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Maekawa T, Motokawa R, Kawashima R, Tamaki S, Hara Y, Kawakami F, Ichikawa T. Biphenotypic Cells and α-Synuclein Accumulation in Enteric Neurons of Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 Knockout Mice. Dig Dis Sci 2024:10.1007/s10620-024-08494-7. [PMID: 38849592 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-024-08494-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 is a molecule that is responsible for familial Parkinson's disease. Our previous findings revealed that leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 is expressed in the enteric nervous system. However, which cells in the enteric nervous system express leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 and whether leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 is associated with the structure of the enteric nervous system remain unclear. The enteric nervous system is remarkable because some patients with Parkinson's disease experience gastrointestinal symptoms before developing motor symptoms. AIMS We established a leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 reporter mouse model and performed immunostaining in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 knockout mice. METHODS Longitudinal muscle containing the myenteric plexus prepared from leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 reporter mice was analyzed by immunostaining using anti-green fluorescent protein (GFP) antibody. Immunostaining using several combinations of antibodies characterizing enteric neurons and glial cells was performed on intestinal preparations from leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 knockout mice. RESULTS GFP expression in the reporter mice was predominantly in enteric glial cells rather than in enteric neurons. Immunostaining revealed that differences in the structure and proportion of major immunophenotypic cells were not apparent in the knockout mice. Interestingly, the number of biphenotypic cells expressing the neuronal and glial cell markers increased in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 knockout mice. Moreover, there was accumulation of α-synuclein in the knockout mice. CONCLUSIONS Our present findings suggest that leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 is a newly recognized molecule that potentially regulates the integrity of enteric nervous system and enteric α-synuclein accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsunori Maekawa
- Department of Regulation Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-Ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan.
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan.
- Research Facility of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Design, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Ryuichi Motokawa
- Department of Regulation Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-Ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Rei Kawashima
- Department of Regulation Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-Ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
- Research Facility of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Design, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shun Tamaki
- Department of Regulation Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-Ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
- Research Facility of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Design, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yusuke Hara
- Department of Regulation Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-Ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Kawakami
- Department of Regulation Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-Ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
- Department of Health Administration, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
- Research Facility of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Design, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takafumi Ichikawa
- Department of Regulation Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-Ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
- Research Facility of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Design, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
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Jiménez-Jiménez FJ, Alonso-Navarro H, García-Martín E, Santos-García D, Martínez-Valbuena I, Agúndez JAG. Alpha-Synuclein in Peripheral Tissues as a Possible Marker for Neurological Diseases and Other Medical Conditions. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1263. [PMID: 37627328 PMCID: PMC10452242 DOI: 10.3390/biom13081263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The possible usefulness of alpha-synuclein (aSyn) determinations in peripheral tissues (blood cells, salivary gland biopsies, olfactory mucosa, digestive tract, skin) and in biological fluids, except for cerebrospinal fluid (serum, plasma, saliva, feces, urine), as a marker of several diseases, has been the subject of numerous publications. This narrative review summarizes data from studies trying to determine the role of total, oligomeric, and phosphorylated aSyn determinations as a marker of various diseases, especially PD and other alpha-synucleinopathies. In summary, the results of studies addressing the determinations of aSyn in its different forms in peripheral tissues (especially in platelets, skin, and digestive tract, but also salivary glands and olfactory mucosa), in combination with other potential biomarkers, could be a useful tool to discriminate PD from controls and from other causes of parkinsonisms, including synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elena García-Martín
- Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, Universidad de Extremadura, 10071 Cáceres, Spain; (E.G.-M.); (J.A.G.A.)
| | - Diego Santos-García
- Department of Neurology, CHUAC—Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña, 15006 A Coruña, Spain;
| | - Iván Martínez-Valbuena
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada;
| | - José A. G. Agúndez
- Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, Universidad de Extremadura, 10071 Cáceres, Spain; (E.G.-M.); (J.A.G.A.)
