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Owens SL, Ahmed SR, Lang Harman RM, Stewart LE, Mori S. Natural Products That Contain Higher Homologated Amino Acids. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202300822. [PMID: 38487927 PMCID: PMC11386549 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
This review focuses on discussing natural products (NPs) that contain higher homologated amino acids (homoAAs) in the structure as well as the proposed and characterized biosynthesis of these non-proteinogenic amino acids. Homologation of amino acids includes the insertion of a methylene group into its side chain. It is not a very common modification found in NP biosynthesis as approximately 450 homoAA-containing NPs have been isolated from four bacterial phyla (Cyanobacteria, Actinomycetota, Myxococcota, and Pseudomonadota), two fungal phyla (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota), and one animal phylum (Porifera), except for a few examples. Amino acids that are found to be homologated and incorporated in the NP structures include the following ten amino acids: alanine, arginine, cysteine, isoleucine, glutamic acid, leucine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, and tyrosine, where isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine share the comparable enzymatic pathway. Other amino acids have their individual homologation pathway (arginine, proline, and glutamic acid for bacteria), likely utilize the primary metabolic pathway (alanine and glutamic acid for fungi), or have not been reported (cysteine and serine). Despite its possible high potential in the drug discovery field, the biosynthesis of homologated amino acids has a large room to explore for future combinatorial biosynthesis and metabolic engineering purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skyler L Owens
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Shopno R Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Rebecca M Lang Harman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Laura E Stewart
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Shogo Mori
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912
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Pan-Genomic and Transcriptomic Analyses of Marine Pseudoalteromonas agarivorans Hao 2018 Revealed Its Genomic and Metabolic Features. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20040248. [PMID: 35447921 PMCID: PMC9027991 DOI: 10.3390/md20040248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The genomic and carbohydrate metabolic features of Pseudoalteromonas agarivorans Hao 2018 (P. agarivorans Hao 2018) were investigated through pan-genomic and transcriptomic analyses, and key enzyme genes that may encode the process involved in its extracellular polysaccharide synthesis were screened. The pan-genome of the P. agarivorans strains consists of a core-genome containing 2331 genes, an accessory-genome containing 956 genes, and a unique-genome containing 1519 genes. Clusters of Orthologous Groups analyses showed that P. agarivorans harbors strain-specifically diverse metabolisms, probably representing high evolutionary genome changes. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and reconstructed carbohydrate metabolic pathways displayed that P. agarivorans strains can utilize a variety of carbohydrates, such as d-glucose, d-fructose, and d-lactose. Analyses of differentially expressed genes showed that compared with the stationary phase (24 h), strain P. agarivorans Hao 2018 had upregulated expression of genes related to the synthesis of extracellular polysaccharides in the logarithmic growth phase (2 h), and that the expression of these genes affected extracellular polysaccharide transport, nucleotide sugar synthesis, and glycosyltransferase synthesis. This is the first investigation of the genomic and metabolic features of P. agarivorans through pan-genomic and transcriptomic analyses, and these intriguing discoveries provide the possibility to produce novel marine drug lead compounds with high biological activity.
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3
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Pyrrolopyrazine derivatives: synthetic approaches and biological activities. Med Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-021-02792-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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4
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Marine Terpenoids from Polar Latitudes and Their Potential Applications in Biotechnology. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18080401. [PMID: 32751369 PMCID: PMC7459527 DOI: 10.3390/md18080401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Polar marine biota have adapted to thrive under one of the ocean’s most inhospitable scenarios, where extremes of temperature, light photoperiod and ice disturbance, along with ecological interactions, have selected species with a unique suite of secondary metabolites. Organisms of Arctic and Antarctic oceans are prolific sources of natural products, exhibiting wide structural diversity and remarkable bioactivities for human applications. Chemical skeletons belonging to terpene families are the most commonly found compounds, whereas cytotoxic antimicrobial properties, the capacity to prevent infections, are the most widely reported activities from these environments. This review firstly summarizes the regulations on access and benefit sharing requirements for research in polar environments. Then it provides an overview of the natural product arsenal from Antarctic and Arctic marine organisms that displays promising uses for fighting human disease. Microbes, such as bacteria and fungi, and macroorganisms, such as sponges, macroalgae, ascidians, corals, bryozoans, echinoderms and mollusks, are the main focus of this review. The biological origin, the structure of terpenes and terpenoids, derivatives and their biotechnological potential are described. This survey aims to highlight the chemical diversity of marine polar life and the versatility of this group of biomolecules, in an effort to encourage further research in drug discovery.
