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Břehová P, Chaloupecká E, Česnek M, Skácel J, Dračínský M, Tloušťová E, Mertlíková-Kaiserová H, Soto-Velasquez MP, Watts VJ, Janeba Z. Acyclic nucleoside phosphonates with 2-aminothiazole base as inhibitors of bacterial and mammalian adenylate cyclases. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 222:113581. [PMID: 34102377 PMCID: PMC8373703 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (ANPs) was synthesized as potential adenylate cyclase inhibitors, where the adenine nucleobase of adefovir (PMEA) was replaced with a 5-substituted 2-aminothiazole moiety. The design was based on the structure of MB05032, a potent and selective inhibitor of fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase and a good mimic of adenosine monophosphate (AMP). From the series of eighteen novel ANPs, which were prepared as phosphoroamidate prodrugs, fourteen compounds were potent (single digit micromolar or submicromolar) inhibitors of Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT), mostly without observed cytotoxicity in J774A.1 macrophage cells. Selected phosphono diphosphates (nucleoside triphosphate analogues) were potent inhibitors of ACT (IC50 as low as 37 nM) and B. anthracis edema factor (IC50 as low as 235 nM) in enzymatic assays. Furthermore, several ANPs were found to be selective mammalian AC1 inhibitors in HEK293 cell-based assays (although with some associated cytotoxicity) and one compound exhibited selective inhibition of mammalian AC2 (only 12% of remaining adenylate cyclase activity) but no observed cytotoxicity. The mammalian AC1 inhibitors may represent potential leads in development of agents for treatment of human inflammatory and neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Břehová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ema Chaloupecká
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic; Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 43, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Česnek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Skácel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Dračínský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Tloušťová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Mertlíková-Kaiserová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Monica P Soto-Velasquez
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Val J Watts
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Zlatko Janeba
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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Mi YM, Hua CZ, Fang C, Liu JJ, Xie YP, Lin LN, Wang GL. Effect of Macrolides and β-lactams on Clearance of Bordetella pertussis in the Nasopharynx in Children With Whooping Cough. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2021; 40:87-90. [PMID: 33021592 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000002911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of the current study is to investigate the bactericidal effect of macrolides and β-lactams on Bordetella pertussis (B. pertussis) in the nasopharynx and provide guidance for treating macrolides-resistant B. pertussis infections. METHODS Patients with whooping cough was diagnosed by culture of nasopharynx swabs between January 2016 to December 2018. B. pertussis was identified using specific antisera against pertussis and parapertussis. Drug susceptibility test was carried out using the E-test method. The clearance of B. pertussis in nasopharynx at 7 and 14 days into and posttreatment with macrolides, and β-lactams was compared. RESULTS A total of 125 B. pertussis samples were collected from patients who received single antibiotic treatment. Among those isolates, 62.4% (78/125) had high resistance with minimum inhibitory concentrations greater than 256 mg/L for erythromycin and azithromycin. The MIC90 of piperacillin, cefoperazone-sulbactam, meropenem, ampicillin, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for these isolates was <0.016, 0.094, 0.094, 0.19, 0.19, 0.25 and 0.75 mg/L, respectively. The clearance rate with β-lactams treatment (68.8%, 44/64) was significantly higher than that with macrolides treatment at 14 days posttreatment (50.8%, 31/61) (χ2 = 4.18, P = 0.04). Macrolides had a better clearance rate at 7 days posttreatment than β-lactams (χ2 = 4.49, P = 0.03) for macrolides-sensitive isolates and a worse clearance rate for macrolides-resistant isolates. CONCLUSION B. pertussis isolates had a high-resistant rate for macrolides in our study. Macrolides are the first choice for treating pertussis caused by macrolides-sensitive strains, and some β-lactams such as piperacillin should be considered as alternative antibiotics for treatment of macrolides-resistant B. pertussis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Mei Mi
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Zhen Hua
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Chao Fang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Juan-Juan Liu
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Ping Xie
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Luo-Na Lin
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Gao-Liang Wang
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
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Lin X, Zou J, Yao K, Li L, Zhong L. Analysis of antibiotic sensitivity and resistance genes of Bordetella pertussis in Chinese children. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e24090. [PMID: 33466172 PMCID: PMC10545409 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000024090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To understood the pathogen detection status and clinical characteristics of suspected pertussis in children and to observe the drug sensitivity and drug resistance genes of Bordetella pertussis (B. pertussis). METHODS Three hundred fifty-one cases were collected and their nasopharyngeal swab samples were analyzed by culture and fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The susceptibility to erythromycin, clindamycin, ampicillin, levofloxacin, and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim were tested by E-test for the positive strains, and the susceptibility to erythromycin was also tested for the KB disk diffusion method. The 23S rRNA gene of the positive strains was amplified and sequenced, and statistical analysis was performed in conjunction with clinical data. RESULTS The positive rate of bacterial culture was 16.8% (59/351), and the positive rate of PCR was 62.4% (219/351). Two cases were positive about bacterial culture and negative for PCR. There were 221 confirmed cases of pertussis. The E-test results showed that the rate of the sensitivity of the 55 strains of pertussis to erythromycin and clindamycin was 50.9% (28/55), the minimum antibiotic concentration50 (MIC50) and MIC90 values were 0.094/>256 and 0.75/>256 mg/L, respectively, and the MIC50/MIC90 to ampicillin, levofloxacin, and sulfamethoxazole were 0.125/0.19, 0.38/0.5, and 0.125/0.25 mg/L, respectively. The KB disk diffusion method showed 27 of the 55 strains 49.1% (27/55) was resistant to erythromycin; all of the resistant strains had the 23S rRNA gene A2047G mutation, and their MIC of erythromycin was >256 mg/L. CONCLUSION The diagnosis of pertussis by a fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction method is more sensitive than that of bacterial culture. The resistance of B. pertussis to erythromycin was prominent. All of the strains of B. pertussis resistant to erythromycin in our center had the A2047G mutation of the 23S rRNA gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- XiaoJuan Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respirology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha
| | - Jun Zou
- Department of Pediatrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respirology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha
| | - Kaihu Yao
- Microbiology Laboratory of Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lijun Li
- Microbiology Laboratory of Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Zhong
- Department of Pediatrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respirology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha
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Jia JH, Guo Q, Wan CM. [Resurgence and vaccine strategies of pertussis]. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi 2020; 58:686-689. [PMID: 32842393 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112140-20200116-00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J H Jia
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Q Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - C M Wan
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610041, China
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Li L, Deng J, Ma X, Zhou K, Meng Q, Yuan L, Shi W, Wang Q, Li Y, Yao K. High Prevalence of Macrolide-Resistant Bordetella pertussis and ptxP1 Genotype, Mainland China, 2014-2016. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 25:2205-2214. [PMID: 31742507 PMCID: PMC6874251 DOI: 10.3201/eid2512.181836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the government of China, reported cases of pertussis have increased remarkably and are still increasing. To determine the genetic relatedness of Bordetella pertussis strains, we compared multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA) results for isolates from China with those from Western countries. Among 335 isolates from China, the most common virulence-associated genotype was ptxA1/ptxC1/ptxP1/prn1/fim2–1/fim3A/tcfA2, which was more frequent among isolates from northern than southern China. Isolates of this genotype were highly resistant to erythromycin. We identified 36 ptxP3 strains mainly harboring ptxA1 and prn2 (35/36); ptxP3 strains were sensitive to erythromycin and were less frequently from northern China. For all isolates, the sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim MIC was low, indicating that this drug should be recommended for patients infected with erythromycin-resistant B. pertussis. MLVA of 150 clinical isolates identified 13 MLVA types, including 3 predominant types. Our results show that isolates circulating in China differ from those in Western countries.
