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Lee KW, Han SW, Kim TW, Ahn JB, Baek JY, Cho SH, Lee H, Kim JW, Kim JW, Kim TY, Hong YS, Beom SH, Cha Y, Choi Y, Kim S, Bang YJ. A Phase 1b/2a Study of GC1118 with 5-Fluorouracil, Leucovorin and Irinotecan (FOLFIRI) in Patients with Recurrent or Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Cancer Res Treat 2024; 56:590-601. [PMID: 38062706 PMCID: PMC11016642 DOI: 10.4143/crt.2023.1117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE GC1118 is a novel antibody targeting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) with enhanced blocking activity against both low- and high-affinity EGFR ligands. A phase 1b/2a study was conducted to determine a recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D) of GC1118 in combination with 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, and irinotecan (FOLFIRI) (phase 1b) and to assess the safety and efficacy of GC1118 plus FOLFIRI as a second-line therapy for recurrent/metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) (phase 2a). MATERIALS AND METHODS Phase 1b was designed as a standard 3+3 dose-escalation study with a starting dose of GC1118 (3 mg/kg/week) in combination with biweekly FOLFIRI (irinotecan 180 mg/m2; leucovorin 400 mg/m2; 5-fluorouracil 400 mg/m2 bolus and 2,400 mg/m2 infusion over 46 hours) in patients with solid tumors refractory to standard treatments. The subsequent phase 2a part was conducted with objective response rate (ORR) as a primary endpoint. Patients with KRAS/NRAS/BRAF wild-type, EGFR-positive, recurrent/metastatic CRC resistant to the first-line treatment were enrolled in the phase 2a study. RESULTS RP2D of GC1118 was determined to be 3 mg/kg/wk in the phase 1b study (n=7). Common adverse drug reactions (ADRs) observed in the phase 2a study (n=24) were acneiform rash (95.8%), dry skin (66.7%), paronychia (58.3%), and stomatitis (50.0%). The most common ADR of ≥ grade 3 was neutropenia (33.3%). ORR was 42.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 23.5 to 62.0), and median progression-free survival was 6.7 months (95% CI, 4.0-8.0). CONCLUSION GC1118 administered weekly at 3 mg/kg in combination with FOLFIRI appears as an effective and safe treatment option in recurrent/metastatic CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keun-Wook Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Sae-Won Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Seoul National University Cancer Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Won Kim
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joong Bae Ahn
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Baek
- Center for Colorectal Cancer, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Sang Hee Cho
- Division of Hemato-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Howard Lee
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Won Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Ji-Won Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Tae-You Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Seoul National University Cancer Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Sang Hong
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Hoon Beom
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yongjun Cha
- Center for Colorectal Cancer, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | | | | | - Yung-Jue Bang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Zhang K, Shi Y, Jin Z, He J. Advances in tumor vascular growth inhibition. Clin Transl Oncol 2024:10.1007/s12094-024-03432-5. [PMID: 38504070 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-024-03432-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Tumor growth and metastasis require neovascularization, which is dependent on a complex array of factors, such as the production of various pro-angiogenic factors by tumor cells, intercellular signaling, and stromal remodeling. The hypoxic, acidic tumor microenvironment is not only conducive to tumor cell proliferation, but also disrupts the equilibrium of angiogenic factors, leading to vascular heterogeneity, which further promotes tumor development and metastasis. Anti-angiogenic strategies to inhibit tumor angiogenesis has, therefore, become an important focus for anti-tumor therapy. The traditional approach involves the use of anti-angiogenic drugs to inhibit tumor neovascularization by targeting upstream and downstream angiogenesis-related pathways or pro-angiogenic factors, thereby inhibiting tumor growth and metastasis. This review explores the mechanisms involved in tumor angiogenesis and summarizes currently used anti-angiogenic drugs, including monoclonal antibody, and small-molecule inhibitors, as well as the progress and challenges associated with their use in anti-tumor therapy. It also outlines the opportunities and challenges of treating tumors using more advanced anti-angiogenic strategies, such as immunotherapy and nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Yuanyuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Ze Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Jian He
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
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Ge M, Zhu Y, Wei M, Piao H, He M. Improving the efficacy of anti-EGFR drugs in GBM: Where we are going? Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188996. [PMID: 37805108 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
The therapies targeting mutations of driver genes in cancer have advanced into clinical trials for a variety of tumors. In glioblastoma (GBM), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is the most commonly mutated oncogene, and targeting EGFR has been widely investigated as a promising direction. However, the results of EGFR pathway inhibitors have not been satisfactory. Limited blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, drug resistance, and pathway compensation mechanisms contribute to the failure of anti-EGFR therapies. This review summarizes recent research advances in EGFR-targeted therapy for GBM and provides insight into the reasons for the unsatisfactory results of EGFR-targeted therapy. By combining the results of preclinical studies with those of clinical trials, we discuss that improved drug penetration across the BBB, the use of multi-target combinations, and the development of peptidomimetic drugs under the premise of precision medicine may be promising strategies to overcome drug resistance in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manxi Ge
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-Tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, Liaoning Cancer Immune Peptide Drug Engineering Technology Research Center, Shenyang, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-Tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, Liaoning Cancer Immune Peptide Drug Engineering Technology Research Center, Shenyang, China
| | - Minjie Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-Tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, Liaoning Cancer Immune Peptide Drug Engineering Technology Research Center, Shenyang, China; Liaoning Medical Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Shenyang, China.
