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Ivaska L, Barkoff AM, Mertsola J, He Q. Macrolide Resistance in Bordetella pertussis: Current Situation and Future Challenges. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:1570. [PMID: 36358225 PMCID: PMC9686491 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11111570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Pertussis is a highly contagious respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis bacterium. The mainstay of treatment is macrolide antibiotics that reduce transmissibility, shorten the duration of symptoms and decrease mortality in infants. Recently, the macrolide resistance of B. pertussis has been reported globally but is especially widespread in mainland China. In this review, we aim to summarise the current understanding of the epidemiology, resistance mechanisms and clinical implications of B. pertussis macrolide resistance. Since the first appearance of macrolide-resistant B. pertussis in Arizona, USA, in 1994, only sporadic cases have been reported outside China. In certain parts of China, on the other hand, up to 70-100% of the recent clinical isolates have been found to be macrolide resistant. Reasons for macrolide resistance being centred upon China during the last decade can only be speculated on, but the dominant B. pertussis lineage is different between China and most of the high-income countries. It seems evident that efforts to increase awareness, guide molecular epidemiological surveillance and carry out systematic screening of B. pertussis positive samples for macrolide resistance should be implemented globally. In addition, practices to improve the clinical care of infants with pertussis caused by resistant strains should be studied vigorously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauri Ivaska
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, 20521 Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Alex-Mikael Barkoff
- Institute of Biomedicine, Centre for Infections and Immunity, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Jussi Mertsola
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, 20521 Turku, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine, Centre for Infections and Immunity, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Qiushui He
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine, Centre for Infections and Immunity, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
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Fry NK, Campbell H, Amirthalingam G. JMM Profile: Bordetella pertussis and whooping cough (pertussis): still a significant cause of infant morbidity and mortality, but vaccine-preventable. J Med Microbiol 2021; 70. [PMID: 34668853 PMCID: PMC8604168 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Whooping cough (pertussis) is a highly contagious respiratory bacterial infection caused by Bordetella pertussis and is an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly in infants. Bordetella parapertussis can cause a similar, but usually less severe pertussis-like disease. Bordetella pertussis has a number of virulence factors including adhesins and toxins which allow the organism to bind to ciliated epithelial cells in the upper respiratory tract and interfere with host clearance mechanisms. Typical symptoms of pertussis include paroxysmal cough with characteristic whoop and vomiting. Severe complications and deaths occur mostly in infants. Laboratory confirmation can be performed by isolation, detection of genomic DNA or specific antibodies. Childhood vaccination is safe, effective and remains the best control method available. Many countries have replaced whole-cell pertussis vaccines (wP) with acellular pertussis vaccines (aP). Waning protection following immunisation with aP is considered to be more rapid than that from wP. Deployed by resource-rich countries to date, maternal immunisation programmes have also demonstrated high efficacy in preventing hospitalisation and death in infants by passive immunisation through transplacental transfer of maternal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman K Fry
- Immunisation and Countermeasures Division, Public Health England - National Infection Service, London, UK.,Vaccine Preventable Bacteria Section, Public Health England - National Infection Service, London, UK
| | - Helen Campbell
- Immunisation and Countermeasures Division, Public Health England - National Infection Service, London, UK
| | - Gayatri Amirthalingam
- Immunisation and Countermeasures Division, Public Health England - National Infection Service, London, UK
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Cimolai N. Pharmacotherapy for Bordetella pertussis infection. I. A synthesis of laboratory sciences. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020; 57:106258. [PMID: 33310116 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
There is considerable history and practice experience both with laboratory susceptibility testing for Bordetella pertussis and clinical treatment. This two-part narrative review provides a synthesis of the laboratory and clinical sciences as they apply to this bacterium and the clinical consequences of treating infection. It is generally held that antibiotic susceptibility testing for B. pertussis is not sufficiently standardised, but there has not been an urgent need to consolidate the same given the lack global experience with major resistance profiles. Experience in China, however, has provided concern for high-level macrolide resistance. The nature of and frequency of such resistance has raised the bar for reconsideration of susceptibility testing given that first-line treatment may be regionally compromised. Disk diffusion and Etest susceptibility testing can be recommended for screening resistance among individual isolates of B. pertussis and on an ad hoc manner. Disk diffusion, Etest and/or critical agar dilution testing can be recommended for large-scale studies. Standards for inoculum, growth atmosphere, timing of interpretation, preferred testing media and controls can be extrapolated from the publications to date. Such methods should be able to detect high-level resistance to several antibiotics, but especially macrolides. Concern for intermediate-susceptible categories requires consideration as well as the correlation with bacteriological and clinical outcomes. Provisional standards can be applied at this time, and modification or fine-tuning of any such standards are open to future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevio Cimolai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health Centre of British Columbia, 4480 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6H3V4 Canada.
