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Zhao L, Ma D, Wang L, Su X, Feng L, Zhu L, Chen Y, Hao Y, Wang X, Feng J. Metabolic changes with the occurrence of atherosclerotic plaques and the effects of statins. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1301051. [PMID: 38143759 PMCID: PMC10739339 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1301051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a common cardiovascular disease caused by the abnormal expression of multiple factors and genes influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. The primary manifestation of atherosclerosis is plaque formation, which occurs when inflammatory cells consume excess lipids, affecting their retention and modification within the arterial intima. This triggers endothelial cell (EC) activation, immune cell infiltration, vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and migration, foam cell formation, lipid streaks, and fibrous plaque development. These processes can lead to vascular wall sclerosis, lumen stenosis, and thrombosis. Immune cells, ECs, and VSMCs in atherosclerotic plaques undergo significant metabolic changes and inflammatory responses. The interaction of cytokines and chemokines secreted by these cells leads to the onset, progression, and regression of atherosclerosis. The regulation of cell- or cytokine-based immune responses is a novel therapeutic approach for atherosclerosis. Statins are currently the primary pharmacological agents utilised for managing unstable plaques owing to their ability to enhance endothelial function, regulate VSMC proliferation and apoptosis by reducing cholesterol levels, and mitigate the expression and activity of inflammatory cytokines. In this review, we provide an overview of the metabolic changes associated with atherosclerosis, describe the effects of inflammatory responses on atherosclerotic plaques, and discuss the mechanisms through which statins contribute to plaque stabilisation. Additionally, we examine the role of statins in combination with other drugs in the management of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Di Ma
- Bethune First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - LiJuan Wang
- Bethune First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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2
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Zhao Y, Zhang J, Zhang W, Xu Y. A myriad of roles of dendritic cells in atherosclerosis. Clin Exp Immunol 2021; 206:12-27. [PMID: 34109619 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease with break-down of homeostatic immune regulation of vascular tissues. As a critical initiator of host immunity, dendritic cells (DCs) have also been identified in the aorta of healthy individuals and atherosclerotic patients, whose roles in regulating arterial inflammation aroused great interest. Accumulating evidence has now pointed to the fundamental roles for DCs in every developmental stage of atherosclerosis due to their myriad of functions in immunity and tolerance induction, ranging from lipid uptake, efferocytosis and antigen presentation to pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine or chemokine secretion. In this study we provide a timely summary of the published works in this field, and comprehensively discuss both the direct and indirect roles of DCs in atherogenesis. Understanding the pathogenic roles of DCs during the development of atherosclerosis in vascular tissues would certainly help to open therapeutic avenue to the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Zhao
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, School of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, School of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Yuekang Xu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, School of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
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3
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Kang JH, Lee HJ, Kim OH, Yun YJ, Seo YJ, Lee HJ. Biomechanical forces enhance directed migration and activation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12106. [PMID: 34103554 PMCID: PMC8187447 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91117-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical forces are pervasive in the inflammatory site where dendritic cells (DCs) are activated to migrate into draining lymph nodes. For example, fluid shear stress modulates the movement patterns of DCs, including directness and forward migration indices (FMIs), without chemokine effects. However, little is known about the effects of biomechanical forces on the activation of DCs. Accordingly, here we fabricated a microfluidics system to assess how biomechanical forces affect the migration and activity of DCs during inflammation. Based on the structure of edema, we proposed and experimentally analyzed a novel concept for a microchip model that mimicked such vascular architecture. The intensity of shear stress generated in our engineered chip was found as 0.2–0.6 dyne/cm2 by computational simulation; this value corresponded to inflammation in tissues. In this platform, the directness and FMIs of DCs were significantly increased, whereas the migration velocity of DCs was not altered by shear stress, indicating that mechanical stimuli influenced DC migration. Moreover, DCs with shear stress showed increased expression of the DC activation markers MHC class I and CD86 compared with DCs under static conditions. Taken together, these data suggest that the biomechanical forces are important to regulate the migration and activity of DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hun Kang