| | - Haozhe Piao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Miao He
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-Tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, Liaoning Cancer Immune Peptide Drug Engineering Technology Research Center, Shenyang, China.
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Choi SW, Jung HA, Cho H, Kim TM, Park C, Nam D, Lee S. A multicenter, phase II trial of GC1118, a novel anti-EGFR antibody, for recurrent glioblastoma patients with EGFR amplification. Cancer Med 2023; 12:15788-15796. [PMID: 37537946 PMCID: PMC10469652 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.6213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of GC1118, a novel anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) monoclonal antibody, in recurrent glioblastoma (GBM) patients with EGFR amplification. METHODS This study was a multicenter, open-label, single-arm phase II trial. Recurrent GBM patients with EGFR amplification were eligible: EGFR amplification was determined using fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis when a sample had both the EGFR/CEP7 ratio of ≥2 and a tight cluster EGFR signal in ≥10% of recorded cells. GC1118 was administered intravenously at a dose of 4 mg/kg once weekly. The primary endpoint was the 6-month progression-free survival rate (PFS6). Next-generation sequencing was performed to investigate the molecular biomarkers related to the response to GC1118. RESULTS Between April 2018 and December 2020, 21 patients were enrolled in the study and received GC1118 treatment. Eighteen patients were eligible for efficacy analysis. The PFS6 was 5.6% (95% confidence interval, 0.3%-25.8%, Wilson method). The median progression-free survival was 1.7 months (range: 28 days-7.2 months) and median overall survival was 5.7 months (range: 2-22.0 months). GC1118 was well tolerated except skin toxicities. Skin rash was the most frequent adverse event and four patients experienced Grade 3 skin-related toxicity. Genomic analysis revealed that the immune-related signatures were upregulated in patients with tumor regression. CONCLUSION This study did not meet the primary endpoint (PFS6); however, we found that immune signatures were significantly upregulated in the tumors with regression upon GC1118 therapy, which signifies the potential of immune-mediated antitumor efficacy of GC1118.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Won Choi
- Department of NeurosurgerySchool of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Samsung Medical CenterSeoulRepublic of Korea
- Present address:
Program for Mathematical Genomics and Department of Systems BiologyColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Hyun Ae Jung
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology‐OncologySchool of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Samsung Medical CenterSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Hee‐Jin Cho
- Department of Biomedical Convergence Science and TechnologyKyungpook National UniversityDaeguRepublic of Korea
| | - Tae Min Kim
- Department of Internal MedicineSeoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Chul‐Kee Park
- Department of NeurosurgerySeoul National University Hospital, College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Do‐Hyun Nam
- Department of NeurosurgerySchool of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Samsung Medical CenterSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Se‐Hoon Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology‐OncologySchool of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Samsung Medical CenterSeoulRepublic of Korea
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Zhao R, He B, Bie Q, Cao J, Lu H, Zhang Z, Liang J, Wei L, Xiong H, Zhang B. AQP5 complements LGR5 to determine the fates of gastric cancer stem cells through regulating ULK1 ubiquitination. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2022; 41:322. [PMID: 36372898 PMCID: PMC9661769 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02532-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are regarded as the "seed cells" for tumorigenesis, metastasis, recurrence and drug resistance. However, specific surface markers of CSCs of different origins have not been documented. METHODS Single-cell sequencing was used to analyze the highly expressed genes in cancer stem cells of gastric cancer patients, and it was verified that AQP5 was specifically highly expressed in gastric cancer stem cells (GC-CSCs) in vivo and in vitro. The effect of AQP5-promoting LGR5 on the malignant biological function of GC-CSCs was investigated. The mechanism by which AQP5 affects GC-CSCs was explored through transcriptome sequencing, proteomic detection, mass spectrometry, etc. RESULTS: We report the identification and validation of AQP5 as a potentially specific surface marker of