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Dasara M, Dono F, Evangelista G, Quintieri P, Liviello D, Cipollone S, Tomassini V, Sensi SL. Status epilepticus as a complication of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination: Two case reports and systematic review with individual patients' data analysis. Seizure 2024; 121:8-16. [PMID: 39038383 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2024.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Status Epilepticus (SE) stands as a prominent neurological emergency, showing a mortality rate of approximately 20%. Since February 2021, a worldwide vaccination campaign has been launched against the Coronavirus 19 disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Several possible vaccine-related adverse events have been identified, including neurological manifestations. SE is beginning to surface in literature as an emergent condition in COVID-19-vaccinated individuals, though defined reasons accounting for this correlation are still missing. METHODS We report two cases of SE related to the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. In addition, we performed a systematic search of the literature to identify the consistency of the association between the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine and the SE onset. The following databases were consulted: PubMed and Google Scholar. RESULTS Two novel super-refractory status epilepticus (SRSE) cases associated with the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine were identified. Both patients received the second dose of the vaccine about 14 days prior to SE onset. Patients showed a non-convulsive semiology and were treated with a combined anesthetic and immunomodulant therapy, leading to SE resolution in both cases. The literature review identified seven additional cases, primarily non-convulsive SE. Four patients received the Spikevax (ex-COVID-19 Moderna mRNA -1273 vaccine), 2 patients the BNT162b2 (Pfizer/Biotech), and 1 patient the ChAdOx1-s (AstraZeneca) vaccine. The first vaccine dose (5/7, 71.4%) emerged as the most frequently associated with SE onset, which manifested at an average of 4.5 days (± 3.4) following vaccination. Five patients presented RSE and required continuous intravenous anesthetic drug administration. Resolution of SE was achieved in all cases. CONCLUSIONS Status Epilepticus is a rare complication associated with Sars-CoV-2 vaccines. Additional studies are needed to ascertain the potential association between Sars-CoV-2 vaccines and status epilepticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelangelo Dasara
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 1, Chieti 6610, Italy; Epilepsy Center, Neurology Institute "SS Annunziata" University Hospital, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Fedele Dono
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 1, Chieti 6610, Italy; Epilepsy Center, Neurology Institute "SS Annunziata" University Hospital, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Behavioral Neurology and Molecular Neurology Units, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST) and Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Italy.
| | - Giacomo Evangelista
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 1, Chieti 6610, Italy; Epilepsy Center, Neurology Institute "SS Annunziata" University Hospital, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Behavioral Neurology and Molecular Neurology Units, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST) and Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Paolo Quintieri
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 1, Chieti 6610, Italy; Epilepsy Center, Neurology Institute "SS Annunziata" University Hospital, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Behavioral Neurology and Molecular Neurology Units, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST) and Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Davide Liviello
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 1, Chieti 6610, Italy; Epilepsy Center, Neurology Institute "SS Annunziata" University Hospital, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Behavioral Neurology and Molecular Neurology Units, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST) and Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Sara Cipollone
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 1, Chieti 6610, Italy; Epilepsy Center, Neurology Institute "SS Annunziata" University Hospital, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Behavioral Neurology and Molecular Neurology Units, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST) and Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Valentina Tomassini
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 1, Chieti 6610, Italy; Epilepsy Center, Neurology Institute "SS Annunziata" University Hospital, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Behavioral Neurology and Molecular Neurology Units, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST) and Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Stefano L Sensi
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 1, Chieti 6610, Italy; Epilepsy Center, Neurology Institute "SS Annunziata" University Hospital, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Behavioral Neurology and Molecular Neurology Units, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST) and Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
