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Wilsmann DE, Furian TQ, Carvalho D, Chitolina GZ, Lucca V, Emery BD, Borges KA, Martins AC, Pontin KP, Salle CTP, de Souza Moraes HL, do Nascimento VP. Antibiofilm activity of electrochemically activated water (ECAW) in the control of Salmonella Heidelberg biofilms on industrial surfaces. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:2035-2045. [PMID: 37184738 PMCID: PMC10485189 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01005-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Owing to its antimicrobial activity, electrochemically activated water (ECAW) is a potential alternative to chemical disinfectants for eliminating foodborne pathogens, including Salmonella Heidelberg, from food processing facilities. However, their antibiofilm activity remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the antibiofilm activity of ECAW against S. Heidelberg biofilms formed on stainless steel and polyethylene and to determine its corrosive capacity. ECAW (200 ppm) and a broad-spectrum disinfectant (0.2%) were tested for their antibiofilm activity against S. Heidelberg at 25 °C and 37 °C after 10 and 20 min of contact with stainless steel and polyethylene. Potentiostatic polarization tests were performed to compare the corrosive capacity of both compounds. Both compounds were effective in removing S. Heidelberg biofilms. Bacterial counts were significantly lower with ECAW than with disinfectant in polyethylene, regardless the time of contact. The time of contact and the surface significantly influenced the bacterial counts of S. Heidelberg. Temperature was not an important factor affecting the antibiofilm activities of the compounds. ECAW was less corrosive than the disinfectant. ECAW demonstrated a similar or even superior effect in the control of S. Heidelberg biofilms, when compared to disinfectants, reducing bacterial counts by up to 5 log10 CFU cm-2. The corrosion of stainless steel with ECAW was similar to that of commercial disinfectants. This technology is a possible alternative for controlling S. Heidelberg in the food production chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiane Elisa Wilsmann
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Departamento de Medicina Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 91540-000, Brazil.
| | - Thales Quedi Furian
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Departamento de Medicina Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Daiane Carvalho
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Departamento de Medicina Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Zottis Chitolina
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Departamento de Medicina Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Vivian Lucca
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Departamento de Medicina Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Brunna Dias Emery
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Departamento de Medicina Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Karen Apellanis Borges
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Departamento de Medicina Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Abrahão Carvalho Martins
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Departamento de Medicina Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Karine Patrin Pontin
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Departamento de Medicina Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Carlos Tadeu Pippi Salle
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Departamento de Medicina Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Hamilton Luiz de Souza Moraes
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Departamento de Medicina Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Vladimir Pinheiro do Nascimento
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Departamento de Medicina Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 91540-000, Brazil
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Liu J, Xiao Y, Wang Y, Qin X, Tan S, Wang W, Lou L, Wu Z, Aihaiti A, Ma C, Liu YG. The Inhibition Effect and Mechanism of Nano Magnesium Peroxide Against Spoilage Fungi Emerging in Hami Melon. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-023-03052-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
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3
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Topçu S, Şeker MG. In Vitro Antimicrobial Effects and Inactivation Mechanisms of 5,8-Dihydroxy-1,4-Napthoquinone. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11111537. [PMID: 36358192 PMCID: PMC9687054 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11111537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Naphthoquinones are an important class of natural organic compounds that have antimicrobial effects. However, the mechanisms of their action remain to be elucidated. Therefore, the antimicrobial activity of the chemically synthesized naphthoquinone derivative, 5,8-dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, was investigated in this study against 10 different microorganisms. Its inhibitory activity was evident against Bacillus cereus, Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella enteritidis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. aureus, and Candida albicans, and its MIC50 values were determined to be 14, 10, 6, 2, 4, 1.2, and <0.6 µg/mL, respectively. Moreover, the crystal violet uptake, TTC dehydrogenase activity, protein/DNA leakage, and DNA damage of the compound in these microorganisms were also investigated to reveal the antimicrobial mechanisms. In addition, scanning electron microscopy was used to detect physiological damage to the cell membrane of S. epidermidis, S. aureus, and C. albicans, which was most severe in the crystal violet uptake assay. The overall results showed that 5,8-dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone exhibited its effects on S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and C. albicans by various mechanisms, especially membrane damage and membrane integrity disruption. It also caused DNA leakage and damage along with respiratory chain disruption (78%) in C. albicans. Similarly, it caused varying degrees of reduction in the respiratory activity of S. aureus (47%), S. epidermidis (16%), B. cereus (12%), S. enteritidis (9%), and P. vulgaris (8%). Therefore, 5,8-dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone proved to be a very effective antifungal and antibacterial agent and could be considered a new potential drug candidate, inspiring further discoveries in these microorganisms.