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Li L, Deng J, Ma X, Zhou K, Meng Q, Yuan L, Shi W, Wang Q, Li Y, Yao K. High Prevalence of Macrolide-Resistant Bordetella pertussis and ptxP1 Genotype, Mainland China, 2014-2016. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 25:2205-2214. [PMID: 31742507 PMCID: PMC6874251 DOI: 10.3201/eid2512.181836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the government of China, reported cases of pertussis have increased remarkably and are still increasing. To determine the genetic relatedness of Bordetella pertussis strains, we compared multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA) results for isolates from China with those from Western countries. Among 335 isolates from China, the most common virulence-associated genotype was ptxA1/ptxC1/ptxP1/prn1/fim2–1/fim3A/tcfA2, which was more frequent among isolates from northern than southern China. Isolates of this genotype were highly resistant to erythromycin. We identified 36 ptxP3 strains mainly harboring ptxA1 and prn2 (35/36); ptxP3 strains were sensitive to erythromycin and were less frequently from northern China. For all isolates, the sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim MIC was low, indicating that this drug should be recommended for patients infected with erythromycin-resistant B. pertussis. MLVA of 150 clinical isolates identified 13 MLVA types, including 3 predominant types. Our results show that isolates circulating in China differ from those in Western countries.
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Zhang JS, Wang HM, Yao KH, Liu Y, Lei YL, Deng JK, Yang YH. Clinical characteristics, molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility of pertussis among children in southern China. World J Pediatr 2020; 16:185-192. [PMID: 31493136 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-019-00308-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing numbers of pertussis cases have been reported in recent years. The reported cases from Shenzhen Children's Hospital were close to one tenth of all cases in China. The epidemiology of antigenic genotype and antibiotic resistance of circulating strains in children have been unknown in Shenzhen, southern China. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical features and explore the genotypes and antimicrobial susceptibility of circulating Bordetella pertussis among children in Shenzhen. METHODS Data of hospitalized children with pertussis in Shenzhen Children's Hospital from August 2015 to April 2017 were collected. The genetic variability of isolates was investigated and Etest was performed for phenotypic susceptibility to erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, clindamycin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. RESULTS 469 children with pertussis confirmed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction were hospitalized and strains were isolated from 105 patients. White blood cell count ≥ 20 × 109/L and lymphocyte proportion ≥ 60% were observed in 39.29% of infants younger than 3 months. The two predominant profiles of virulence-associated allelic genes were ptxA1/ptxC1/ptxP1/prn1 (48.6%) and ptxA1/ptxC2/ptxP3/prn2 (44.8%). Among the isolates, 48.6% (51/105) were found resistant to macrolides. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that leukocytosis is not a sensitive indicator of pertussis. Isolates with the gene profile ptxP3/prn2 were highly circulating in Shenzhen and less resistant to macrolides, different from patterns observed in other parts of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao-Sheng Zhang
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Beijing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, 56 Nanlishi Road, Beijing, 100045, China.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518038, China
| | - Hong-Mei Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518038, China
| | - Kai-Hu Yao
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Beijing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, 56 Nanlishi Road, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Beijing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, 56 Nanlishi Road, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Yan-Ling Lei
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518038, China
| | - Ji-Kui Deng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518038, China
| | - Yong-Hong Yang
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Beijing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, 56 Nanlishi Road, Beijing, 100045, China. .,Department of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518038, China.