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Stykel MG, Ryan SD. Nitrosative stress in Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2022; 8:104. [PMID: 35953517 PMCID: PMC9372037 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-022-00370-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized, in part, by the loss of dopaminergic neurons within the nigral-striatal pathway. Multiple lines of evidence support a role for reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in degeneration of this pathway, specifically nitric oxide (NO). This review will focus on how RNS leads to loss of dopaminergic neurons in PD and whether RNS accumulation represents a central signal in the degenerative cascade. Herein, we provide an overview of how RNS accumulates in PD by considering the various cellular sources of RNS including nNOS, iNOS, nitrate, and nitrite reduction and describe evidence that these sources are upregulating RNS in PD. We document that over 1/3 of the proteins that deposit in Lewy Bodies, are post-translationally modified (S-nitrosylated) by RNS and provide a broad description of how this elicits deleterious effects in neurons. In doing so, we identify specific proteins that are modified by RNS in neurons which are implicated in PD pathogenesis, with an emphasis on exacerbation of synucleinopathy. How nitration of alpha-synuclein (aSyn) leads to aSyn misfolding and toxicity in PD models is outlined. Furthermore, we delineate how RNS modulates known PD-related phenotypes including axo-dendritic-, mitochondrial-, and dopamine-dysfunctions. Finally, we discuss successful outcomes of therapeutics that target S-nitrosylation of proteins in Parkinson’s Disease related clinical trials. In conclusion, we argue that targeting RNS may be of therapeutic benefit for people in early clinical stages of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan G Stykel
- The Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, ON, Canada
| | - Scott D Ryan
- The Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, ON, Canada. .,Neurodegenerative Disease Center, Scintillon Institute, 6868 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
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Su Y, Liu N, Zhang Z, Hao L, Ma J, Yuan Y, Shi M, Liu J, Zhao Z, Zhang Z, Holscher C. Cholecystokinin and glucagon-like peptide-1 analogues regulate intestinal tight junction, inflammation, dopaminergic neurons and α-synuclein accumulation in the colon of two Parkinson's disease mouse models. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 926:175029. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Anis E, Xie A, Brundin L, Brundin P. Digesting recent findings: gut alpha-synuclein, microbiome changes in Parkinson's disease. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2022; 33:147-157. [PMID: 34949514 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2021.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Two hallmarks of Parkinson's disease (PD) are the widespread deposition of misfolded alpha-synuclein (αSyn) protein in the nervous system and loss of substantia nigra dopamine neurons. Recent research has suggested that αSyn aggregates in the enteric nervous system (ENS) lead to prodromal gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms such as constipation in PD, then propagating to the brain stem and eventually triggering neurodegeneration and motor symptoms. Additionally, whether the microbiome changes in PD contribute to the primary pathogenesis or, alternatively, are consequential to either the disease process or medication is still unclear. In this review, we discuss the possible roles of αSyn and microbiome changes in the GI system in PD and consider if and how the changes interact and contribute to the disease process and symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehraz Anis
- Parkinson's Disease Center, Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Aoji Xie
- Parkinson's Disease Center, Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Lena Brundin
- Parkinson's Disease Center, Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Patrik Brundin
- Parkinson's Disease Center, Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA.