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Joo Lee
- Graduate School of Energy and Environment (KU-KIST Green School), Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok-Hyeon Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.,Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Ju Yun
- Graduate School of Energy and Environment (KU-KIST Green School), Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young-Jin Seo
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyun Jung Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Li JZ, Cao TH, Han JC, Qu H, Jiang SQ, Xie BD, Yan XL, Wu H, Liu XL, Zhang F, Leng XP, Kang K, Jiang SL. Comparison of adipose‑ and bone marrow‑derived stem cells in protecting against ox‑LDL‑induced inflammation in M1‑macrophage‑derived foam cells. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:2660-2670. [PMID: 30720126 PMCID: PMC6423631 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.9922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose‑derived stem cells (ADSCs) and bone marrow‑derived stem cells (BMSCs) are considered to be prospective sources of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), that can be used in cell therapy for atherosclerosis. The present study investigated whether ADSCs co‑cultured with M1 foam macrophages via treatment with oxidized low‑density lipoprotein (ox‑LDL) would lead to similar or improved anti‑inflammatory effects compared with BMSCs. ADSCs, peripheral blood monocytes, BMSCs and ox‑LDL were isolated from ten coronary heart disease (CHD) patients. After three passages, the supernatants of the ADSCs and BMSCs were collected and systematically analysed by liquid chromatography‑quadrupole time‑of‑flight‑mass spectrometry (6530; Agilent Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA). Cis‑9, trans‑11 was deemed to be responsible for the potential differences in the metabolic characteristics of ADSCs and BMSCs. These peripheral blood monocytes were characterized using flow cytometry. Following peripheral blood monocytes differentiation into M1 macrophages, the formation of M1 foam macrophages was achieved through treatment with ox‑LDL. Overall, 2x106 ADSCs, BMSCs or BMSCs+cis‑9, trans‑11 were co‑cultured with M1 foam macrophages. Anti‑inflammatory capability, phagocytic activity, anti‑apoptotic capability and cell viability assays were compared among these groups. It was demonstrated that the accumulation of lipid droplets decreased following ADSCs, BMSCs or BMSCs+cis‑9, trans‑11 treatment in M1 macrophages derived from foam cells. Consistently, ADSCs exhibited great advantageous anti‑inflammatory capabilities, phagocytic activity, anti‑apoptotic capability activity and cell viability over BMSCs or BMSCs+cis‑9, trans‑11. Additionally, BMSCs+cis‑9, trans‑11 also demonstrated marked improvement in anti‑inflammatory capability, phagocytic activity, anti‑apoptotic capability activity and cell viability in comparison with BMSCs. The present results indicated that ADSCs would be more appropriate for transplantation to treat atherosclerosis than BMSCs alone or BMSCs+cis‑9, trans‑11. This may be an important mechanism to regulate macrophage immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Zhong Li
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Tian-Hui Cao
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Cheng Han
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Hui Qu
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Shuang-Quan Jiang
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Bao-Dong Xie
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Long Yan
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Tang Du Hospital of Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Hua Wu
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Xiang-Lan Liu
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Ping Leng
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Kai Kang
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Shu-Lin Jiang
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
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5
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Lee JS, Jeong SJ, Kim S, Chalifour L, Yun TJ, Miah MA, Li B, Majdoubi A, Sabourin A, Keler T, Guimond JV, Haddad E, Choi EY, Epelman S, Choi JH, Thibodeau J, Oh GT, Cheong C. Conventional Dendritic Cells Impair Recovery after Myocardial Infarction. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:1784-1798. [PMID: 30097529 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic myocardial injury results in sterile cardiac inflammation that leads to tissue repair, two processes controlled by mononuclear phagocytes. Despite global burden of cardiovascular diseases, we do not understand the functional contribution to pathogenesis of specific cardiac mononuclear phagocyte lineages, in particular dendritic cells. To address this limitation, we used detailed lineage tracing and genetic studies to identify bona fide murine and human CD103+ conventional dendritic cell (cDC)1s, CD11b+ cDC2s, and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) in the heart of normal mice and immunocompromised NSG mice reconstituted with human CD34+ cells, respectively. After myocardial infarction (MI), the specific depletion of cDCs, but not pDCs, improved cardiac function and prevented adverse cardiac remodeling. Our results showed that fractional shortening measured after MI was not influenced by the absence of pDCs. Interestingly, however, depletion of cDCs significantly improved reduction in fractional shortening. Moreover, fibrosis and cell areas were reduced in infarcted zones. This correlated with reduced numbers of cardiac macrophages, neutrophils, and T cells, indicating a blunted inflammatory response. Accordingly, mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IFN-γ were reduced. Collectively, our results demonstrate the unequivocal pathological role of cDCs following MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Seong Lee