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Integrating Molecular Networking and 1H NMR Spectroscopy for Isolation of Bioactive Metabolites from the Persian Gulf Sponge Axinella sinoxea. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18070366. [PMID: 32708620 PMCID: PMC7404180 DOI: 10.3390/md18070366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The geographic position, highly fluctuating sea temperatures and hypersalinity make Persian Gulf an extreme environment. Although this unique environment has high biodiversity dominated by invertebrates, its potential in marine biodiscovery has largely remained untapped. Herein, we aimed at a detailed analysis of the metabolome and bioactivity profiles of the marine sponge Axinella sinoxea collected from the northeast coast of the Persian Gulf in Iran. The crude extract and its Kupchan subextracts were tested in multiple in-house bioassays, and the crude extract and its CHCl3-soluble portion showed in vitro antibacterial activity against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Enterococcus faecium (Efm). A molecular networking (MN)-based dereplication strategy by UPLC-MS/MS revealed the presence of phospholipids and steroids, while 1H NMR spectroscopy indicated the presence of additional metabolites, such as diketopiperazines (DKPs). Integrated MN and 1H NMR analyses on both the crude and CHCl3 extracts combined with an antibacterial activity-guided isolation approach afforded eight metabolites: a new diketopiperazine, (-)-cyclo(L-trans-Hyp-L-Ile) (8); a known diketopiperazine, cyclo(L-trans-Hyp-L-Phe) (7); two known phospholipids, 1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (1) and 1-O-octadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (2); two known steroids, 3β-hydroxycholest-5-ene-7,24-dione (3) and (22E)-3β-hydroxycholesta-5,22-diene-7,24-dione (4); two known monoterpenes, loliolide (5) and 5-epi-loliolide (6). The chemical structures of the isolates were elucidated by a combination of NMR spectroscopy, HRMS and [α]D analyses. All compounds were tested against MRSA and Efm, and compound 3 showed moderate antibacterial activity against MRSA (IC50 value 70 μg/mL). This is the first study that has dealt with chemical and bioactivity profiling of A.sinoxea leading to isolation and characterization of pure sponge metabolites.
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Romero-Diaz C, Campos SM, Herrmann MA, Lewis KN, Williams DR, Soini HA, Novotny MV, Hews DK, Martins EP. Structural Identification, Synthesis and Biological Activity of Two Volatile Cyclic Dipeptides in a Terrestrial Vertebrate. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4303. [PMID: 32152427 PMCID: PMC7062908 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61312-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Single substances within complex vertebrate chemical signals could be physiologically or behaviourally active. However, the vast diversity in chemical structure, physical properties and molecular size of semiochemicals makes identifying pheromonally active compounds no easy task. Here, we identified two volatile cyclic dipeptides, cyclo(L-Leu-L-Pro) and cyclo(L-Pro-L-Pro), from the complex mixture of a chemical signal in terrestrial vertebrates (lizard genus Sceloporus), synthesised one of them and investigated their biological activity in male intra-specific communication. In a series of behavioural trials, lizards performed more chemosensory behaviour (tongue flicks, lip smacks and substrate lickings) when presented with the synthesised cyclo(L-Pro-L-Pro) chemical blend, compared to the controls, the cyclo(L-Leu-L-Pro) blend, or a combined blend with both cyclic dipeptides. The results suggest a potential semiochemical role of cyclo(L-Pro-L-Pro) and a modulating effect of cyclo(L-Leu-L-Pro) that may depend on the relative concentration of both compounds in the chemical signal. In addition, our results stress how minor compounds in complex mixtures can produce a meaningful behavioural response, how small differences in structural design are crucial for biological activity, and highlight the need for more studies to determine the complete functional landscape of biologically relevant compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephanie M Campos
- Department of Biology and Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.,Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Morgan A Herrmann
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Kristen N Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - David R Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Helena A Soini
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.,Institute for Pheromone Research, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Milos V Novotny
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.,Institute for Pheromone Research, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Diana K Hews
- Department of Biology, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN, 47809, USA
| | - Emília P Martins
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
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7
