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Bouska O, Koudelakova V, Gurska S, Kubanova K, Slavkovsky R, Jaworek H, Vrbkova J, Dzubak P, Hajduch M. Pooling of samples to optimise SARS-CoV-2 detection in nasopharyngeal swabs and gargle lavage self-samples for covid-19 diagnostics and surveillance. Infect Dis (Lond) 2024; 56:531-542. [PMID: 38549542 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2024.2333438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Testing of pooled samples is an effective strategy for increasing testing capacity while saving resources and time. This study aimed to validate pooled testing and gather real-life data on its use for Covid-19 surveillance with a gargle lavage (GL) self-sampling strategy. METHODS Two-stage pooled testing with pools of 6 and 12 samples was used for preventive testing of an asymptomatic population and Covid-19 surveillance in Czech schools. Both GL and nasopharyngeal swabs were used for sampling. RESULTS In total, 61,111 samples were tested. The use of pooled testing for large-scale Covid-19 surveillance reduced consumable costs by almost 75% and increased testing capacity up to 3.8-fold compared to standard methods. RT-PCR experiments revealed a minimal loss of sensitivity (0-2.2%) when using pooled samples, enabling the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) genes with Ct values >35. The minor loss of sensitivity was counterbalanced by a significantly increased throughput and the ability to substantially increase testing frequencies. CONCLUSIONS Pooled testing is considerably more cost-effective and less time-consuming than standard testing for large-scale Covid-19 surveillance even when the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 is fluctuating. Gargle lavage self-sampling is a non-invasive technique suitable for sample collection without a healthcare worker's assistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Bouska
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimira Koudelakova
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Sona Gurska
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Kubanova
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Rastislav Slavkovsky
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Jaworek
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Vrbkova
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Dzubak
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Marian Hajduch
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Loubiere S, Hafrad I, Monfardini E, Mosnier M, Bosetti T, Auquier P, Mosnier E, Tinland A. Morbidity and mortality in a prospective cohort of people who were homeless during the COVID-19 pandemic. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1233020. [PMID: 37780443 PMCID: PMC10536263 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1233020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Certain living conditions, such as homelessness, increase health risks in epidemic situations. We conducted a prospective observational cohort study to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on morbidity and mortality in adult people who were homeless. Methods The study population comprised around 40% of the entire population experiencing homelessness in Marseille. They were enrolled at 48 different locations during the first pandemic wave (June to August 2020) and were followed up 3 and 6 months later. Rapid serological screening for SARS-CoV-2 was performed by community outreach teams at each follow-up, who also conducted interviews. Death registers and hospital administrative databases were consulted. Results A total of 1,332 participants [mean age 40.1 years [SD 14.2], women 339 (29.9%)] were enrolled in the cohort. Of these, 192 (14.4%) participants were found positive for COVID-19 and were propensity score matched (1:3) and compared with 553 non-COVID-19 cases. Living in emergency shelters was associated with COVID-19 infection. While 56.3% of the COVID-19-infected cohort reported no symptoms, 25.0% were hospitalized due to the severity of the disease. Presence of three or more pre-existing comorbidities was associated with all-cause hospitalization. Among COVID-19 cases, only older age was associated with COVID-19 hospitalization. Three deaths occurred in the cohort, two of which were among the COVID-19 cases. Conclusion The study provides new evidence that the population experiencing homelessness faces higher risks of infection and hospitalization due to COVID-19 than the general population. Despite the efforts of public authorities, the health inequities experienced by people who are homeless remained major. More intensive and appropriate integrated care and earlier re-housing are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Loubiere
- Department of Clinical Research and Innovation, Support Unit for Clinical Research and Economic Evaluation, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
- CEReSS – Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, EA 3279: CEReSS – Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, School of medicine – La Timone Medical Campus, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Ikrame Hafrad
- Department of Clinical Research and Innovation, Support Unit for Clinical Research and Economic Evaluation, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Elisabetta Monfardini
- Department of Psychiatry, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Marine Mosnier
- Médecins du Monde – Doctors of the World, Marseille, France
