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Stokes L, Bidula S, Bibič L, Allum E. To Inhibit or Enhance? Is There a Benefit to Positive Allosteric Modulation of P2X Receptors? Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:627. [PMID: 32477120 PMCID: PMC7235284 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The family of ligand-gated ion channels known as P2X receptors were discovered several decades ago. Since the cloning of the seven P2X receptors (P2X1-P2X7), a huge research effort has elucidated their roles in regulating a range of physiological and pathophysiological processes. Transgenic animals have been influential in understanding which P2X receptors could be new therapeutic targets for disease. Furthermore, understanding how inherited mutations can increase susceptibility to disorders and diseases has advanced this knowledge base. There has been an emphasis on the discovery and development of pharmacological tools to help dissect the individual roles of P2X receptors and the pharmaceutical industry has been involved in pushing forward clinical development of several lead compounds. During the discovery phase, a number of positive allosteric modulators have been described for P2X receptors and these have been useful in assigning physiological roles to receptors. This review will consider the major physiological roles of P2X1-P2X7 and discuss whether enhancement of P2X receptor activity would offer any therapeutic benefit. We will review what is known about identified compounds acting as positive allosteric modulators and the recent identification of drug binding pockets for such modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne Stokes
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Bidula
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Lučka Bibič
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Allum
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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Dhuna K, Felgate M, Bidula SM, Walpole S, Bibic L, Cromer BA, Angulo J, Sanderson J, Stebbing MJ, Stokes L. Ginsenosides Act As Positive Modulators of P2X4 Receptors. Mol Pharmacol 2018; 95:210-221. [PMID: 30545933 PMCID: PMC6334005 DOI: 10.1124/mol.118.113696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the selectivity of protopanaxadiol ginsenosides from Panax ginseng acting as positive allosteric modulators on P2X receptors. ATP-induced responses were measured in stable cell lines overexpressing human P2X4 using a YOPRO-1 dye uptake assay, intracellular calcium measurements, and whole-cell patch-clamp recordings. Ginsenosides CK and Rd were demonstrated to enhance ATP responses at P2X4 by ∼twofold, similar to potentiation by the known positive modulator ivermectin. Investigations into the role of P2X4 in mediating a cytotoxic effect showed that only P2X7 expression in HEK-293 cells induces cell death in response to high concentrations of ATP, and that ginsenosides can enhance this process. Generation of a P2X7-deficient clone of BV-2 microglial cells using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing enabled an investigation of endogenous P2X4 in a microglial cell line. Compared with parental BV-2 cells, P2X7-deficient BV-2 cells showed minor potentiation of ATP responses by ginsenosides, and insensitivity to ATP− or ATP+ ginsenoside-induced cell death, indicating a primary role for P2X7 receptors in both of these effects. Computational docking to a homology model of human P2X4, based on the open state of zfP2X4, yielded evidence of a putative ginsenoside binding site in P2X4 in the central vestibule region of the large ectodomain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kshitija Dhuna
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (K.D., B.A.C., M.J.S., L.S.); School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom (M.F., S.M.B., S.W., L.B., J.A., J.S., L.S.); Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia (B.A.C.); and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (M.J.S.)
| | - Matthew Felgate
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (K.D., B.A.C., M.J.S., L.S.); School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom (M.F., S.M.B., S.W., L.B., J.A., J.S., L.S.); Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia (B.A.C.); and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (M.J.S.)
| | - Stefan M Bidula
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (K.D., B.A.C., M.J.S., L.S.); School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom (M.F., S.M.B., S.W., L.B., J.A., J.S., L.S.); Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia (B.A.C.); and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (M.J.S.)
| | - Samuel Walpole
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (K.D., B.A.C., M.J.S., L.S.); School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom (M.F., S.M.B., S.W., L.B., J.A., J.S., L.S.); Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia (B.A.C.); and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (M.J.S.)
