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Simkute E, Pautienius A, Grigas J, Urbute P, Stankevicius A. The Prevalence, Seroprevalence, and Risk Factors of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus in Dogs in Lithuania, a Highly Endemic State. Viruses 2023; 15:2265. [PMID: 38005941 PMCID: PMC10674385 DOI: 10.3390/v15112265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The rising awareness and increasing number of case reports of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in dogs indicate that the virus might be an important tick-borne pathogen in dogs, especially in endemic areas. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence rate of TBEV RNA and TBEV-specific antibodies in clinical samples of dogs living in a highly endemic region of Lithuania and to evaluate the main risk factors for severe disease course and death. The blood samples (n = 473) of dogs were collected in two veterinary clinics in central Lithuania. Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) RNA was detected in 18.6% (88/473; CI 95% 15.2-22.4) and TBEV-specific antibodies were found in 21.6% (102/473; CI 95% 17.9-25.6) of dog blood serum samples after confirmation with a virus neutralization test. The death/euthanasia rate was 18.2% (16/88; CI 95% 10.8-27.8) in PCR-positive dogs. Male dogs were more likely to develop neurological symptoms (p = 0.008). Older dogs (p = 0.003), dogs with the presence of neurological symptoms (p = 0.003), and dogs with the presence of TBEV-specific antibodies (p = 0.024) were more likely to experience worse outcomes of the disease. The results of the present study demonstrate that TBEV is a common and clinically important pathogen in dogs in such endemic countries as Lithuania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelina Simkute
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, (J.G.)
| | - Arnoldas Pautienius
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, (J.G.)
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Juozas Grigas
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, (J.G.)
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Paulina Urbute
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, (J.G.)
| | - Arunas Stankevicius
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, (J.G.)
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How viral infections cause neuronal dysfunction: a focus on the role of microglia and astrocytes. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:259-274. [PMID: 36606670 DOI: 10.1042/bst20220771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, a number of infectious viruses have emerged from wildlife or reemerged that pose a serious threat to global health and economies worldwide. Although many of these viruses have a specific target tissue, neurotropic viruses have evolved mechanisms to exploit weaknesses in immune defenses that eventually allow them to reach and infect cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Once in the CNS, these viruses can cause severe neuronal damage, sometimes with long-lasting, life-threatening consequences. Remarkably, the ability to enter the CNS and cause neuronal infection does not appear to determine whether a viral strain causes neurological complications. The cellular mechanisms underlying the neurological consequences of viral infection are not fully understood, but they involve neuroimmune interactions that have so far focused mainly on microglia. As the major immune cells in the brain, reactive microglia play a central role in neuroinflammation by responding directly or indirectly to viruses. Chronic reactivity of microglia leads to functions that are distinct from their beneficial roles under physiological conditions and may result in neuronal damage that contributes to the pathogenesis of various neurological diseases. However, there is increasing evidence that reactive astrocytes also play an important role in the response to viruses. In this review article, we summarize the recent contributions of microglia and astrocytes to the neurological impairments caused by viral infections. By expanding knowledge in this area, therapeutic approaches targeting immunological pathways may reduce the incidence of neurological and neurodegenerative disorders and increase the therapeutic window for neural protection.
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Abstract
In recent decades, the incidence of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in Sweden has increased. To calculate the burden of disease over a 17-year period, we analyzed data from the Swedish National Health Data Register for TBE cases diagnosed during 1998–2014. We compared healthcare use and sick leave associated with 2,429 persons with TBE with a referent cohort of 7,287 persons without TBE. Patients with TBE were hospitalized for significantly more days during the first year after disease onset (11.5 vs. 1.1 days), logged more specialist outpatient visits (3.6 vs. 1.2 visits), and logged more sick leave days (66 vs. 10.7 days). These differences generally increased over time. The case-fatality rate for TBE was 1.1%. Our calculated cost of TBE to society provides a baseline for decisions on immunization programs. Analyzing register data, our study adds to clinical studies of smaller cohorts and model-based studies that calculate disease burden.
