conserved residues in the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor core domain. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:5696-706. [PMID: 25561730 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.612606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) plays a pivotal role in glucose homeostasis through its receptor GLP1R. Due to its multiple beneficial effects, GLP-1 has gained great attention for treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity. However, little is known about the molecular mechanism underlying the interaction of GLP-1 with the heptahelical core domain of GLP1R conferring high affinity ligand binding and ligand-induced receptor activation. Here, using chimeric and point-mutated GLP1R, we determined that the evolutionarily conserved amino acid residue Arg(380) flanked by hydrophobic Leu(379) and Phe(381) in extracellular loop 3 (ECL3) may have an interaction with Asp(9) and Gly(4) of the GLP-1 peptide. The molecular modeling study showed that Ile(196) at transmembrane helix 2, Met(233) at ECL1, and Asn(302) at ECL2 of GLP1R have contacts with His(1) and Thr(7) of GLP-1. This study may shed light on the mechanism underlying high affinity interaction between the ligand and the binding pocket that is formed by these conserved residues in the GLP1R core domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Jin Moon
- From the Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 136-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo-Na Lee
- From the Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 136-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumi Park
- From the Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 136-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Arfaxad Reyes-Alcaraz
- From the Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 136-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Ik Hwang
- From the Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 136-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Robert Peter Millar
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, Medical Research Council Receptor Biology Unit, and University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa, and Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH164TJ, Scotland, and
| | - Han Choe
- Department of Physiology and Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Korea
| | - Jae Young Seong
- From the Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 136-705, Republic of Korea,
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Singh P, Sharma B, Gupta S, Sharma BM. In vivo and in vitro attenuation of naloxone-precipitated experimental opioid withdrawal syndrome by insulin and selective KATP channel modulator. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:465-75. [PMID: 25059539 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3680-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Opiate exposure for longer duration develops state of dependence in humans and animals, which is revealed by signs and symptoms of withdrawal precipitated by opioid receptor antagonists. The sudden withdrawal of opioids produces a withdrawal syndrome in opioid-dependent subjects. Insulin and ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channel-mediated glucose homeostasis have been shown to modulate morphine withdrawal. OBJECTIVE Present study has been structured to investigate the role of insulin and pharmacological modulator of KATP channel (gliclazide) in experimental morphine withdrawal syndrome, both invivo and invitro. METHODS In this study, naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal syndrome in mice (invivo) as well as in rat ileum (invitro) were utilized to assess opioid withdrawal phenomenon. Morphine withdrawal syndromes like jumping and rearing frequency, forepaw licking, circling, fore paw tremor, wet dog shake, sneezing, overall morphine withdrawal severity (OMWS), serum glucose, brain malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), nitrite/nitrate, and calcium (Ca(+2)) were assessed. RESULTS Naloxone has significantly increased morphine withdrawal syndrome, both invivo and invitro. Insulin and gliclazide have significantly attenuated, naloxone induced behavioral changes like jumping and rearing frequency, forepaw licking, wet dog shake, sneezing, straightening, circling, OMWS, and various biochemical impairments such as serum glucose, brain MDA, GSH, nitrite/nitrate, and Ca(+2) in morphine-dependent animals (invivo). In vitro, insulin and gliclazide have significantly reduced naloxone-induced contraction in morphine-withdrawn rat ileum preparation. CONCLUSIONS Insulin and gliclazide (KATP channel blocker) have attenuated naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal syndrome, both invivo and invitro. Thus, insulin and KATP channel modulation may provide new avenues for research in morphine withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhat Singh
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Bharat Institute of Technology, Partapur Bypass, Meerut, 250103, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) is an intestinal incretin that regulates glucose homeostasis through stimulation of insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells and inhibits appetite by acting on the brain. Thus, it is a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity. Studies using synteny and reconstructed ancestral chromosomes suggest that families for GLP1 and its receptor (GLP1R) have emerged through two rounds (2R) of whole genome duplication and local gene duplications before and after 2R. Exon duplications have also contributed to the expansion of the peptide family members. Specific changes in the amino acid sequence following exon/gene/genome duplications have established distinct yet related peptide and receptor families. These specific changes also confer selective interactions between GLP1 and GLP1R. In this review, we present a possible macro (genome level)- and micro (gene/exon level)-evolution mechanisms of GLP1 and GLP1R, which allows them to acquire selective interactions between this ligand-receptor pair. This information may provide critical insight for the development of potent therapeutic agents targeting GLP1R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Ik Hwang
- Graduate School of MedicineKorea University, Seoul 136-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongsik Yun
- Graduate School of MedicineKorea University, Seoul 136-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Jin Moon
- Graduate School of MedicineKorea University, Seoul 136-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Cho Rong Park
- Graduate School of MedicineKorea University, Seoul 136-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Young Seong
- Graduate School of MedicineKorea University, Seoul 136-705, Republic of Korea