| | - Lucka Bibic
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (K.D., B.A.C., M.J.S., L.S.); School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom (M.F., S.M.B., S.W., L.B., J.A., J.S., L.S.); Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia (B.A.C.); and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (M.J.S.)
| | - Brett A Cromer
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (K.D., B.A.C., M.J.S., L.S.); School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom (M.F., S.M.B., S.W., L.B., J.A., J.S., L.S.); Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia (B.A.C.); and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (M.J.S.)
| | - Jesus Angulo
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (K.D., B.A.C., M.J.S., L.S.); School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom (M.F., S.M.B., S.W., L.B., J.A., J.S., L.S.); Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia (B.A.C.); and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (M.J.S.)
| | - Julie Sanderson
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (K.D., B.A.C., M.J.S., L.S.); School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom (M.F., S.M.B., S.W., L.B., J.A., J.S., L.S.); Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia (B.A.C.); and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (M.J.S.)
| | - Martin J Stebbing
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (K.D., B.A.C., M.J.S., L.S.); School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom (M.F., S.M.B., S.W., L.B., J.A., J.S., L.S.); Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia (B.A.C.); and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (M.J.S.)
| | - Leanne Stokes
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (K.D., B.A.C., M.J.S., L.S.); School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom (M.F., S.M.B., S.W., L.B., J.A., J.S., L.S.); Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia (B.A.C.); and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (M.J.S.)
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Kim DG, Jang M, Choi SH, Kim HJ, Jhun H, Kim HC, Rhim H, Cho IH, Nah SY. Gintonin, a ginseng-derived exogenous lysophosphatidic acid receptor ligand, enhances blood-brain barrier permeability and brain delivery. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 114:1325-1337. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.03.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Kim HJ, Kim JY, Lee BH, Choi SH, Rhim H, Kim HC, Ahn SY, Jeong SW, Jang M, Cho IH, Nah SY. Gintonin, an exogenous ginseng-derived LPA receptor ligand, promotes corneal wound healing. J Vet Sci 2018; 18:387-397. [PMID: 27586470 PMCID: PMC5639092 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2017.18.3.387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginseng gintonin is an exogenous ligand of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptors. Accumulating evidence shows LPA helps in rapid recovery of corneal damage. The aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of gintonin in a rabbit model of corneal damage. We investigated the signal transduction pathway of gintonin in human corneal epithelium (HCE) cells to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism. We next evaluated the therapeutic effects of gintonin, using a rabbit model of corneal damage, by undertaking histochemical analysis. Treatment of gintonin to HCE cells induced transient increases of [Ca2+]i in concentration-dependent and reversible manners. Gintonin-mediated mobilization of [Ca2+]i was attenuated by LPA1/3 receptor antagonist Ki16425, phospholipase C inhibitor U73122, inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor antagonist 2-APB, and intracellular Ca2+ chelator BAPTA-AM. Gintonin facilitated in vitro wound healing in a concentration-dependent manner. When applied as an eye-drop to rabbits with corneal damage, gintonin rapidly promoted recovery. Histochemical analysis showed gintonin decreased corneal apoptosis and increased corneal cell proliferation. We demonstrated that LPA receptor activation by gintonin is linked to in vitro and in vivo therapeutic effects against corneal damage. Gintonin can be applied as a clinical agent for the rapid healing of corneal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Joong Kim
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Joon Young Kim
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Byung-Hwan Lee
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Sun-Hye Choi
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Hyewon Rhim
- Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and toxicology program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Seoung-Yob Ahn
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Soon-Wuk Jeong
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Minhee Jang
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Ik-Hyun Cho
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