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Tick-borne Encephalitis: Stroke-like Presentation. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2019; 28:e119-e122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2019.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Velay A, Paz M, Cesbron M, Gantner P, Solis M, Soulier E, Argemi X, Martinot M, Hansmann Y, Fafi-Kremer S. Tick-borne encephalitis virus: molecular determinants of neuropathogenesis of an emerging pathogen. Crit Rev Microbiol 2019; 45:472-493. [PMID: 31267816 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2019.1629872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is a zoonotic agent causing severe encephalitis. The transmission cycle involves the virus, the Ixodes tick vector, and a vertebrate reservoir, such as small mammals (rodents, or shrews). Humans are accidentally involved in this transmission cycle. Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) has been a growing public health problem in Europe and Asia over the past 30 years. The mechanisms involved in the development of TBE are very complex and likely multifactorial, involving both host and viral factors. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the current literature on TBE neuropathogenesis in the human host and to demonstrate the emergence of common themes in the molecular pathogenesis of TBE in humans. We discuss and review data on experimental study models and on both viral (molecular genetics of TBEV) and host (immune response, and genetic background) factors involved in TBE neuropathogenesis in the context of human infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Velay
- Virology Laboratory, University Hospital of Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France.,INSERM, IRM UMR_S 1109 , Strasbourg , France
| | - Magali Paz
- Virology Laboratory, University Hospital of Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France
| | - Marlène Cesbron
- Virology Laboratory, University Hospital of Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France
| | - Pierre Gantner
- Virology Laboratory, University Hospital of Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France.,INSERM, IRM UMR_S 1109 , Strasbourg , France
| | - Morgane Solis
- Virology Laboratory, University Hospital of Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France.,INSERM, IRM UMR_S 1109 , Strasbourg , France
| | | | - Xavier Argemi
- Service des maladies infectieuses et tropicales, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France
| | - Martin Martinot
- Service de Médecine Interne et de Rhumatologie, Hôpitaux Civils de Colmar , Colmar , France
| | - Yves Hansmann
- Service des maladies infectieuses et tropicales, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France
| | - Samira Fafi-Kremer
- Virology Laboratory, University Hospital of Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France.,INSERM, IRM UMR_S 1109 , Strasbourg , France
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6
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Velay A, Argemi X, Wendling MJ, Martinot M, Hansmann Y, Fafi-Kremer S. L’encéphalite à tique en France : qu’en savons-nous aujourd’hui ? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-035x(19)30287-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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7
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Infections: Viruses. IMAGING BRAIN DISEASES 2019. [PMCID: PMC7120597 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-1544-2_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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8
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Geretti AM, Brook G, Cameron C, Chadwick D, French N, Heyderman R, Ho A, Hunter M, Ladhani S, Lawton M, MacMahon E, McSorley J, Pozniak A, Rodger A. British HIV Association Guidelines on the Use of Vaccines in HIV-Positive Adults 2015. HIV Med 2018; 17 Suppl 3:s2-s81. [PMID: 27568789 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.12424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Geretti
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mark Lawton
- Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - Eithne MacMahon
- Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Anton Pozniak
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Lindqvist R, Upadhyay A, Överby AK. Tick-Borne Flaviviruses and the Type I Interferon Response. Viruses 2018; 10:E340. [PMID: 29933625 PMCID: PMC6071234 DOI: 10.3390/v10070340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses are globally distributed pathogens causing millions of human infections every year. Flaviviruses are arthropod-borne viruses and are mainly transmitted by either ticks or mosquitoes. Mosquito-borne flaviviruses and their interactions with the innate immune response have been well-studied and reviewed extensively, thus this review will discuss tick-borne flaviviruses and their interactions with the host innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Lindqvist
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden.
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden.
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Arunkumar Upadhyay
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden.
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden.
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Anna K Överby
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden.
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden.
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden.