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada.,Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada.,Laboratoire d'Immunologie Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Se-Jin Jeong
- Immune and Vascular Cell Network Research Center, National Creative Initiatives, Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, South Korea
| | - Sinai Kim
- Immune and Vascular Cell Network Research Center, National Creative Initiatives, Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, South Korea
| | - Lorraine Chalifour
- Lady Davis Institute, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Tae Jin Yun
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Mohammad Alam Miah
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada.,Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Bin Li
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada.,Département de Biologie Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Abdelilah Majdoubi
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada.,Laboratoire d'Immunologie Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Antoine Sabourin
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada.,Laboratoire d'Immunologie Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | | | - Jean V Guimond
- Centre de Santé et de Services Sociaux Jeanne-Mance, Montreal, Quebec H2T 2R9, Canada
| | - Elie Haddad
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada.,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Eui-Young Choi
- Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, South Korea
| | - Slava Epelman
- Peter Munk Cardiac Center, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2N2, Canada.,Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada; and
| | - Jae-Hoon Choi
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Jacques Thibodeau
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada; .,Laboratoire d'Immunologie Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Goo Taeg Oh
- Immune and Vascular Cell Network Research Center, National Creative Initiatives, Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, South Korea;
| | - Cheolho Cheong
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada.,Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
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6
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Yun TJ, Lee JS, Shim D, Choi JH, Cheong C. Isolation and Characterization of Aortic Dendritic Cells and Lymphocytes in Atherosclerosis. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1559:419-437. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6786-5_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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7
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Govea-Alonso DO, Beltrán-López J, Salazar-González JA, Vargas-Morales J, Rosales-Mendoza S. Progress and future opportunities in the development of vaccines against atherosclerosis. Expert Rev Vaccines 2016; 16:337-350. [DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2017.1258309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dania O. Govea-Alonso
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, SLP, México
| | - Josué Beltrán-López
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, SLP, México
| | - Jorge A. Salazar-González
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, SLP, México
| | - Juan Vargas-Morales
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, SLP, México
| | - Sergio Rosales-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, SLP, México
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8
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Yun TJ, Lee JS, Machmach K, Shim D, Choi J, Wi YJ, Jang HS, Jung IH, Kim K, Yoon WK, Miah MA, Li B, Chang J, Bego MG, Pham TNQ, Loschko J, Fritz JH, Krug AB, Lee SP, Keler T, Guimond JV, Haddad E, Cohen EA, Sirois MG, El-Hamamsy I, Colonna M, Oh GT, Choi JH, Cheong C. Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase-Expressing Aortic Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Protect against Atherosclerosis by Induction of Regulatory T Cells. Cell Metab 2016; 23:852-66. [PMID: 27166946 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are unique bone-marrow-derived cells that produce large amounts of type I interferon in response to microbial stimulation. Furthermore, pDCs also promote T cell tolerance in sterile-inflammation conditions. However, the immunomodulatory role of aortic pDCs in atherosclerosis has been poorly understood. Here, we identified functional mouse and human pDCs in the aortic intima and showed that selective, inducible pDC depletion in mice exacerbates atherosclerosis. Aortic pDCs expressed CCR9 and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO-1), an enzyme involved in driving the generation of regulatory T cells (Tregs). As a consequence, loss of pDCs resulted in decreased numbers of Tregs and reduced IL-10 levels in the aorta. Moreover, antigen presentation by pDCs expanded antigen-specific Tregs in the atherosclerotic aorta. Notably, Tregs ablation affected pDC homeostasis in diseased aorta. Accordingly, pDCs in human atherosclerotic aortas colocalized with Tregs. Collectively, we identified a mechanism of atheroprotection mediated by tolerogenic aortic pDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Jin Yun