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Friedrich F, Valadão MC, Brum M, Comaru T, Pitrez PM, Jones MH, Pinto LA, Scotta MC. Impact of maternal dTpa vaccination on the incidence of pertussis in young infants. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228022. [PMID: 31990945 PMCID: PMC6986709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pertussis is an important public health problem worldwide, especially in infants. An increase in the incidence in many countries occurred after 2010, including Brazil. In 2013, dTpa vaccine was introduced in the Brazil national immunization schedule of pregnant women. The objective of this study was to evaluate the national trends in the incidence of pertussis in Brazil in children under 1 year old, and the impact of the introduction of dTpa vaccine during pregnancy. Methods The incidence of hospitalizations and non-hospitalized confirmed cases of pertussis in neonates (< 1 month age) and young infants (1 month—< 1 year age) were analyzed, comparing the incidence in pre maternal vaccination (2011–2013) with the post-vaccination (2015–2017). We used non-respiratory hospitalizations as comparison, during the same period. A database of the Brazilian Ministry of Health (DATASUS) was used to analyze cases from 2007 to 2017 and the subsets of 2011–2013 and 2015–2017, after Pertussis resurgence. The vaccination data was accessed through the link of the Information System of the National Immunization Program (pni.datasus.gov.br). Results Between 2007 and 2017, 17,818 children under one year of age were hospitalized due to pertussis in Brazil. In the pre maternal vaccination period 2011–2013, the mean annual incidence of non-hospitalized confirmed cases of pertussis in children under 1 month was 722.2 / 100,000 and in the period of 2015–2017 the average was 377.3 / 100,000, representing a decrease of 47.7% [IRR 0.52 (0.46–0.59)]. At those periods of time, the average incidence per year for children of one month—< 1 year aged was 64.9 / 100,000 (2011–2013) and 29.3 / 100,000 (2015–2017) [IRR 0.45 (CI 0.29–0.69)]. Conclusion Vaccination of pregnant woman coincides with the reduction in the number of cases of pertussis in children under 1 month of age from 2015. Immunization of pregnant woman seems to have an important impact on the prevention of the disease in young infants who have not yet received their own pertussis vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico Friedrich
- Centro Infant, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Maria Clara Valadão
- Centro Infant, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marcos Brum
- Centro Infant, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Talitha Comaru
- Centro Infant, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Paulo Márcio Pitrez
- Centro Infant, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marcus Herbert Jones
- Centro Infant, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Leonardo A. Pinto
- Centro Infant, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marcelo C. Scotta
- Centro Infant, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Morgeaux S, Chagnaud P, Variot P, Le Tallec D, Behr-Gross ME. Establishment of Ph. Eur. Bordetella pertussis mouse antiserum Biological Reference Preparation batches 2, 3 and 4. Pharmeur Bio Sci Notes 2020; 2020:161-202. [PMID: 32788038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A project aimed at establishing replacement batches for the European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) Biological Reference Preparation (BRP) Bordetella (B.) pertussis mouse antiserum was started in 2013 under the aegis of the Biological Standardisation Programme (BSP) of the European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare (EDQM). This BRP is used for the immunogenicity assay in mice to assess the potency of acellular pertussis (aP) vaccines as described in Ph. Eur. general method 2.7.16. Assay of pertussis vaccine (acellular). In a preliminary phase of the project (referred to herein as BSP129 phase 1) a hyper-immune serum pool was produced in mice using a combined aP vaccine as immunogen. This pool was used to generate 3 freeze-dried candidate (c) B. pertussis anti-mouse serum BRP batches (cBRP2, cBRP3 and cBRP4). After the pre-qualification that showed their suitability as candidate batches, an international collaborative study (BSP129 phase 2) was carried out in order to standardise these 3 batches against the current BRP1 in terms of anti-PT, -FHA, -PRN and -FIM2/3 antibody contents. For the sake of continuity with the standardisation of BRP1, the corresponding WHO standard (1RR 97/642) was introduced as a second reference for the calibration of the 3 candidate BRPs. Eleven laboratories took part in phase 2. Ten of them performed the ELISA method they use routinely for aP vaccine batch release and one laboratory performed the Multiplex Immunoassay (MIA) as an alternative test. Four participants titrated the antibodies against all 5 pertussis antigens, 5 participants determined the antibody content against 3 antigens (PT, FHA, PRN), one participant titrated the antibodies against PT and FHA antigens and one laboratory determined the antibody content for the PT antigen only. Details of all ELISA methods used were analysed to evaluate their impact on the calibration of the cBRPs. The variability of the results in relation to the nature and methodology of the tests appeared rather limited. Discrepant titres of cBRPs were measured depending on the reference used: the use of the 1RR induced an overestimation (in 8 out of 11 laboratories) and a large inter-laboratory variation in the calculated titres. Regardless of the reference used, equivalency between the calculated titres of cBRP2 and cBRP3 was observed, whilst cBRP4 had systematically lower titres for all antibodies against the 5 acellular pertussis vaccine components. Based on these observations, it was decided to establish the candidate BRP batches against BRP1 and to assign the following potencies based on the mean values determined through centrally calculated results of the calibration assays performed by ELISA in BSP129 phase 2: For cBRP2 and cBRP3 Anti-pertussis toxin: 37 ELISA Units (ELU) per vial Anti-filamentous haemagglutinin: 114 ELU per vial Anti-pertactin: 44 ELU per vial Anti-fimbrial agglutinogens (FIM2/3): 25 ELU per vial For cBRP4 Anti-pertussis toxin: 32 ELU per vial Anti-filamentous haemagglutinin: 98 ELU per vial Anti-pertactin 38 ELU per vial Anti-fimbrial agglutinogens (FIM2/3):23 ELU per vial In February 2018, BRP2, BRP3 and BRP4 were adopted by correspondence by the Ph. Eur. Commission.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Morgeaux
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité du Médicament et des Produits de Santé (ANSM), Pôle Libération de Lots et Surveillance du Marché des Produits Biologiques, Direction des Contrôles, Lyon, France
| | - P Chagnaud
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité du Médicament et des Produits de Santé (ANSM), Pôle Libération de Lots et Surveillance du Marché des Produits Biologiques, Direction des Contrôles, Lyon, France
| | - P Variot
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité du Médicament et des Produits de Santé (ANSM), Pôle Libération de Lots et Surveillance du Marché des Produits Biologiques, Direction des Contrôles, Lyon, France
| | - D Le Tallec
- European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare, Department of Biological Standardisation, OMCL Network & HealthCare (DBO), Council of Europe, Strasbourg, France
| | - M-E Behr-Gross
- European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare, Department of Biological Standardisation, OMCL Network & HealthCare (DBO), Council of Europe, Strasbourg, France
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Morgeaux S, Bornstein N, Mourton-Gilles C, Chagnaud P, Charbonneau J, Maurin J, Daas A, Variot P, Behr-Gross ME. Production and characterisation of a candidate hyper-immune serum for the replacement of the Bordetella pertussis mouse antiserum Biological Reference Preparation. Pharmeur Bio Sci Notes 2020; 2020:141-160. [PMID: 32788037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
For acellular pertussis (aP) vaccines, the current European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) monograph Pertussis vaccine (acellular, component, adsorbed) (1356) requires an immunogenicity assay in mice or guinea pigs to assess the potency of each lot of vaccine (Ph. Eur. general method 2.7.16. Assay of pertussis vaccine (acellular)). This biological assay, carried out on the final bulk of the vaccine lot, is based on the measurement of the specific antibody response to the 5 antigenic components (pertussis toxin (PT), Fimbrial haemagglutinin (FHA), pertactin (PRN) and Fimbriae 2 and 3 (FIM2/3)) that are present in the combined aP vaccines. In the mouse assay, serum antibody levels are measured by ELISA. The immunogenicity of a vaccine under test is estimated versus a homologous reference vaccine and a reference antiserum e.g. the first Ph. Eur. Biological Reference Preparation for Bordetella (B.) pertussis mouse anti-serum (BRP1), established in 1998, is used to normalise the titre of antibodies (expressed in ELISA Units (ELU)/mL). In anticipation of the depletion of BRP1 stocks, a project was launched in 2013 by the Biological Standardisation Programme (BSP) of the European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare (EDQM) in order to establish a new standardised reference serum. The project, referred to herein as BSP129, was conducted in 2 phases: 1) the production and characterisation of a mouse serum pool (using a multicomponent aP vaccine marketed in Canada similar to the vaccine used in the BRP1 production as immunogen) and of candidate BRP batches (cBRPs) and 2) an international collaborative study aimed at calibrating the cBRPs in terms of antibody levels against PT, FHA, PRN and FIM2/3. This article presents the design and results of the first phase of the collaborative study to establish the optimal conditions for immunisation and bleeding of mice in order to produce a large pool of hyper-immune serum against the 5 antigens. After the characterisation of this pool, cBRP pilot lots were manufactured by freeze-drying diluted solutions of the hyper-immune serum pool. The pilot lots were then characterised in two Official Medicines Control Laboratories (OMCLs) for their antibody contents against aP vaccine antigens using in-house ELISA (based on methods developed by 2 European vaccine manufacturers) and Multiplex Immunoassay (MIA) methods. The antibody titres recovered demonstrated that a dilution factor of 1/40 could be considered for the scaled-up manufacture of candidate reference preparations (cBRPs). Three batches (15 000 vials) of cBRP were manufactured and fully characterised. In light of the data obtained, and although titration results between the ELISA methods were sometimes discrepant, it was agreed that the establishment study (phase 2) could be launched. Real-time and accelerated stability studies were also included in the first study phase to document the stability of the cBRPs in freeze-dried form and after reconstitution and storage at -20°C±5°C. The results showed that the stability of the freeze-dried cBRPs at usual storage and shipment temperatures is acceptable and that reconstituted cBRP solutions are stable for 12 months at -20°C±5°C. It could therefore be recommended to freeze small aliquots of the 1 mL solution obtained by the reconstitution of one BRP vial in order to store them for use in separate assays. With the application of this strategy, the stocks of the BRP1 replacement batches should cover the needs of OMCLs and manufacturers for at least the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Morgeaux
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité du Médicament et des Produits de Santé (ANSM), Pôle Libération de Lots et Surveillance du Marché des Produits Biologiques, Direction des Contrôles, Lyon, France
| | - N Bornstein
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité du Médicament et des Produits de Santé (ANSM), Pôle Libération de Lots et Surveillance du Marché des Produits Biologiques, Direction des Contrôles, Lyon, France
| | - C Mourton-Gilles
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité du Médicament et des Produits de Santé (ANSM), Pôle Contrôles Biologiques et Microbiologiques des Produits de Santé, Direction des Contrôles, Vendargues, France
| | - P Chagnaud
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité du Médicament et des Produits de Santé (ANSM), Pôle Contrôles Biologiques des Médicaments Immunologiques, Sécurité Biologique, Direction des Contrôles, Lyon, France
| | - J Charbonneau
- Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - J Maurin
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité du Médicament et des Produits de Santé (ANSM), Pôle Contrôles Biologiques et Microbiologiques des Produits de Santé, Direction des Contrôles, Vendargues, France
| | - A Daas
- European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare, Department of Biological Standardisation, OMCL Network & HealthCare (DBO), Council of Europe, Strasbourg, France
| | - P Variot
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité du Médicament et des Produits de Santé (ANSM), Pôle Contrôles Biologiques des Médicaments Immunologiques, Sécurité Biologique, Direction des Contrôles, Lyon, France
| | - M-E Behr-Gross
- European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare, Department of Biological Standardisation, OMCL Network & HealthCare (DBO), Council of Europe, Strasbourg, France
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Fu P, Wang C, Tian H, Kang Z, Zeng M. Bordetella pertussis Infection in Infants and Young Children in Shanghai, China, 2016-2017: Clinical Features, Genotype Variations of Antigenic Genes and Macrolides Resistance. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2019; 38:370-376. [PMID: 30882726 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000002160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global resurgence of pertussis in countries with high vaccination coverage has been a concern of public health. METHODS Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected for Bordetella pertussis culture from children with suspected pertussis. Clinical and vaccination information were reviewed through electronic medical chart and immunization record. Antibiotics susceptibility was evaluated using E-test for erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim. The MLST genotypes and 7 antigenic genes (ptxP, ptxA, ptxC, Prn, fim3, fim2 and tcfA) of Bordetella pertussis were identified by polymerase chain reaction amplification and sequencing. RESULTS During January 2016 to September 2017, a total of 141 children 1-48 months of age were culture-confirmed with pertussis, of whom 98 (69.5%) were younger than 6 months, 25 (17.7%) had completed at least 3 doses of DTaP and 75 (53.2%) had a clear exposure to household members with persistent cough. Fully vaccinated cases manifested milder disease than unvaccinated and not-fully vaccinated cases. All strains were MLST2. High-virulent strains characteristic of ptxP3/prn2/ptxC2 constituted 41.1% (58/141) and were all susceptible to macrolides while low-virulent strains characteristic of ptxP1/prn1/ptxC1 constituted 58.9% (83/141) and 97.6% (81/83), respectively, were highly resistant to macrolides. CONCLUSIONS Pertussis is resurging among infants and young children in Shanghai, and household transmission is the main exposure pathway. The high-virulent strains harboring ptxP3/prn2/ptxC2 and the macrolide-resistant Bordetella pertussis strains are quite prevalent. These issues impose a public health concern in Shanghai. Our findings are important to modify the DTaP vaccination strategy and the management guideline of pertussis in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Fu
