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Maughan MN, Gadberry JD, Sharpes CE, Buckley PE, Miklos AE, Furton KG, DeGreeff LE, Hall NJ, Greubel RR, Sloan KB. Calibrating canines-a universal detector calibrant for detection dogs. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2024; 5:1366596. [PMID: 38533355 PMCID: PMC10963624 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2024.1366596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the advent of the Universal Detector Calibrant (UDC) by scientists at Florida International University in 2013, this tool has gone largely unrecognized and under-utilized by canine scent detection practitioners. The UDC is a chemical that enables reliability testing of biological and instrumental detectors. Training a biological detector, such as a scent detection canine, to respond to a safe, non-target, and uncommon compound has significant advantages. For example, if used prior to a search, the UDC provides the handler with the ability to confirm the detection dog is ready to work without placing target odor on site (i.e., a positive control), thereby increasing handler confidence in their canine and providing documentation of credibility that can withstand legal scrutiny. This review describes the UDC, summarizes its role in canine detection science, and addresses applications for UDC within scent detection canine development, training, and testing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Patricia E. Buckley
- Biochemistry Branch, U.S. Army DEVCOM Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, United States
| | - Aleksandr E. Miklos
- Biochemistry Branch, U.S. Army DEVCOM Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, United States
| | - Kenneth G. Furton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Lauryn E. DeGreeff
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
- Formerly of the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Nathaniel J. Hall
- Department of Animal and Food Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | | | - Katylynn B. Sloan
- Technical Services Division, United States Secret Service, Washington, DC, United States
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Roberts HE, Fanson KV, Hodgens N, Parrott ML, Bennett P, Jamieson LT. Scent detection dogs as a novel method for oestrus detection in an endangered species, the Tasmanian devil ( Sarcophilus harrisii). Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1224172. [PMID: 37915949 PMCID: PMC10616266 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1224172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Captive breeding is a critical tool for conservation of endangered species. Identifying the correct time to pair males and females can be a major challenge for captive breeding programmes, with current methods often being invasive or slow. Detection dogs may provide a non-invasive way to determine female receptivity, but this has not been explored in captive wildlife. This exploratory study investigated the use of detection dogs as a novel method of oestrus detection in the endangered Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii). Faecal samples were collected from 11 captive female devils during the breeding seasons of 2020 and 2021. Three dogs with prior detection experience were trained and subsequently assessed (n = 188 searches per dog), on their ability to discriminate between oestrus and non-oestrus devil faecal samples, in a one sample set-up. When assessed on training samples, dogs were able to correctly discriminate oestrus from non-oestrus with a mean sensitivity of 69.1% and mean specificity of 65.7%. When assessed on novel samples, their sensitivity to oestrus dropped (mean sensitivity of 48.6%). However, they were still able to correctly identify non-oestrus samples (mean specificity of 68.1%). This study is the first to explore detection dogs' ability to identify oestrus in a captive breeding programme for endangered wildlife, providing a promising tool for non-invasive monitoring of reproductive status in wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E. Roberts
- Wildlife Conservation and Reproductive Endocrinology Lab, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kerry V. Fanson
- Wildlife Conservation and Reproductive Endocrinology Lab, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Naomi Hodgens
- Wildlife Detection Dog Program, Wildlife Conservation & Science, Zoos Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Marissa L. Parrott
- Wildlife Conservation & Science, Zoos Victoria, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Pauleen Bennett
- Anthrozoology Research Group, Department of Psychology, Counselling and Therapy, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - La Toya Jamieson
- Wildlife Detection Dog Program, Wildlife Conservation & Science, Zoos Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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DeChant MT, Aviles-Rosa E, Prada-Tiedemann P, Hall NJ. Part, III: Increasing odor detection performance after training with progressively leaner schedules of odor prevalence. J Exp Anal Behav 2023; 120:137-152. [PMID: 37013992 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Prior work has demonstrated canine search behavior and performance declines when challenged with infrequent target odors. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether performance could be maintained in a low target odor prevalence context by explicitly training dogs through progressively leaner target odor schedules. In Experiment 1, nine control dogs were trained at 90% target prevalence rate. Nine experimental dogs were trained with progressively lower prevalence rates in 10% increments until reaching 20% prevalence with > 85% detection accuracy in the training context. Both groups were tested in the operational context at a 10% target odor prevalence. Experimental dogs had higher accuracy, hit percentage, and shorter search latency in the operational context compared with control dogs. In Experiment 2, twenty-three operational dogs were challenged with a target frequency of 10%, which resulted in 67% accuracy. Control dogs were then trained with 90% target frequency, whereas experimental dogs received a progressively decreasing target rate from 90% to 20%. The dogs were rechallenged with target frequencies of 10, 5, and 0%. Experimental dogs outperformed control dogs (93% vs. 82% accuracy) highlighting the effect of explicit training for infrequent targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory T DeChant
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Edgar Aviles-Rosa
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Paola Prada-Tiedemann
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Nathaniel J Hall
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
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Aviles-Rosa EO, DeChant MT, Prada-Tiedemann PA, Hall NJ. A laboratory model of canine search vigilance decrement, I. J Exp Anal Behav 2023; 120:103-119. [PMID: 36871209 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have found that infrequent targets can reduce dogs' vigilance. The purpose of this study was to develop a laboratory model to evaluate the effects of infrequent targets on dogs' search behavior and performance. Dogs (n = 18) were trained to detect smokeless powder in an automated olfactometer in two distinct rooms ("operational" and "training"). During baseline, the dogs received five daily sessions at a high target odor frequency (90%) in both rooms. Subsequently, the frequency of the target odor was decreased to 10% only in the "operational" room but remained at 90% in the training room. Last, the odor prevalence was returned to 90% in both rooms. All dogs showed a significant decrement in detection performance in the operational room when the target odor frequency was decreased but simultaneusly mantained high performance in the training room. This decrement was largely due to decreases in adequate search behavior. All dogs recovered performance when the odor frequency was increased again to 90%. Trial accuracy was associated with tail position, search score, latency, and duration of environmentally directed behaviors. The data show that low target odor prevalence significantly reduced search behavior and performance and that there are behaviors that can be used by handlers to assess their dog's search state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar O Aviles-Rosa
- Canine Olfaction Research and Education Laboratory, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Box 42141, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Mallory T DeChant
- Canine Olfaction Research and Education Laboratory, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Box 42141, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Paola A Prada-Tiedemann
- Forensic analytical chemistry and odor profiling laboratory, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Box 1163, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Nathaniel J Hall
- Canine Olfaction Research and Education Laboratory, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Box 42141, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
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DeChant M, Aviles Rosa EO, Prada-Tiedemann PA, Hall NJ. A laboratory model of canine search vigilance decrement, II: Noncontingent reward and Pavlovian appetitive stimuli. J Exp Anal Behav 2023; 120:120-136. [PMID: 36939307 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