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada; Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Jun Seong Lee
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Kawthar Machmach
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Dahee Shim
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea
| | - Junhee Choi
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea
| | - Young Jin Wi
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea
| | - Hyung Seok Jang
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea
| | - In-Hyuk Jung
- Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, South Korea
| | - Kyeongdae Kim
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea
| | - Won Kee Yoon
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, KRIBB, Chungbuk 363-883, South Korea
| | - Mohammad Alam Miah
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Bin Li
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada; Department of Molecular Biology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Jinsam Chang
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada; Department of Molecular Biology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Mariana G Bego
- Laboratory of Human Retrovirology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Tram N Q Pham
- Laboratory of Human Retrovirology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Jakob Loschko
- Institute for Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München 80336, Germany
| | - Jörg Hermann Fritz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Anne B Krug
- Institute for Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München 80336, Germany
| | - Seung-Pyo Lee
- Cardiovascular Center, and Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 110-744, South Korea
| | - Tibor Keler
- Celldex Therapeutics, Hampton, NJ 08827, USA
| | - Jean V Guimond
- Centre de Santé et de Services Sociaux Jeanne-Mance, Montréal, QC H2H 2B4, Canada
| | - Elie Haddad
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada; CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Eric A Cohen
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada; Laboratory of Human Retrovirology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Martin G Sirois
- Research Center, Montréal Heart Institute, Montréal, QC H1T 1C8, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Ismail El-Hamamsy
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Montréal Heart Institute, Montréal, QC H1T 1C8, Canada
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Goo Taeg Oh
- Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, South Korea.
| | - Jae-Hoon Choi
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea.
| | - Cheolho Cheong
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada; Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
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9
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Spitz C, Winkels H, Bürger C, Weber C, Lutgens E, Hansson GK, Gerdes N. Regulatory T cells in atherosclerosis: critical immune regulatory function and therapeutic potential. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:901-22. [PMID: 26518635 PMCID: PMC11108393 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2080-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that is mediated by innate and adaptive immune responses. The disease is characterized by sub-endothelial accumulation and modification of lipids in the artery wall triggering an inflammatory reaction which promotes lesion progression and eventual plaque rupture, thrombus formation, and the respective clinical sequelae such as myocardial infarction or stroke. During the past decade, T-cell-mediated immune responses, especially control of pro-inflammatory signals by regulatory T cells (Tregs), have increasingly attracted the interest of experimental and clinical researchers. By suppression of T cell proliferation and secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-β, Tregs exert their atheroprotective properties. Atherosclerosis-prone, hyperlipidemic mice harbor systemically less Tregs compared to wild-type mice, suggesting an imbalance of immune cells which affects local and systemic inflammatory and potentially metabolic processes leading to atherogenesis. Restoring or increasing Treg frequency and enhancing their suppressive capacity by various modulations may pose a promising approach for treating inflammatory conditions such as cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we briefly summarize the immunological basics of atherosclerosis and introduce the role and contribution of different subsets of T cells. We then discuss experimental data and current knowledge pertaining to Tregs in atherosclerosis and perspectives on manipulating the adaptive immune system to alleviate atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Spitz
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 9, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Holger Winkels
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 9, 80336, Munich, Germany
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christina Bürger
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 9, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 9, 80336, Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 9, 80336, Munich, Germany
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Göran K Hansson
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Norbert Gerdes
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 9, 80336, Munich, Germany.