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Inactivation mechanism of slightly acidic electrolyzed water on Bacillus cereus spores. Food Microbiol 2022; 103:103951. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2021.103951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Xu L, Zhao Z, Yan Z, Zhou G, Zhang W, Wang Y, Li X. Defense pathways of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii under silver nanoparticle stress: Extracellular biosorption, internalization and antioxidant genes. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132764. [PMID: 34752836 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have been investigated the toxic effects of silver nanoparticle (Ag-NPs) on algae; however, little attention has been paid to the defense pathways of algae cells to Ag-NPs. In the study, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (C. reinhardtii) was selected as a model organism to investigate the defense mechanisms to Ag-NPs exposure. The results showed that exopolysaccharide and protein in bound-extracellular polymeric substances significantly increased under Ag-NPs stress. These metal-binding groups including C-O-C (exopolysaccharide), CH3/CH2 (proteins), O-H/N-H (hydroxyl group) and C-H (alkyl groups) played a key role in extracellular biosorption. The internalized or strongly bound Ag (1.90%-17.45% of total contents) was higher than the loosely surface biosorption (0.31%-1.79%). The accumulation of glutathione disulfide (GSSG), together with the decline of reduced glutathione/GSSG (GSH/GSSG) ratio in C. reinhardtii cells, indicated a significant oxidative stress caused by exposure of Ag-NPs. The increasing phytochelatin accompanied with the decreasing GSH level indicated a critical role to intracellular detoxification of Ag. Furthermore, upregulation of antioxidant genes (MSOD, QTOX2, CAT1, GPX2, APX and VTE3) can cope with oxidative stress of Ag-NPs or Ag+. The up-regulation of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX2) genes and the reduction in GSH contents showed that the toxicity of Ag-NPs could be mediated by an intracellular ascorbate-GSH defense pathway. These findings can provide valuable information on ecotoxicity of Ag-NPs, potential bioremediation and adaptation capabilities of algal cells to Ag-NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China; College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Zhilin Zhao
- College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Zhen Yan
- College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Gaoxiang Zhou
- College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Wenming Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China.
| | - Xiaochen Li
- College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China.
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Antibacterial activity and mechanism of slightly acidic electrolyzed water against Shewanella putrefaciens and Staphylococcus saprophytic. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 592:44-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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7
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Research Trends on the Application of Electrolyzed Water in Food Preservation and Sanitation. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9122240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrolyzed water (EW) has been proposed as a novel promising sanitizer and cleaner in recent years. It is an effective antimicrobial and antibiofilm agent that has several advantages of being on the spot, environmentally friendly, cheap, and safe for human beings. Therefore, EW has been applied widely in various fields, including agriculture, food sanitation, livestock management, medical disinfection, clinical, and other fields using antibacterial technology. Currently, EW has potential significance for high-risk settings in hospitals and other clinical facilities. The research focus has been shifted toward the application of slightly acidic EW as more effective with some supplemental chemical and physical treatment methods such as ultraviolet radiations and ultrasound. This review article summarizes the possible mechanism of action and highlights the latest research studies in antimicrobial applications.