Detection dogs have demonstrated reduced performance in operational settings when required to search in an environment where few to no target odors are present. This study's purpose was to increase detection dog accuracy using noncontingent reward (NCR) and Pavlovian stimuli associated with reward. Eighteen dogs were randomly spilt into two groups and received four 40-trial sessions in an operational and training context at 90% odor prevalence (baseline). Following baseline, in the operational context (now at 10% odor prevalence), experimental dogs received an NCR schedule consisting of delivering food rewards at the end of 66% of trials. After the NCR Test, dogs returned to baseline. During baseline, the experimental dogs received 10 days of delayed Pavlovian conditioning to a tone. During the test phase, the conditioned stimulus (tone) was presented to experimental dogs on average every two trials for 30 s in the operational context (now at 10% odor prevalence). Overall, NCR showed a nonsignificant trend for increased responding in the experimental group but tended to increase false alerts; therefore, a permutation of an NCR-like reward schedule may maintain search. The Pavlovian conditioned stimulus didn't decrease timeouts or improve accuracy, but a within-session analysis indicated that the dogs were more likely to time out and less likely to false alert when the tone was on than when it was off.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory DeChant
- Department of Animal and Food Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Edgar O Aviles Rosa
- Department of Animal and Food Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | | | - Nathaniel James Hall
- Department of Animal and Food Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
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Simon A, Lazarowski L, Barrow JA, Van Arsdale K, Singletary M, Angle C, Waggoner P, Wagner J, Giles K, Fischer T, Rogers B, MacCrehan W. Validation of a polymer odor capture-and-release (POCR) aid for training canines to detect triacetone triperoxide (TATP). Forensic Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2022.100454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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7
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Charles M, Eckbo E, Zurberg T, Woznow T, Aksu L, Gómez Navas L, Wang Y, Bryce E. In search of COVID-19: The ability of biodetection canines to detect COVID-19 odours from clinical samples. JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE CANADA = JOURNAL OFFICIEL DE L'ASSOCIATION POUR LA MICROBIOLOGIE MEDICALE ET L'INFECTIOLOGIE CANADA 2022; 7:343-349. [PMID: 37397821 PMCID: PMC10312219 DOI: 10.3138/jammi-2022-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 continues to be a public health concern and the demand for fast and reliable screening tests remains. SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans generates a specific volatile organic compound signature; this 'volatilome' could be used to deploy highly trained canine scent detection teams if they could reliably detect odours from infected individuals. METHODS Two dogs were trained over 19 weeks to discriminate between the odours produced by breath, sweat, and gargle specimens collected from SARS-CoV-2 infected and uninfected individuals. Third party validation was conducted in a randomized double-blinded controlled manner using fresh odours obtained from different patients within 10 days of their first positive SARS-CoV-2 molecular result. RESULTS Cumulatively, the dogs completed 299 training sessions on odours from 108 unique participants. Validation was conducted over 2 days with 120 new odours. Twenty-four were odours collected from SARS-CoV-2 positive individuals (8 gargle, 8 sweat, and 8 breath); 21 were from SARS-CoV-2 negative individuals (5 gargle, 8 sweat, and 8 breath) and the remaining 75 were odours that the dogs could have associated with the target odour during training. The dogs were able to identify odours from positive specimens with an overall sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 87.5%. Considering a community prevalence of 10%, the combined negative predictive value of the dogs was 100% and the positive predictive value was 47.1%. CONCLUSIONS Multiple dogs can be trained to accurately detect SARS-CoV-2 positive individuals. Future research is required to determine how and when canine scent detection teams should be deployed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marthe Charles
- Division of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Eric Eckbo
- Division of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Teresa Zurberg
- Patient Quality and Safety, Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tracey Woznow
- Patient Quality and Safety, Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lâle Aksu
- Patient Quality and Safety, Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Leonardo Gómez Navas
- Patient Quality and Safety, Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Y Wang
- Undergraduate Integrated Sciences Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Bryce
- Division of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Influences of Indication Response Requirement and Target Prevalence on Dogs’ Performance in a Scent-detection Task. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2022.105657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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10
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Anne-Lise C, Susan H, Brett M, Alexander W, Guillaume A, Dominique G, Charles C. Evaluation of canine detection of covid-19 infected individuals under controlled settings. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e1951-e1958. [PMID: 35316576 PMCID: PMC9115492 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) is currently the standard diagnostic method to detect symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals infected with Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2). However, RT‐PCR results are not immediate and may falsely be negative before an infected individual sheds viral particles in the upper airways where swabs are collected. Infected individuals emit volatile organic compounds in their breath and sweat that are detectable by trained dogs. Here, we evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of dog detection against SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Fifteen dogs previously trained at two centres in Australia were presented to axillary sweat specimens collected from known SARS‐CoV‐2 human cases (n = 100) and non‐cases (n = 414). The true infection status of the cases and non‐cases were confirmed based on RT‐PCR results as well as clinical presentation. Across dogs, the overall diagnostic sensitivity (DSe) was 95.3% (95%CI: 93.1–97.6%) and diagnostic specificity (DSp) was 97.1% (95%CI: 90.7–100.0%). The DSp decreased significantly when non‐case specimens were collected over 1 min rather than 20 min (p value = .004). The location of evaluation did not impact the detection performances. The accuracy of detection varied across dogs and experienced dogs revealed a marginally better DSp (p value = .016). The potential and limitations of this alternative detection tool are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaber Anne-Lise
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5371, Australia
| | - Hazel Susan
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5371, Australia
| | - Matthews Brett
- Detector Dog Program, Operational Strategy and Coordination, Australian Border Force, Bulla, 3428, Australia
| | - Withers Alexander
- Metropolitan Fire Service South Australia, Department Special Operations, USAR99 Wakefield Street, Adelaide, 5000, Australia.,School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5371, Australia
| | - Alvergnat Guillaume
- International Affairs Bureau, Ministry of Interior of the UAE, P.O.Box 389, United Arab Emirates
| | - Grandjean Dominique
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Caraguel Charles
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5371, Australia
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11
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Bessling SL, Grady SL, Corson EC, Schilling VA, Sebeck NM, Therkorn JH, Brensinger BR, Meidenbauer KL. Routine Decontamination of Working Canines: A Study on the Removal of Superficial Gross Contamination. Health Secur 2021; 19:633-641. [PMID: 34756102 PMCID: PMC8739844 DOI: 10.1089/hs.2021.0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Odor detection canines are a valuable resource used by multiple agencies for the sensitive detection of explosives, narcotics, firearms, agricultural products, and even human bodies. These canines and their handlers are frequently deployed to pathogen-contaminated environments or to work in close proximity with potentially sick individuals. Appropriate decontamination protocols must be established to mitigate both canine and handler exposure in these scenarios. Despite this potential risk, extremely limited guidance is available on routine canine decontamination from pathogenic biological materials. In this article, we evaluate the ability of several commercial off-the-shelf cleansing products, used in wipe form, to remove superficial contamination from fur, canine equipment, and toys. Using Glo Germ MIST as a proxy for biological contamination, our analysis demonstrated more than a 90% average reduction in contamination after wiping with a Nolvasan scrub solution, 0.5% chlorhexidine solution, or 70% isopropyl alcohol. Wiping with nondisinfectant baby wipes or water yielded an almost 80% average removal of contaminant from all surfaces. Additionally, researchers used Gwet's AC2 measurement to assess interrater reliability, which demonstrated substantial agreement (P < .001). These data provide key insights toward the development of a rapid, convenient, and fieldable alternative to traditional water-intensive bathing of working canines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seneca L Bessling
- Seneca L. Bessling, MS, is a Molecular Biologist, Asymmetric Operations Sector, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD
| | - Sarah L Grady
- Sarah L. Grady, PhD, is a Senior Research Scientist, Asymmetric Operations Sector, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD
| | - Elizabeth C Corson
- Elizabeth C. Corson, MS, is a Senior Image Analyst, Asymmetric Operations Sector, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD
| | - Veronica A Schilling
- Veronica A. Schilling is an Intern Research Scientist, Asymmetric Operations Sector, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD
| | - Natalie M Sebeck