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10
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Li HQ, Zhang Q, Chen L, Yin CS, Chen P, Tang J, Rong R, Li TT, Hu LQ. Captopril inhibits maturation of dendritic cells and maintains their tolerogenic property in atherosclerotic rats. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 28:715-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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11
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von Rossum A, Laher I, Choy JC. Immune-mediated vascular injury and dysfunction in transplant arteriosclerosis. Front Immunol 2015; 5:684. [PMID: 25628623 PMCID: PMC4290675 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid organ transplantation is the only treatment for end-stage organ failure but this life-saving procedure is limited by immune-mediated rejection of most grafts. Blood vessels within transplanted organs are targeted by the immune system and the resultant vascular damage is a main contributor to acute and chronic graft failure. The vasculature is a unique tissue with specific immunological properties. This review discusses the interactions of the immune system with blood vessels in transplanted organs and how these interactions lead to the development of transplant arteriosclerosis, a leading cause of heart transplant failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna von Rossum
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University , Burnaby, BC , Canada
| | - Ismail Laher
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada
| | - Jonathan C Choy
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University , Burnaby, BC , Canada
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12
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C-Reactive Protein: An In-Depth Look into Structure, Function, and Regulation. INTERNATIONAL SCHOLARLY RESEARCH NOTICES 2014; 2014:653045. [PMID: 27433484 PMCID: PMC4897210 DOI: 10.1155/2014/653045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the adult population worldwide, with atherosclerosis being its key pathophysiologic component. Atherosclerosis possesses a fundamental chronic inflammatory aspect, and the involvement of numerous inflammatory molecules has been studied in this scenario, particularly C-reactive protein (CRP). CRP is a plasma protein with strong phylogenetic conservation and high resistance to proteolysis, predominantly synthesized in the liver in response to proinflammatory cytokines, especially IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF. CRP may intervene in atherosclerosis by directly activating the complement system and inducing apoptosis, vascular cell activation, monocyte recruitment, lipid accumulation, and thrombosis, among other actions. Moreover, CRP can dissociate in peripheral tissue—including atheromatous plaques—from its native pentameric form into a monomeric form, which may also be synthesized de novo in extrahepatic sites. Each form exhibits distinct affinities for ligands and receptors, and exerts different effects in the progression of atherosclerosis. In view of epidemiologic evidence associating high CRP levels with cardiovascular risk—reflecting the biologic impact it bears on atherosclerosis—measurement of serum levels of high-sensitivity CRP has been proposed as a tool for assessment of cardiovascular risk.
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13
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Mesenchymal stem cells alleviate atherosclerosis by elevating number and function of CD4(+)CD25 (+)FOXP3 (+) regulatory T-cells and inhibiting macrophage foam cell formation. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 400:163-72. [PMID: 25389006 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2272-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the formation of plaques inside arteries, leading to narrowing and blockage. Potential therapeutic strategies include expanding the population of regulatory T-cells (Tregs) to enhance atheroprotective immunity, and inhibiting the formation of macrophage foam cells. Here, we studied the effect of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) on atherosclerotic plaque formation in Apolipoprotein E(-/-) (ApoE-KO) mice, and elucidated the underlying mechanism. BM-MSCs isolated from 4 week-old ApoE-KO mice were evaluated by flow cytometry for expression of MSC-specific markers. Thirty eight week-old ApoE-KO mice were randomly divided into three experimental groups (n = 10 per group): 1. MSC group-received BM-MSCs intravenously; 2. Vehicle group-received DMEM; 3. Control group-did not receive any treatment. Administration of MSCs resulted in a marked decrease in the size of atherosclerotic plaques 3 months after treatment. In addition, the number and function of CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+) regulatory T-cells (Tregs) in cultured splenocytes, and the expression of FOXP3 at both mRNA and protein levels, was significantly increased in the MSC group. In vitro experiments further indicated that the formation of macrophage foam cells was inhibited by treatment with MSCs, accompanied by a significant downregulation in CD36 and scavenger receptor A (SRA). Our findings suggest that MSCs play an atheroprotective role by enhancing the number and function of Tregs and inhibiting the formation of macrophage foam cells. Hence, administration of MSCs to atherosclerotic patients might have significant clinical benefits.