- From the Department of Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuanqing Wang
- From the Department of Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Nosocomial Infection Control, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - He Tian
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhihua Kang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei Zeng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Ben Fraj I, Kechrid A, Guillot S, Bouchez V, Brisse S, Guiso N, Smaoui H. Pertussis epidemiology in Tunisian infants and children and characterization of Bordetella pertussis isolates: results of a 9-year surveillance study, 2007 to 2016. J Med Microbiol 2018; 68:241-247. [PMID: 30526740 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Pertussis remains a public health concern in most countries. Our study aimed to prospectively explore the epidemiology of pertussis in the Tunis area of Tunisia between 2007 and 2016, and to characterize the virulence-associated genes of the collected Bordetella pertussis isolates. METHODOLOGY Infants and children hospitalized at the Children's Hospital of Tunis, Tunisia, between 2007 and 2016 for suspicion of pertussis were enrolled in the study. Culture and real-time PCR (qPCR) assays targeting IS481, IS1001, recA, H-IS1001 and ptxP were used to confirm the pertussis diagnosis. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of recovered isolates was performed.Results/Key findings. A total of 1844 children were included in the study. Overall, 306 children (16.6 %) with Bordetella infection were confirmed by qPCR. Among them, 265 (86.6 %) were confirmed as having B. pertussis (IS481+, ptxP+, H-IS1001-), 18 (5.9 %) as having Bordetella parapertussis (IS481-, IS1001+) and 11 (3.6 %) as having Bordetella spp. (IS481+, ptxP-, H-IS1001-). No Bordetella holmesii (IS481+, IS1001-, H-IS1001+) was identified. The estimated pertussis incidence in the Tunis area was 134/100 000 in children aged less than 5 years. Two epidemic peaks were observed in 2009 and 2014. Ten B. pertussis isolates were cultured and characterized. Deficiency in pertactin expression was not observed, and genotyping of the isolates revealed a predominant allelic profile: ptxP3-ptxA1-prn2-fim2-1-fim3-2. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that pertussis is still present as a cyclical disease in Tunisia, despite high primo-vaccination coverage with a pertussis whole-cell vaccine. The predominant genotype of Tunisian B. pertussis isolates is similar to isolates circulating in countries using the acellular vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikram Ben Fraj
- 1University of Tunis El Manar, Children's Hospital of Tunis, Laboratory of Microbiology, UR12ES01, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Amel Kechrid
- 1University of Tunis El Manar, Children's Hospital of Tunis, Laboratory of Microbiology, UR12ES01, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Sophie Guillot
- 2Biodiversity and Epidemiology of Bacterial Pathogens Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- 3National Reference Center for Whooping Cough and Other Bordetella Infections, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Bouchez
- 2Biodiversity and Epidemiology of Bacterial Pathogens Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- 3National Reference Center for Whooping Cough and Other Bordetella Infections, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Brisse
- 2Biodiversity and Epidemiology of Bacterial Pathogens Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- 3National Reference Center for Whooping Cough and Other Bordetella Infections, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Nicole Guiso
- 3National Reference Center for Whooping Cough and Other Bordetella Infections, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Hanen Smaoui
- 1University of Tunis El Manar, Children's Hospital of Tunis, Laboratory of Microbiology, UR12ES01, Tunis, Tunisia
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Abstract
Pertussis, a highly contagious infective disease caused by Bordetella pertussis, was in the past very common among newborns and children, causing significant medical, social and economic issues burden, also due to frequent need of hospitalization and high mortality. Following the introduction of vaccines against pertussis, the burden of the disease dramatically decreased, although nowadays, this disease it is still the most widespread among the vaccine preventable ones. First vaccine formulations were composed with whole cell antigen of Bordetella pertussis and were followed by formulations with acellular antigens (PT, FHA, PRN, FIM), that showed to have similar efficacy and less reactogenicity. In particular, all the acellular vaccines, regardless the number of antigenic component included, demonstrated good immunogenicity in clinical trials and high effectiveness in real world evidence studies. Nevertheless, in the recent years it has been notified an increasing number of cases of pertussis. The most recent evidence demonstrated that for an effective control and prevention of pertussis it is necessary to strengthen vaccination coverage among the whole population, providing primary vaccination to newborns and booster in infancy, adolescence and adulthood every 10 years. Finally, vaccination of women at the third trimester of every pregnancy is the most effective intervention to protect the newborn from pertussis in his first months of life, before developing a protective response after the primary vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. ESPOSITO
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Italy
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12
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Cafiero JH, Lamberti YA, Surmann K, Vecerek B, Rodriguez ME. A Bordetella pertussis MgtC homolog plays a role in the intracellular survival. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203204. [PMID: 30161230 PMCID: PMC6117051 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough, has the capability to survive inside the host cells. This process requires efficient adaptation of the pathogen to the intracellular environment and the associated stress. Among the proteins produced by the intracellular B. pertussis we identified a protein (BP0414) that shares homology with MgtC, a protein which was previously shown to be involved in the intracellular survival of other pathogens. To explore if BP0414 plays a role in B. pertussis intracellular survival a mutant strain defective in the production of this protein was constructed. Using standard in vitro growth conditions we found that BP0414 is required for B. pertussis growth under low magnesium availability or low pH, two environmental conditions that this pathogen might face within the host cell. Intracellular survival studies showed that MgtC is indeed involved in B. pertussis viability inside the macrophages. The use of bafilomycin A1, which inhibits phagosome acidification, abolished the survival defect of the mgtC deficient mutant strain suggesting that in intracellular B. pertussis the role of MgtC protein is mainly related to the bacterial adaptation to the acidic conditions found inside the of phagosomes. Overall, this work provides an insight into the importance of MgtC in B. pertussis pathogenesis and its contribution to bacterial survival within immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Hilario Cafiero
- CINDEFI (UNLP CONICET La Plata), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Yanina Andrea Lamberti
- CINDEFI (UNLP CONICET La Plata), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Kristin Surmann
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Branislav Vecerek
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Bacterial Pathogens, Institute of Microbiology of the ASCR, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of post-transcriptional control of gene expression, Institute of Microbiology of the ASCR, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Maria Eugenia Rodriguez
- CINDEFI (UNLP CONICET La Plata), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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13
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Villalba MI, Stupar P, Chomicki W, Bertacchi M, Dietler G, Arnal L, Vela ME, Yantorno O, Kasas S. Nanomotion Detection Method for Testing Antibiotic Resistance and Susceptibility of Slow-Growing Bacteria. Small 2018; 14:1702671. [PMID: 29205867 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201702671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms and are often severe. Time to fully characterize an infectious agent after sampling and to find the right antibiotic and dose are important factors in the overall success of a patient's treatment. Previous results suggest that a nanomotion detection method could be a convenient tool for reducing antibiotic sensitivity characterization time to several hours. Here, the application of the method for slow-growing bacteria is demonstrated, taking Bordetella pertussis strains as a model. A low-cost nanomotion device is able to characterize B. pertussis sensitivity against specific antibiotics within several hours, instead of days, as it is still the case with conventional growth-based techniques. It can discriminate between resistant and susceptible B. pertussis strains, based on the changes of the sensor's signal before and after the antibiotic addition. Furthermore, minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations of clinically applied antibiotics are compared using both techniques and the suggested similarity is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ines Villalba
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriales (CINDEFI-CONICET-CCT La Plata), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Petar Stupar
- Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Vivante, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Wojciech Chomicki
- Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Vivante, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Massimiliano Bertacchi
- Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Vivante, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Dietler
- Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Vivante, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laura Arnal
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA-CONICET-CCT La Plata), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - María Elena Vela
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA-CONICET-CCT La Plata), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Osvaldo Yantorno
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriales (CINDEFI-CONICET-CCT La Plata), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Sandor Kasas
- Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Vivante, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Plateforme de Morphologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lausanne, 1009, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Uttlová P, Urban J, Melicherčíková V, Zavadilová J, Fabiánová K. Susceptibility of clinical isolates of Bordetella pertussis to chemicals. Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol 2018; 67:122-128. [PMID: 30602279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
THE AIM OF STUDY To test clinical isolates of Bordetella pertussis from the National Reference Laboratory for Pertussis and Diphtheria for susceptibility to commonly available disinfectants. Another aim was to determine the concentration and exposure time for each chemical under real conditions of use and possibly to detect the emergence of resistance to disinfectants among 34 strains of B. pertussis referred to the National Reference Laboratory for Pertussis and Diphtheria in 2014 and 2015. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 34 clinical isolates of Bordetella pertussis were tested for susceptibility to chemical disinfectants by three different methods. The microsuspension method was used for the primary screening, and the tests were carried out without protein contamination. Further testing was conducted in accordance with standard EN 14885, where the test procedure consists of several steps. Step 1 involves quantitative suspension methods (Phase 2, Step 1), and step 2 uses methods designed for practice (Phase 2, Step 2). The quantitative suspension method modified according to EN 13727+A2 was used in step 1 to confirm bactericidal activity of the test products under the dirty conditions. In step 2, clinical isolates were tested using a quantitative carrier test method under the dirty conditions modified according to EN 14561. Based on this standard, the real conditions of product use are simulated. Four disinfectants differing in composition and intended use were tested. RESULTS Disinfectant No. 1 showed bactericidal activity at a concentration of 0.5% after 2 min of exposure in the case of immersion or at a concentration of 5% after 2 min of exposure when treated by wiping. Disinfectant No. 2 was active at a concentration of 0.1% after 2 min of exposure or at a concentration of 1% after 2 min of exposure, respectively. Disinfectant No. 3 did not show bactericidal activity even at a concentration of 100% after 5 min of exposure. Disinfectant No. 4 showed bactericidal activity at a concentration of 10% after 5 min of exposure or at a concentration of 30% after 2 min of exposure. CONCLUSIONS None of the strains tested was resistant. Using the methods that simulate the real conditions of use of disinfectants Nos. 1 and 2, it was possible to determine the concentration and exposure time needed to achieve disinfection of surfaces under the dirty conditions. Disinfectants Nos. 3 and 4 are not primarily intended for the treatment of surfaces but for the treatment of the skin and mucous membranes. The results obtained with the latter two products are interesting but inconclusive as the real conditions of their use were not simulated accurately. KEYWORDS Bordetella pertussis - susceptibility - disinfectants.