- Natalie M. Sebeck, MS, is a Microbiologist, Asymmetric Operations Sector, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD
| | - Jennifer H Therkorn
- Jennifer H. Therkorn, PhD, is a Senior Aerosol Scientist, Asymmetric Operations Sector, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD
| | - Bryan R Brensinger
- Bryan R. Brensinger is an Image Analyst/Molecular Biologist, Research and Exploratory Development Department, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD
| | - Karen L Meidenbauer
- Karen L. Meidenbauer, DVM, MPH, is Project Manager/Senior Veterinarian, Asymmetric Operations Sector, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD
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Expert Perspectives on the Performance of Explosive Detection Canines: Operational Requirements. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11071976. [PMID: 34359103 PMCID: PMC8300389 DOI: 10.3390/ani11071976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Explosive detection canines (EDC) play an important role in protecting people and property. The utilization of and research on EDCs is often based on personal experience or incomplete knowledge. EDC practitioners (handlers, trainers, and leaders) possess the institutional knowledge necessary to understand EDC operational requirements. This study utilized a qualitative approach with semi-structured interviews of EDC experts (n = 17) from across the employment spectrum. The interviews elicited EDC expert perceptions of the performance of the EDC team and the operational requirements in the physical, climate, operational, and explosive odor environments. Analysis of the data revealed commonalities across all EDCs and utilization-specific differences. To be effective, the EDC team must function well on both ends of the leash, and the handler likely has the greatest impact on the EDC's performance. Common requirements include expectations to perform at a high level in a variety of manmade and natural physical environments and under a range of climate conditions. EDCs must work through the visual, olfactory, and auditory challenges of the operational environment and the countermeasure efforts of those utilizing explosive devices. Utilization-specific differences like patrol or assault training and utilization add additional requirements for some EDCs. The results of this study can be used to inform EDC selection, training, assessment, and deployment, and further research into EDC performance.
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Farr BD, Otto CM, Szymczak JE. Expert Perspectives on the Performance of Explosive Detection Canines: Performance Degrading Factors. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1978. [PMID: 34359105 PMCID: PMC8300196 DOI: 10.3390/ani11071978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The explosive detection canine (EDC) team is currently the best available mobile sensor capability in the fight against explosive threats. While the EDC can perform at a high level, the EDC team faces numerous factors during the search process that may degrade performance. Understanding these factors is key to effective selection, training, assessment, deployment, and operationalizable research. A systematic description of these factors is absent from the literature. This qualitative study leveraged the perspectives of expert EDC handlers, trainers, and leaders (n = 17) to determine the factors that degrade EDC performance. The participants revealed factors specific to utilization, the EDC team, and the physical, climate, operational, and explosive odor environments. Key results were the reality of performance degradation, the impact of the handler, and the importance of preparation. This study's results can help improve EDC selection, training, assessment, and deployment and further research into sustaining EDC performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D. Farr
- Army Medical Department Student Detachment, 187th Medical Battalion, 32nd Medical Brigade, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX 78006, USA
- Penn Vet Working Dog Center, Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19019, USA;
| | - Cynthia M. Otto
- Penn Vet Working Dog Center, Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19019, USA;
| | - Julia E. Szymczak
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19019, USA;
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D'Aniello B, Pinelli C, Varcamonti M, Rendine M, Lombardi P, Scandurra A. COVID Sniffer Dogs: Technical and Ethical Concerns. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:669712. [PMID: 34235201 PMCID: PMC8255683 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.669712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Biagio D'Aniello
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Pinelli
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Mario Varcamonti
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Marcello Rendine
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Pietro Lombardi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Scandurra
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Aviles-Rosa EO, McGuinness G, Hall NJ. Case Study: An Evaluation of Detection Dog Generalization to a Large Quantity of an Unknown Explosive in the Field. ANIMALS : AN OPEN ACCESS JOURNAL FROM MDPI 2021; 11:ani11051341. [PMID: 34066869 PMCID: PMC8151250 DOI: 10.3390/ani11051341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary This case study is a series of experiments to investigate a real-life event where two highly trained and certified detection dogs did not find an explosive in a suspicious bag. We tested seven dog teams from the agency in three experiments and confirmed that dogs were able to detect the agency’s training sample in a small quantity (30 g) but not the large amount of the confiscated explosive (13 kg) found in a similar scenario. To further evaluate a possible generalization deficit, we tested dogs with a 30 g subsample of the confiscated explosive, and most of the dogs were able to detect it (but with some decrement) even though they largely failed to detect 13 kg of the same material. Finally, we trained dogs to detect the 30 g subsample until reaching proficiency and found that after training with the small sample, dogs still showed poor generalization to the large-quantity sample until explicit training with the large sample was conducted. Altogether, this series of studies shows the importance of explicitly training for larger quantity finds and has led to changes in agency practices to mitigate future risks. Abstract Two explosive detection dogs were deployed to search a suspicious bag, and failed to detect 13 kg of explosive within. The aim of this research was to further evaluate this incident. First, dog teams (N = 7) searched four bags in a similar scenario. One bag contained the same 13 kg of explosive, two bags were blanks, and the other contained the training sample that the agency routinely used for training. All dogs detected the training sample, but most (5/7) did not alert to the 13 kg sample. Subsequently, dogs received two trials in a line up with a 30 g subsample of the explosive to evaluate whether they could generalize to a smaller quantity. Most dogs (6/7) alerted to the subsample at least once. Finally, dogs were trained with the 30 g subsample and later tested with the 13 kg sample. Only three dogs spontaneously generalized to the large sample after training with the small subsample. Dogs’ alert rate to the 13 kg sample was improved with training in subsequent trials with the 13 kg sample. This result indicates that explosive detection dogs may not generalize to a target odor at a significantly higher quantity relative to the one used in training, highlighting the importance of conducting such training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar O. Aviles-Rosa
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-214, USA;
| | | | - Nathaniel J. Hall
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-214, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-806-834-8924
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Lazarowski L, Waggoner P, Hutchings B, Angle C, Porritt F. Maintaining long-term odor memory and detection performance in dogs. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2021.105301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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17
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Diving in Nose First: The Influence of Unfamiliar Search Scale and Environmental Context on the Search Performance of Volunteer Conservation Detection Dog-Handler Teams. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11041177. [PMID: 33924219 PMCID: PMC8074607 DOI: 10.3390/ani11041177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Conservation detection dogs (CDDs) are trained to locate biological material from plants and animals of interest to conservation efforts and are often more effective and economical than other detection methods. However, the financial costs of developing and appropriately caring for CDDs can make them inaccessible for smaller conservation organizations. Training skilled volunteers to work with suitable pet dogs may help increase accessibility. We sought to further develop the skills of 13 volunteer dog–handler teams that were trained in a previous study to detect myrrh essential oil in controlled laboratory conditions. We recorded the proportion of targets found, false alerts made and search duration of the dog–handler team group through progressive training stages outdoors that increased in size and environmental complexity. First, teams searched various-sized areas before and after 12 weeks of search training on a sports-field. Next, teams searched various-sized areas before and after seven weeks of training in bushland. Overall, teams found approximately 20% fewer targets in each unfamiliar context, compared to performance in familiar contexts. However, teams typically found 10–20% more targets after a period of training compared to baseline searches. Search performance varied between teams, yet six teams found at least 78% of targets after training in bushland. Our results help to validate our stepped approach to training and highlight the need to train volunteer CDD teams to work in various-sized areas and environments. Abstract Conservation detection dogs (CDDs) are trained to locate biological material from plants and animals of interest to conservation efforts and are often more effective and economical than other detection methods. However, the financial costs of developing and appropriately caring for CDDs can nonetheless prohibit their use, particularly by smaller conservation organizations. Training skilled volunteers to work with suitable pet dogs may help address this constraint. We sought to further develop the skills of 13 volunteer dog–handler teams that were trained in a previous study to detect myrrh essential oil in controlled laboratory conditions. We assessed search sensitivity, search effort, search precision and false-alert instances through progressive training stages increasing in size and environmental complexity. First, teams searched various-sized areas before and after 12 weeks of search training on a sports-field. Next, teams searched various-sized areas before and after seven weeks of training in bushland. Overall, search sensitivity decreased by approximately 20% in each unfamiliar context, compared to performance in familiar contexts. However, sensitivity typically improved from baseline performance by 10–20% after a period of training. Six teams found at least 78% of targets after training in bushland, yet sensitivity ranged from 29% to 86% between teams. We maintain that the foundational skills developed previously were necessary to prepare volunteer teams for field surveys involving conservation related targets. However, our results highlight the need to also train volunteer CDD teams in search scale and environmental contexts similar to their intended working conditions.
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18
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Bräuer J, Blasi D. Dogs display owner-specific expectations based on olfaction. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3291. [PMID: 33558638 PMCID: PMC7870809 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82952-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Most current knowledge about dogs’ understanding of, and reacting to, their environment is limited to the visual or auditory modality, but it remains unclear how olfaction and cognition are linked together. Here we investigate how domestic dogs search for their owners using their excellent olfactory sense. We raise the question whether dogs have a representation of someone when they smell their track. The question is what they expect when they follow a trail or whether they perceive an odour as a relevant or non-relevant stimulus. We adopted a classical violation-of-expectation paradigm—and as targets we used two persons that were both important to the dog, usually the owners. In the critical condition subjects could track the odour trail of one target, but at the end of the trail they find another target. Dogs showed an increased activity when the person did not correspond with the trail compared to a control condition. Moreover, we found huge individual differences in searching behaviour supporting the assumption that dogs are only able to smell when they really sniff, and that the temperature has an influence on dogs performance. Results are discussed in the light of how cognitive abilities, motivation and odour perception influence each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Bräuer
- Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745, Jena, Germany. .,Department for Department for General Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Am Steiger 3, 07743, Jena, Germany.
| | - Damian Blasi
- Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745, Jena, Germany.,Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Peabody Museum, 5th Floor, 11 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,Linguistic Convergence Laboratory, National Research University Higher School of Economics, 21/4 Staraya Basmannaya Ulitsa, Building 5, Moscow, Russian Federation
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19
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Abdel Fattah AF, Abdel-Hamid SE. Influence of gender, neuter status, and training method on police dog narcotics olfaction performance, behavior and welfare. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7:655-662. [PMID: 33409309 PMCID: PMC7774791 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2020.g464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was carried out to study the influence of gender, neuter status, and training method on police dog narcotics olfaction performance, behavior, and welfare. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 120 German Shepherds aged 1-3 years were used for this study. The dogs were separated into two experiments. The first experiment (32 dogs and 28 bitches) was used to study the influence of gender on olfaction and smell to narcotics in police dog performance and training methods with behavioral problems and welfare. The second experiment (30 dogs and 30 bitches) was used to study the influence of sexual status (entire or neutered) on the smelling of narcotics in police dog performance by comparing with intact dogs and bitches. RESULTS We found that there were significant differences in sex in training to detect narcotics. Male German Shepherds were found to be significantly more trainable than females. Neutering causes a difference in trainability in male and female dogs. Gonadectomy had adverse effects on training. The intact male and female German Shepherds were found to be significantly more trainable than the neutered ones, and the reward-based method was found to be significantly more trainable than punishment. Dog training methods incorporated by punishment result in pain, suffering, emotional instability, symptoms of depression, aggression, unwanted barking, growling at other people, not under control all time, less trainability, increased problematic behavior, and decreased dog welfare. CONCLUSION Reward-based method is associated with lower lousy behavior and dogs with good behavior, such as, attachment attention behavior, dogs under the control of handler all times, higher trainability, less problematic behavior, and increased dog welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azhar F Abdel Fattah
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Shereen El Abdel-Hamid
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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20
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Grisham W, Greta S, Schottler N, Tomita W, Burre A, Rostamian D, Pishchalenko O, Thomas ST. Brain Volume Fractions in Mammals in Relation to Behavior in Carnivores, Primates, Ungulates, and Rodents. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2020; 95:102-112. [PMID: 32862179 DOI: 10.1159/000509579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The volume fraction (VF) of a given brain region, or the proper mass, ought to reflect the importance of that region in the life of a given species. This study sought to examine the VF of various brain regions across 61 different species of mammals to discern if there were regularities or differences among mammalian orders. We examined the brains of carnivores (n = 17), ungulates (n = 8), rodents (n = 7), primates (n = 11), and other mammals (n = 18) from the online collections at the National Museum of Health and Medicine. We measured and obtained the VF of several brain regions: the striatum, thalamus, neocortex, cerebellum, hippocampus, and piriform area. We refined our analyses by using phylogenetic size correction, yielding the corrected (c)VF. Our groups showed marked differences in gross brain architecture. Primates and carnivores were divergent in some measures, particularly the cVF of the striatum, even though their overall brain size range was roughly the same. Rodents predictably had relatively large cVFs of subcortical structures due to the fact that their neocortical cVF was smaller, particularly when compared to primates. Not so predictably, rodents had the largest cerebellar cVF, and there were marked discrepancies in cerebellar data across groups. Ungulates had a larger piriform area than primates, perhaps due to their olfactory processing abilities. We provide interpretations of our results in the light of the comparative behavioral and neuroanatomical literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Grisham
- Psychology Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Louisiana, USA,
| | - Sarah Greta
- Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Natalie Schottler
- Psychology Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Louisiana, USA
| | - William Tomita
- Neuroscience, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Anthony Burre
- Neuroscience, WM Keck Science Department, Claremont McKenna College, Claremont, California, USA
| | - Dalar Rostamian
- Psychology Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Louisiana, USA
| | - Olena Pishchalenko
- Psychology Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Louisiana, USA
| | - Sarah T Thomas
- Computational and Systems Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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21