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14
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TSLPR deficiency attenuates atherosclerotic lesion development associated with the inhibition of TH17 cells and the promotion of regulator T cells in ApoE-deficient mice. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 76:33-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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15
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Jung I, Choi J, Jin J, Jeong S, Jeon S, Lim C, Lee M, Yoo J, Sonn S, Kim YH, Choi BK, Kwon BS, Seoh J, Lee CW, Kim D, Oh GT. CD137‐inducing factors from T cells and macrophages accelerate the destabilization of atherosclerotic plaques in hyperlipidemic mice. FASEB J 2014; 28:4779-91. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-253732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- In‐Hyuk Jung
- Department of Life SciencesGraduate School of MedicineEwha Womans UniversitySeoulKorea
- GT5 ProgramGraduate School of MedicineEwha Womans UniversitySeoulKorea
- Department of Veterinary PathologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Jae‐Hoon Choi
- Department of Life ScienceCollege of Natural SciencesHanyang UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Jing Jin
- Department of Life SciencesGraduate School of MedicineEwha Womans UniversitySeoulKorea
- GT5 ProgramGraduate School of MedicineEwha Womans UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Se‐Jin Jeong
- Department of Life SciencesGraduate School of MedicineEwha Womans UniversitySeoulKorea
- GT5 ProgramGraduate School of MedicineEwha Womans UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Sejin Jeon
- Department of Life SciencesGraduate School of MedicineEwha Womans UniversitySeoulKorea
- GT5 ProgramGraduate School of MedicineEwha Womans UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Chaeji Lim
- Department of Life SciencesGraduate School of MedicineEwha Womans UniversitySeoulKorea
- GT5 ProgramGraduate School of MedicineEwha Womans UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Mi‐Ran Lee
- Department of Life SciencesGraduate School of MedicineEwha Womans UniversitySeoulKorea
- GT5 ProgramGraduate School of MedicineEwha Womans UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Ji‐Young Yoo
- Department of Life SciencesGraduate School of MedicineEwha Womans UniversitySeoulKorea
- GT5 ProgramGraduate School of MedicineEwha Womans UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Seong‐Keun Sonn
- Department of Life SciencesGraduate School of MedicineEwha Womans UniversitySeoulKorea
- GT5 ProgramGraduate School of MedicineEwha Womans UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Young Ho Kim
- Immune Cell Production UnitProgram for Immunotherapeutic ResearchNational Cancer CenterGoyangKorea
| | - Beom Kyu Choi
- Cancer Immunology BranchDivision of Cancer BiologyNational Cancer CenterGoyangKorea
| | - Byoung S. Kwon
- Cancer Immunology BranchDivision of Cancer BiologyNational Cancer CenterGoyangKorea
| | - Ju‐Young Seoh
- Department of MicrobiologyGraduate School of MedicineEwha Womans UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Cheol Whan Lee
- Department of MedicineAsan Medical CenterUniversity of UlsanSeoulKorea
| | - Dae‐Yong Kim
- Department of Veterinary PathologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Goo Taeg Oh
- Department of Life SciencesGraduate School of MedicineEwha Womans UniversitySeoulKorea
- GT5 ProgramGraduate School of MedicineEwha Womans UniversitySeoulKorea
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16