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Yan P, Daliri EBM, Oh DH. New Clinical Applications of Electrolyzed Water: A Review. Microorganisms 2021; 9:136. [PMID: 33435548 PMCID: PMC7827692 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As the situation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is still deteriorating, there has been a huge increase in the demand and use of disinfectants. Electrolyzed water (EW), as a novel broad-spectrum disinfectant and cleaner, has been widely used for several years. EW can be produced in an electrolysis chamber which contains dilute salt and tap water. It is an effective antimicrobial and antibiofilm agent, with several advantages such as on-the-spot, cheap, environmentally friendly and safe for human beings. Therefore, EW holds potential significance for high-risk settings in hospitals and other clinical facilities. EW can also be applied for wound healing, advanced tissue care, and dental clinics. The present review article highlights the latest developments and new perspectives of EW, especially in clinical fields. Furthermore, the main action modes of antibiofilm and antimicrobial will be summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Deog-Hwan Oh
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (P.Y.); (E.B.-M.D.)
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Yang G, Shi Y, Zhao Z, Zhong M, Jin T, Shi C, Zhang C, Xia X. Comparison of Inactivation Effect of Slightly Acidic Electrolyzed Water and Sodium Hypochlorite on Bacillus cereus Spores. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2020; 18:192-201. [PMID: 33121277 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2020.2811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus spores are concerns for food spoilage and foodborne disease in food industry due to their high resistance to heat and various disinfectants. The aim of this study was to investigate the inactivation of B. cereus spores by slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) in comparison to sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) with same available chlorine content (ACC). In this study, the efficacy of SAEW with different concentrations of ACC (40, 60, 80, 100, and 120 mg/L) on the inactivation of B. cereus spores, and the effect of SAEW combined with mild heat treatment (60°C), was examined in pure culture suspensions. Heat resistance and pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid (DPA) release of the spores were also determined. The results showed that the sporicidal effect of the SAEW was significantly higher compared with the NaClO with the same concentration of ACC. Furthermore, the inactivation efficacy was largely dependent on ACC and treatment time. Moreover, the sporicidal activity of the SAEW was significantly improved when combined with a mild heat treatment (60°C). The majority of the DPA was released from spores, and the spores exhibited less resistance to heat after SAEW treatment for 30 min. These findings indicate that SAEW could effectively inactivate B. cereus spores, making it a promising and environmentally friendly decontamination technology for application in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoji Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yiqi Shi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zhiyi Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Mengyao Zhong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Tong Jin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Chao Shi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Chunling Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaodong Xia
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China.,Technical Center, Jiangsu Ecolovo Food Group Co., Ltd., Suqian, China
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10
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Reis R, Sipahi H, Dinc O, Kavaz T, Charehsaz M, Dimoglo A, Aydın A. Toxicity, mutagenicity and stability assessment of simply produced electrolyzed water as a wound healing agent in vitro. Hum Exp Toxicol 2020; 40:452-463. [PMID: 32909829 DOI: 10.1177/0960327120952151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, electrolyzed water (EW) produced by salt and tap water has gained importance due to its antimicrobial effects. Regarding to chlorine-based compounds, EW also used in post-harvest safety of food processing and sterilization of surfaces. The latest studies suggested that EW might act as wound healing agent due to anti-infective and cell proliferative properties. In this study, we evaluated acute contact cytotoxicity in L929 mice fibroblast cells and wound healing activity of EWs in vitro. In addition, mutagenic activity was evaluated by Ames test with and without metabolic activation by S9 fraction and the stability profile of freshly prepared EWs has been followed up. According to the results, strong acid (StAEW) and mixed EW (MEW) showed dose-dependent cytotoxicity due to possible high HOCl concentration, while slightly acidic and catholyte EW (CEW) were not cytotoxic even applied directly for 30 sec. Further, StAEW and CEW showed a significant increase in L929 cell migration in scratch assay. Likewise, with/ without metabolic activation, neither of EWs had shown mutagenic profile in TA 98 and TA100 strains of Salmonella typhimurium. Follow-up of ORP (oxidation-reduction potential), pH and FCC (free chlorine concentration) showed that temperature and light were important storage conditions to maintain a stable profile particularly for ORP and FCC, which are the most important indicators for biological activity of EW. According to the present findings, it can be suggested that particularly StAEW, may represent a valuable wound healing agent with an achievable, economical and easy production system when stored under proper conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Reis