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Du Four S, Mertens R, Wiels W, De Keyser J, Bissay V, Flamez A. Meningoencephaloradiculitis following infection with tick borne encephalitis virus: case report and review of the literature. Acta Neurol Belg 2018; 118:93-96. [PMID: 29313244 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-017-0873-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tick borne encephalitis (TBE) is an infectious zoonotic disease caused by an RNA virus that is endemic to Central and Eastern Europe, Russia, and large parts of Asia. The tick borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is transmitted through the saliva of infected ticks and infected goat milk. In the vast majority of cases, an infection with TBEV has a subclinical course. However, in some cases, it leads to neurological symptoms due to meningitis, meningoencephalitis, meningoencephalomyelitis, or meningoencephaloradiculitis. Here, we present the first case of meningoencephaloradiculitis in Belgium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Du Four
- Department of Neurosurgery, UZ Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Rembert Mertens
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Internal Medicine, UZ Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Wietse Wiels
- Department of Neurology, UZ Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jacques De Keyser
- Department of Neurology, UZ Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Veronique Bissay
- Department of Neurology, UZ Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anja Flamez
- Department of Neurology, UZ Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
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Kaaijk P, Luytjes W. Are we prepared for emerging flaviviruses in Europe? Challenges for vaccination. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 14:337-344. [PMID: 29053401 PMCID: PMC5806644 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1389363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis and West Nile fever are endemic flavivirus diseases in Europe. Climate change, virus evolution, and social factors may increase the risk of these flavivirus infections and may lead to the emergence of other flaviviruses in Europe that are endemic in (sub)tropical regions of the world. Control of the spread of flaviviruses is very difficult considering the cycling of flaviviruses between arthropod vectors and animal reservoir hosts. The increasing threat of flavivirus infections emphasizes the necessity of a sustainable vector surveillance system, an active animal health surveillance system and an adequate human surveillance system for early detection of flavivirus infections. Vaccination is the most important approach to prevent flavivirus infections. Effective inactivated whole virus vaccines against tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) infection are available. Implementation of TBE vaccination based on favorable cost-effectiveness estimates per region and per target group can reduce the disease burden of TBE infection. At present, several West Nile virus (WNV) vaccine candidates are in various stages of clinical development. A major challenge for WNV vaccine candidates is to demonstrate efficacy, because of the sporadic nature of unpredictable WNV outbreaks. Universal WNV vaccination is unlikely to be cost-effective, vaccination of high-risk groups will be most appropriate to protect against WNV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Kaaijk
- a Department Clinical Immunology, Centre for Infectious Disease Control , National institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Bilthoven , Netherlands
| | - Willem Luytjes
- a Department Clinical Immunology, Centre for Infectious Disease Control , National institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Bilthoven , Netherlands
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12
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Velay A, Solis M, Kack-Kack W, Gantner P, Maquart M, Martinot M, Augereau O, De Briel D, Kieffer P, Lohmann C, Poveda JD, Cart-Tanneur E, Argemi X, Leparc-Goffart I, de Martino S, Jaulhac B, Raguet S, Wendling MJ, Hansmann Y, Fafi-Kremer S. A new hot spot for tick-borne encephalitis (TBE): A marked increase of TBE cases in France in 2016. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2017; 9:120-125. [PMID: 28988602 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is a zoonotic agent causing severe encephalitis. In 2016, in Northeastern France, we faced a TBEV infection increase, leading to a warning from the Regional Health Agency. Here, we report the confirmed TBE cases diagnosed between January 2013 and December 2016, with particular emphasis on the year 2016. METHODS A total of 1643 blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from everywhere in France, corresponding to 1460 patients, were prospectively tested for anti-TBEV-specific IgM and IgG antibodies by ELISA. Additional 39 blood and CSF samples from patients with suspected Lyme neuroborreliosis were retrospectively investigated. RESULTS The TBEV seropositivity rate was estimated to 5.89% and 54 patients were diagnosed as TBE-confirmed cases. A significant increase in TBE cases was observed during the year 2016 with 29 confirmed cases, instead of a mean of eight cases during the three previous years (p=0.0006). Six imported cases and 48 autochthonous cases, located in the Alsace region (n=43) and in the Alpine region (n=5) were reported. Forty-six patients experienced neurological impairment. Nine patients showed an incomplete recovery at last follow-up (from 15days to eight months post-infection). TBE diagnosis was performed earlier for patients taken in charge in the Alsace region than those hospitalized elsewhere in France (p=0.0087). Among the 39 patients with suspected Lyme neuroborreliosis retrospectively investigated, one showed a TBEV recent infection. CONCLUSION The TBE increase that occurred in France in 2016 highlights the need to improve our knowledge about the true burden of TBEV infection and subsequent long-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Velay