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Chistiakov DA, Sobenin IA, Orekhov AN, Bobryshev YV. Dendritic cells in atherosclerotic inflammation: the complexity of functions and the peculiarities of pathophysiological effects. Front Physiol 2014; 5:196. [PMID: 24904430 PMCID: PMC4034414 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is considered as a chronic disease of arterial wall, with a strong contribution of inflammation. Dendritic cells (DCs) play a crucial role in the initiation of proatherogenic inflammatory response. Mature DCs present self-antigens thereby supporting differentiation of naïve T cells to effector cells that further propagate atherosclerotic inflammation. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) can suppress proinflammatory function of mature DCs. In contrast, immature DCs are able to induce Tregs and prevent differentiation of naïve T cells to proinflammatory effector T cells by initiating apoptosis and anergy in naïve T cells. Indeed, immature DCs showed tolerogenic and anti-inflammatory properties. Thus, DCs play a double role in atherosclerosis: mature DCs are proatherogenic while immature DCs appear to be anti-atherogenic. Tolerogenic and anti-inflammatory capacity of immature DCs can be therefore utilized for the development of new immunotherapeutic strategies against atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitry A Chistiakov
- Department of Medical Nanobiotechnology, Pirogov Russian State Medical University Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor A Sobenin
- Skolkovo Innovative Center, Institute for Atherosclerosis Research Moscow, Russia ; Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow, Russia ; Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Russian Cardiology Research and Production Complex Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander N Orekhov
- Skolkovo Innovative Center, Institute for Atherosclerosis Research Moscow, Russia ; Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuri V Bobryshev
- Skolkovo Innovative Center, Institute for Atherosclerosis Research Moscow, Russia ; Faculty of Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney NSW, Australia
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17
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Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is an essential component of the human body that is responsible for the proper function of various organs. Changes in the ECM have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several cardiovascular conditions including atherosclerosis, restenosis, and heart failure. Matrix components, such as collagens and noncollagenous proteins, influence the function and activity of vascular cells, particularly vascular smooth muscle cells and macrophages. Matrix proteins have been shown to be implicated in the development of atherosclerotic complications, such as plaque rupture, aneurysm formation, and calcification. ECM proteins control ECM remodeling through feedback signaling to matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which are the key players of ECM remodeling in both normal and pathological conditions. The production of MMPs is closely related to the development of an inflammatory response and is subjected to significant changes at different stages of atherosclerosis. Indeed, blood levels of circulating MMPs may be useful for the assessment of the inflammatory activity in atherosclerosis and the prediction of cardiovascular risk. The availability of a wide variety of low-molecular MMP inhibitors that can be conjugated with various labels provides a good perspective for specific targeting of MMPs and implementation of imaging techniques to visualize MMP activity in atherosclerotic plaques and, most interestingly, to monitor responses to antiatheroslerosis therapies. Finally, because of the crucial role of ECM in cardiovascular repair, the regenerative potential of ECM could be successfully used in constructing engineered scaffolds and vessels that mimic properties of the natural ECM and consist of the native ECM components or composite biomaterials. These scaffolds possess a great promise in vascular tissue engineering.