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Abundance of the nasopharyngeal microbiome effects pertussis diagnosis and explains the sensitivity difference between bacterial culture and real-time PCR. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 39:501-507. [DOI: 10.1007/s10096-019-03750-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Lönnqvist E, Barkoff AM, Mertsola J, He Q. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Finnish Bordetella pertussis isolates collected during 2006–2017. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2018; 14:12-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Jakubů V, Zavadilová J, Fabiánová K, Urbášková P. Trends in the minimum inhibitory concentrations of erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole for strains of Bordetella pertussis isolated in the Czech Republic, 1967-2015. Cent Eur J Public Health 2017; 25:282-286. [DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a4948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Stefanelli P, Buttinelli G, Vacca P, Tozzi AE, Midulla F, Carsetti R, Fedele G, Villani A, Concato C. Severe pertussis infection in infants less than 6 months of age: Clinical manifestations and molecular characterization. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 13:1073-1077. [PMID: 28129036 PMCID: PMC5443365 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1276139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a study to determine the main traits of pertussis among unimmunized infants less than 6 months of age. From August 2012 to March 2015, 141 nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPAs) were collected from infants with respiratory symptoms attending 2 major hospitals in Rome. Clinical data were recorded and analyzed. Lab-confirmation was performed by culture and realtime PCR. B. pertussis virulence-associated genes (ptxP, ptxA and prn), together with multilocus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA), were also investigated by the sequence-based analysis on the DNAs extracted from positive samples. Antibiotic susceptibility with Etest was defined on 18 viable B. pertussis isolates. Samples from 73 infants resulted positives for B. pertussis. The median age of the patients was 45 d (range 7–165); 21 infants were treated with macrolides before hospital admission. Cough was reported for a median of 10 d before admission and 18 d after hospital discharge among infected infants, 84% of whom showed paroxysmal cough. No resistance to macrolides was detected. Molecular analysis identified MT27 as the predominant MLVA profile, combined with ptxP3-ptxA1-prn2 associated virulence genes. Although our data may not be generalized to the whole country, they provide evidence of disease severity among infants not vaccinated against pertussis. Moreover, genetically related B. pertussis strains, comprising allelic variants of virulence associated genes, were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Stefanelli
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome , Italy
| | - Gabriele Buttinelli
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome , Italy
| | - Paola Vacca
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome , Italy
| | - Alberto E Tozzi
- b Multifactorial Disease and Complex Phenotype Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital IRCCS , Rome , Italy
| | - Fabio Midulla
- c Departments of Pediatrics . "Sapienza" University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Rita Carsetti
- d Immunology Unit, Immunology and Pharmacotherapy Area, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital IRCSS , Rome , Italy
| | - Giorgio Fedele
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome , Italy
| | - Alberto Villani
- e Department of Pediatrics and Infectious Disease , Bambino Gesù Children Hospital IRCSS , Rome , Italy
| | - Carlo Concato
- f Virology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital IRCCS , Rome , Italy
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Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Molecular Detection of Pertactin-producing and Pertactin-Deficient Bordetella pertussis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2017; 36:119-121. [PMID: 27956730 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000001366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Resurgence of Bordetella pertussis in recent years in the United States has coincided with a dramatic rise in pertactin-deficient strains. Limited data exist on detectability by nucleic acid amplification testing and antimicrobial susceptibility of pertactin-deficient B. pertussis. This study compares 15 pertactin-producing and 15 pertactin-deficient B. pertussis isolates. Pertactin-producing and pertactin-deficient strains were equally detected by nucleic acid amplification testing and were susceptible to antibiotics.