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Guest CM, Harris R, Anjum I, Concha AR, Rooney NJ. A Lesson in Standardization - Subtle Aspects of the Processing of Samples Can Greatly Affect Dogs' Learning. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:525. [PMID: 33015138 PMCID: PMC7461772 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Training new medical odors presents challenges in procuring sufficient target samples, and suitably matched controls. Organizations are often forced to choose between using fewer samples and risking dogs learning individuals or using differently sourced samples. Even when aiming to standardize all aspects of collection, processing, storage and presentation, this risks there being subtle differences which dogs use to discriminate, leading to artificially high performance, not replicable when novel samples are presented. We describe lessons learnt during early training of dogs to detect prostate cancer from urine. Initially, six dogs were trained to discriminate between hospital-sourced target and externally-sourced controls believed to be processed and stored the same way. Dogs performed well: mean sensitivity 93.5% (92.2–94.5) and specificity 87.9% (78.2–91.9). When training progressed to include hospital-sourced controls, dogs greatly decreased in specificity 67.3% (43.2–83.3). Alerted to a potential issue, we carried out a methodical, investigation. We presented new strategically chosen samples to the dogs and conducted a logistic regression analysis to ascertain which factor most affected specificity. We discovered the two sets of samples varied in a critical aspect, hospital-processed samples were tested by dipping the urinalysis stick into the sample, whilst for externally sourced samples a small amount of urine was poured onto the stick. Dogs had learnt to distinguish target aided by the odor of this stick. This highlights the importance of considering every aspect of sample processing even when using urine, often believed to be less susceptible to contamination than media like breath.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M Guest
- Medical Detection Dogs, Greenway Business Park, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - Rob Harris
- Medical Detection Dogs, Greenway Business Park, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - Iqbal Anjum
- US Army Research Office - Texas Tech University, Lackland, TX, United States
| | - Astrid R Concha
- Milton Keynes University Hospital, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola J Rooney
- Medical Detection Dogs, Greenway Business Park, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom.,Animal Welfare and Behaviour Group, Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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22
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Lazarowski L, Krichbaum S, DeGreeff LE, Simon A, Singletary M, Angle C, Waggoner LP. Methodological Considerations in Canine Olfactory Detection Research. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:408. [PMID: 32766296 PMCID: PMC7379233 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dogs are increasingly used in a wide range of detection tasks including explosives, narcotics, medical, and wildlife detection. Research on detection dog performance is important to understand olfactory capabilities, behavioral characteristics, improve training, expand deployment practices, and advance applied canine technologies. As such, it is important to understand the influence of specific variables on the quantification of detection dog performance such as test design, experimental controls, odor characteristics, and statistical analysis. Methods for testing canine scent detection vary influencing the outcome metrics of performance and the validity of results. Operators, management teams, policy makers, and law enforcement rely on scientific data to make decisions, design policies, and advance canine technologies. A lack of scientific information and standardized protocols in the detector dog industry adds difficulty and inaccuracies when making informed decisions about capability, vulnerability, and risk analysis. Therefore, the aim of this review is to highlight important methodological issues and expand on considerations for conducting scientifically valid detection dog research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Lazarowski
- Canine Performance Sciences Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Sarah Krichbaum
- Canine Performance Sciences Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.,Department of Psychological Sciences, College of Liberal Arts, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Lauryn E DeGreeff
- Chemistry Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Alison Simon
- AGS Forensics, LLC, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Melissa Singletary
- Canine Performance Sciences Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.,Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Craig Angle
- Canine Performance Sciences Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - L Paul Waggoner
- Canine Performance Sciences Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
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23
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DeChant MT, Ford C, Hall NJ. Effect of Handler Knowledge of the Detection Task on Canine Search Behavior and Performance. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:250. [PMID: 32528982 PMCID: PMC7266931 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Detection dogs are commonly trained and tested under conditions in which the handler or the evaluator knows the true presence or absence of a target odor. Previous research has demonstrated that when handlers are deceived and led to believe that a target odor is present, more false alerts occur. However, many detection teams operate under unknown conditions, and it remains unclear how handler knowledge (or lack thereof) of odor presence/absence influences the dog's behavior. The aim of this study was to evaluate if knowing the number of hides placed influenced detection dog performance in an applied search environment. Professional (n = 20) and sport (n = 39) detection handler-dog teams were asked to search three separate areas (area 1 had one hide, area 2 had one hide, area 3 was blank). Handlers in the Unknown Group were not told any information on the number of hides whereas the Known Group were told there was a total of two hides in the three areas. The sport Unknown Group spent a longer duration (69.04 s) searching in area 3 compared to the sport Known Group (p = 0.004). Further, sport dogs in the Unknown group looked back to the handler more frequently. When a miss did occur, dogs of both sport and professional handlers showed an increase interest in the location of the target odor compared to a comparison location. Critically, however, there was no difference in false alerts between the Known Group and Unknown Group for sport or professional handlers. In a second experiment, fourteen professional, and thirty-nine sport teams from Experiment 1 conducted an additional search double-blind and an additional search single-blind. Both sport and professional-handler dog teams had statistically similar accuracy rate under single and double blind conditions. Overall, when handlers knew the number of hides, it led to significant changes in search behavior of the detection team but did not influence the overall false alert rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory T DeChant
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | | | - Nathaniel J Hall
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
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24
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Konno A, Inoue-Murayama M, Yabuta S, Tonoike A, Nagasawa M, Mogi K, Kikusui T. Effect of Canine Oxytocin Receptor Gene Polymorphism on the Successful Training of Drug Detection Dogs. J Hered 2019. [PMID: 29538681 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esy012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug detection dogs can be trained to locate various prohibited drugs with targeted odors, and they play an important role in the interdiction of drug smuggling in human society. Recent studies provide the interesting hypothesis that the oxytocin system serves as a biological basis for co-evolution between dogs and humans. Here, we offer the new possibility that genetic variation of the canine oxytocin receptor (OXTR) gene may regulate the success of a dog's training to become a drug detection dog. A total of 340 Labrador Retriever dogs that were trained to be drug detection dogs in Japan were analyzed. We genotyped an exonic SNP (rs8679682) in the OXTR gene and compared the training success rate of dogs with different genotypes. We also asked dog trainers in the training facility to evaluate subjective personality assessment scores for each dog and examined how each dog's training success was related to those scores. A significant effect of the OXTR genotype on the success of the dogs' training was found, with a higher proportion of dogs carrying the C allele (T/C and C/C genotypes) being successful candidates than dogs carrying the T/T genotype. Dog personality scores of Training Focus (Factor 1) were positively correlated with an increased likelihood that a dog would successfully complete training. Although the molecular mechanism of the OXTR gene and its functional pathway related to dog behavior remains unknown, our findings suggest that canine OXTR gene variants may regulate individual differences between dogs in their responsiveness to training for drug detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akitsugu Konno
- Department of Animal Sciences, Teikyo University of Science, Uenohara, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Miho Inoue-Murayama
- Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan.,Wildlife Genome Collaborative Research Group, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shinji Yabuta
- Department of Animal Sciences, Teikyo University of Science, Uenohara, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Akiko Tonoike
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Miho Nagasawa
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan.,Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Mogi
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takefumi Kikusui
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
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25