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Nielsen SD, Pearson NM, Seidler K. The link between the gut microbiota and Parkinson's Disease: A systematic mechanism review with focus on α-synuclein transport. Brain Res 2021; 1769:147609. [PMID: 34371014 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Research has suggested a link between the gut microbiota and Parkinson's Disease (PD), and an early involvement of gastrointestinal dysfunction has been reported in patients. A mechanism review was performed to investigate whether the neurodegenerative cascade begins in the gut; mediated by gut dysbiosis and retrograde transport of α-synuclein. This review provides a summary of microbiome composition associated with PD, and evaluates pathophysiological mechanisms from animal and in vitro models of PD. METHOD A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed; 82 of 299 papers met the inclusion criteria. RESULTS All twenty-two human case-control studies demonstrated an altered gut microbiota in PD compared to healthy controls, with results suggesting a proinflammatory phenotype present in PD. A germ-free animal study has demonstrated that gut microbiota are required for microglia activation, α-synuclein pathology and motor deficits. Accumulation of phosphorylated α-synuclein has been observed in the enteric nervous system prior to the onset of motor symptoms in animal models of PD, and there is data to support retrograde transport of α-synuclein from the gut to the brain. Different animal models of PD have demonstrated neuroinflammation, microglial activation and loss of dopaminergic neurons in the brain. CONCLUSION Evidence from this review supports the hypothesis that pathology spreads from the gut to the brain. Future animal studies using oral LPS or microbiota transplants from human PD cases could provide further insight into the entire mechanism. Prospective longitudinal microbiome studies and novel modelling approaches could help to identify functional dysbiosis and early biomarkers for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie D Nielsen
- Centre for Nutrition Education and Lifestyle Management (CNELM), Chapel Garden, 14 Rectory Road, Wokingham, Berkshire RG40 1DH, UK.
| | - Nicola M Pearson
- Centre for Nutrition Education and Lifestyle Management (CNELM), Chapel Garden, 14 Rectory Road, Wokingham, Berkshire RG40 1DH, UK
| | - Karin Seidler
- Centre for Nutrition Education and Lifestyle Management (CNELM), Chapel Garden, 14 Rectory Road, Wokingham, Berkshire RG40 1DH, UK
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Chen QQ, Haikal C, Li W, Li JY. Gut Inflammation in Association With Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:218. [PMID: 31572126 PMCID: PMC6753187 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease that is generally thought to be caused by multiple factors, including environmental and genetic factors. Emerging evidence suggests that intestinal disturbances, such as constipation, are common non-motor symptoms of PD. Gut inflammation may be closely associated with pathogenesis in PD. This review aims to discuss the cross-talk between gut inflammation and PD pathology initiation and progression. Firstly, we will highlight the studies demonstrating how gut inflammation is related to PD. Secondly, we will analyze how gut inflammation spreads from the gastro-intestine to the brain. Here, we will mainly discuss the neural pathway of pathologic α-syn and the systemic inflammatory routes. Thereafter, we will address how alterations in the brain subsequently lead to dopaminergic neuron degeneration, in which oxidative stress, glutamate excitotoxicity, T cell driven inflammation and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) are involved. We conclude a model of PD triggered by gut inflammation, which provides a new angle to understand the mechanisms of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Qian Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Caroline Haikal
- Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Wen Li
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jia-Yi Li
- Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Federico A. Rare Diseases Day and Brain Awareness Week: the active participation of Neurological Sciences. Neurol Sci 2019; 40:441-445. [PMID: 30810825 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-019-03776-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Federico
- Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Viale Bracci 2, 53100, Siena, Italy.
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Analysis of the clinical features of early Parkinson's disease with comparatively integrated intestinal function. Neurol Sci 2018; 39:1847-1856. [PMID: 30019200 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-018-3502-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Constipation is among the most frequently delineated nonmotor symptoms (NMS) with a high occurrence in Parkinson's disease (PD). The purpose of our study was to investigate whether PD with comparatively integrated intestinal function (without constipation) in the early stage had different clinical features compared to constipated PD. METHOD We conducted a study of 105 consecutive de novo as well as early treated (treated for shorter than 3 months), aged 50 years or older outpatients. Subjects were administered motor and nonmotor questionnaires as well as constipation associated examinations. Then, we explored the distinctive features of nonconstipated contrasted to constipated PD by using univariate, multiple regression analysis and correlation analysis. RESULTS Nonconstipated PD tended to have fewer motor deficits, as well as lower Hoehn and Yahr (H&Y) stage and they mainly presented as tremor-dominant (TD), while constipated group had a higher occurrence of posture instability and gait difficulty (PIGD); nonconstipated patients were inclined to live in urban area, the NMSloads and prevalence of NMS were lower compared to constipated ones. Correlation analysis found a discord between NMSloads and disease severity based on H&Y stage and motor scores in nonconstipated PD. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that PD without constipation in early stage may represent a unique clinical phenotype, which may be more benign than PD with constipation.