GC-CSCs. AQP5 was significantly upregulated in CSCs isolated from gastric cancer patients and in spheroid cells, and AQP5 was coexpressed with the canonical stem marker LGR5. Biologically, AQP5 promoted the sphere formation, proliferation, migration and invasion of GC cells in vitro and enhanced tumorigenesis in vivo. Furthermore, AQP5 coordinated with LGR5 and synergistically promoted the tumorigenesis of GC-CSCs. At the mechanistic level, AQP5 activated autophagy by inducing the LC3I/LC3II transformation in GC-CSCs, which was crucial for the biological functions of AQP5. Finally, we demonstrated that AQP5 recruited the E3 ligase TRIM21 to the key autophagy protein ULK1 and induced the K63-mediated ubiquitination of ULK1. CONCLUSIONS We elucidate a novel surface marker, AQP5, which is specifically expressed by GC-CSCs. Furthermore, our study creates a link between AQP5 and LGR5 and highlights the necessity of targeting both surface markers simultaneously as a promising approach for the treatment of gastric cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rou Zhao
- grid.449428.70000 0004 1797 7280Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Baoyu He
- grid.449428.70000 0004 1797 7280Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingli Bie
- grid.449428.70000 0004 1797 7280Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinghe Cao
- grid.449428.70000 0004 1797 7280Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Haoran Lu
- grid.449428.70000 0004 1797 7280Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhixin Zhang
- grid.449428.70000 0004 1797 7280Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Liang
- grid.449428.70000 0004 1797 7280Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Wei
- grid.449428.70000 0004 1797 7280Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Huabao Xiong
- grid.449428.70000 0004 1797 7280Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Zhang
- grid.449428.70000 0004 1797 7280Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong People’s Republic of China ,grid.449428.70000 0004 1797 7280Institute of Forensic Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong People’s Republic of China
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Li X, Xu J, Xie J, Yang W. Research progress in targeted therapy and immunotherapy for gastric cancer. Chin Med J (Engl) 2022; 135:1299-1313. [PMID: 35830242 PMCID: PMC9433086 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide. Its incidence ranks the 5th among all malignant tumors globally, and it is the 3rd leading cause of death among patients with cancer. Surgical treatment is the first choice in clinical practice. However, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and other treatment methods have also become research hotspots at home and abroad with the development of individualized precision therapy in recent years, besides traditional radiotherapy and chemotherapy. At present, targeted therapy and immunotherapy are methods used for treating GC, and they have important clinical application value and prospects. This study aimed to review the research progress of targeted therapy and immunotherapy for GC, focusing on its mechanism of action and related important clinical trials, hoping to provide references for the clinical treatment of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewei Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Birth Defect and Cell Regeneration, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Surgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Jun Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Birth Defect and Cell Regeneration, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Wenhui Yang
- Cancer Center, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030032, China
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Xu L, Chen X, Jiang H, Xu J, Wang L, Sun Y. NDUFC1 Is Upregulated in Gastric Cancer and Regulates Cell Proliferation, Apoptosis, Cycle and Migration. Front Oncol 2021; 11:709044. [PMID: 34966665 PMCID: PMC8710466 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.709044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is one of the most common primary tumors of the digestive system. NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit C1 (NDUFC1), which is an accessory subunit of the NADH dehydrogenase (complex I), is responsible for the transportation of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain essential for the oxidative phosphorylation. However, little is known about the roles of NDUFC1 in carcinogenesis. In this study, NDUFC1 protein level in NSCLC tissues was tested by immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining. NDUFC1 mRNA level in gastric cancer cell lines was determined by qRT-PCR. MGC-803 and SGC-7901 cells were transfected with shNDUFC1 lentivirus designed to silence NDUFC1. MTT