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15
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Hoonakker ME, Verhagen LM, Pupo E, de Haan A, Metz B, Hendriksen CFM, Han WGH, Sloots A. Vaccine-Mediated Activation of Human TLR4 Is Affected by Modulation of Culture Conditions during Whole-Cell Pertussis Vaccine Preparation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161428. [PMID: 27548265 PMCID: PMC4993483 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The potency of whole-cell pertussis (wP) vaccines is still determined by an intracerebral mouse protection test. To allow development of suitable in vitro alternatives to this test, insight into relevant parameters to monitor the consistency of vaccine quality is essential. To this end, a panel of experimental wP vaccines of varying quality was prepared by sulfate-mediated suppression of the BvgASR master virulence regulatory system of Bordetella pertussis during cultivation. This system regulates the transcription of a range of virulence proteins, many of which are considered important for the induction of effective host immunity. The protein compositions and in vivo potencies of the vaccines were BvgASR dependent, with the vaccine containing the highest amount of virulence proteins having the highest in vivo potency. Here, the capacities of these vaccines to stimulate human Toll-like receptors (hTLR) 2 and 4 and the role these receptors play in wP vaccine-mediated activation of antigen-presenting cells in vitro were studied. Prolonged BvgASR suppression was associated with a decreased capacity of vaccines to activate hTLR4. In contrast, no significant differences in hTLR2 activation were observed. Similarly, vaccine-induced activation of MonoMac-6 and monocyte-derived dendritic cells was strongest with the highest potency vaccine. Blocking of TLR2 and TLR4 showed that differences in antigen-presenting cell activation could be largely attributed to vaccine-dependent variation in hTLR4 signalling. Interestingly, this BvgASR-dependent decrease in hTLR4 activation coincided with a reduction in GlcN-modified lipopolysaccharides in these vaccines. Accordingly, expression of the lgmA-C genes, required for this glucosamine modification, was significantly reduced in bacteria exposed to sulfate. Together, these findings demonstrate that the BvgASR status of bacteria during wP vaccine preparation is critical for their hTLR4 activation capacity and suggest that including such parameters to assess consistency of newly produced vaccines could bring in vitro testing of vaccine quality a step closer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke E. Hoonakker
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Animals in Science and Society, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Lisa M. Verhagen
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Elder Pupo
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Alex de Haan
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Bernard Metz
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Coenraad F. M. Hendriksen
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Animals in Science and Society, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wanda G. H. Han
- Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Arjen Sloots
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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16
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Syed MA, Jamil B, Bokhari H. Shattering a myth - Whooping cough susceptible to antibiotics. Pak J Pharm Sci 2016; 29:985-990. [PMID: 27166543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Bordetella parapertussis is the causative agent of a milder form of pertussis or whooping cough. Little is reported about the antibiotic resistance patterns and mechanism of drug resistance of Bordetella parapertussis. The objective of this study has been to investigate antimicrobial resistance, distribution of integrons and presence of gene cassettes to quinolones (qnr) and sulfonamides (sul) among B. parapertussis strains' isolated from Pakistan. Thirty-five (35) samples were collected from various hospitals of Pakistan from children (median age 3 years) with pertussis-like symptoms, all were tested and confirmed to be B. Parapertussis. Resistance profile of Ampicillin, Cephalexin, Sulphamethoxazole, Chloramphenicol, Ofloxacin, Nalidixic acid, Gentamycin and Erythromycin were investigated through all samples. Majority of the isolates were found to be resistant to the afore-mentioned antibiotics except erythromycin. All isolates were resistant to quinolones phenotypically, but qnr genes were detected in only 25.7% (9/35) of isolates. On the other hand, 71.4% (25/35) isolates were resistant to sulfonamides phenotypically. From these 71% strains showing phenotypical resistance, 96% (24/25) were found to possess sul genes. Only two isolates were carrying class 1 integrons, which also harbored sul gene and qnr gene cassettes. It can be safely concluded that the phenotypic resistance patterns seemed mostly independent of presence of integrons. However, interestingly both integrons harboring strains were resistant to quinolones and sulfonamides and also possessed qnr and sul genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali Syed
- Department of Microbiology, University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
| | - Bushra Jamil
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Habib Bokhari
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
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17
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Yang Y, Yao K, Ma X, Shi W, Yuan L, Yang Y. Variation in Bordetella pertussis Susceptibility to Erythromycin and Virulence-Related Genotype Changes in China (1970-2014). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138941. [PMID: 26406905 PMCID: PMC4583996 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate changes in virulence-related genotypes and in the antimicrobial susceptibility of Bordetella pertussis isolates collected from the 1970s to 2014 in the northern part of China. METHODS A total of 124 B. pertussis isolates from three periods, the 1970s, 2000-2008, and May 2013-Sept 2014, were typed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence-related genes. A fragment of the 23S rRNA gene from each of the 99 isolates from 2013-2014 was amplified and sequenced. RESULTS All isolates from 2000-2008 and 2013-2014 were identified as ST2, whereas isolates from the 1970s were ST1. PtxA2/ptxC1/ptxP1/prn1/fim2-1/fim3-1/tcfA2, which was the same as the vaccine strain, was the only type in the 1970s. During the 2000s and 2013-2014, the virulence type ptxA1/ptxC1/ptxP1/prn1/fim2-1/fim3-1/tcfA2 was dominant, with frequencies of 68.4% and 91.9%, respectively. Nine ptxP3 strains, which were more virulent, were detected after 2000. All 124 isolates were susceptible to levofloxacin, sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim and tetracycline. The isolates from the 1970s and 2000-2008 were susceptible to all tested macrolides, whereas 91.9% of the 2013-2014 isolates were highly resistant (minimal inhibitory concentration, MIC >256 μg/ml). No ptxP3 strain was resistant to macrolides. All erythromycin-resistant strains except for one had the A2047G mutation in the 23S rRNA gene. CONCLUSIONS Macrolide resistance of the B. pertussis population has been a serious problem in the northern part of China. Because most of the epidemic clone of the pathogen expresses the same antigen profiles as the vaccine strain, except ptxA, improvements in immunization strategies may prevent the spread of infection and drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children and National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University), Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kaihu Yao
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children and National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University), Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Ma
- Respiratory department, Qilu Children’s Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children and National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University), Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children and National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University), Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yonghong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children and National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University), Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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18
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Koj S, Ługowski C, Niedziela T. [Bordetella pertussis lipooligosaccharide-derived neoglycoconjugates - new components of pertussis vaccine]. POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2015; 69:1013-1030. [PMID: 26400888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pertussis is a contagious respiratory tract disease caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Bordetella pertussis. Despite widespread vaccination, in recent years the pertussis incidence has increased. The whole-cell pertussis vaccine has been very effective but reactogenic. Therefore the improved vaccines contain only a few isolated and inactivated antigens of B. pertussis. However, a waning of the acellular vaccine-induced immunity indicates that these vaccines lack some important protective B. pertussis antigens. The vaccine containing an inactivated pertussis toxin induces the production of toxin-neutralizing antibodies, but it does not lead to destruction of bacteria. Since many virulence factors are involved in the pathogenesis of pertussis, beside the toxin-neutralizing activity, the direct bactericidal activity is essential in anti-pertussis immunity. Lipooligosaccharide is the main surface component of B. pertussis. It is a target for bactericidal antibodies during natural infection. The endotoxic activity of LOS makes it unacceptable for acellular vaccines against B. pertussis. However, the non-toxic moiety of the B. pertussis LOS-derived oligosaccharide coupled to a carrier protein forms an immunogenic glycoconjugate which has a potential application as a new component of a pertussis vaccine. In this paper, we present a review of current research and reasons for the increased pertussis incidence. The epidemiologic situation of pertussis in the past decades showing the ineffectiveness of contemporary, acellular pertussis vaccines is also discussed. The immune processes elicited by natural infection with B. pertussis were compared to the vaccine-induced immunity. The important role of bactericidal antibodies against lipooligosaccharide was indicated in effective immune defense. In a number of research papers the immunogenicity and protective properties of glycoconjugates containing the oligosaccharide component of B. pertussis have been described, and its application as a new component of a pertussis vaccine have been implied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Koj