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Choi SH, Jung SW, Lee BH, Kim HJ, Hwang SH, Kim HK, Nah SY. Ginseng pharmacology: a new paradigm based on gintonin-lysophosphatidic acid receptor interactions. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:245. [PMID: 26578955 PMCID: PMC4621423 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginseng, the root of Panax ginseng, is used as a traditional medicine. Despite the long history of the use of ginseng, there is no specific scientific or clinical rationale for ginseng pharmacology besides its application as a general tonic. The ambiguous description of ginseng pharmacology might be due to the absence of a predominant active ingredient that represents ginseng pharmacology. Recent studies show that ginseng abundantly contains lysophosphatidic acids (LPAs), which are phospholipid-derived growth factor with diverse biological functions including those claimed to be exhibited by ginseng. LPAs in ginseng form a complex with ginseng proteins, which can bind and deliver LPA to its cognate receptors with a high affinity. As a first messenger, gintonin produces second messenger Ca2+ via G protein-coupled LPA receptors. Ca2+ is an intracellular mediator of gintonin and initiates a cascade of amplifications for further intercellular communications by activation of Ca2+-dependent kinases, receptors, gliotransmitter, and neurotransmitter release. Ginsenosides, which have been regarded as primary ingredients of ginseng, cannot elicit intracellular [Ca2+]i transients, since they lack specific cell surface receptor. However, ginsenosides exhibit non-specific ion channel and receptor regulations. This is the key characteristic that distinguishes gintonin from ginsenosides. Although the current discourse on ginseng pharmacology is focused on ginsenosides, gintonin can definitely provide a mode of action for ginseng pharmacology that ginsenosides cannot. This review article introduces a novel concept of ginseng ligand-LPA receptor interaction and proposes to establish a paradigm that shifts the focus from ginsenosides to gintonin as a major ingredient representing ginseng pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Hye Choi
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory, Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University , Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seok-Won Jung
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory, Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University , Seoul, South Korea
| | - Byung-Hwan Lee
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory, Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University , Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyeon-Joong Kim
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory, Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University , Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung-Hee Hwang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sangji University , Wonju, South Korea
| | - Ho-Kyoung Kim
- Mibyeong Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine , Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory, Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University , Seoul, South Korea
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Wong AST, Che CM, Leung KW. Recent advances in ginseng as cancer therapeutics: a functional and mechanistic overview. Nat Prod Rep 2015; 32:256-72. [PMID: 25347695 DOI: 10.1039/c4np00080c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Ginseng, a key ingredient in traditional Chinese medicine, shows great promise as a new treatment option. As listed by the U.S. National Institutes of Health as a complementary and alternative medicine, its anti-cancer functions are being increasingly recognized. This review covers the mechanisms of action of ginsenosides and their metabolites, which can modulate signaling pathways associated with inflammation, oxidative stress, angiogenesis, metastasis, and stem/progenitor-like properties of cancer cells. The emerging use of structurally modified ginsenosides and recent clinical studies on the use of ginseng either alone or in combination with other herbs or Western medicines which are exploited as novel therapeutic strategies will also be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice S T Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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Choi SH, Jung SW, Kim HS, Kim HJ, Lee BH, Kim JY, Kim JH, Hwang SH, Rhim H, Kim HC, Nah SY. A brief method for preparation of gintonin-enriched fraction from ginseng. J Ginseng Res 2015; 39:398-405. [PMID: 26869834 PMCID: PMC4593782 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ginseng has been used as a tonic for invigoration of the human body. In a previous report, we identified a novel candidate responsible for the tonic role of ginseng, designated gintonin. Gintonin induces [Ca2+]i transient in animal cells via lysophosphatidic acid receptor activation. Gintonin-mediated [Ca2+]i transient is linked to anti-Alzheimer's activity in transgenic Alzheimer's disease animal model. The previous method for gintonin preparation included multiple steps. The aim of this study is to develop a simple method of gintonin fraction with a high yield. Methods We developed a brief method to obtain gintonin using ethanol and water. We extracted ginseng with fermentation ethanol and fractionated the extract with water to obtain