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Kilgore PE, Salim AM, Zervos MJ, Schmitt HJ. Pertussis: Microbiology, Disease, Treatment, and Prevention. Clin Microbiol Rev 2016; 29:449-86. [PMID: 27029594 PMCID: PMC4861987 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00083-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pertussis is a severe respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis, and in 2008, pertussis was associated with an estimated 16 million cases and 195,000 deaths globally. Sizeable outbreaks of pertussis have been reported over the past 5 years, and disease reemergence has been the focus of international attention to develop a deeper understanding of pathogen virulence and genetic evolution of B. pertussis strains. During the past 20 years, the scientific community has recognized pertussis among adults as well as infants and children. Increased recognition that older children and adolescents are at risk for disease and may transmit B. pertussis to younger siblings has underscored the need to better understand the role of innate, humoral, and cell-mediated immunity, including the role of waning immunity. Although recognition of adult pertussis has increased in tandem with a better understanding of B. pertussis pathogenesis, pertussis in neonates and adults can manifest with atypical clinical presentations. Such disease patterns make pertussis recognition difficult and lead to delays in treatment. Ongoing research using newer tools for molecular analysis holds promise for improved understanding of pertussis epidemiology, bacterial pathogenesis, bioinformatics, and immunology. Together, these advances provide a foundation for the development of new-generation diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Kilgore
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Eugene Applebaum Collage of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Abdulbaset M Salim
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Eugene Applebaum Collage of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Marcus J Zervos
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System and Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Heinz-Josef Schmitt
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, Pfizer Vaccines, Paris, France Department of Pediatrics, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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Yang Y, Yao K, Ma X, Shi W, Yuan L, Yang Y. Variation in Bordetella pertussis Susceptibility to Erythromycin and Virulence-Related Genotype Changes in China (1970-2014). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138941. [PMID: 26406905 PMCID: PMC4583996 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate changes in virulence-related genotypes and in the antimicrobial susceptibility of Bordetella pertussis isolates collected from the 1970s to 2014 in the northern part of China. METHODS A total of 124 B. pertussis isolates from three periods, the 1970s, 2000-2008, and May 2013-Sept 2014, were typed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence-related genes. A fragment of the 23S rRNA gene from each of the 99 isolates from 2013-2014 was amplified and sequenced. RESULTS All isolates from 2000-2008 and 2013-2014 were identified as ST2, whereas isolates from the 1970s were ST1. PtxA2/ptxC1/ptxP1/prn1/fim2-1/fim3-1/tcfA2, which was the same as the vaccine strain, was the only type in the 1970s. During the 2000s and 2013-2014, the virulence type ptxA1/ptxC1/ptxP1/prn1/fim2-1/fim3-1/tcfA2 was dominant, with frequencies of 68.4% and 91.9%, respectively. Nine ptxP3 strains, which were more virulent, were detected after 2000. All 124 isolates were susceptible to levofloxacin, sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim and tetracycline. The isolates from the 1970s and 2000-2008 were susceptible to all tested macrolides, whereas 91.9% of the 2013-2014 isolates were highly resistant (minimal inhibitory concentration, MIC >256 μg/ml). No ptxP3 strain was resistant to macrolides. All erythromycin-resistant strains except for one had the A2047G mutation in the 23S rRNA gene. CONCLUSIONS Macrolide resistance of the B. pertussis population has been a serious problem in the northern part of China. Because most of the epidemic clone of the pathogen expresses the same antigen profiles as the vaccine strain, except ptxA, improvements in immunization strategies may prevent the spread of infection and drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children and National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University), Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kaihu Yao
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children and National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University), Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Ma
- Respiratory department, Qilu Children’s Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children and National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University), Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children and National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University), Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yonghong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children and National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University), Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Direct Detection of Erythromycin-Resistant Bordetella pertussis in Clinical Specimens by PCR. J Clin Microbiol 2015. [PMID: 26224847 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01499-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance of Bordetella pertussis to erythromycin has been increasingly reported. We developed an allele-specific PCR method for rapid detection of erythromycin-resistant B. pertussis directly from nasopharyngeal (NP) swab samples submitted for diagnostic PCR. Based on the proven association of erythromycin resistance with the A2047G mutation in the 23S rRNA of B. pertussis, four primers, two of which were designed to be specific for either the wild-type or the mutant allele, were used in two different versions of the allele-specific PCR assay. The methods were verified with results obtained by PCR-based sequencing of 16 recent B. pertussis isolates and 100 NP swab samples submitted for diagnostic PCR. The detection limits of the two PCR assays ranged from 10 to 100 fg per reaction for both erythromycin-susceptible and -resistant B. pertussis. Two amplified fragments of each PCR, of 286 and 112 bp, respectively, were obtained from a mutant allele of the isolates and/or NP swab samples containing B. pertussis DNAs. For the wild-type allele, only a 286-bp fragment was visible when the allele-specific PCR assay 1 was performed. No amplification was found when a number of non-Bordetella bacterial pathogens and NP swab samples that did not contain the DNAs of B. pertussis were examined. This assay can serve as an alternative for PCR-based sequencing, especially for local laboratories in resource-poor countries.