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Lee KW, Yap SF, Amin-Nordin S, Ngeow YF. Cardiac and Neurological Complications Post COVID-19 Vaccination: A Systematic Review of Case Reports and Case Series. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:575. [PMID: 38932303 PMCID: PMC11209191 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12060575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Following mass vaccinations for the control of the COVID-19 epidemic, a spectrum of cardiac and neurological disorders was reported among vaccinated individuals. This study examined the range of complications documented and factors related to their occurrence. Three electronic databases were searched for case reports and case series with descriptions of cardiac and/or neurological complications in COVID-19 vaccine recipients. A total of 698 vaccinees were included in this review, of which 259 (37.1%) had cardiac and 439 (62.9%) had neurological complications. Inflammatory conditions were the commonest among the cardiac complications; while polyneuropathy, demyelinating diseases and cerebrovascular disorders were the more common neurological complications. The mean age of those with cardiac complications (33.8 years) was much younger than those with neurological complications (49.7 years). There was no notable difference in the gender distribution between these two groups of vaccine recipients. mRNA vaccines (all brands) were associated with almost 90.0% of the cardiac complications, whereas viral vector vaccines were associated with slightly over half (52.6%) of the neurological complications. With regard to the dose, cardiac complications were more common after the second (69.1%), whereas neurological complications were more common after the first dose (63.6%). The majority of the cases had an uncomplicated clinical course. Nevertheless, 5.9% of cases with neurological complications and 2.5% of those with cardiac complications were fatal, underscoring the significance of the consistent surveillance and vigilant monitoring of vaccinated individuals to mitigate these occurrences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wei Lee
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (K.W.L.); (S.A.-N.)
| | - Sook Fan Yap
- Department of Pre-Clinical Sciences, M. Kandiah Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang 43200, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Dr. Wu Lien-Teh Centre of Research in Communicable Diseases, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang 43200, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Syafinaz Amin-Nordin
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (K.W.L.); (S.A.-N.)
| | - Yun Fong Ngeow
- Department of Pre-Clinical Sciences, M. Kandiah Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang 43200, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Dr. Wu Lien-Teh Centre of Research in Communicable Diseases, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang 43200, Selangor, Malaysia
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Zheng Q, Cheng YR, Wang M, Ma X, Ye L, Xu Z, Feng Z. COVID-19 vaccinations for patients with epilepsy in Guizhou Province, China: A cross-sectional study. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29354. [PMID: 38623193 PMCID: PMC11016729 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Several COVID-19 vaccines have been approved for emergency use according to China's immunization programs. These vaccines has created hope for patients with epilepsy, because the vaccines can help to reduce their risk of becoming infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The aim of this study was to investigate the COVID-19 vaccine safety in patients with epilepsy. Here, we assessed the time of symptom control and the features of adverse events of seizure patients following their COVID-19 vaccinations. The results showed that adverse events of COVID-19 vaccinations for epilepsy patients included local pain at the injection site, dizziness and headache, epileptic attack, somnolence, limb weakness, limb pain, allergy, and fever. In addition, the average recovery time of the adverse events was approximately 42 h. More importantly, our study showed that it was relatively safe to vaccinate epilepsy patients who did not experience seizures for approximately 12 months prior to the immunization date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- School of clinical medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yong-Ran Cheng
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mingwei Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuntai Ma
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Lan Ye
- School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zucai Xu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Zhanhui Feng
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
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Bombardi LM, Almeida ACGD, Finsterer J, Scorza FA. Increased frequency and intensity of complicated migraine sans migraine after third BNT162b2 dose. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2024; 79:100315. [PMID: 38479300 PMCID: PMC10950792 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinsp.2023.100315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Larissa M Bombardi
- Disciplina de Neurociência, Universiade Federal de São Paulo/Escola Paulista de Medicinal (UNIFESP/EPM), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio-Carlos Guimaraes de Almeida