- Virology Laboratory, University Hospital of Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; INSERM, IRM UMR_S 1109, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Morgane Solis
- Virology Laboratory, University Hospital of Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; INSERM, IRM UMR_S 1109, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Wallys Kack-Kack
- Virology Laboratory, University Hospital of Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; INSERM, IRM UMR_S 1109, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Pierre Gantner
- Virology Laboratory, University Hospital of Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; INSERM, IRM UMR_S 1109, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Marianne Maquart
- Centre National de Référence (CNR) des Arbovirus, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Laveran, F-13013 Marseille, France
| | - Martin Martinot
- Service de Médecine Interne et de Rhumatologie, Hôpitaux Civils de Colmar, F-68000 Colmar, France
| | - Olivier Augereau
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Hôpitaux Civils de Colmar, F-68000 Colmar, France
| | - Dominique De Briel
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Hôpitaux Civils de Colmar, F-68000 Colmar, France
| | - Pierre Kieffer
- Service de Médecine interne-Maladies systémiques et auto-immunes rares, Groupe Hospitalier de la région de Mulhouse et Sud Alsace, F-68051 Mulhouse, France
| | - Caroline Lohmann
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Groupe Hospitalier de la région de Mulhouse et Sud Alsace, F-68051 Mulhouse, France
| | - Jean Dominique Poveda
- Département de Génétique et de Biologie Spécialisée, Laboratoire Cerba, F-95310 Saint-Ouen-L'aumône, France
| | | | - Xavier Argemi
- Service des maladies infectieuses et tropicales, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Isabelle Leparc-Goffart
- Centre National de Référence (CNR) des Arbovirus, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Laveran, F-13013 Marseille, France
| | - Sylvie de Martino
- EA7290 Early Bacterial Virulence, Lyme borreliosis Group, FMTS, Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; French National Reference Center for Borrelia, University Hospital, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Benoit Jaulhac
- EA7290 Early Bacterial Virulence, Lyme borreliosis Group, FMTS, Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; French National Reference Center for Borrelia, University Hospital, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sophie Raguet
- Santé publique France, French national public health agency, Regional unit (Cire) Alsace Lorraine Champagne Ardenne, Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Marie-Josée Wendling
- Virology Laboratory, University Hospital of Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Yves Hansmann
- Service des maladies infectieuses et tropicales, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Samira Fafi-Kremer
- Virology Laboratory, University Hospital of Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; INSERM, IRM UMR_S 1109, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
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13
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Czupryna P, Parczewski M, Grygorczuk S, Pancewicz S, Zajkowska J, Dunaj J, Kondrusik M, Krawczuk K, Moniuszko-Malinowska A. Analysis of the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphism of the CD209, IL-10, IL-28 and CCR5 D32 genes with the human predisposition to developing tick-borne encephalitis. POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2017; 71:788-796. [PMID: 28894041 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0010.3856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
<b>Introduction: </b>It is known that in the pathogenesis of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) various molecules play a significant role. The most prominent factors include IL-10, IL-28B, CD-209 and CCR5. It is reasonable to search for genetic predispositions to the development of various clinical forms of TBE related to the genetic variation of IL-10, IL-28B, CD-209 and CCR5. In this study we aimed to search for the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphism in the promoter region of the CD209, IL-10, IL-28 and 32 base pair deletion in CCR5 coding region (Δ 32) with the human predisposition to development of various clinical presentations of TBE. We tried to assess the relation between the presence of particular alleles and genotypes with laboratory and clinical parameters. <b>Material/Methods </b>59 patients with TBE and 57 people, bitten by a tick who never developed TBE (Polish cohort), were included in the study. To assess the distribution of single nucleotide polymorphisms, TaqMan SNP genotyping assays were used for IL10: rs1800872 and rs1800896, for CD 209 rs4804803 and rs2287886, rs12979860 for IL 28B SNPs according to the manufacturer's protocol using real-time PCR technology on the StepOne thermal cycler. <b>Results </b>Comparison between TBE patients and CG showed that in SNP rs2287886 CD 209 AG heterozygotes were more frequent in the TBE group, while homozygotes GG were more frequent in the CG group. <b>Conclusions </b> SNP rs2287886 CD 209 AG heterozygotes predispose humans to develop TBE. Single nucleotide polymorphism in the promoter region of the CD209, IL-10, IL-28 and CCR5 D32 genes does not correlate with the severity of TBE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Czupryna