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Concha AR, Guest CM, Harris R, Pike TW, Feugier A, Zulch H, Mills DS. Canine Olfactory Thresholds to Amyl Acetate in a Biomedical Detection Scenario. Front Vet Sci 2019; 5:345. [PMID: 30723722 PMCID: PMC6350102 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dogs' abilities to respond to concentrations of odorant molecules are generally deemed superior to electronic sensors. This sensitivity has been used traditionally in many areas; but is a more recent innovation within the medical field. As a bio-detection sensor for human diseases such as cancer and infections, dogs often need to detect volatile organic compounds in bodily fluids such as urine and blood. Although the limits of olfactory sensitivity in dogs have been studied since the 1960s, there is a gap in our knowledge concerning these limits in relation to the concentration of odorants presented in a fluid phase. Therefore, the aim of this study was to estimate olfactory detection thresholds to an inert substance, amyl acetate presented in a liquid phase. Ten dogs were trained in a “Go/No go” single scent-detection task using an eight-choice carousel apparatus. They were trained to respond to the presence of solutions of amyl acetate diluted to varying degrees in mineral oil by sitting in front of the positive sample, and not responding to the 7 other control samples. Training and testing took place in an indoor room with the same handler throughout using a food reward. After 30 weeks of training, using a forward chaining technique, dogs were tested for their sensitivity. The handler did not assist the dog during the search and was blind to the concentration of amyl acetate tested and the position of the target in the carousel. The global olfactory threshold trend for each dog was estimated by fitting a least-squares logistic curve to the association between the proportion of true positives and amyl acetate concentration. Results show an olfactory detection threshold for fluid mixtures ranging from 40 parts per billion to 1.5 parts per trillion. There was considerable inter-dog difference in sensitivity, even though all dogs were trained in the same way and worked without the assistance of the handler. This variation highlights factors to be considered in future work assessing olfactory detection performance by dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid R Concha
- Animal Scent Detection Consultancy and Research, Santiago, Chile.,School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rob Harris
- Medical Detection Dogs, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas W Pike
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom
| | | | - Helen Zulch
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom.,Dog Trust, London, United Kingdom
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26
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Melco AL, Goldman L, Fine AH, Peralta JM. Investigation of Physiological and Behavioral Responses in Dogs Participating in Animal-Assisted Therapy with Children Diagnosed with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. J APPL ANIM WELF SCI 2018; 23:10-28. [PMID: 30376724 DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2018.1536979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the impact that participation in sessions with children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has on therapy dogs. Nine certified therapy dogs were paired for 6 sessions with groups of 3-4 children. Sessions consisted of 5 different activities. Activities 1 and 5 involved interactions solely with each dog and their owner, as a control. Activities 2-4 consisted of interactions with the dogs and the children which included social skills training, dog training, and reading in the company of dogs. One-zero interval sampling of stress-associated behaviors was conducted at 20-second intervals for a 10-minute duration during each of the 5 activities. At the end of each activity, heart rate was monitored, and a saliva sample was obtained for cortisol analysis. Dogs demonstrated only occasional behavioral responses and no significant findings related to cortisol or heart rate when the different activities were compared. The results indicate that with proper supervision and well-trained therapy staff, including suitable therapy dogs and their handlers, canine stress can be minimal in a therapy setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L Melco
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Larry Goldman
- Department of Psychology and Sociology, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Aubrey H Fine
- Department of Education, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Jose M Peralta
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
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27
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Thrailkill EA, Porritt F, Kacelnik A, Bouton ME. Maintaining performance in searching dogs: Evidence from a rat model that training to detect a second (irrelevant) stimulus can maintain search and detection responding. Behav Processes 2018; 157:161-170. [PMID: 30273753 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Scent-detecting dogs perform a sequence, or chain, of behaviors that, at minimum, includes searching followed by a detection behavior that signals the presence of a target stimulus to the handler. However, when working, dogs often engage in prolonged periods of searching without encountering a target. It is therefore important for trainers to use methods that promote persistent search behavior and target detection accuracy. Laboratory models can provide insights to the important variables that influence search persistence and accuracy. The present experiments examined a rat model of detection dog behavior. Two experiments assessed the use of practice with a single target stimulus to maintain search and detection of another previously-trained target. In Experiment 1, after learning a search→detection chain with two auditory targets, rats received either brief or extended training with only one of the targets before being tested for detection of both targets in extinction. The results suggest that single-target training strengthened the ability of the other target to control the detection behavior. Experiment 2 found that even infrequent target encounters were still effective at maintaining detection behavior to the other trained target. Importantly, the treatment was effective when the target stimuli were from different sensory modalities. Overall, the results support the utility of the rat model of search-dog behavior for evaluating novel training methods. We suggest several useful procedures for enhancing search persistence and accuracy in detection dogs that can be implemented in training protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fay Porritt
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Fort Halstead, UK
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28
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Hayes J, McGreevy P, Forbes S, Laing G, Stuetz R. Critical review of dog detection and the influences of physiology, training, and analytical methodologies. Talanta 2018; 185:499-512. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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29
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Bax C, Taverna G, Eusebio L, Sironi S, Grizzi F, Guazzoni G, Capelli L. Innovative Diagnostic Methods for Early Prostate Cancer Detection through Urine Analysis: A Review. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10040123. [PMID: 29670060 PMCID: PMC5923378 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10040123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most common cause of cancer death among men. It is an asymptomatic and slow growing tumour, which starts occurring in young men, but can be detected only around the age of 40–50. Although its long latency period and potential curability make prostate cancer a perfect candidate for screening programs, the current procedure lacks in specificity. Researchers are rising to the challenge of developing innovative tools able of detecting the disease during its early stage that is the most curable. In recent years, the interest in characterisation of biological fluids aimed at the identification of tumour-specific compounds has increased significantly, since cell neoplastic transformation causes metabolic alterations leading to volatile organic compounds release. In the scientific literature, different approaches have been proposed. Many studies focus on the identification of a cancer-characteristic “odour fingerprint” emanated from biological samples through the application of sensorial or senso-instrumental analyses, others suggest a chemical characterisation of biological fluids with the aim of identifying prostate cancer (PCa)-specific biomarkers. This paper focuses on the review of literary studies in the field of prostate cancer diagnosis, in order to provide an overview of innovative methods based on the analysis of urine, thereby comparing them with the traditional diagnostic procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Bax
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Gianluigi Taverna
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Department of Urology, via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy.
| | - Lidia Eusebio
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Selena Sironi
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Fabio Grizzi
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Guazzoni
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Department of Urology, via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy.
| | - Laura Capelli
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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Strickler BG. Helping Pet Owners Change Pet Behaviors: An Overview of the Science. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2018; 48:419-431. [PMID: 29397240 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The predominant approach to training dogs and modifying their behavior has been steeped in antiquated theories of dominance and pack leadership that are not based in scientific evidence. Animals learn best through associative and consequential interactions. Using the most current evidence-based techniques, while acknowledging that each pet is an individual, results in more effective behavior modification.