- Instytut Immunologii i Terapii Doświadczalnej PAN im. Ludwika Hirszfelda, Wrocław
| | - Czesław Ługowski
- Instytut Immunologii i Terapii Doświadczalnej PAN im. Ludwika Hirszfelda, Wrocław; Uniwersytet Opolski, Samodzielna Katedra Biotechnologii i Biologii Molekularnej, Opole
| | - Tomasz Niedziela
- Instytut Immunologii i Terapii Doświadczalnej PAN im. Ludwika Hirszfelda, Wrocław
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Jakubů V, Zavadilová J, Fabiánová K, Urbášková P. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of erythromycin and other antibiotics for Czech strains of Bordetella pertussis. Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol 2015; 64:12-15. [PMID: 25872990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY To test the susceptibility to first-line and alternative antibiotics of 70 Bordetella pertussis (B. pertussis) strains recovered from patients with whooping cough through national pertussis surveillance in the Czech Republic (CR) in 1967-2010. MATERIAL AND METHODS The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, and co-trimoxazole were tested by the reference agar dilution method on Bordet-Gengou agar with 15 % defibrinated sheep blood. RESULTS Each of the 70 study strains was inhibited by two concentrations of erythromycin and azithromycin (0.06 and 0.12 mg/l) and by three concentrations of clarithromycin (0.03, 0.06, and 0.12 mg/l), with the highest concentration of the MIC range being 0.12 mg/l for all these similar antibiotics. Tested in a 2-fold geometric dilution series, the concentration of erythromycin required to inhibit 90 % of the study strains (MIC90) was one dilution step lower (0.06 mg/l) than those of clarithromycin and azithromycin (0.12 mg/l). All study strains were inhibited by a single concentration of ciprofloxacin (0.06 mg/l) and two concentrations of co-trimoxazole (0.12 and 0.25 mg/l). CONCLUSION The panel of 70 Czech strains of B. pertussis appears to be homogeneous in terms of the MICs of the antibiotics tested, with two to three low concentrations being effective against all strains. To be inhibited, no strain required a higher concentration of erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, or co-trimoxazole.
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Luo J, Wang HX, Yuan L, Gu S, Jiang M, Ding YJ, Guo D, Yao KH, Wang YJ. [Clinical characteristics of whooping cough in neonates and antimicrobial resistance of the pathogenic bacteria]. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi 2014; 16:975-978. [PMID: 25344174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the clinical characteristics of whooping cough in neonates and the antimicrobial resistance of the bacterial isolates. METHODS Clinical information of 7 neonates with whooping cough confirmed by bacterial culture was collected. The antimirobial resistance of the isolates was tested using E-test and disk diffusion methods. RESULTS The children′s mothers or other family members had cough for more than 10 days in 6 neonates, in which four neonates contacted with 3 or more family members with cough. All the neonates had rhinobyon and slight cough at the beginning of the disease. Five cases presented typical spasmodic cough after 4-7 days of the onset. Five cases displayed cyanosis, four cases occurred apnea, three cases suffered breath holding, and only two cases had fever. Nares flaring and three depression signs were found in the physical examination. No bacteriostatic ring around the erythromycin disks were found for five bacterial isolates. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin and clindamycin were all >256 mg/L against the five isolates. CONCLUSIONS Whooping cough should be considered for neonates with respiratory symptoms and a history of close contact with respiratory infection patients. Macrolide-resistant Bordetella pertussis is common in children with whooping cough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Luo
- Beijing Children′s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China.
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Zaĭtsev EM, Mertsalova NI, Britsina MV, Ozeretskovskaia MN, Bazhanova IG, Shinkarev AS, Poddubikov AV. [Immunogenicity and safety of vaccine preparations based on circulating Bordetella pertussis strains]. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 2014:18-22. [PMID: 25286523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
AIM Study specific activity and safety ofvaccine preparations based on circulating B. pertussis strains with currently predominating allele variants of pertussis toxin (ptxA1) and pertactin (prn2) genes. MATERIALS AND METHODS B. pertussis strains isolated from pertussis patients in Moscow in 2001-2010 were grown in dense and liquid media. The content of separate antigens in B. pertussis strains was determined by EIA. Immunogenicity and safety of the preparations was determined in F1(CBAxC57B16) line mice. RESULTS All the studied circulating B. pertussis strains expressed pertussis toxin (PT), filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) and agglutinogens corresponding to the serovar. Whole-cell and acellular pertussis vaccines were prepared based on the circulating strains, and a highly productive recently isolated toxigenic B.pertussis strain that could be used for production ofpertussis vaccines was selected as a result of studies ofimmunogenic, toxic and sensibilizing properties. CONCLUSION Vaccine preparations based on a B. pertussis strain adapted to growth in liquid media with pertussis toxin and pertactin ptxAl1 - prn2 gene allele variation characteristic for contemporary population are specifically active and safe.
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de Gouw D, Hermans PWM, Bootsma HJ, Zomer A, Heuvelman K, Diavatopoulos DA, Mooi FR. Differentially expressed genes in Bordetella pertussis strains belonging to a lineage which recently spread globally. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84523. [PMID: 24416242 PMCID: PMC3885589 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Pertussis is a highly contagious, acute respiratory disease in humans caused by the Gram-negative pathogen Bordetella pertussis. Pertussis has resurged in the face of intensive vaccination and this has coincided with the emergence of strains carrying a particular allele for the pertussis toxin promoter, ptxP3, which is associated with higher levels of pertussis toxin (Ptx) production. Within 10 to 20 years, ptxP3 strains have nearly completely replaced the previously dominant ptxP1 strains resulting in a worldwide selective sweep. In order to identify B. pertussis genes associated with the selective sweep, we compared the expression of genes in ptxP1 and ptxP3 strains that are under control of the Bordetella master virulence regulatory locus (bvgASR). The BvgAS proteins comprise a two component sensory transduction system which is regulated by temperature, nicotinic acid and sulfate. By increasing the sulfate concentration, it is possible to change the phase of B. pertussis from virulent to avirulent. Until recently, the only distinctive phenotype of ptxP3 strains was a higher Ptx production. Here we identify additional phenotypic differences between ptxP1 and ptxP3 strains which may have contributed to its global spread by comparing global transcriptional responses under sulfate-modulating conditions. We show that ptxP3 strains are less sensitive to sulfate-mediated gene suppression, resulting in an increased production of the vaccine antigens pertactin (Prn) and Ptx and a number of other virulence genes, including a type III secretion toxin, Vag8, a protein involved in complement resistance, and lpxE involved in lipid A modification. Furthermore, enhanced expression of the vaccine antigens Ptx and Prn by ptxP3 strains was confirmed at the protein level. Identification of genes differentially expressed between ptxP1 and ptxP3 strains may elucidate how B. pertussis has adapted to vaccination and allow the improvement of pertussis vaccines by identifying novel vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan de Gouw
- Department of Pediatrics, Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter W. M. Hermans
- Department of Pediatrics, Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hester J. Bootsma
- Department of Pediatrics, Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Aldert Zomer
- Department of Pediatrics, Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kees Heuvelman
- Netherlands Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Dimitri A. Diavatopoulos
- Department of Pediatrics, Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frits R. Mooi
- Department of Pediatrics, Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Horiba K, Nishimura N, Gotoh K, Kawaguchi M, Takeuchi S, Hattori F, Isaji M, Okai Y, Hosono H, Takemoto K, Ozaki T. Clinical manifestations of children with microbiologically confirmed pertussis infection and antimicrobial susceptibility of isolated strains in a regional hospital in Japan, 2008-2012. Jpn J Infect Dis 2014; 67:345-348. [PMID: 25241683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We conducted a retrospective study in 57 children (median age, 3.5 years; range, 1 month-14.5 years) with microbiologically confirmed pertussis infection over a recent 4-year period in a regional hospital in Japan. We obtained nasal swabs from all patients for Bordetella pertussis isolation as well as performed B. pertussis DNA detection using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). Of the 57 cases, 34 (60%) were culture-positive and 57 (100%) were LAMP-positive. The frequency of each symptom was as follows: typical paroxysmal cough for over 14 days, 96% (55/57); paroxysms, 86% (49/57); posttussive vomiting, 33% (19/57); inspiratory whoop, 25% (14/57); and apnea, 12% (7/57). Hospitalization was required in 14 cases (25%), 93% (13/14) of which were aged <1 year. The proportion of patients previously immunized against diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis vaccine (DTaP) was 19% (4/21) in children aged <1 year and 92% (11/12) in children aged ≥ 10 years. Minimum inhibitory concentrations for 6 antimicrobials (erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, minocycline, amoxicillin, and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim) were measured for 30 isolated strains, and all strains were susceptible to all aforementioned antimicrobials. Thus, an additional pertussis vaccination in older children is necessary, and the current macrolides-based treatment strategy is considered reasonable.