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Identification of an episignature of human colorectal cancer associated with obesity by genome-wide DNA methylation analysis. Int J Obes (Lond) 2018; 43:176-188. [PMID: 29717273 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-018-0065-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Fang Y, Dong Y, Zheng T, Du D, Wen J, Gao D, Liu L. Altered Tracer Distribution and Clearance in the Extracellular Space of the Substantia Nigra in a Rodent Model of Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:409. [PMID: 28790882 PMCID: PMC5524830 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between extracellular space (ECS) diffusion parameters and brain drug clearance is not well-studied, especially in the context of Parkinson's disease (PD). Therefore, we used a rodent model of PD to explore the distribution and clearance of a magnetic resonance tracer. Forty male Sprague Dawley rats were randomized into four different groups: a PD group, a Madopar group (PD + Madopar treatment), a sham group, and a control group. All rats received an injection of the extracellular tracer gadolinium-diethylene triaminepentacetic acid (Gd-DTPA) directly into the substantia nigra (SN). ECS diffusion parameters including the effective diffusion coefficient (D*), clearance coefficient (k'), ratio of the maximum distribution volume of the tracer (Vd-max%), and half-life (t1/2) were measured. We found that all parameters were significantly increased in the PD group compared to the other three groups (D*: F = 5.774, p = 0.0025; k': F = 20.00, P < 0.0001; Vd-max%: F = 12.81, P < 0.0001; and t1/2: F = 23.35, P < 0.0001). In conclusion, the PD group exhibited a wider distribution and lower clearance of the tracer compared to the other groups. Moreover, k' was more sensitive than D* for monitoring morphological and functional changes in the ECS in a rodent model of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Fang
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Qinhuangdao Municipal No. 1 HospitalQinhuangdao, China
| | - Yanchao Dong
- Department of Interventional Therapy, Qinhuangdao Municipal No. 1 HospitalQinhuangdao, China
| | - Tao Zheng
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Qinhuangdao Municipal No. 1 HospitalQinhuangdao, China
| | - Dan Du
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Qinhuangdao Municipal No. 1 HospitalQinhuangdao, China
| | - Jiexia Wen
- Department of Central Laboratory, Qinhuangdao Municipal No. 1 HospitalQinhuangdao, China
| | - Dawei Gao
- Institute of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yanshan UniversityQinhuangdao, China
| | - Lanxiang Liu
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Qinhuangdao Municipal No. 1 HospitalQinhuangdao, China
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Jellinger KA. Neuropathology of Nonmotor Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 133:13-62. [PMID: 28802920 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), a multiorgan neurodegenerative disorder associated with α-synuclein deposits throughout the nervous system and many organs, is clinically characterized by motor and nonmotor features, many of the latter antedating motor dysfunctions by 20 or more years. The causes of the nonmotor manifestations such as olfactory, autonomic, sensory, neuropsychiatric, visuospatial, sleep, and other disorders are unlikely to be related to single lesions. They are mediated by the involvement of both dopaminergic and nondopaminergic systems, and diverse structures outside the nigrostriatal system that is mainly responsible for the motor features of PD. The nonmotor alterations appear in early/prodromal stages of the disease and its further progression, suggesting a topographical and chronological spread of the lesions. This lends further support for the notion that PD is a multiorgan proteinopathy, although the exact relationship between presymptomatic and later developing nonmotor features of PD and neuropathology awaits further elucidation.
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Who Can Diagnose Parkinson's Disease First? Role of Pre-motor Symptoms. Arch Med Res 2017; 48:221-227. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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