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Hall NJ. Persistence and resistance to extinction in the domestic dog: Basic research and applications to canine training. Behav Processes 2017; 141:67-74. [PMID: 28392243 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the research investigating behavioral persistence and resistance to extinction in the dog. The first part of this paper reviews Behavioral Momentum Theory and its applications to Applied Behavior Analysis and training of pet dogs with persistent behavioral problems. I also highlight how research on Behavioral Momentum Theory can be applied to the training of detection dogs in an attempt to enhance detection performance in the presence of behavioral disruptors common in operational settings. In the second part of this review, I highlight more basic research on behavioral persistence with dogs, and how breed differences and experiences with humans as alternative sources of reinforcement can influence dogs' resistance to extinction of a target behavior. Applied Behavior Analysis and Behavior Momentum Theory have important applications for behavioral treatments to reduce the persistence of problem behavior in dogs and for the development of enhanced training methods that enhance the persistence of working dogs. Dogs can also be leveraged as natural models of stereotypic behavior and for exploring individual differences in behavioral persistence by evaluating breed and environmental variables associated with differences in canine persistance.
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Johnen D, Heuwieser W, Fischer-Tenhagen C. An approach to identify bias in scent detection dog testing. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Thrailkill EA, Kacelnik A, Porritt F, Bouton ME. Increasing the persistence of a heterogeneous behavior chain: Studies of extinction in a rat model of search behavior of working dogs. Behav Processes 2016; 129:44-53. [PMID: 27306694 PMCID: PMC4947512 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Dogs trained to search for contraband perform a chain of behavior in which they first search for a target and then make a separate response that indicates to the trainer that they have found one. The dogs often conduct multiple searches without encountering a target and receiving the reinforcer (i.e., no contraband is present). Understanding extinction (i.e., the decline in work rate when reinforcers are no longer encountered) may assist in training dogs to work in conditions where targets are rare. We therefore trained rats on a search-target behavior chain modeled on the search behavior of working dogs. A discriminative stimulus signaled that a search response (e.g., chain pull) led to a second stimulus that set the occasion for a target response (e.g., lever press) that was reinforced by a food pellet. In Experiment 1 training with longer search durations and intermittent (partial) reinforcement of searching (i.e. some trials had no target present) both led to more persistent search responding in extinction. The loss of search behavior in extinction was primarily dependent on the number of non-reinforced searches rather than time searching without reinforcement. In Experiments 2 and 3, delivery of non-contingent reinforcers during extinction increased search persistence provided they had also been presented during training. Thus, results with rats suggest that the persistence of working dog performance (or chained behavior generally) may be improved by training with partial reinforcement of searching and non-contingent reinforcement during both training and work (extinction).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fay Porritt
- Dstl, Fort Halstead, S18, Sevenoaks, Kent TN14 7BP, UK
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Abstract
Olfaction enables most mammalian species to detect and discriminate vast numbers of chemical structures called odorants and pheromones. The perception of such chemical compounds is mediated via two major olfactory systems, the main olfactory system and the vomeronasal system, as well as minor systems, such as the septal organ and the Grueneberg ganglion. Distinct differences exist not only among species but also among individuals in terms of their olfactory sensitivity; however, little is known about the mechanisms that determine these differences. In research on the olfactory sensitivity of mammals, scientists thus depend in most cases on behavioral testing. In this article, we reviewed scientific studies performed on various mammalian species using different methodologies and target chemical substances. Human and non-human primates as well as rodents and dogs are the most frequently studied species. Olfactory threshold studies on other species do not exist with the exception of domestic pigs. Olfactory testing performed on seals, elephants, and bats focused more on discriminative abilities than on sensitivity. An overview of olfactory sensitivity studies as well as olfactory detection ability in most studied mammalian species is presented here, focusing on comparable olfactory detection thresholds. The basics of olfactory perception and olfactory sensitivity factors are also described.
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Diverio S, Barbato O, Cavallina R, Guelfi G, Iaboni M, Zasso R, Di Mari W, Santoro MM, Knowles TG. A simulated avalanche search and rescue mission induces temporary physiological and behavioural changes in military dogs. Physiol Behav 2016; 163:193-202. [PMID: 27174611 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Saving human lives is of paramount importance in avalanche rescue missions. Avalanche military dogs represent an invaluable resource in these operations. However, their performance can be influenced by several environmental, social and transport challenges. If too severe, these are likely to activate a range of responses to stress, which might put at risk the dogs' welfare. The aim of this study was to assess the physiological and behavioural responses of a group of military dogs to a Simulated Avalanche Search and Rescue mission (SASR). Seventeen avalanche dogs from the Italian Military Force Guardia di Finanza (SAGF dogs) were monitored during a simulated search for a buried operator in an artificial avalanche area (SASR). Heart rate (HR), body temperature (RBT) and blood samples were collected at rest the day before the trial (T0), immediately after helicopter transport at the onset of the SASR (T1), after the discovery of the buried operator (T2) and 2h later (T3). Heart rate (HR), rectal body temperature (RBT), cortisol, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase (CK), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured. During the search mission the behaviour of each SAGF dog was measured by focal animal sampling and qualitatively assessed by its handler and two observers. Inter-rater agreement was evaluated. Snow and environmental variables were also measured. All dogs successfully completed their search for the buried, simulated victim within 10min. The SASR was shown to exert significant increases on RBT, NEFA and cortisol (P<0.001), CK and HR (P<0.01), AST and LDH (P<0.05). These indicate the activation of a response to stress probably induced by the addition of factors such as helicopter transport, disembarking, and the search and rescue exercise. However, changes were moderate and limited over time, progressively decreasing with complete recovery at T3 except for sera cortisol that showed a slightly slower decline. More time walking within the search was related to lower RBT, conversely to walking. Standing still with head up and exploring with head-up were inversely related with HR. Agreement between handler and observers' opinions on a dog's search mission ability was found only for motivation, signalling behaviour, signs of stress and possessive reward playing. More time signalling was related to shorter search time. In conclusion, despite extreme environmental and training conditions only temporary physiological and behavioural changes were recorded in the avalanche dogs. Their excellent performance in successful simulated SASR may be attributable to extensive training and good dog-handler relationships. Simulated SASR did not seem to impair SAGF dogs' performance or welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Diverio
- LEBA (Laboratory of Ethology and Animal Welfare), Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Olimpia Barbato
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberta Cavallina
- IZSS (Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Regioni Lazio e Toscana), Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella Guelfi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Martina Iaboni
- LEBA (Laboratory of Ethology and Animal Welfare), Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Renato Zasso
- ARPAV (Agenzia Regionale per la Prevenzione e Protezione Ambientale del Veneto), Arabba Avalanche Centre, Livinallongo, BL, Italy
| | - Walter Di Mari
- GdF (Guardia di Finanza), Direzione Veterinaria e Cinofili, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Matteo Santoro