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18
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Lewis JS, Dolgova N, Chancellor T, Acharya AP, Karpiak JV, Lele TP, Keselowsky BG. The effect of cyclic mechanical strain on activation of dendritic cells cultured on adhesive substrates. Biomaterials 2013; 34:9063-70. [PMID: 24008042 PMCID: PMC4120880 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs), key regulators of tolerance and immunity, have been found to reside in mechanically active tissues such as the interior layers of the arterial wall, which experience cyclic radial wall strain due to pulsatile blood flow. Although experimentally difficult to determine in vivo, it is reasonable to postulate DCs experience the mechanical forces in such mechanically active tissues. However, it is currently unknown how DCs respond to cyclic mechanical strain. In order to explore the hypothesis that DCs are responsive to mechanical strain, DCs were cultured in vitro on pre-adsorbed adhesive proteins (e.g., laminin, collagen, fibrinogen) and 1 Hz cyclic strain was applied for various durations and strain magnitudes. It was determined that a strain magnitude of 10% and 24 h duration adversely affected DC viability compared to no-strain controls, but culture on certain adhesive substrates provided modest protection of viability under this harsh strain regime. In contrast, application of 1 h of 1 Hz cyclic 3% strain did not affect DC viability and this strain regime was used for the remaining experiments for quantifying DC activation and T-cell priming capability. Application of 3% strain increased expression of stimulatory (MHC-II) and costimulatory molecules (CD86, CD40), and this effect was generally increased by culture on pre-coated adhesive substrates. Interestingly, the cytokine secretion profile of DCs was not significantly affected by strain. Lastly, strained DCs demonstrated increased stimulation of allogeneic T-cell proliferation, in a manner that was independent of the adhesive substrate. These observations indicate generation of a DC consistent with what has been described as a semi-mature phenotype. This work begins elucidating a potential role for DCs in tissue environments exposed to cyclic mechanical forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal S. Lewis
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 U.S
| | - Natalia Dolgova
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 U.S
| | - T.J. Chancellor
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 U.S
| | - Abhinav P. Acharya
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 U.S
| | - Jerome V. Karpiak
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 U.S
| | - Tanmay P. Lele
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 U.S
| | - Benjamin G. Keselowsky
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 U.S
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19
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Subramanian M, Tabas I. Dendritic cells in atherosclerosis. Semin Immunopathol 2013; 36:93-102. [PMID: 24196454 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-013-0400-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease with activation of both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent activators of adaptive immunity and have been identified in the normal arterial wall and within atherosclerotic lesions. Recent evidence points to a functional role for DCs in all stages of atherosclerosis because of their myriad functions including lipid uptake, antigen presentation, efferocytosis, and inflammation resolution. Moreover, DC-based vaccination strategies are currently being developed for the treatment of atherosclerosis. This review will focus on the current evidence as well as the proposed roles for DCs in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and discuss future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manikandan Subramanian
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street PH9-406, New York, NY, 10032, USA,
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20
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Decreased numbers of regulatory T cells are associated with human atherosclerotic lesion vulnerability and inversely correlate with infiltrated mature dendritic cells. Atherosclerosis 2013; 230:92-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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21
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Chistiakov DA, Sobenin IA, Orekhov AN, Bobryshev YV. WITHDRAWN: Dendritic cells: A double-edge sword in atherosclerotic inflammation. Atherosclerosis 2013:S0021-9150(13)00190-1. [PMID: 23578357 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitry A Chistiakov
- Pirogov Russian State Medical University, Department of Medical Nanobiotechnology, Moscow, Russia; Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow, Russia
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22
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Grassia G, MacRitchie N, Platt AM, Brewer JM, Garside P, Maffia P. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells: biomarkers or potential therapeutic targets in atherosclerosis? Pharmacol Ther 2012; 137:172-82. [PMID: 23059425 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) represent a unique subset of dendritic cells that play distinct and critical roles in the immune response. Importantly, pDCs play a pivotal role in several chronic autoimmune diseases strongly characterized by an increased risk of vascular pathology. Clinical studies have shown that pDCs are detectable in atherosclerotic plaques and others have suggested an association between reduced numbers of circulating pDCs and cardiovascular events. Although the causal relationship between pDCs and atherosclerosis is still uncertain, recent results from mouse models are starting to define the specific role(s) of pDCs in the disease process. In this review, we will discuss the role of pDCs in innate and adaptive immunity, the emerging evidence demonstrating the contribution of pDCs to vascular pathology and we will consider the possible impact of pDCs on the acceleration of atherosclerosis in chronic inflammatory autoimmune diseases. Finally, we will discuss how pDCs could be targeted for therapeutic utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Grassia
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
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