- 52998Yeditepe University, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - H Sipahi
- 52998Yeditepe University, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - O Dinc
- Hamidiye Health Science Institute, Department of Biotechnology, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - T Kavaz
- 52998Yeditepe University, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - M Charehsaz
- 52998Yeditepe University, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - A Dimoglo
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, 121595Duzce University, Konuralp, Duzce, Turkey
| | - A Aydın
- 52998Yeditepe University, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul, Turkey
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Olatunde OO, Benjakul S, Vongkamjan K. Dielectric barrier discharge cold atmospheric plasma: Bacterial inactivation mechanism. J Food Saf 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Soottawat Benjakul
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Agro‐IndustryPrince of Songkla University Hat Yai Thailand
| | - Kitiya Vongkamjan
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Agro‐IndustryPrince of Songkla University Hat Yai Thailand
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12
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Inactivation mechanism of ferrous and alkaline activated persulfate on Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Sipahi H, Reis R, Dinc O, Kavaz T, Dimoglo A, Aydın A. In vitro biocompatibility study approaches to evaluate the safety profile of electrolyzed water for skin and eye. Hum Exp Toxicol 2019; 38:1314-1326. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327119862333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Electrolyzed water (EW) is a widely used disinfectant agent with high oxidation–reduction potential (ORP). Although EW has been used in many areas, such as food hygiene, agriculture, and animal husbandry, the studies presented in the literature are not enough to clarify the toxic effects of EW. The aim of this study is, therefore, to produce EWs at different pH, ORP, and chlorine concentrations and to assess their safety in terms of toxicology. At the beginning of the study, the antimicrobial activity of the EW types with respect to bacteria and fungus was investigated. EWs below pH 7 were all effective in inactivating Enterococcus hirae, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans completely. In vitro studies of cell cultures revealed that different concentrations of EWs were not cytotoxic for the L929 cells under 10- to 80-fold dilutions. In addition, it has been determined that produced EWs did not have irritation potential, according to the in vitro EpiDerm™, reconstituted skin irritation test in the frames of biocompatibility tests. For the mucous membrane irritation test, the hen’s egg test-chorioallantoic membrane experiment was performed, and EWs were found to have no eye irritation. In conclusion, it has been shown that produced EWs with antimicrobial efficacy were found to be safe for skin and eye according to in vitro biocompatibility study studies. Thus, the establishment of a technological infrastructure for the EW production and the use of produced EW as an effective disinfectant in the food, medical, and agricultural areas should be encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sipahi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - R Reis
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - O Dinc
- Institutue of Health Science, Department of Biotechnology, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - T Kavaz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - A Dimoglo
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Duzce University, Konuralp, Duzce, Turkey
| | - A Aydın
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Kim HJ, Tango CN, Chelliah R, Oh DH. Sanitization Efficacy of Slightly Acidic Electrolyzed Water against pure cultures of Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus spores, in Comparison with Different Water Hardness. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4348. [PMID: 30867518 PMCID: PMC6416306 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40846-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Influence of water source on the production of slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) and its sanitization efficacy were investigated. Two different water sources (tap water (TW) and underground water (UGW)) were applied to produce slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) at same setting current, with similar electrolyte flow rate (EFR) and concentration. Properties of SAEW were evaluated based on pH, Available chlorine concentration (ACC) and oxidation-reduction potential (ORP). Methods for the optimization of SAEW production process was examined to obtain high ACC value by implanting different types of electrolytes. Effect of ACC and pH of SAEW were evaluated in vitro towards inactivate foodborne pathogens. The results indicated that TW with hardness of 29 ppm produced effectively SAEW than through UGW (12 ppm) using electrolytes. Likewise, low water hardness could be reinforced by combining HCL with a salt (NaCl or