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Abstract
Pertussis, or whooping cough, a highly contagious disease caused by Bordetella pertussis, is making a comeback globally and nationally in spite of reasonable vaccination coverage. This paper provides an update on laboratory testing methods that assist the confirmation of clinical disease and investigation of outbreaks. Laboratory confirmation of the diagnosis by polymerase chain reaction or serology should be attempted, especially when atypical pertussis is suspected clinically. Genetic and antigenic variations in virulence factors of strains circulating in the population should also be monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitali Sintchenko
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology-Public Health, Sydney West Area Health Service, Western Clinical School, University of Sydney.
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Sintchenko V, Brown M, Gilbert GL. Is Bordetella pertussis susceptibility to erythromycin changing? MIC trends among Australian isolates 1971-2006. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007; 60:1178-9. [PMID: 17827145 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkm343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Gonçalves CR, Vaz TMI, Medeiros MIC, Castro MTF, Rocha MMM, Melles CEA, Irino K. Phenotypical and genotypical characterization of Bordetella pertussis strains isolated in São Paulo, Brazil, 1988-2002. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2007; 49:123-5. [PMID: 17505674 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652007000200012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2006] [Accepted: 08/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Whooping cough or pertussis was a major cause of childhood morbidity and mortality in the world until the introduction of a whole-cell vaccine in the 1940's. However, since the early 1980's whooping cough cases have increased in many countries, becoming an important problem of public health. This increase may be due to accuracy of laboratory diagnosis and reporting of the disease, a decline in immunity over time, demographic changes, and adaptation of the bacterial population to vaccine-induced immunity. The purpose of this study was to analyze phenotypically and genotypically a collection of 67 Bordetella pertussis isolates recovered during the period 1988-2002 in São Paulo State, Brazil to determine their characteristics and relatedness. All isolates were submitted to susceptibility testing to erythromycin, serotyping, and 56 isolates were analyzed by Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE). All isolates were susceptible to erythromycin and the majority of them belonged to serotype 1,3. The 56 isolates were classified into 11 PFGE profiles according to the differences in banding patterns. Although more than 60% of the isolates were recovered from patients aged less than three months, almost 15% of them were isolated from adolescents/adults evidencing the increase in the incidence of pertussis among this age group.
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Galanakis E, Englund JA, Abe P, Qin X. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Bordetella pertussis isolates in the state of Washington. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2007; 29:609-11. [PMID: 17344029 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2006.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2006] [Revised: 11/28/2006] [Accepted: 11/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Geurtsen J, Steeghs L, Hamstra HJ, Ten Hove J, de Haan A, Kuipers B, Tommassen J, van der Ley P. Expression of the lipopolysaccharide-modifying enzymes PagP and PagL modulates the endotoxic activity of Bordetella pertussis. Infect Immun 2006; 74:5574-85. [PMID: 16988232 PMCID: PMC1594925 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00834-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is one of the major constituents of the gram-negative bacterial cell envelope. Its endotoxic activity causes the relatively high reactogenicity of whole-cell vaccines. Several bacteria harbor LPS-modifying enzymes that modulate the endotoxic activity of the LPS. Here we evaluated whether two such enzymes, i.e., PagP and PagL, could be useful tools for the development of an improved and less reactogenic whole-cell pertussis vaccine. We showed that expression of PagP and PagL in Bordetella pertussis leads to increased and decreased endotoxic activity of the LPS, respectively. As expected, PagP activity also resulted in increased endotoxic activity of whole bacterial cells. However, more unexpectedly, this was also the case for PagL. This paradoxical result may be explained, in part, by an increased release of LPS, which we observed in the PagL-expressing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Geurtsen
- Netherlands Vaccine Institute, P.O. Box 457, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Thalen M, Venema M, van den IJssel J, Berwald L, Beuvery C, Martens D, Tramper J. Effect of relevant culture parameters on Pertussis Toxin expression by Bordetella pertussis. Biologicals 2006; 34:213-20. [PMID: 16497513 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2005.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2005] [Revised: 11/04/2005] [Accepted: 11/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Whooping cough vaccines are produced using different ranges of cultivation conditions and medium compositions, which are known to influence growth rate, virulence factor production and degradation, as well as the virulence factors' association to the cell. This study quantifies the impact of individual parameters on Pertussis Toxin (PT) production, using an optimized chemically defined medium as starting point, rather than a complex medium. A number of chemicals that are identified affect both growth rate and virulence factor production, which occur at similar levels in various commonly used production media. Also, degradation by proteolytic activity is shown to be an important parameter to monitor, since it significantly affects the PT yield. Low sodium concentrations, i.e. 50-75 mM rather than the conventional 100-140 mM, significantly increase the growth rate of the organism, the final optical density, as well as the association of PT to the cells. The absolute amount of biomass produced measured as dry weight, is similar for all sodium concentrations tested, contrary to earlier work. While it is known that high iron concentrations inhibit virulence factor production, it is shown here that iron-limited growth results in very high specific PT production. This finding may be used to produce a whole-cell vaccine with little biomass per dose, reducing whole-cell vaccine toxicity. The Bordetella pertussis strain 509 used here produces 30% more PT at 34 than at 37 degrees C, a commonly used cultivation temperature. The data in this study show that existing production processes for cellular and acellular vaccines can in principle be optimised considerably by taking simple measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Thalen
- Synco Bio-Partners, Paasheuvelweg 30, 1105 BJ Amsterdam ZO, The Netherlands.
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Rodríguez ME, Hellwig SMM, Pérez Vidakovics MLA, Berbers GAM, van de Winkel JGJ. Bordetella pertussisattachment to respiratory epithelial cells can be impaired by fimbriae-specific antibodies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 46:39-47. [PMID: 16420595 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2005.00001.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis attachment to host cells is a crucial step in colonization. In this study, we investigated the specificity of antibodies, induced either by vaccination or infection, capable of reducing bacterial adherence to respiratory epithelial cells. Both sera and purified anti-B. pertussis IgG or IgA fractions efficiently reduced attachment. This effect was found to be mediated mainly by fimbriae-specific antibodies. Antibodies with other specificities did not significantly interfere in the interaction of B. pertussis with respiratory epithelial cells, with the exception of antifilamentous hemaglutinin antibodies, which reduced bacterial attachment. However, this effect was smaller in magnitude than that observed in the presence of fimbriae-specific antibodies. The strong agglutinating activity of antifimbriae antibodies seems to be involved in this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Eugenia Rodríguez
- CINDEFI, Faculty of Science, La Plata University, calles 47 y 115, 1900 La Plata, Argentina.
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Versteegh FGA, Mertens PLJM, de Melker HE, Roord JJ, Schellekens JFP, Teunis PFM. Age-specific long-term course of IgG antibodies to pertussis toxin after symptomatic infection with Bordetella pertussis. Epidemiol Infect 2005; 133:737-48. [PMID: 16050521 PMCID: PMC2870303 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268805003833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the possible dependence on age of the rate of decline of IgG antibodies to pertussis toxin (IgG-PT) after natural infection with Bordetella pertussis we measured IgG-PT in follow-up sera of 121 patients (age 0-94 years) obtained after 123 episodes of B. pertussis infection. For analysis we applied a dynamic model for the inactivation of B. pertussis by the immune system. There were no significant differences in rise, peak and decline of IgG-PT between different age groups, although there was a tendency for a more rapid increase, a higher peak and a faster decline with increasing age. The IgG-PT cut-off of 100 U/ml for serodiagnosis of pertussis appeared valid in all age groups. A decline of IgG-PT to < 10 U/ml was associated with increased risk of re-infection with B. pertussis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F G A Versteegh
- Department of Pediatrics, Groene Hart Hospital, Gouda, The Netherlands.
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Antoine R, Huvent I, Chemlal K, Deray I, Raze D, Locht C, Jacob-Dubuisson F. The Periplasmic Binding Protein of a Tripartite Tricarboxylate Transporter is Involved in Signal Transduction. J Mol Biol 2005; 351:799-809. [PMID: 16045930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2005.05.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2005] [Revised: 05/19/2005] [Accepted: 05/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A new type of solute importer has been identified recently in various bacterial genera and called the tripartite tricarboxylate transporter (TTT). TTTs consist of two cytoplasmic membrane proteins and a periplasmic solute-binding protein. In the whooping cough agent Bordetella pertussis, a TTT system that has been called BctCBA mediates the uptake of citrate, with BctA and BctB being the membrane components and BctC, the periplasmic protein. Here, we describe that the expression of the bctCBA operon is induced by the presence of citrate in the milieu. The signalling cascade involves both BctC and the signal transduction two-component system BctDE, encoded by an operon adjacent to bctCBA. Furthermore, two-hybrid analyses and affinity chromatography experiments indicated that citrate-liganded BctC interacts with the periplasmic domain of the sensor protein, BctE. Thus, BctC is part of the signalling cascade leading to upregulation of the transporter operon in the presence of its solute, a new function for periplasmic binding proteins of TT transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudy Antoine
- INSERM U629, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1 rue Calmette, 59019 Lille Cedex, France
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Abstract
Antibiotics are commonly used for treating confirmed cases of pertussis and also for disease prevention in outbreak situations, and there is little evidence of antibiotic resistance of Bordetella pertussis. The most commonly used antibiotic is erythromycin, but the associated side effects limit compliance and therefore efficacy. Other antibiotics, such as clarithromycin and azithromycin, have been shown to be at least as effective as erythromycin in preventing and treating pertussis, and they also have fewer side effects, which improves compliance. This article outlines the use of different antibiotics in pertussis management and their effect on preventing disease transmission and reducing disease severity and duration.