- Centro de Neurociências e Saúde da Mulher "Professor Geraldo Rodrigues de Lima", Escola Paulista de Medicina/Universidad Federal de São Paulo (EPM/UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Fulvio Alexandre Scorza
- Disciplina de Neurociência, Universiade Federal de São Paulo/Escola Paulista de Medicinal (UNIFESP/EPM), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Finsterer J, Alexandre Scorza F, Claudia Fiorini A. Neuro-Ophthalmologic Complications of SARS-Cov-2 Infections and Vaccinations. J Ophthalmic Vis Res 2024; 19:140-141. [PMID: 38638621 PMCID: PMC11022017 DOI: 10.18502/jovr.v19i1.15451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
This is a Letter and does not have an abstract. Please download the PDF or view the article in HTML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Finsterer
- Neurology and Neurophysiology Center, Postfach 20, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fulvio Alexandre Scorza
- Disciplina de Neurociência, Universidade Federal de São Paulo/Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP/EPM), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia Fiorini
- Programa de Estudos Pós-Graduado em Fonoaudiologia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo (PUC-SP), Brazil
- Departamento de Fonoaudiologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina/Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM/UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
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Salai G, Ljubičić Đ, Novak R, Grgurević L. Benign fasciculation syndrome and migraine aura without headache as possible adverse events after BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination: a web-based survey. Croat Med J 2023; 64:430-435. [PMID: 38168524 PMCID: PMC10797237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine the characteristics of patients who experienced muscle fasciculations and migraine auras without headache after BNT162b2 immunization. METHODS In January 2022, we published a case report that described a 48-year-old female patient who experienced muscle twitching and migraine auras without headache following BNT162b2 immunization. A self-administered online survey was sent to people who had written to us and complained of similar symptoms described in the case report (N=20). RESULTS The survey was completed by 11 participants, of whom 10 reported muscle twitching following BNT162b2 immunization lasting a median of 14 (4-36.5) days. Five of these participants (50%) reported migraine auras without headache. Participants further reported on self-identified triggers that altered the intensity of their symptoms, such as anxiety or caffeine. Fifty percent of participants who got an acute SARS-CoV-2 infection (3/6) experienced increased muscle symptom intensity during the acute phase of the disease. CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge, our survey is the first to summarize patients' experiences of these phenomena occurring after BNT162b2 immunization. It is important to note that no causal relationship between vaccination and these phenomena can be inferred.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lovorka Grgurević
- Grgurević, Department of Proteomics, University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Šalata 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia,
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Straube A, Ruscheweyh R, Klonowski T. [Headache associated with COVID-19 vaccination: how to classify?]. Schmerz 2023; 37:185-194. [PMID: 36645522 PMCID: PMC9841490 DOI: 10.1007/s00482-022-00687-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the setting of acute COVID-19 infection, headache occurs in 10-60% of patients and may last for days and, in a smaller proportion of patients, weeks (about 10%). However, it is less recognized that headache may also occur after vaccination with a short latency and may persist for a longer period in a still unclear number of patients. METHODS Retrospective description of headache and course in a case series of 32 outpatients with headache that changed or recurred after COVID-19 vaccination. RESULTS The majority of patients experienced an exacerbation of migraine headache; rare headache syndromes such as intracranial hypertension or thunderclap headache occurred in 2 patients. Headache manifested in more than 50% of patients within the first 48 h after vaccination. Over 50% of patients who received a triptan improved. CONCLUSION The pathophysiological relationship between vaccination and persistent headache is not yet clearly understood. The short latency, partial efficacy of cortisone, and initial findings showing an increase of various inflammatory markers during the course of headache in COVID infection suggest a possible involvement of the innate immune system and here the inflammasome. Furthermore, the response to triptan in a proportion of patients also indicates activation of the trigeminovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Straube
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XKlinik für Neurologie, Oberbayerisches Kopfschmerzzentrum, Klinikum Großhadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 81377 München, Deutschland
| | - Ruth Ruscheweyh
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XKlinik für Neurologie, Oberbayerisches Kopfschmerzzentrum, Klinikum Großhadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 81377 München, Deutschland
| | - Theresa Klonowski