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Tripathi VC, Horam S, Singh A, Lata M, Reddy TJ, Arockiaraj J, Pasupuleti M. The discovery of antioxidants in marine microorganisms and their protective effects on the hepatic cells from chemical-induced oxidative stress. Free Radic Res 2020; 54:150-161. [PMID: 32013646 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2020.1725499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The marine environment is emerging as a biodiversity resource for the discovery of natural molecules or chemical scaffolds with pharmaceutical activity. Marine microbes have a tremendous ability to sense and respond to their surroundings to survive in a stressful environment by producing different molecules. As oxidative stress is directly or indirectly involved in various pathological conditions in humans, we believe that marine-derived antioxidant molecules will have a great prospect as a novel antioxidant molecule. We, in this work, explored the marine microbial resources from the Gulf of Mannar, Bay of Bengal, India. High-throughput screening of antioxidant molecule producing marine microbes has revealed that extract from Kocuria marina CDMP 10, can effectively reduce the DPPH free radical. Methanolic crude extract obtained by the freeze-thawing was fractionated and purified by using activity guided purification with the help of reverse phase HPLC and analysed through UPLC-MS. Chemical analysis, as well as MS-spectra, indicated that marine bacteria K. marina CDMP 10 derived antioxidant fraction contains the short peptides. The antioxidant activity of the three highly hydrophobic peptides, (Ser-Ser-Gln, Phe-Glu, Asp-Ile and Leu-Glu) was confirmed by in vitro as well as a cell-based assay. These small peptide molecules are noncytotoxic and can prevent the human cells from chemical-induced oxidative stress. Ser-Ser-Gln peptide demonstrated a potent free radical scavenging activity in Hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines. This study suggests that these short peptides from K. marina CDMP 10 may serve as a potential pharmaceutical candidate with antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikash Chandra Tripathi
- Microbiology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Soyar Horam
- Microbiology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Anoop Singh
- Microbiology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Manjul Lata
- Microbiology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Thota Jagadeshwar Reddy
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Jesu Arockiaraj
- SRM Research Institute, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
| | - Mukesh Pasupuleti
- Microbiology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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8
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Varrella S, Tangherlini M, Corinaldesi C. Deep Hypersaline Anoxic Basins as Untapped Reservoir of Polyextremophilic Prokaryotes of Biotechnological Interest. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18020091. [PMID: 32019162 PMCID: PMC7074082 DOI: 10.3390/md18020091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep-sea hypersaline anoxic basins (DHABs) are considered to be among the most extreme ecosystems on our planet, allowing only the life of polyextremophilic organisms. DHABs’ prokaryotes exhibit extraordinary metabolic capabilities, representing a hot topic for microbiologists and biotechnologists. These are a source of enzymes and new secondary metabolites with valuable applications in different biotechnological fields. Here, we review the current knowledge on prokaryotic diversity in DHABs, highlighting the biotechnological applications of identified taxa and isolated species. The discovery of new species and molecules from these ecosystems is expanding our understanding of life limits and is expected to have a strong impact on biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Varrella
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy;
| | | | - Cinzia Corinaldesi
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy;
- Correspondence:
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9
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Marcolefas E, Leung T, Okshevsky M, McKay G, Hignett E, Hamel J, Aguirre G, Blenner-Hassett O, Boyle B, Lévesque RC, Nguyen D, Gruenheid S, Whyte L. Culture-Dependent Bioprospecting of Bacterial Isolates From the Canadian High Arctic Displaying Antibacterial Activity. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1836. [PMID: 31447822 PMCID: PMC6696727 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to isolate, screen, and characterize Arctic microbial isolates from Expedition Fjord, Axel Heiberg Island, Nunavut, Canada capable of inhibiting the growth of foodborne and clinically relevant pathogens. Arctic bacteria were isolated from twelve different high Arctic habitats pertaining to active layer permafrost soil, saline spring sediments, lake sediments, and endoliths. This was achieved using (1) the cryo-iPlate, an innovative in situ cultivation device within active layer permafrost soil and (2) bulk plating of Arctic samples by undergraduate students that applied standard culturing methods. To mitigate the possibility of identifying isolates with already-known antibacterial activities, a cell-based dereplication platform was used. Ten out of the twelve Arctic habitats tested were found to yield cold-adapted isolates with antibacterial activity. Eight cold-adapted Arctic isolates were identified with the ability to inhibit the entire dereplication platform, suggesting the possibility of new mechanisms of action. Two promising isolates, initially cultured from perennial saline spring sediments and from active layer permafrost soil (Paenibacillus sp. GHS.8.NWYW.5 and Pseudomonas sp. AALPS.10.MNAAK.13, respectively), displayed antibacterial activity against foodborne and clinically relevant pathogens. Paenibacillus sp. GHS.8.NWYW.5 was capable of inhibiting methicillin resistant and susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA and MSSA), Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli O157:H7. Pseudomonas sp. AALPS.10.MNAAK.13 was observed to have antagonistic activity against MRSA, MSSA, Acinetobacter baumanii, Enterococcus faecium, and Enterococcus faecalis. After whole genome sequencing and mining, the genome of Paenibacillus sp. GHS.8.NWYW.5 was found to contain seven putative secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters that displayed low homology (<50% coverage, <30% identity, and e-values > 0) to clusters identified within the genome of the type strain pertaining to the same species. These findings suggest that cold-adapted Arctic microbes may be a promising source of novel secondary metabolites for potential use in both industrial and medical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Marcolefas