KCL). The optimized SAEW production system was determined at 4% HCl + 2.0 M KCL with EFR of 2 mL/min and 4% HCl + 3.0 M KCL with EFR of 2 mL/min resulting in higher ACC value of 56.5 and 65.5 ppm, respectively using TW. Pathogenic vegetative cells were completely inactivated within 1 min of treatment in SAEW with 20 ppm. Viability observations using Confocal and TEM Microscopy, Flow cytometry, and antimicrobial activity were carried out to confirm the sanitizing effect and cell membrane disruption. Based on the experimental results obtained, it provides a foundation for future advancement towards commercial application of SAEW in the food and agricultural industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ji Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, School of Bioconvergence Science and Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Charles Nkufi Tango
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, School of Bioconvergence Science and Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Management, Center for Uterine Cancer, National Cancer Center, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Ramachandran Chelliah
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, School of Bioconvergence Science and Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Deog-Hwan Oh
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, School of Bioconvergence Science and Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Ersoy ZG, Dinc O, Cinar B, Gedik ST, Dimoglo A. Comparative evaluation of disinfection mechanism of sodium hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide and electroactivated water on Enterococcus faecalis. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2018.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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16
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Girgin Ersoy Z, Barisci S, Dinc O. Mechanisms of the Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis inactivation by ozone. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2018.10.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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17
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Zhang C, Xia X, Li B, Hung YC. Disinfection efficacy of electrolyzed oxidizing water on brown rice soaking and germination. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Zhang C, Chen X, Xia X, Li B, Hung YC. Viability assay of E. coli O157: H7 treated with electrolyzed oxidizing water using flow cytometry. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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19
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Ye Z, Wang S, Chen T, Gao W, Zhu S, He J, Han Z. Inactivation Mechanism of Escherichia coli Induced by Slightly Acidic Electrolyzed Water. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6279. [PMID: 28740247 PMCID: PMC5524752 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06716-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Foodborne disease outbreak caused by food microbiological contamination is a serious public health problem. Slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW), a new ultra-high effect and wide-spectrum disinfectant that is colourless, odourless, and harmless to humans and the environment, is directly used on food surfaces in Japan and America. However, the underlying inactivation mechanism remains unknown. In this study, biochemical and cellular changes were observed to investigate the bactericidal mechanism of SAEW against Escherichia coli (E. coli). The results indicated that SAEW with a pH of 6.40, an oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) of 910 mV, an available chlorine concentration (ACC) of 60 mg/L, and a volume ratio of 20:1, produced the most effective sterilization action. A fluorescence-based live-dead assay was further used to demonstrate the sterilized effect and the cell esterase activity damage caused by SAEW. During the observation period, within 10 min, the cell morphology changed, which was characterized by cell expansion, cell elongation and increased membrane permeability. Meanwhile, reactive oxygen substances (ROS) were released in the bacterial cells. E. coli inactivation and apoptosis induced by SAEW were observed. Our findings illustrate that the bactericidal effects of SAEW against E. coli occurred through cellular and biochemical mechanisms of cell necrosis and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangying Ye
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Tao Chen
- School of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Weishan Gao
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Songming Zhu
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jinsong He
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Zhiying Han
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Zhao L, Zhang Y, Yang H. Efficacy of low concentration neutralised electrolysed water and ultrasound combination for inactivating Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pichia pastoris GS115 and Aureobasidium pullulans 2012 on stainless steel coupons. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Zhang C, Cao W, Hung YC, Li B. Application of electrolyzed oxidizing water in production of radish sprouts to reduce natural microbiota. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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22