assay, CCK8 assay, wound healing assay and transwell migration assay were conducted. Cell cycle and apoptosis were detected by flow cytometry. In vivo experiments were performed using nude mice. The results indicated that overexpressed NDUFC1 in gastric cancer was related to more serious tumor infiltrates, a higher risk of lymphatic metastasis, a higher proportion of positive lymph nodes, and a more advanced tumor stage. Compared with shCtrl groups, MGC-803 and SGC-7901 of shNDUFC1 groups had lower abilities of proliferation and migration, higher levels of apoptosis. NDUFC1 knockdown also inhibited SGC-7901 cell growth in vivo and suppressed Ki67 expression in xenograft tumors. More importantly, we found that NDUFC1 downregulation made the levels of P-Akt, P-mTOR, CCND1, CDK6, PIK3CA, Bcl-2, Survivin, and XIAP decreased, and that PI3K/AKT signaling pathway agonist SC79 rescued the inhibitory effects on cell proliferation and migration, reversed the promoted effects on cell apoptosis caused by NDUFC1 knockdown. More importantly, compared with NDUFC1 knockdown group, the expression of P-Akt, Bcl-2, Survivin, and XIAP was raised in shNDUFC1 + SC79 group. Thus, our suspicion was that NDUFC1 exacerbates NSCLC progression via PI3K/Akt pathway. Taken together, our study indicated that targeting NDUFC1 could open innovative perspectives for new multi-targeting approaches in the treatment of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xu
- Department of Organ Transplantation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan, China
| | - Xiuxiu Chen
- Surgery of Breast Nail, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan, China
| | - Hongtao Jiang
- Department of Organ Transplantation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Organ Transplantation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan, China
| | - Lixia Wang
- Department of Organ Transplantation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan, China
| | - Yuemin Sun
- Department of Pancreatic & Gastric Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Xin L, Tang F, Song B, Yang M, Zhang J. Objective Quantitation of EGFR Protein Levels using Quantitative Dot Blot Method for the Prognosis of Gastric Cancer Patients. J Gastric Cancer 2021; 21:335-351. [PMID: 35079437 PMCID: PMC8753283 DOI: 10.5230/jgc.2021.21.e32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose An underlying factor for the failure of several clinical trials of anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) therapies is the lack of an effective method to identify patients who overexpress EGFR protein. The quantitative dot blot method (QDB) was used to measure EGFR protein levels objectively, absolutely, and quantitatively. Its feasibility was evaluated for the prognosis of overall survival (OS) of patients with gastric cancer. Materials and Methods Slices of 2×5 μm from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded gastric cancer specimens were used to extract total tissue lysates for QDB measurement. Absolutely quantitated EGFR protein levels were used for the Kaplan-Meier OS analysis. Results EGFR protein levels ranged from 0 to 772.6 pmol/g (n=246) for all gastric cancer patients. A poor correlation was observed between quantitated EGFR levels and immunohistochemistry scores with ρ=0.024 and P=0.717 in Spearman's correlation analysis. EGFR was identified as an independent negative prognostic biomarker for gastric cancer patients only through absolute quantitation, with a hazard ratio of 1.92 (95% confidence interval, 1.05–3.53; P=0.034) in multivariate Cox regression OS analysis. A cutoff of 208 pmol/g was proposed to stratify patients with a 3-year survival probability of 44% for patients with EGFR levels above the cutoff versus 68% for those below the cutoff based on Kaplan-Meier OS analysis (log rank test, P=0.002). Conclusions A QDB-based assay was developed for gastric cancer specimens to measure EGFR protein levels absolutely, quantitatively, and objectively. This assay should facilitate clinical trials aimed at evaluation of anti-EGFR therapies retrospectively and prospectively for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Fangrong Tang
- Yantai Quanticision Diagnostics, Inc. (Division of Quanticision Diagnostics, Inc. of USA), Yantai, China
| | - Bo Song
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Maozhou Yang
- Yantai Quanticision Diagnostics, Inc. (Division of Quanticision Diagnostics, Inc. of USA), Yantai, China
| | - Jiandi Zhang
- Yantai Quanticision Diagnostics, Inc. (Division of Quanticision Diagnostics, Inc. of USA), Yantai, China