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Mazurova IK, Borisova OI, Kombarova SI, Zakharova NS, Aleshkin VA. [Molecular genetic characteristics of the B. pertussis strains isolated in different periods of the pertussis epidemic process]. Mol Gen Mikrobiol Virusol 2005:21-5. [PMID: 16334221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite the fact that the mass immunization of the children population with the DPTs vaccine has been carried out in the Russian Federation since 1959, the pertussis infection persists to be one of the pressing problems for the children population. Although the vaccination coverage of the children population with pertussis vaccines is high in Russia, at present time the pertussis incidence rates are increasing among schoolchildren and remain high among infants younger than 12 months old. Many researchers believe that the variability of the genetic structure of the pertussis causative agent may be one of the causes of increasing pertussis incidence rates. This investigation provides the molecular genetic characteristics of 97 B. pertussis strains isolated in pertussis patients in Moscow in different periods of pertussis epidemic process since the 1950s up to present time. It shows the changes in the structures of genes, which are encoding the main protective antigens of the pertussis microbe that are the pertussis toxin (ptxS1) and the pertactin (pm). The structurre of the ptxS1 and pm gene of the B. pertussis vaccine strains was compared with the structures of these genes in the B. pertussis strains isolated from the pertussis patients at present time and also in past years. All B. pertussis strains isolated in the prevaccination period (1948-1959) and most strains (95%) isolated during the first twenty years of the mass immunization in Russia are characterized by the presence of the so called "vaccine" alleles of the pertussis toxin and pertactin genes that are ptxS1 B or ptxS1 D and pm 1 alleles that corresponds to the genetic structure of the vaccine producing strains. In the early 1970s the B. pertussis strains of another toxin and pertactin genetic structures with so-called "non-vaccinal" alleles ptxS1 A and pm 3 (pm 2 since 1980s) began to appear. The B. pertussis strains with "non-vaccinal" alleles have completely displaced the "old" strains. At present time in Moscow the pertussis disease is caused by the B. pertussis strains bearing ptxS1 A and pm 2 or pm 3 alleles of pertussis toxin and pertactin genes. There was no correlation between the genotype and serotype. Thus, the structure of the B. pertussis toxin and pertactin genes in strains which have been isolated since the 1980s up to now differs from the structure of these genes in strains which are used for producing DPTs vaccine. The data obtained in this investigation suggest that the genetic structure specificity of circulating B. pertussis strains that are producing the disease at present time should be used as one of the criteria for selecting vaccine producing strains.
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Gray MC, Donato GM, Jones FR, Kim T, Hewlett EL. Newly secreted adenylate cyclase toxin is responsible for intoxication of target cells by Bordetella pertussis. Mol Microbiol 2004; 53:1709-19. [PMID: 15341649 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04227.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Adenylate cyclase (AC) toxin is present on the surface of Bordetella pertussis organisms and their addition to eukaryotic cells results in increases in intracellular cAMP. To test the hypothesis that surface-bound toxin is the source for intoxication of cells when incubated with B. pertussis, we characterized the requirements of intoxication from intact bacteria and found that this process is calcium-dependent and blocked by monoclonal antibody to AC toxin or antibody against CD11b, a surface glycoprotein receptor for the toxin. Increases in intracellular cAMP correlate with the number of adherent bacteria, not the total number present in the medium, suggesting that interaction of bacteria with target cells is important for efficient delivery of AC toxin. A filamentous haemagglutinin-deficient mutant (BP353) and a clinical isolate (GMT1), both of which have a marked reduction in AC toxin on their surface, and wild-type B. pertussis (BP338) from which surface AC toxin has been removed by trypsin, were fully competent for intoxicating target cells, demonstrating that surface-bound AC toxin is not responsible for intoxication. B. pertussis killed by gentamicin or gamma irradiation were unable to intoxicate, illustrating that toxin delivery requires viable bacteria. Furthermore, CCCP, a protonophore that disrupts the proton gradient necessary for the secretion of related RTX toxins, blocked intoxication by whole bacteria. These data establish that delivery of this toxin by intact B. pertussis is not dependent on the surface-associated AC toxin, but requires close association of live bacteria with target cells and the active secretion of AC toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Gray
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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Schaeffer LM, McCormack FX, Wu H, Weiss AA. Interactions of pulmonary collectins with Bordetella bronchiseptica and Bordetella pertussis lipopolysaccharide elucidate the structural basis of their antimicrobial activities. Infect Immun 2004; 72:7124-30. [PMID: 15557636 PMCID: PMC529120 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.12.7124-7130.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Surfactant proteins A (SP-A) and D (SP-D) play an important role in the innate immune defenses of the respiratory tract. SP-A binds to the lipid A region of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and SP-D binds to the core oligosaccharide region. Both proteins induce aggregation, act as opsonins for neutrophils and macrophages, and have direct antimicrobial activity. Bordetella pertussis LPS has a branched core structure and a nonrepeating terminal trisaccharide. Bordetella bronchiseptica LPS has the same structure, but lipid A is palmitoylated and there is a repeating O-antigen polysaccharide. The ability of SP-A and SP-D to agglutinate and permeabilize wild-type and LPS mutants of B. pertussis and B. bronchiseptica was examined. Previously, wild-type B. pertussis was shown to resist the effects of SP-A; however, LPS mutants lacking the terminal trisaccharide were susceptible to SP-A. In this study, SP-A was found to aggregate and permeabilize a B. bronchiseptica mutant lacking the terminal trisaccharide, while wild-type B. bronchiseptica and mutants lacking only the palmitoyl transferase or O antigen were resistant to SP-A. Wild-type B. pertussis and B. bronchiseptica were both resistant to SP-D; however, LPS mutants of either strain lacking the terminal trisaccharide were aggregated and permeabilized by SP-D. We conclude that the terminal trisaccharide protects Bordetella species from the bactericidal functions of SP-A and SP-D. The O antigen and palmitoylated lipid A of B. bronchiseptica play no role in this resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndsay M Schaeffer
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way, ML 0524, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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Ohtsuka M, Kikuchi K, Okada K, Higashide M, Shundo K, Sunakawa K. [Susceptibility testing and molecular epidemiology of clinical strains of Bordetella pertussis isolated in Japan from 2001 to 2002]. Kansenshogaku Zasshi 2004; 78:420-7. [PMID: 15211864 DOI: 10.11150/kansenshogakuzasshi1970.78.420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
We determined antimicrobial susceptibilities and analyzed molecular epidemiology of 26 strains of Bordetella pertussis clinically isolated and then performed pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) in Japan (Japanese Pertussis Surveillance Group Participants), from 2001 to 2002. The MICs of erythromycin, clindamycin, tetracyclines, fluoroquinorones, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and rifampicin of all isolates against these showed 1 microgram/ml or less. Sparfloxacin is the most potent agent, of which the MICs showed 0.008-0.016 microgram/ml. Results of DNA fingerprinting by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) differentiated three types (Type I; 11 strains (42%), type II; 14 strains (54%) and type III; 1 strains (4%)). However, no relation between regions and identical PFGE patterns was found in this study. Further, surveillance of the antimicrobial susceptibilities and molecular epidemiology of B. pertussis will be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Pichichero
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 672, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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Bourgeois N, Ghnassia JC, Doucet-Populaire F. In vitro activity of fluoroquinolones against erythromycin-susceptible and -resistant Bordetella pertussis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003; 51:742-3. [PMID: 12615884 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkg145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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41
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Bartkus JM, Juni BA, Ehresmann K, Miller CA, Sanden GN, Cassiday PK, Saubolle M, Lee B, Long J, Harrison AR, Besser JM. Identification of a mutation associated with erythromycin resistance in Bordetella pertussis: implications for surveillance of antimicrobial resistance. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41:1167-72. [PMID: 12624047 PMCID: PMC150313 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.41.3.1167-1172.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythromycin treatment failures and in vitro resistance of Bordetella pertussis have been reported on several occasions in the past few years, but the mechanism of resistance has not been described. One potential mechanism, genetic modification of the erythromycin-binding site on the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit, has been observed in other bacteria. To explore this possibility, we amplified the portion of the 23S rRNA gene encoding the central loop of domain V. DNA sequencing and restriction fragment length polymorphism of the PCR products showed that each of the four erythromycin-resistant B. pertussis strains tested contained an A-to-G transition mutation at position 2058 (Escherichia coli numbering) of the 23S rRNA gene. The mutation was not found in seven erythromycin-susceptible isolates tested. Two of the resistant isolates were heterozygous, containing at least one mutant copy and one wild-type copy of the 23S rRNA gene. These results indicate that erythromycin resistance in these strains is likely due to a mutation of the erythromycin-binding site in the 23S rRNA gene. Identification of the resistance mechanism will facilitate development of molecular susceptibility testing methods that can be used directly on clinical specimens in the absence of an isolate.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Bartkus
- Minnesota Department of Health, Minneapolis. Crossroads Medical Center, Chaska, Minnesota, USA.