water-soluble and water-insoluble fractions. The water-insoluble precipitate, rather than the water-soluble supernatant, induced a large [Ca2+]i transient in primary astrocytes. We designated this fraction as gintonin-enriched fraction (GEF). Results The yield of GEF was approximately 6-fold higher than that obtained in the previous gintonin preparation method. The apparent molecular weight of GEF, determined using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, was equivalent to that obtained in the previous gintonin preparation method. GEF induced [Ca2+]i transient in cortical astrocytes. The effective dose (ED50) was 0.3 ± 0.09 μg/mL. GEF used the same signal transduction pathway as gintonin during [Ca2+]i transient induction in mouse cortical astrocytes. Conclusion Because GEF can be prepared through water precipitation of ginseng ethanol extract and is easily reproducible with high yield, it could be commercially utilized for the development of gintonin-derived functional health food and natural medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Hye Choi
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seok-Won Jung
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Sook Kim
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyeon-Joong Kim
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Byung-Hwan Lee
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | | | - Sung Hee Hwang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sangji University, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Hyewon Rhim
- Life Science Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
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Choi SH, Hong MK, Kim HJ, Ryoo N, Rhim H, Nah SY, Kang LW. Structure of ginseng major latex-like protein 151 and its proposed lysophosphatidic acid-binding mechanism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 71:1039-50. [DOI: 10.1107/s139900471500259x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a phospholipid growth factor with myriad effects on biological systems. LPA is usually present bound to animal plasma proteins such as albumin or gelsolin. When LPA complexes with plasma proteins, it binds to its cognate receptors with higher affinity than when it is free. Recently, gintonin from ginseng was found to bind to LPA and to activate mammalian LPA receptors. Gintonin contains two components: ginseng major latex-like protein 151 (GLP) and ginseng ribonuclease-like storage protein. Here, the crystal structure of GLP is reported, which belongs to the plant Bet v 1 superfamily, and a model is proposed for how GLP binds LPA. Amino-acid residues of GLP recognizing LPA were identified using site-directed mutagenesis and isothermal titration calorimetry. The resulting GLP mutants were used to study the activation of LPA receptor-dependent signalling pathways. In contrast to wild-type GLP, the H147A mutant did not bind LPA, elicit intracellular Ca2+transients in neuronal cells or activate Ca2+-dependent Cl−channels inXenopusoocytes. Based on these results, a mechanism by which GLP recognizes LPA and its requirement to activate G protein-coupled LPA receptors to elicit diverse biological responses were proposed.
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Lee BH, Choi SH, Kim HJ, Jung SW, Kim H, Shin HC, Lee JH, Hwang SH, Kim HC, Nah SY. Preparation of a Monoclonal Antibody against Gintonin and Its Use in an Enzyme Immunoassay. Biol Pharm Bull 2015; 38:1631-7. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b15-00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Hwan Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University
| | - Sun-Hye Choi
- Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University
| | - Hyeon-Joong Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University
| | - Seok-Won Jung
- Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University
| | - Hyunsook Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University
| | - Ho-Chul Shin
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Konkuk University
| | - Joon-Hee Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy, Cheongju University
| | - Sung-Hee Hwang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Health Sciences, Sangji University
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University
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Hwang SH, Lee BH, Choi SH, Kim HJ, Jung SW, Kim HS, Shin HC, Park HJ, Park KH, Lee MK, Nah SY. Gintonin, a novel ginseng-derived lysophosphatidic acid receptor ligand, stimulates neurotransmitter release. Neurosci Lett 2014; 584:356-61. [PMID: 25445364 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Gintonin is a novel ginseng-derived G protein-coupled lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptor ligand. Gintonin elicits an intracellular calcium concentration [Ca(2+)]i transient via activation of LPA receptors and regulates calcium-dependent ion channels and receptors. [Ca(2+)]i elevation by neurotransmitters or depolarization is usually coupled to neurotransmitter release in neuronal cells. Little is known about whether gintonin-mediated [Ca(2+)]i transients are also coupled to neurotransmitter release. The PC12 cell line is derived