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XKlinik für Neurologie, Oberbayerisches Kopfschmerzzentrum, Klinikum Großhadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 81377 München, Deutschland
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Akarsu GD. Determining the Health Problems Experienced by Young Adults in Turkey, Who Received the COVID-19 Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091526. [PMID: 36146604 PMCID: PMC9502422 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the health problems experienced by young adults after the COVID-19 vaccine. Method: This study is a quantitative and descriptive study and was completed with 590 undergraduate students studying at a state university in Central Anatolia in the spring semester of the 2021–2022 academic year. The data were collected by the researcher through a one-to-one interview with the students and a questionnaire prepared in line with the literature. Number, percentage and chi-square tests were used in the analysis of the data. Results: A total of 81.4% of the students participating in the study had the BioNTech–Pfizer vaccine. A total of 67.3% of them had two doses of COVID-19 vaccine, 35.9% of the vaccinated students experienced some health problems in the days following the vaccination, and the most common health problems were fatigue, a cough, sleep disturbance, psychological discomfort, a heart ache feeling and sweating. Most of the post-vaccine health problems lasted for 2 days, 3.7% of the participants were diagnosed with hypertension, 2.7% were diagnosed with diabetes mellitus and 10.52% of the female participants went to the doctor due to menstrual irregularity and received treatment. It was determined that 12.2% of the vaccinated students gained weight after vaccination and 63.89% of those who gained weight attributed this to increased appetite, 9.2% continued to have a cough and 9.2% used herbal products. Conclusion: It was determined that one out of every three young adults experienced a health problem after the COVID-19 vaccine. It is recommended that studies be conducted in different sample groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gökhan Doğukan Akarsu
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Vocational School of Health Services, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat 66100, Turkey
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Tozinameran. REACTIONS WEEKLY 2022. [PMCID: PMC8897123 DOI: 10.1007/s40278-022-11225-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Rochoy M, Billy E, Clarot F, Dumortier V, Gautier S, Barus R. Cluster headache after COVID-19 vaccination with Comirnaty: A signal in pharmacovigilance database. Therapie 2022; 77:753-754. [PMID: 35599191 PMCID: PMC9119780 DOI: 10.1016/j.therap.2022.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michaël Rochoy
- University of Lille, CHU de Lille, OULR 2964-METRICS, CERIM, departement de médecine générale, 59000 Lille, France,Collectif Du Côté de la Science, France,University of Lille, centre régional de pharmacovigilance, service de pharmacologie médicale, CHU de Lille, 59000 Lille, France,Corresponding author. 20, rue André-Pantigny, 62230 Outreau, France
| | | | | | - Victor Dumortier
- University of Lille, centre régional de pharmacovigilance, service de pharmacologie médicale, CHU de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Sophie Gautier
- University of Lille, centre régional de pharmacovigilance, service de pharmacologie médicale, CHU de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Romain Barus
- University of Lille, centre régional de pharmacovigilance, service de pharmacologie médicale, CHU de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
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Garces KN, Cocores AN, Goadsby PJ, Monteith TS. Headache After Vaccination: An Update on Recent Clinical Trials and Real-World Reporting. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2022; 26:895-918. [PMID: 36418848 PMCID: PMC9685066 DOI: 10.1007/s11916-022-01094-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this review is to characterize headache as a vaccine adverse event (VAE) in clinical trials. RECENT FINDINGS Of the recent phase III vaccine RCTs (non-COVID-19), 53 studies reported on headache (13 infectious agents). The median rate (interquartile range) of headache was 15.6% (IQR: 9.6-37.6%). Of these, 24.5% of the RCTs reported headache greater in the vaccine group compared to the placebo/control group. In the herpes zoster vaccination trials, headache was more common in all active groups: median rate 33.9% (IQR: 29.7-40.5%) as compared to placebo: median rate 17.7% (IQR: 15.4-23.8%). Influenza and HPV vaccination trials were the 2nd and 3rd most common to have headache as a VAE. Of the 6 widely distributed COVID-19 vaccinations, median rate of post-vaccination headache was 39% (IQR: 28-50%). Headache is a common VAE in vaccine trials. Standardized grading methods, predictors of persistence, and treatment regimens are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly N. Garces
- Division of Headache, Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL USA
| | - Alexandra N. Cocores
- Division of Headache, Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL USA
| | - Peter J. Goadsby
- NIHR King’s Clinical Research Facility & Headache Group-Wolfson CARD, King’s College London, London, UK ,Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Teshamae S. Monteith
- Division of Headache, Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL USA
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