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Therapeutic Efficacy of GC1118, a Novel Anti-EGFR Antibody, against Glioblastoma with High EGFR Amplification in Patient-Derived Xenografts. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113210. [PMID: 33142709 PMCID: PMC7693807 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary GC1118 is a novel anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody with a distinct mode of epitope binding. Its therapeutic efficacy has been validated in preclinical studies of several cancers. We evaluated the anti-tumor efficacy of GC1118 against glioblastoma (GBM) using patient-derived xenografts (PDXs). GC1118 exhibited anti-tumor efficacy comparable to that of cetuximab in a subset of PDXs, and EGFR amplification was a potential biomarker for predicting its therapeutic efficacy. Growth inhibitory and direct apoptotic effects on GBM tumor cells were confirmed in in vitro analyses. In intracranial PDXs, GC1118 significantly improved survival outcome, indicating its potential to cross the blood–brain barrier. These results support the clinical potential of GC1118 in treating GBM, further prompting the requirement of a clinical trial. Abstract We aimed to evaluate the preclinical efficacy of GC1118, a novel anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) monoclonal antibody (mAb), against glioblastoma (GBM) tumors using patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models. A total of 15 distinct GBM PDX models were used to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of GC1118. Genomic data derived from PDX models were analyzed to identify potential biomarkers associated with the anti-tumor efficacy of GC1118. A patient-derived cell-based high-throughput drug screening assay was performed to further validate the efficacy of GC1118. Compared to cetuximab, GC1118 exerted comparable growth inhibitory effects on the GBM tumors in the PDX models. We confirmed that GC1118 accumulated within the tumor by crossing the blood–brain barrier in in vivo specimens and observed the survival benefit in GC1118-treated intracranial models. Genomic analysis revealed high EGFR amplification as a potent biomarker for predicting the therapeutic efficacy of GC1118 in GBM tumors. In summary, GC1118 exerted a potent anti-tumor effect on GBM tumors in PDX models, and its therapeutic efficacy was especially pronounced in the tumors with high EGFR amplification. Our study supports the importance of patient stratification based on EGFR copy number variation in clinical trials for GBM. The superiority of GC1118 over other EGFR mAbs in GBM tumors should be assessed in future studies.
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Xie H, Ma Y, Li J, Chen H, Xie Y, Chen M, Zhao X, Tang S, Zhao S, Zhang Y, Du J, Zhang F, Gu L. WNT7A Promotes EGF-Induced Migration of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells by Activating β-Catenin/MMP9-Mediated Signaling. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:98. [PMID: 32174831 PMCID: PMC7054863 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims and hypothesis Epidermal growth factor (EGF) has been shown to induce the migration of various cancer cells. However, the underlying signaling mechanisms for EGF-induced migration of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remain to be elucidated. WNT7A, a member of the family of 19 Wnt secreted glycoproteins, is commonly associated with tumor development. It is mostly unknown whether and, if so, how EGF modulates WNT7A in OSCC cells. The role of WNT7A in OSCC was thus investigated to explore the underlying signaling mechanisms for EGF-induced migration of OSCC. Methods Cell migration was measured by Wound healing assay and Transwell assay. Western blotting was carried out to detect the expression of WNT7A, MMP9, β-catenin, p-AKT, and p-ERK. The cells were transfected with plasmids or siRNA to upregulate or downregulate the expression of WNT7A. The location of β-catenin was displayed by immunofluorescence microscopy. Immunohistochemistry was carried out to confirm the relation between WNT7A expression and OSCC progression. Results The present study showed that the levels of WNT7A mRNA and protein were increased by EGF stimulation in OSCC cells. Besides, it was proved that p-AKT, but not p-ERK, mediated the expression of WNT7A protein induced by EGF. Furthermore, the inhibition of AKT activation prevented the EGF-induced increase of WNT7A and matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9) expression and translocation of β-catenin from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Moreover, histological analysis of OSCC specimens revealed an association between WNT7A expression and poor clinical prognosis of the disease. Conclusions The data in this paper indicated that WNT7A could be a potential oncogene in OSCC and identified a novel PI3K/AKT/WNT7A/β-catenin/MMP9 signaling for EGF-induced migration of OSCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xie
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Oral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Implantology, Changzhou Stomatological Hospital, Changzhou, China