| | - Thomas Bosetti
- Médecins du Monde – Doctors of the World, Marseille, France
| | - Pascal Auquier
- Department of Clinical Research and Innovation, Support Unit for Clinical Research and Economic Evaluation, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
- CEReSS – Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, EA 3279: CEReSS – Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, School of medicine – La Timone Medical Campus, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Emilie Mosnier
- INSERM, IRD, SESSTIM, Sciences Economiques & Sociales de la Santé & Traitement de l’Information Médicale, ISSPAM, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Aurélie Tinland
- CEReSS – Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, EA 3279: CEReSS – Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, School of medicine – La Timone Medical Campus, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
- Department of Psychiatry, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
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Martin-Arranz MD, García-Ramírez L, Hernandez-Perez M, Montero Vega D, Martín-Arranz E, Sánchez-Azofra M, Poza Cordon J, Rueda Garcia JL, Noci Belda J, Verges Martínez-Meco T, Blanco San Miguel P, Suarez Ferrer C. Seroprevalence of ANTI-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7044. [PMID: 37120662 PMCID: PMC10148621 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33402-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) treated with biologic and/or immunosuppressant drugs are at increased risk for opportunistic infections. Seroprevalence studies can confirm the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infections as well as the associated risk factors. This is a descriptive study which primary endpoints were to highlight the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in a cohort of IBD patients in March 2021, and to analyze seroconversion in patients with known COVID-19 infection and its relationship with IBD treatments. Patients filled in a questionnaire about symptoms of COVID-19 infection and clinical information about their IBD. All included patients were tested for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. 392 patients were included. Among patients with clinical infection, 69 patients (17,65%) were IgG-positive, 286 (73,15%) IgG-negative and 36 (9,21%) indeterminate. In relation to seroconversion among patients under biologic treatment, 13 patients of the 23 with a previous positive CRP developed antibodies (56.5%). However, when the influence of immunosuppressive treatment on the probability of developing antibodies was analyzed, no significant differences were seen between those patients with or without treatment (77.8% vs. 77.1%, p = 0.96). In our cohort of IBD patients, after one year of pandemic, there were 18.64% IgG positive patients, a higher prevalence than the general population (15.7%).
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Martin-Arranz
- Gastroenterology Department. IBD Unit., La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain.
- Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.
| | - L García-Ramírez
- Gastroenterology Department. IBD Unit., La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Hernandez-Perez
- Gastroenterology Department. IBD Unit., La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - D Montero Vega
- Microbiology Department, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - E Martín-Arranz
- Gastroenterology Department. IBD Unit., La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Sánchez-Azofra
- Gastroenterology Department. IBD Unit., La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Poza Cordon
- Gastroenterology Department. IBD Unit., La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - J L Rueda Garcia
- Gastroenterology Department. IBD Unit., La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Noci Belda
- Gastroenterology Department. IBD Unit., La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - T Verges Martínez-Meco
- Gastroenterology Department. IBD Unit., La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - P Blanco San Miguel
- Gastroenterology Department. IBD Unit., La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Suarez Ferrer
- Gastroenterology Department. IBD Unit., La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
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Mosnier E, Loubiere S, Monfardini E, Alibert A, Landier J, Ninoves L, Bosetti T, Auquier P, Mosnier M, Wakap SN, Warszawski J, Tinland A. Cumulative incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection within the homeless population: insights from a city-wide longitudinal study. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e065734. [PMID: 36822808 PMCID: PMC9950589 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-065734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine the risk factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in a cohort of homeless people using survival analysis. Seroprevalence in the homeless community was also compared with that of the general population. DESIGN Cohort study. SETTING Data were collected across two testing sessions, 3 months apart, during which each participant was tested for anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and completed a face-to-face survey. PARTICIPANTS All homeless adults sleeping rough, in slums or squats, in emergency shelters or transitional accommodation in Marseille were eligible. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES Occurrence of a seroconversion event defined as a biologically confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Local data from a national seroprevalence survey were used for comparison between homeless people and the general population. RESULTS A total of 1249 people were included. SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence increased from 6.0% (4.7-7.3) during the first session to 18.9% (16.0-21.7) during the second one, compared with 3.0% (1.9-4.2) and 6.5% (4.5-8.7) in the general population. Factors significantly associated with an increased risk of COVID-19 infection were: having stayed in emergency shelters (1.93 (1.18-3.15)), being an isolated parent (1.64 (1.07-2.52)) and having contact with more than 5-15 people per day (1.84 (1.27-2.67)). By contrast, smoking (0.46 (0.32-0.65)), having financial resources (0.70 (0.51-0.97)) and psychiatric or addictive comorbidities (0.52 (0.32-0.85)) were associated with a lower risk. CONCLUSION We confirm that homeless people have higher infection rates than the general population, with increased risk in emergency shelters. There is growing evidence that, in addition to usual preventive measures, public policies should pay attention to adapt the type of accommodation and overall approach of precariousness. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT04408131.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Mosnier
- Department of Psychiatry, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, Inserm, IRD, SESSTIM, Sciences Economiques & Sociales de la Santé & Traitement de l'Information Médicale, ISSPAM, Marseille, France
| | - Sandrine Loubiere
- Department of Clinical Research and Innovation, Support Unit for clinical research and economic evaluation, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille University, School of medicine - La Timone Medical Campus, UR3279: CEReSS - Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, Marseille, France
| | - Elisabetta Monfardini
- Department of Clinical Research and Innovation, Support Unit for clinical research and economic evaluation, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Agathe Alibert
- Department of Clinical Research and Innovation, Support Unit for clinical research and economic evaluation, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
- Research Group on Epidemiology of Zoonoses and Public Health (GREZOSP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Jordi Landier
- Aix Marseille Univ, Inserm, IRD, SESSTIM, Sciences Economiques & Sociales de la Santé & Traitement de l'Information Médicale, ISSPAM, Marseille, France
| | - Laeticia Ninoves
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ-IRD 190-Inserm 1207), Marseille, France
| | - Thomas Bosetti
- Médecins du Monde - Doctors of the World, Marseille, France
| | - Pascal Auquier
- Department of Clinical Research and Innovation, Support Unit for clinical research and economic evaluation, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille University, School of medicine - La Timone Medical Campus, UR3279: CEReSS - Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, Marseille, France
| | - Marine Mosnier
- Médecins du Monde - Doctors of the World, Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Aurelie Tinland
- Department of Psychiatry, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille University, School of medicine - La Timone Medical Campus, UR3279: CEReSS - Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, Marseille, France
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Louapre C, Ibrahim M, Maillart E, Abdi B, Papeix C, Stankoff B, Dubessy AL, Bensa-Koscher C, Créange A, Chamekh Z, Lubetzki C, Marcelin AG, Corvol JC, Pourcher V. Anti-CD20 therapies decrease humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in patients with multiple sclerosis or neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2022; 93:24-31. [PMID: 34341142 PMCID: PMC8331322 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2021-326904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion rate after COVID-19 may be influenced by disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) or neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMO-SD). OBJECTIVE To investigate the seroprevalence and the quantity of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in a cohort of patients with MS or NMO-SD. METHODS Blood samples were collected in patients diagnosed with COVID-19 between 19 February 2020 and 26 February 2021. SARS-CoV-2 antibody positivity rates and Ig levels (anti-S IgG titre, anti-S IgA index, anti-N IgG index) were compared between DMTs groups. Multivariate logistic and linear regression models were used to estimate the influence of DMTs and other confounding variables on SARS-CoV-2 serological outcomes. RESULTS 119 patients (115 MS, 4 NMO, mean age: 43.0 years) were analysed. Overall, seroconversion rate was 80.6% within 5.0 (SD 3.4) months after infection. 20/21 (95.2%) patients without DMT and 66/77 (85.7%) patients on DMTs other than anti-CD20 had at least one SARS-CoV-2 Ig positivity, while this rate decreased to only 10/21 (47.6%) for patients on anti-CD20 (p<0.001). Being on anti-CD20 was associated with a decreased odd of positive serology (OR, 0.07 (95% CI 0.01 to 0.69), p=0.02) independently from time to COVID-19, total IgG level, age, sex and COVID-19 severity. Time between last anti-CD20 infusion and COVID-19 was longer (mean (SD), 3.7 (2.0) months) in seropositive patients compared with seronegative patients (mean (SD), 1.9 (1.5) months, p=0.04). CONCLUSIONS SARS-CoV-2 antibody response was decreased in patients with MS or NMO-SD treated with anti-CD20 therapies. Monitoring long-term risk of reinfection and specific vaccination strategies in this population may be warranted. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT04568707.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Louapre