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University in Białystok, Poland
| | - Miłosz Parczewski
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Immune Deficiency, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Sambor Grygorczuk
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University in Białystok, Poland
| | - Sławomir Pancewicz
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University in Białystok, Poland
| | - Joanna Zajkowska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University in Białystok, Poland
| | - Justyna Dunaj
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University in Białystok, Poland
| | - Maciej Kondrusik
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University in Białystok, Poland
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Rezza G, Farchi F, Pezzotti P, Ruscio M, Lo Presti A, Ciccozzi M, Mondardini V, Paternoster C, Bassetti M, Merelli M, Scotton PG, Luzzati R, Simeoni J, Mian P, Mel R, Carraro V, Zanin A, Ferretto R, Francavilla E. Tick-borne encephalitis in north-east Italy: a 14-year retrospective study, January 2000 to December 2013. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 20:30034. [PMID: 26537646 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2015.20.40.30034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Italy is considered at low incidence of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), and the occurrence of human cases of TBE appears to be geographically restricted to the north east of the country. However, most information to date derives from case series, with no systematic data collection. To estimate incidence rates (IR) and spatial distribution of TBE cases, we conducted a retrospective study in north-eastern Italy. Data were collected through the infectious disease units and public health districts of three regions (Friuli Venezia Giulia, Trentino Alto Adige and Veneto) between 2000 and 2013. Overall, 367 cases were identified (IR: 0.38/100,000). The cases' median age was 56 years and 257 (70%) were male. Central nervous system involvement was reported in 307 cases (84%). Annual fluctuations in case numbers occurred, with peaks in 2006 and in 2013, when 44 and 42 cases were respectively observed. A strong seasonality effect was noted, with the highest number of cases in July. In terms of geographical location, three main endemic foci with high TBE IR (>10/100,000) were identified in three provinces, namely Belluno (Veneto region), Udine (Friuli Venezia Giulia) and Trento (Trentino Alto-Adige). When investigating the whole study area in terms of altitude, the IR between 400 and 600 m was greater (2.41/100,000) than at other altitudes (p<0.01). In conclusion, the incidence of TBE in Italy is relatively low, even considering only the three known affected regions. However, three endemic foci at high risk were identified. In these areas, where the risk of TBEV infection is likely high, more active offer of TBE vaccination could be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Rezza
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
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Parisi SG, Basso M, Del Vecchio C, Andreis S, Franchin E, Dal Bello F, Pagni S, Biasolo MA, Manganelli R, Barzon L, Palù G. Viral infections of the central nervous system in elderly patients: a retrospective study. Int J Infect Dis 2016; 44:8-10. [PMID: 26820759 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Very few data exist on viral meningitis and encephalitis in elderly patients (>65 years old). METHODS This study investigated the detection of herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella zoster virus (VZV), human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6), HHV-7, HHV-8, cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), enterovirus (EV), human adenovirus (HAdV), human parechoviruses (HPeVs), and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) through real-time PCR (RT-PCR) in patients >65 years old who had cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) tested for a suspected central nervous system infection. RESULTS A total of 2868 RT-PCRs were performed on 502 CSF samples. Overall, 65 positive RT-PCRs were found: 23 for HSV (35.4% of positives), 15 for EV (23.1% of positives), 14 for EBV (21.5% of positives), 12 for VZV (18.5% of positives), and one for CMV (1.5% of positives). A positive RT-PCR in CSF was detected in 24 (17.4%) patients aged ≥ 80 years and in 35 (9.6%) patients aged 65-79 years (p=0.02). VZV was more frequently detected in the oldest subjects (5.9% vs. 1.6%, p=0.03). CONCLUSIONS HSV was the most common viral aetiology identified in the study, with VZV infection being recognized more frequently in those patients aged ≥ 80 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saverio G Parisi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Gabelli 63, 35100 Padova, Italy; Microbiology and Virology Unit, Padova Hospital, Via Giustiniani 2, Padova, Italy.