| | - Yadong Ma
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Li
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Oral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Huixia Chen
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Oral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Implantology, Changzhou Stomatological Hospital, Changzhou, China
| | - Yongfu Xie
- Department of Implantology, Changzhou Stomatological Hospital, Changzhou, China
| | - Minzhen Chen
- Department of Implantology, Changzhou Stomatological Hospital, Changzhou, China
| | - Xuyang Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sijie Tang
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuo Zhao
- Department of Pathology, The People's Hospital of Bozhou, Bozhou, China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Du
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feimin Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Oral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Luo Gu
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Lee HW, Son E, Lee K, Lee Y, Kim Y, Lee JC, Lim Y, Hur M, Kim D, Nam DH. Promising Therapeutic Efficacy of GC1118, an Anti-EGFR Antibody, against KRAS Mutation-Driven Colorectal Cancer Patient-Derived Xenografts. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235894. [PMID: 31771279 PMCID: PMC6928876 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeted monoclonal antibodies, including cetuximab and panitumumab, are used to treat metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). However, this treatment is only effective for a small subset of mCRC patients positive for the wild-type KRAS GTPase. GC1118 is a novel, fully humanized anti-EGFR IgG1 antibody that displays potent inhibitory effects on high-affinity EGFR ligand-induced signaling and enhanced antibody-mediated cytotoxicity. In this study, using 51 CRC patient-derived xenografts (PDXs), we showed that KRAS mutants expressed remarkably elevated autocrine levels of high-affinity EGFR ligands compared with wild-type KRAS. In three KRAS-mutant CRCPDXs, GC1118 was more effective than cetuximab, whereas the two agents demonstrated comparable efficacy against three wild-type KRAS PDXs. Persistent phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling was thought to underlie resistance to GC1118. In support of these findings, a preliminary improved anti-cancer response was observed in a CRC PDX harboring mutated KRAS with intrinsically high AKT activity using GC1118 combined with the dual PI3K/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/AKT inhibitor BEZ-235, without observed toxicity. Taken together, the superior antitumor efficacy of GC1118 alone or in combination with PI3K/mTOR/AKT inhibitors shows great therapeutic potential for the treatment of KRAS-mutant mCRC with elevated ratios of high- to low-affinity EGFR ligands and PI3K-AKT pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Won Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16149, Korea;
- Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16149, Korea
| | - Eunju Son
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea; (E.S.); (K.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.K.)
| | - Kyoungmin Lee
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea; (E.S.); (K.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.K.)
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Yeri Lee
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea; (E.S.); (K.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.K.)
- Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Yejin Kim
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea; (E.S.); (K.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.K.)
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Jae-Chul Lee
- Translational Research 1 Team, MOGAM Institute for Biomedical Research, Yongin 16924, Korea; (J.-C.L.); (Y.L.); (M.H.)
| | - Yangmi Lim
- Translational Research 1 Team, MOGAM Institute for Biomedical Research, Yongin 16924, Korea; (J.-C.L.); (Y.L.); (M.H.)
| | - Minkyu Hur
- Translational Research 1 Team, MOGAM Institute for Biomedical Research, Yongin 16924, Korea; (J.-C.L.); (Y.L.); (M.H.)
| | - Donggeon Kim
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea; (E.S.); (K.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.K.)
- Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Correspondence: (D.K.); (D.-H.N.); Tel.: +82-02-2148-7723 (D.K.); +82-02-3410-3497 (D.-H.N.)
| | - Do-Hyun Nam
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea; (E.S.); (K.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.K.)
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06531, Korea
- Correspondence: (D.K.); (D.-H.N.); Tel.: +82-02-2148-7723 (D.K.); +82-02-3410-3497 (D.-H.N.)
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