from a pheochromocytoma of the rat adrenal medulla and is widely used as a model for catecholamine release. In the present study, we examined the effects of gintonin on dopamine release in PC12 cells. Application of gintonin to PC12 cells induced [Ca(2+)]i transients in concentration-dependent and reversible manners. However, ginsenoside Rg3, another active ingredient of ginseng, induced a lagged and irreversible [Ca(2+)]i increase. The induction of gintonin-mediated [Ca(2+)]i transients was attenuated or blocked by the LPA1/3 receptor antagonist Ki16425, a phospholipase C inhibitor, an inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor antagonist, and an intracellular Ca(2+) chelator. Repeated treatment with gintonin induced homologous desensitization of [Ca(2+)]i transients. Gintonin treatment in PC12 cells increased the release of dopamine in a concentration-dependent manner. Intraperitoneal administration of gintonin to mice also increased serum dopamine concentrations. The present study shows that gintonin-mediated [Ca(2+)]i transients are coupled to dopamine release via LPA receptor activation. Finally, gintonin-mediated [Ca(2+)]i transients and dopamine release via LPA receptor activation might explain one mechanism of gintonin-mediated inter-neuronal modulation in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hee Hwang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Health Sciences, Sangji University, Wonju 220-702, South Korea
| | - Byung-Hwan Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, South Korea
| | - Sun-Hye Choi
- Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, South Korea
| | - Hyeon-Joong Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, South Korea
| | - Seok-Won Jung
- Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Sook Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, South Korea
| | - Ho-Chul Shin
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143‑701, South Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Park
- College of Pharmacy and Research Center for Bioresource and Health, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, South Korea
| | - Keun Hong Park
- College of Pharmacy and Research Center for Bioresource and Health, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, South Korea
| | - Myung Koo Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Center for Bioresource and Health, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, South Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, South Korea.
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Stojilkovic SS, Leiva-Salcedo E, Rokic MB, Coddou C. Regulation of ATP-gated P2X channels: from redox signaling to interactions with other proteins. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:953-70. [PMID: 23944253 PMCID: PMC4116155 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The family of purinergic P2X receptors (P2XRs) is a part of ligand-gated superfamily of channels activated by extracellular adenosine-5'-triphosphate. P2XRs are present in virtually all mammalian tissues as well as in tissues of other vertebrate and nonvertebrate species and mediate a large variety of functions, including fast transmission at central synapses, contraction of smooth muscle cells, platelet aggregation, and macrophage activation to proliferation and cell death. RECENT ADVANCES The recent solving of crystal structure of the zebrafish P2X4.1R is a major advance in the understanding of structural correlates of channel activation and regulation. Combined with growing information obtained in the post-structure era and the reinterpretation of previous work within the context of the tridimensional structure, these data provide a better understanding of how the channel operates at the molecular levels. CRITICAL ISSUES This review focuses on the relationship between redox signaling and P2XR function. We also discuss other allosteric modulation of P2XR gating in the physiological/pathophysiological context. This includes the summary of extracellular actions of trace metals, which can be released to the synaptic cleft, pH decrease that happens during ischemia and inflammation, and calcium, an extracellular and intracellular messenger. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Our evolving understanding of activation and regulation of P2XRs is helpful in clarifying the mechanism by which these channels trigger and modulate cellular functions. Further research is required to identify the signaling pathways contributing to the regulation of the receptor activity and to develop novel and receptor-specific allosteric modulators, which could be used in vivo with therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanko S Stojilkovic
- 1 Section on Cellular Signaling, Program in Developmental Neuroscience, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
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Activation of lysophosphatidic acid receptor by gintonin inhibits Kv1.2 channel activity: Involvement of tyrosine kinase and receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase α. Neurosci Lett 2013; 548:143-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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