- Sorbonne University, Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Inserm, CNRS, CIC neurosciences, Department of Neurology, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Michella Ibrahim
- Sorbonne University, Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Inserm, CNRS, CIC neurosciences, Department of Neurology, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Elisabeth Maillart
- Sorbonne University, Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Inserm, CNRS, CIC neurosciences, Department of Neurology, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Basma Abdi
- Sorbonne University, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Laboratoire de virologie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Papeix
- Sorbonne University, Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Inserm, CNRS, CIC neurosciences, Department of Neurology, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Stankoff
- Sorbonne University, Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Inserm, CNRS, Department of Neurology, Saint Antoine Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Laure Dubessy
- Sorbonne University, Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Inserm, CNRS, Department of Neurology, Saint Antoine Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Bensa-Koscher
- Department of Neurology, The Fondation Adolphe de Rothschild Hospital, Paris, Île-de-France, France
| | - Alain Créange
- UPEC University, Groupe Hospitalier Henri Mondor, Service de Neurologie and CRC SEP, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Créteil, Île-de-France, France
| | - Zina Chamekh
- Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Biochemistry Department, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, Île-de-France, France
| | - Catherine Lubetzki
- Sorbonne University, Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Inserm, CNRS, CIC neurosciences, Department of Neurology, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Geneviève Marcelin
- Sorbonne University, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Laboratoire de virologie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Corvol
- Sorbonne University, Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Inserm, CNRS, CIC neurosciences, Department of Neurology, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Pourcher
- Sorbonne University, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Maladies Infectieuses, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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Bui LM, Thi Thu Phung H, Ho Thi TT, Singh V, Maurya R, Khambhati K, Wu CC, Uddin MJ, Trung DM, Chu DT. Recent findings and applications of biomedical engineering for COVID-19 diagnosis: a critical review. Bioengineered 2021; 12:8594-8613. [PMID: 34607509 PMCID: PMC8806999 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1987821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is one of the most severe global health crises that humanity has ever faced. Researchers have restlessly focused on developing solutions for monitoring and tracing the viral culprit, SARS-CoV-2, as vital steps to break the chain of infection. Even though biomedical engineering (BME) is considered a rising field of medical sciences, it has demonstrated its pivotal role in nurturing the maturation of COVID-19 diagnostic technologies. Within a very short period of time, BME research applied to COVID-19 diagnosis has advanced with ever-increasing knowledge and inventions, especially in adapting available virus detection technologies into clinical practice and exploiting the power of interdisciplinary research to design novel diagnostic tools or improve the detection efficiency. To assist the development of BME in COVID-19 diagnosis, this review highlights the most recent diagnostic approaches and evaluates the potential of each research direction in the context of the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Minh Bui
- NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Huong Thi Thu Phung
- NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thuy-Tien Ho Thi
- Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, International School, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Vijai Singh
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Mehsana, Gujarat, India
| | - Rupesh Maurya
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Mehsana, Gujarat, India
| | - Khushal Khambhati
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Mehsana, Gujarat, India
| | - Chia-Ching Wu
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Md Jamal Uddin
- ABEx Bio-Research Center, East Azampur, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Minh Trung
- Institute of Biomedicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Dinh Toi Chu
- Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, International School, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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