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[Haut Conseil de la santé publique (HCSP). Management of single or multiple pertussis cases]. Rev Mal Respir 2015; 32:639-56. [PMID: 26054984 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
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- 14, avenue Duquesne, 75350 Paris 07 SP, France. http://www.hcsp.fr
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Abstract
Short courses of antibiotic therapy are recommended for treatment of pertussis. We report 2 young unvaccinated infants with persistently positive Bordetella pertussis by polymerase chain reaction from nasopharyngeal swabs despite 7 days of clarithromycin (15 mg/kg/d) therapy. In 1 patient, quantitative polymerase chain reaction was 7.02 (log GEq/mL) at the onset of treatment, 6.26 at the end of treatment and remained positive with 2.64 and 2.69 during and after a second 7-day course, respectively. The generally believed assumption that contagiousness of pertussis is terminated after 5 days of antibiotic treatment should be challenged, at least in young infants.
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Pertussis in the newborn: certainties and uncertainties in 2014. Paediatr Respir Rev 2015; 16:112-8. [PMID: 25613084 DOI: 10.1016/j.prrv.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis infection remains a serious potential health risk to infants, specially in those too young to be vaccinated. Over the recent years, numerous sources highlighted a widespread resurgence, making it, again, a challenging disease. Globally, pertussis is ranked among the 10 leading causes of childhood mortality. This review summarizes the most recent literature and will address the most important aspects that pediatricians and neonatologists must be familiar with, when treating a newborńs pertussis infection.
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Wang Z, Cui Z, Li Y, Hou T, Liu X, Xi Y, Liu Y, Li H, He Q. High prevalence of erythromycin-resistant Bordetella pertussis in Xi'an, China. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014; 20:O825-30. [DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Shahcheraghi F, Nakhost Lotfi M, Nikbin VS, Shooraj F, Azizian R, Parzadeh M, Allahyar Torkaman MR, Zahraei SM. The First Macrolide-Resistant Bordetella pertussis Strains Isolated From Iranian Patients. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2014; 7:e10880. [PMID: 25371806 PMCID: PMC4217671 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.10880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Whooping cough was considered as one of the major causes of childhood morbidity and mortality worldwide. Resistant isolates of Bordetella pertussis to macrolides in some countries have been recently reported. Objectives: Recent reports on macrolide-resistant B. pertussis isolates and lack of evidence for such resistance in clinical isolates of the Iranian patients led the authors of the current study to study antibiotic susceptibility of the collected isolates in the country. Susceptibility of the B. pertussis isolates to three antibiotics was studied. Relatedness of the strains recovered in this research was also examined. Materials and Methods: The antibacterial activities of erythromycin, azithromycin, and clarithromycin antibiotics against the recovered isolates of 779 nasopharyngeal swabs were examined using MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) method. Relationship of the strains was characterized by Pulsed-field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE). Results: Among the specimens, 11 cases (1.4%) were culture-positive. Among these isolates, only two isolates had high MIC values for erythromycin and clarithromycin. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis of the isolates revealed 6 PFGE profiles (A-F) among which three and two isolates had the same patterns in profiles A and B, respectively. Conclusions: Azithromycin can be a good drug of choice to treat patients infected by B. pertussis in Iran. Clonal relationship of the isolates showed that the same B. pertussis strains were isolated from different patients in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Shahcheraghi
- Department of Bacteriology, Pertussis Reference Laboratory, Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Fereshteh Shahcheraghi, Department of Bacteriology, Pertussis Reference Laboratory, Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel/Fax: +98-2166405535, E-mail:
| | - Masoumeh Nakhost Lotfi
- Department of Bacteriology, Pertussis Reference Laboratory, Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Vajiheh Sadat Nikbin
- Department of Bacteriology, Pertussis Reference Laboratory, Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Fahimeh Shooraj
- Department of Bacteriology, Pertussis Reference Laboratory, Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Reza Azizian
- Department of Bacteriology, Pertussis Reference Laboratory, Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Masoumeh Parzadeh