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Almahariq M, Mei FC, Cheng X. Cyclic AMP sensor EPAC proteins and energy homeostasis. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2014; 25:60-71. [PMID: 24231725 PMCID: PMC3946731 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The pleiotropic second-messenger cAMP plays a crucial role in mediating the effects of various hormones on metabolism. The major intracellular functions of cAMP are transduced by protein kinase A (PKA) and by exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP (EPACs). The latter act as guanine-nucleotide exchange factors for the RAS-like small G proteins Rap1 and Rap2. Although the role of PKA in regulating energy balance has been extensively studied, the impact of EPACs remains relatively enigmatic. This review summarizes recent genetic and pharmacological studies concerning EPAC involvement in glucose homeostasis and energy balance via the regulation of leptin and insulin signaling pathways. In addition, the development of small-molecule EPAC-specific modulators and their therapeutic potential for the treatment of diabetes and obesity are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muayad Almahariq
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-0615, USA
| | - Fang C Mei
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-0615, USA; Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-0615, USA; Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Park CR, Moon MJ, Park S, Kim DK, Cho EB, Millar RP, Hwang JI, Seong JY. A novel glucagon-related peptide (GCRP) and its receptor GCRPR account for coevolution of their family members in vertebrates. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65420. [PMID: 23776481 PMCID: PMC3679108 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The glucagon (GCG) peptide family consists of GCG, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1), and GLP2, which are derived from a common GCG precursor, and the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). These peptides interact with cognate receptors, GCGR, GLP1R, GLP2R, and GIPR, which belong to the secretin-like G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family. We used bioinformatics to identify genes encoding a novel GCG-related peptide (GCRP) and its cognate receptor, GCRPR. The GCRP and GCRPR genes were found in representative tetrapod taxa such as anole lizard, chicken, and Xenopus, and in teleosts including medaka, fugu, tetraodon, and stickleback. However, they were not present in mammals and zebrafish. Phylogenetic and genome synteny analyses showed that GCRP emerged through two rounds of whole genome duplication (2R) during early vertebrate evolution. GCRPR appears to have arisen by local tandem gene duplications from a common ancestor of GCRPR, GCGR, and GLP2R after 2R. Biochemical ligand-receptor interaction analyses revealed that GCRP had the highest affinity for GCRPR in comparison to other GCGR family members. Stimulation of chicken, Xenopus, and medaka GCRPRs activated Gαs-mediated signaling. In contrast to chicken and Xenopus GCRPRs, medaka GCRPR also induced Gαq/11-mediated signaling. Chimeric peptides and receptors showed that the K16M17K18 and G16Q17A18 motifs in GCRP and GLP1, respectively, may at least in part contribute to specific recognition of their cognate receptors through interaction with the receptor core domain. In conclusion, we present novel data demonstrating that GCRP and GCRPR evolved through gene/genome duplications followed by specific modifications that conferred selective recognition to this ligand-receptor pair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cho Rong Park
- Laboratory of G-protein Coupled Receptors, Graduate School of Medicine Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Jin Moon
- Laboratory of G-protein Coupled Receptors, Graduate School of Medicine Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumi Park
- Laboratory of G-protein Coupled Receptors, Graduate School of Medicine Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Kyu Kim
- Laboratory of G-protein Coupled Receptors, Graduate School of Medicine Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Bee Cho
- Laboratory of G-protein Coupled Receptors, Graduate School of Medicine Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Robert Peter Millar
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology & Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
- Medical Research Council Receptor Biology Unit, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Jong-Ik Hwang
- Laboratory of G-protein Coupled Receptors, Graduate School of Medicine Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (JIH); (JYS)
| | - Jae Young Seong
- Laboratory of G-protein Coupled Receptors, Graduate School of Medicine Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (JIH); (JYS)
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Moon MJ, Park S, Kim DK, Cho EB, Hwang JI, Vaudry H, Seong JY. Structural and molecular conservation of glucagon-like Peptide-1 and its receptor confers selective ligand-receptor interaction. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2012; 3:141. [PMID: 23181056 PMCID: PMC3500760 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a major player in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. It acts on pancreatic beta cells to stimulate insulin secretion and on the brain to inhibit appetite. Thus, it may be a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity. Despite the physiological and clinical importance of GLP-1, molecular interaction with the GLP-1 receptor (GLP1R) is not well understood. Particularly, the specific amino acid residues within the transmembrane helices and extracellular loops of the receptor that may confer ligand-induced receptor activation have been poorly investigated. Amino acid sequence comparisons of GLP-1 and GLP1R with their orthologs and paralogs in vertebrates, combined with biochemical approaches, are useful to determine which amino acid residues in the peptide and the receptor confer selective ligand-receptor interaction. This article reviews how the molecular evolution of GLP-1 and GLP1R contributes to the selective interaction between this ligand-receptor pair, providing critical clues for the development of potent agonists for the treatment of diabetes mellitus and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Jin Moon
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea UniversitySeoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumi Park
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea UniversitySeoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Kyu Kim
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea UniversitySeoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Bee Cho
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea UniversitySeoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Ik Hwang
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea UniversitySeoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hubert Vaudry
- INSERM U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, University of RouenMont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Jae Young Seong
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea UniversitySeoul, Republic of Korea
- *Correspondence: Jae Young Seong, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 136-705, Republic of Korea. e-mail:
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