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Abstract
Erythromycin is currently being used for both prophylaxis and treatment of pertussis infections. Erythromycin resistance was first recognized in Bordetella pertussis in Arizona in 1994, and since then, three additional resistant isolates have been identified in the United States. To better assess the potential public health impact of erythromycin-resistant B. pertussis, we used the disk diffusion assay to evaluate the frequency of erythromycin resistance among 1,030 recently circulating U.S. isolates and found the rate of occurrence to be <1%. We also describe a novel heterogeneous phenotype, with erythromycin-resistant colonies appearing only after a 7-day incubation period. To optimize patient management, we recommend that clinicians be alert to potential treatment failures and that laboratorians use a 7-day incubation period when screening for resistance. Our ongoing national surveillance will continue to monitor for resistant B. pertussis isolates and their potential association with changing pertussis epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Wilson
- Meningitis and Special Pathogens Branch, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
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Chodorowska M, Kuklińska D, Tyski S. [Susceptibility to macrolide antibiotics of Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis strains isolated from whooping cough patients in 1968 and in 1997-99]. Med Dosw Mikrobiol 2002; 53:39-43. [PMID: 11757403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
The activity of erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, dirithromycin, oleandomycin, roxithromycin, spiramycin and josamycin against 21 and 34 B. pertussis strains and against 6 and 8 B. parapertussis strains isolated respectively in the years 1968 and 1997-99 was examined. The antibiotic agar dilution method was used. The minimum concentration of macrolides which inhibited growth of B. pertussis and B. parapertussis was calculated for 50% (MIC50) and 90% (MIC90) of isolates. The susceptibility to macrolides of B. pertussis and B. parapertussis strains isolated in the years 1968 and 1997-99 did not differ significantly. The MIC90 values of erythromycin were the same for B. pertussis (MIC90 = 0.125 mg/l) and B. parapertussis strains (MIC90 = 0.25 mg/l) recovered in 1968 as for those recovered in the years 1997-99. The most active antibiotic against all strains was azithromycin (MIC90 = 0.06 mg/l). The least active antibiotics were oleandomycin (MIC90 = 2-4 mg/l) and spiramycin (MIC90 = 8 mg/l). The study showed that erythromycin remains the antibiotic of choice for treatment of whooping cough and in case of emergence of B. pertussis and/or B. parapertussis strains erythromycin resistant, can be replaced by azithromycin.
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Menozzi FD, Debrie AS, Tissier JP, Locht C, Pethe K, Raze D. Interaction of human Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein with Bordetella pertussis toxin. Microbiology (Reading) 2002; 148:1193-1201. [PMID: 11932463 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-148-4-1193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein (THP), which is synthesized by renal tubular cells, is the most abundant protein in normal human urine. Although its physiological function remains unclear, it has been proposed that THP may act as a defence factor against urinary tract infections by inhibiting the binding of S- and P-fimbriated Escherichia coli to renal epithelial cells. Because THP-related proteins are also found in the superficial layers of the oral mucosa, the authors investigated the ability of THP to interfere with the cytoadherence of pathogenic bacteria that colonize mucosal surfaces other than those of the urogenital tract. In this report, it is shown that THP binds to virulent Bordetella pertussis and reduces its adherence to both renal and pulmonary epithelial cells. This cytoadherence inhibitory effect was not observed with a B. pertussis mutant lacking the pertussis toxin (PTX) operon, and was dependent on the direct interaction of THP with the S2 subunit within the PTX B oligomer. The authors also show that the glycosylation moiety of THP is crucial for its binding to PTX. The THP-PTX interaction was exploited to develop an affinity chromatography method that allows a one-step purification of active PTX. These observations suggest that besides its anti-adherence activity, THP may also trap toxins produced by pathogenic bacteria that colonize mucosal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco D Menozzi
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM U447, Mécanismes moléculaires de la pathogénie microbienne, 1 Rue du Professeur Calmette, 59019 Lille Cedex, France1
| | - Anne-Sophie Debrie
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM U447, Mécanismes moléculaires de la pathogénie microbienne, 1 Rue du Professeur Calmette, 59019 Lille Cedex, France1
| | - Jean-Pierre Tissier
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Technologie Alimentaires, 369 Rue Jules Guesde, 59651 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France2
| | - Camille Locht
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM U447, Mécanismes moléculaires de la pathogénie microbienne, 1 Rue du Professeur Calmette, 59019 Lille Cedex, France1
| | - Kevin Pethe
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM U447, Mécanismes moléculaires de la pathogénie microbienne, 1 Rue du Professeur Calmette, 59019 Lille Cedex, France1
| | - Dominique Raze
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM U447, Mécanismes moléculaires de la pathogénie microbienne, 1 Rue du Professeur Calmette, 59019 Lille Cedex, France1
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Zveriakina NN, Tseneva GI, Kurova NN, Loseva LV, Kurova GA, Liamina VP. [Improvement of efficacy of the bacteriological diagnosis in whooping cough]. Klin Lab Diagn 2002:44-5. [PMID: 11899534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Pertussis is still a prevalent public health problem, and antibiotic therapy may decrease disease severity and limit communicability. Erythromycin is the recommended antibiotic for treatment and prophylaxis of pertussis; however, side effects of erythromycin limit its usefulness in some patients. Clarithromycin, a newer macrolide, has good in vitro activity against Bordetella pertussis and a better side effect profile. GOALS OF THE STUDY To compare the microbiologic and clinical efficacy and the clinical safety of a 7-day course of clarithromycin vs. a 14-day course of erythromycin in children with pertussis. DESIGN Prospective, randomized, single blind (investigator), parallel group trial. METHODS Children from 1 month to 16 years of age presenting with a clinically defined pertussis syndrome were eligible for the study. After obtaining informed written consent, we randomized patients to receive either clarithromycin (7.5 mg/kg/dose twice a day for 7 days) or erythromycin (13.3 mg/kg/dose three times a day for 14 days). Nasopharyngeal cultures for B. pertussis were performed at enrollment and after end of treatment. Clinical assessments were performed at enrollment, at end of treatment and at a 1-month follow-up visit. Adverse event data were collected throughout the study. RESULTS The clarithromycin (n = 76) and erythromycin (n = 77) groups were well-matched for age and previous pertussis immunization. Microbiologic eradication and clinical cure rates were 100% (31 of 31) for clarithromycin and 96% (22 of 23) for erythromycin. The clarithromycin group had significantly fewer adverse events [45% (34 of 76) for clarithromycin vs. 62% (48 of 77) for erythromycin; P = 0.035], and compliance with the medication regimen was significantly higher in these patients. CONCLUSIONS A 7-day regimen of clarithromycin and a 14-day course of erythromycin were equally effective for treatment of pertussis. Clarithromycin was better tolerated than conventional erythromycin therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Lebel
- Hôpital Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada.
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Gordon KA, Fusco J, Biedenbach DJ, Pfaller MA, Jones RN. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of clinical isolates of Bordetella pertussis from northern California: report from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45:3599-600. [PMID: 11709347 PMCID: PMC90876 DOI: 10.1128/aac.45.12.3599-3600.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Reports of an increased clinical incidence of pertussis and the development of resistance by Bordetella pertussis to erythromycin prompted the collection and testing of recent clinical isolates from patients in northern California against a range of antimicrobial agents by the Etest (AB BIODISK, Solna, Sweden) method. All isolates were fully susceptible to all eight agents tested (MIC, <or=0.38 microg/ml), including newer fluoroquinolones, such as gatifloxacin (MIC of which 90% of the isolates tested are inhibited, 0.006 microg/ml), which may be used in cases of adolescent or adult pertussis. Continued surveillance of B. pertussis isolates appears to be a prudent practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Gordon
- University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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O'Neill SM, Mills KH, Dalton JP. Fasciola hepatica cathepsin L cysteine proteinase suppresses Bordetella pertussis-specific interferon-gamma production in vivo. Parasite Immunol 2001; 23:541-7. [PMID: 11696165 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3024.2001.00411.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that Fasciola hepatica infection significantly reduced Bordetella pertussis-specific interferon (IFN)-gamma production in mice coinfected with B. pertussis or immunized with a pertussis whole cell vaccine (Pw). In the present study, we have identified parasite molecules capable of mimicking this suppressive effect of F. hepatica. Parenteral injection of mice with culture medium in which adult F. hepatica were maintained (excretory/secretory, ES, products) suppressed B. pertussis-specific IFN-gamma production in mice immunized with Pw. The suppressive effect of ES was abrogated by coinjecting ES with the cysteine proteinase inhibitor, Z-Phe-Ala-diazomethylketone. Furthermore, purified cathepsin L proteinase (FheCL), a major component of ES products, was capable of suppressing IFN-gamma production. The suppressive effect of FheCL was attenuated in interleukin (IL)-4 defective (IL-4-/-) mice. Therefore, FheCL released by F. hepatica is involved in the suppression of Th1 immune responses and this suppression may be dependent upon IL-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M O'Neill
- Molecular Parasitology, School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Health and Science, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
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Abstract
In The Netherlands a strong epidemic outbreak of pertussis took place in 1996-7. Here we investigate the possible causes of the epidemic, using an age-structured epidemic model. Motivated by the observation that during the epidemic the number of cases in vaccinated children had increased considerably compared to the preceding period, we focus on two vaccination related changes. First, we consider the possibility that the potency of the vaccine decreased so that it confers protection for a shorter period of time in newly vaccinated children. Second, we consider the possibility that at a certain point in time the duration of protection after vaccination decreased for all individuals. This may be the case if the pathogen population changed such that the current vaccine confers less protection. A comparison of the observed and simulated age-distribution of infections indicates that the second scenario is more in line with the observed pattern of the 1996-7 epidemic. We discuss the implications of this conclusion for B. pertussis circulation, and for the design of vaccination programmes in the face of a polymorphic B. pertussis population that may adapt itself to vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- M van Boven
- Department of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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