| | - Monica Basso
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Gabelli 63, 35100 Padova, Italy; Microbiology and Virology Unit, Padova Hospital, Via Giustiniani 2, Padova, Italy
| | - Claudia Del Vecchio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Gabelli 63, 35100 Padova, Italy; Microbiology and Virology Unit, Padova Hospital, Via Giustiniani 2, Padova, Italy
| | - Samantha Andreis
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Gabelli 63, 35100 Padova, Italy
| | - Elisa Franchin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Gabelli 63, 35100 Padova, Italy; Microbiology and Virology Unit, Padova Hospital, Via Giustiniani 2, Padova, Italy
| | - Federico Dal Bello
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Gabelli 63, 35100 Padova, Italy; Microbiology and Virology Unit, Padova Hospital, Via Giustiniani 2, Padova, Italy
| | - Silvana Pagni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Gabelli 63, 35100 Padova, Italy; Microbiology and Virology Unit, Padova Hospital, Via Giustiniani 2, Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Angela Biasolo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Gabelli 63, 35100 Padova, Italy; Microbiology and Virology Unit, Padova Hospital, Via Giustiniani 2, Padova, Italy
| | - Riccardo Manganelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Gabelli 63, 35100 Padova, Italy; Microbiology and Virology Unit, Padova Hospital, Via Giustiniani 2, Padova, Italy
| | - Luisa Barzon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Gabelli 63, 35100 Padova, Italy; Microbiology and Virology Unit, Padova Hospital, Via Giustiniani 2, Padova, Italy
| | - Giorgio Palù
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Gabelli 63, 35100 Padova, Italy; Microbiology and Virology Unit, Padova Hospital, Via Giustiniani 2, Padova, Italy
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Steffen R, Behrens RH, Hill DR, Greenaway C, Leder K. Vaccine-preventable travel health risks: what is the evidence--what are the gaps? J Travel Med 2015; 22:1-12. [PMID: 25378212 DOI: 10.1111/jtm.12171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Existing travel health guidelines are based on a variety of data with underpinning evidence ranging from high-quality randomized controlled trials to best estimates from expert opinion. For strategic guidance and to set overall priorities, data about average risk are useful. The World Health Organization (WHO) plans to base future editions of "International Travel and Health" on its new "Handbook for Guideline Development." METHODS Based on a systematic search in PubMed, the existing evidence and quality of data on vaccine-preventable disease (VPD) risks in travelers was examined and essentials of vaccine efficacy were briefly reviewed. The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) framework was used to evaluate the quality of the data. RESULTS Moderate-quality data to determine the risk of VPD exist on those that are frequently imported, whereas in most others the level of confidence with existing data is low or very low. CONCLUSIONS In order for the WHO to produce graded risk statements in the updated version of "International Travel and Health," major investment of time plus additional high-quality, generalizable risk data are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Steffen
- Department of Public Health, Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, WHO Collaborating Centre for Traveller's Health, Zurich, Switzerland
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Kułakowska A, Byfield FJ, Zendzian-Piotrowska M, Zajkowska JM, Drozdowski W, Mroczko B, Janmey PA, Bucki R. Increased levels of sphingosine-1-phosphate in cerebrospinal fluid of patients diagnosed with tick-borne encephalitis. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:193. [PMID: 25421616 PMCID: PMC4258275 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-014-0193-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a serious acute central nervous system infection that can result in death or long-term neurological dysfunctions. We hypothesize that changes in sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) concentration occur during TBE development. Methods S1P and interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentrations in blood plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were measured using HPLC and ELISA, respectively. The effects of S1P on cytoskeletal structure and IL-6 production were assessed using rat astrocyte primary cultures with and without addition of plasma gelsolin and the S1P receptor antagonist fingolimod phosphate (FTY720P). Results We report that acute inflammation due to TBE virus infection is associated with elevated levels of S1P and IL-6 in the CSF of infected patients. This elevated concentration is observed even at the earliest neurologic stage of disease, and may be controlled by glucocorticosteroid anti-inflammatory treatment, administered to patients unresponsive to antipyretic drugs and who suffer from a fever above 39°C. In vitro, treatment of confluent rat astrocyte monolayers with a high concentration of S1P (5 μM) results in cytoskeletal actin remodeling that can be prevented by the addition of recombinant plasma gelsolin, FTY720P, or their combination. Additionally, gelsolin and FTY720P significantly decreased S1P-induced release of IL-6. Conclusions TBE is associated with increased concentration of S1P and IL-6 in CSF, and this increase might promote development of inflammation. The consequences of increased extracellular S1P can be modulated by gelsolin and FTY720P. Therefore, blocking the inflammatory response at sites of infection by agents modulating S1P pathways might aid in developing new strategies for TBE treatment.
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