- Department of Bacteriology, Pertussis Reference Laboratory, Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Allahyar Torkaman
- Department of Bacteriology, Pertussis Reference Laboratory, Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Seyed Mohsen Zahraei
- Center for Communicable Diseases Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, IR Iran
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19
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Marchand-Austin A, Memari N, Patel SN, Tang P, Deeks SL, Jamieson FB, Crowcroft NS, Farrell DJ. Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in contemporary clinical isolates of Bordetella pertussis in Ontario, Canada. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2014; 44:82-4. [PMID: 24837412 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Marchand-Austin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, 6th Floor, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8; Public Health Ontario Laboratories, Public Health Ontario, 81 Resources Road, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M9P 3T1.
| | - Nader Memari
- Public Health Ontario Laboratories, Public Health Ontario, 81 Resources Road, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M9P 3T1
| | - Samir N Patel
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, 6th Floor, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8; Public Health Ontario Laboratories, Public Health Ontario, 81 Resources Road, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M9P 3T1
| | - Patrick Tang
- Public Health Ontario Laboratories, Public Health Ontario, 81 Resources Road, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M9P 3T1
| | - Shelley L Deeks
- Surveillance and Epidemiology, Public Health Ontario, 480 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1V2; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, 6th Floor, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 3M7
| | - Frances B Jamieson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, 6th Floor, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8; Public Health Ontario Laboratories, Public Health Ontario, 81 Resources Road, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M9P 3T1
| | - Natasha S Crowcroft
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, 6th Floor, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8; Surveillance and Epidemiology, Public Health Ontario, 480 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1V2; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, 6th Floor, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 3M7
| | - David J Farrell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, 6th Floor, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8; Public Health Ontario Laboratories, Public Health Ontario, 81 Resources Road, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M9P 3T1
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20
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van der Ark AAJ, Hozbor DF, Boog CJP, Metz B, van den Dobbelsteen GPJM, van Els CACM. Resurgence of pertussis calls for re-evaluation of pertussis animal models. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 11:1121-37. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.12.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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21
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Pertussis vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-0090-5.00030-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] Open
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22
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Reed N, Gunn-Moore D. Nasopharyngeal disease in cats: 2. Specific conditions and their management. J Feline Med Surg 2012; 14:317-26. [PMID: 22511474 PMCID: PMC11132258 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x12444998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Nasopharyngeal disease is a common presenting problem in feline medicine. CLINICAL CHALLENGES The management of feline nasopharyngeal disease can be challenging at a number of levels. In many cases, a specific diagnosis may remain elusive. Some conditions may not be curable so owners need to understand the requirement for long-term management. In addition, treatment may be compromised by poor patient compliance. AUDIENCE This review, which is directed at any clinicians involved in the management of cats with nasopharyngeal disease, discusses acute rhinitis (cat 'flu) and a variety of conditions causing chronic rhinosinusitis/chronic nasopharyngeal disease. The intention is to assist treatment decision making by reviewing the most appropriate therapies from the options available for these patients. EVIDENCE BASE The information presented in this article is based on peer-reviewed publications and the clinical experience of the authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicki Reed
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK.
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