- GdF (Guardia di Finanza), Dog Breeding and Training Centre, Castiglione del Lago, Perugia, Italy
| | - Toby G Knowles
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford (Bristol), United Kingdom
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Porritt F, Shapiro M, Waggoner P, Mitchell E, Thomson T, Nicklin S, Kacelnik A. Performance decline by search dogs in repetitive tasks, and mitigation strategies. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2015.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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37
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Payne E, Boot M, Starling M, Henshall C, McLean A, Bennett P, McGreevy P. Evidence of horsemanship and dogmanship and their application in veterinary contexts. Vet J 2015; 204:247-54. [PMID: 25959129 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This review collates peer-reviewed evidence for desirable attributes for those who work with dogs and horses. It is written with a particular focus on the veterinary profession. Although veterinarians and veterinary nurses (VNs) occupy variable roles when interacting with their patients, several behavioural attributes emerge as helpful across the range of such roles. In light of recent research on the value of considering animals' arousal and affective state as predictors of behaviour and welfare, best practice in human-horse and human-dog-interactions is outlined. The attributes of affiliation, safety and positive reinforcement seem to contribute greatly to the development and maintenance of moderate arousal and positive affect in animals. The information in this review article is offered in an attempt to show why veterinary professionals with good horsemanship are likely to remain safe, and to introduce the concept of dogmanship. In the light of the peer-reviewed evidence assembled here, it is arguable that veterinary teams, comprising both veterinarians and VNs, can become scholars in these areas. The benefits of this approach for practitioner safety, animal welfare and client satisfaction are likely to be significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Payne
- Faculty of Veterinary Science (B19), University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - M Boot
- Faculty of Veterinary Science (B19), University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - M Starling
- Faculty of Veterinary Science (B19), University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - C Henshall
- Faculty of Veterinary Science (B19), University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - A McLean
- Australian Equine Behaviour Centre, Broadford, Vic. 3658, Australia
| | - P Bennett
- School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Vic. 3552, Australia
| | - P McGreevy
- Faculty of Veterinary Science (B19), University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Rocznik D, Sinn DL, Thomas S, Gosling SD. Criterion analysis and content validity for standardized behavioral tests in a detector-dog breeding program. J Forensic Sci 2014; 60 Suppl 1:S213-21. [PMID: 25413582 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Many working-dog programs assess behavior during a dog's first year of life with the aim of predicting success in the field. However, decisions about which tests to administer are frequently made on the basis of tradition or intuition. This study reports results from a survey given to U.S.A.'s Transportation Security Administration (TSA) detection-dog handlers (N = 34). We categorized and summarized handlers' responses regarding traits they felt were important for work. We used this criterion analysis to examine the content validity of the TSA's puppy tests. Results indicate that 13 of 15 traits that are currently being measured are relevant. However, several traits not currently measured were identified as being highly important, notably "play" and off-duty "calmness." These results provide support that the TSA tests are measuring traits relevant to operational search team performance but also highlight other traits that may be profitable to assess in this and other detection-dog programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Rocznik
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, 108 E. Dean Keeton Stop A8000, Austin, TX, 78712-1043; Department of Psychology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Fliednerstraße 21, Münster, 48149, Germany
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Jezierski T, Adamkiewicz E, Walczak M, Sobczyńska M, Górecka-Bruzda A, Ensminger J, Papet E. Efficacy of drug detection by fully-trained police dogs varies by breed, training level, type of drug and search environment. Forensic Sci Int 2014; 237:112-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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40
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Bruintjes R, Radford AN. Context-dependent impacts of anthropogenic noise on individual and social behaviour in a cooperatively breeding fish. Anim Behav 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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41
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Bensky MK, Gosling SD, Sinn DL. The World from a Dog’s Point of View. ADVANCES IN THE STUDY OF BEHAVIOR 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407186-5.00005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Lit L, Schweitzer JB, Oberbauer AM. Handler beliefs affect scent detection dog outcomes. Anim Cogn 2011; 14:387-94. [PMID: 21225441 PMCID: PMC3078300 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-010-0373-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Revised: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Our aim was to evaluate how human beliefs affect working dog outcomes in an applied environment. We asked whether beliefs of scent detection dog handlers affect team performance and evaluated relative importance of human versus dog influences on handlers’ beliefs. Eighteen drug and/or explosive detection dog/handler teams each completed two sets of four brief search scenarios (conditions). Handlers were falsely told that two conditions contained a paper marking scent location (human influence). Two conditions contained decoy scents (food/toy) to encourage dog interest in a false location (dog influence). Conditions were (1) control; (2) paper marker; (3) decoy scent; and (4) paper marker at decoy scent. No conditions contained drug or explosive scent; any alerting response was incorrect. A repeated measures analysis of variance was used with search condition as the independent variable and number of alerts as the dependent variable. Additional nonparametric tests compared human and dog influence. There were 225 incorrect responses, with no differences in mean responses across conditions. Response patterns differed by condition. There were more correct (no alert responses) searches in conditions without markers. Within marked conditions, handlers reported that dogs alerted more at marked locations than other locations. Handlers’ beliefs that scent was present potentiated handler identification of detection dog alerts. Human more than dog influences affected alert locations. This confirms that handler beliefs affect outcomes of scent detection dog deployments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Lit
- Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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Oesterhelweg L, Kröber S, Rottmann K, Willhöft J, Braun C, Thies N, Püschel K, Silkenath J, Gehl A. Cadaver dogs--a study on detection of contaminated carpet squares. Forensic Sci Int 2007; 174:35-9. [PMID: 17403590 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2006] [Revised: 01/24/2007] [Accepted: 02/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cadaver dogs are known as valuable forensic tools in crime scene investigations. Scientific research attempting to verify their value is largely lacking, specifically for scents associated with the early postmortem interval. The aim of our investigation was the comparative evaluation of the reliability, accuracy, and specificity of three cadaver dogs belonging to the Hamburg State Police in the detection of scents during the early postmortem interval. MATERIAL AND METHODS Carpet squares were used as an odor transporting media after they had been contaminated with the scent of two recently deceased bodies (PMI<3h). The contamination occurred for 2 min as well as 10 min without any direct contact between the carpet and the corpse. Comparative searches by the dogs were performed over a time period of 65 days (10 min contamination) and 35 days (2 min contamination). RESULTS The results of this study indicate that the well-trained cadaver dog is an outstanding tool for crime scene investigation displaying excellent sensitivity (75-100), specificity (91-100), and having a positive predictive value (90-100), negative predictive value (90-100) as well as accuracy (92-100).
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Affiliation(s)
- L Oesterhelweg
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg, Germany.
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