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Effects of bacterial concentrations and centrifugations on susceptibility of Bacillus subtilis vegetative cells and Escherichia coli O157:H7 to various electrolyzed oxidizing water treatments. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Zhang C, Li B, Jadeja R, Hung YC. Effects of Electrolyzed Oxidizing Water on Inactivation of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus Spores in Suspension and on Carriers. J Food Sci 2015; 81:M144-9. [PMID: 26642381 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Spores of some Bacillus species are responsible for food spoilage and foodborne disease. These spores are highly resistant to various interventions and cooking processes. In this study, the sporicidal efficacy of acidic electrolyzed oxidizing (EO) water (AEW) and slightly acidic EO water (SAEW) with available chlorine concentration (ACC) of 40, 60, 80, 100, and 120 mg/L and treatment time for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 min were tested on Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus spores in suspension and on carrier with or without organics. The reduction of spore significantly increased with increasing ACC and treatment time (P < 0.05). Nondetectable level of B. cereus spore in suspension occurred within 2 min after exposure to both EO waters containing 120 mg/L ACC, while only SAEW at 120 mg/L and 2 min treatment achieved >6 log reductions of B. subtilis spore. Both types of EO water with ACC of 60 mg/L and 6 min treatment achieved a reduction of B. subtilis and B. cereus spores to nondetectable level. EO water with ACC of 80 mg/L and treatment time of 3 min on carrier test without organics addition resulted in reductions of B. subtilis spore to nondetectable level. But, addition of 0.3% organics on carrier decreased the inactivation effect of EO water. This study indicated that EO water was highly effective in inactivation of B. subtilis and B. cereus spores in suspension or on carrier, and therefore, rendered it as a promising disinfectant to be applied in food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-environmental Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural Univ, P.O. Box 67, Beijing, 100083, P.R. China
| | - Baoming Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-environmental Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural Univ, P.O. Box 67, Beijing, 100083, P.R. China.,College of Water Resources & Civil Engineering, China Agricultural Univ, 17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, P.R. China
| | - Ravirajsinh Jadeja
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Univ. of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA, 30223, U.S.A
| | - Yen-Con Hung
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Univ. of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA, 30223, U.S.A
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24
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Gil MI, Gómez-López VM, Hung YC, Allende A. Potential of Electrolyzed Water as an Alternative Disinfectant Agent in the Fresh-Cut Industry. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-014-1444-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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25
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Pintaric R, Matela J, Pintaric S. Suitability of electrolyzed oxidizing water for the disinfection of hard surfaces and equipment in radiology. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2015; 13:6. [PMID: 25642329 PMCID: PMC4311484 DOI: 10.1186/s40201-015-0160-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hospitals are faced with increasingly resistant strains of micro-organisms. When it comes to disinfection, individual parts of electronic equipment of angiology diagnostics such as patient couches of computer tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners prove to be very hard to disinfect. Disinfectants of choice are therefore expected to possess properties such as rapid, residue-free action without any damaging effect on the sensitive electronic equipment. This paper discusses the use of the neutral electrolyzed oxidizing water (EOW) as a biocide for the disinfection of diagnostic rooms and equipment. METHODS The CT and MRI rooms were aerosolized with EOW using aerosolization device. The presence of micro-organisms before and after the aerosolization was recorded with the help of sedimentation and cyclone air sampling. Total body count (TBC) was evaluated in absolute and log values. RESULTS The number of micro-organisms in hospital rooms was low as expected. Nevertheless, a possible TBC reduction between 78.99-92.50% or 50.50-70.60% in log values was recorded. CONCLUSIONS The research has shown that the use of EOW for the air and hard surface disinfection can considerably reduce the presence of micro-organisms and consequently the possibility of hospital infections. It has also demonstrated that the sedimentation procedure is insufficient for the TBC determination. The use of Biocide aerosolization proved to be efficient and safe in all applied ways. Also, no eventual damage to exposed devices or staff was recorded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Pintaric
- />Department of Radiology, University Medical Centre Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Joze Matela
- />Department of Radiology, University Medical Centre Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Stefan Pintaric
- />University of Ljubljana, Veterinary faculty, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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