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - Tiffany Leung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mira Okshevsky
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - Geoffrey McKay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Emma Hignett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jérémie Hamel
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Gabriela Aguirre
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - Olivia Blenner-Hassett
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - Brian Boyle
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Roger C. Lévesque
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Dao Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Samantha Gruenheid
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Lyle Whyte
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
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Supardy NA, Ibrahim D, Mat Nor SR, Noordin WNM. Bioactive Compounds of Pseudoalteromonas sp. IBRL PD4.8 Inhibit Growth of Fouling Bacteria and Attenuate Biofilms of Vibrio alginolyticus FB3. Pol J Microbiol 2019; 68:21-33. [PMID: 31050250 PMCID: PMC7256726 DOI: 10.21307/pjm-2019-003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofouling is a phenomenon that describes the fouling organisms attached to man-made surfaces immersed in water over a period of time. It has emerged as a chronic problem to the oceanic industries, especially the shipping and aquaculture fields. The metal-containing coatings that have been used for many years to prevent and destroy biofouling are damaging to the ocean and many organisms. Therefore, this calls for the critical need of natural product-based antifoulants as a substitute for its toxic counterparts. In this study, the antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of the bioactive compounds of Pseudoalteromonas sp. IBRL PD4.8 have been investigated against selected fouling bacteria. The crude extract has shown strong antibacterial activity against five fouling bacteria, with inhibition zones ranging from 9.8 to 13.7 mm and minimal inhibitory concentrations of 0.13 to 8.0 mg/ml. Meanwhile, the antibiofilm study has indicated that the extract has attenuated the initial and pre-formed biofilms of Vibrio alginolyticus FB3 by 45.37 ± 4.88% and 29.85 ± 2.56%, respectively. Moreover, micrographs from light and scanning electron microscope have revealed extensive structural damages on the treated biofilms. The active fraction was fractionated with chromatographic methods and liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy analyses has further disclosed the presence of a polyunsaturated fatty acid 4,7,10,13-hexadecatetraenoic acid (C16H24O2). Therefore, this compound was suggested as a potential bioactive compound contributing to the antibacterial property. In conclusion, Pseudoalteromonas sp. IBRL PD4.8 is a promising source as a natural antifouling agent that can suppress the growth of five fouling bacteria and biofilms of V. alginolyticus FB3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nor Afifah Supardy
- Industrial Biotechnology Research Laboratory (IBRL), School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia , Penang , Malaysia
| | - Darah Ibrahim
- Industrial Biotechnology Research Laboratory (IBRL), School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia , Penang , Malaysia
| | - Sharifah Radziah Mat Nor
- Industrial Biotechnology Research Laboratory (IBRL), School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia , Penang , Malaysia
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Kaur A, Capalash N, Sharma P. Communication mechanisms in extremophiles: Exploring their existence and industrial applications. Microbiol Res 2019; 221:15-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Significantly improved production of Welan gum by Sphingomonas sp. WG through a novel quorum-sensing-interfering dipeptide cyclo(L-Pro-L-Phe). Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 126:118-122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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13
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Ágoston K. Nojirimycin Based 2,5-Diketopiperazines. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2018.1557688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Károly Ágoston
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RCNS-HAS Magyar, Tudósok Körútja 2, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
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14
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Tripathi VC, Satish S, Horam S, Raj S, lal A, Arockiaraj J, Pasupuleti M, Dikshit DK. Natural products from polar organisms: Structural diversity, bioactivities and potential pharmaceutical applications. POLAR SCIENCE 2018; 18:147-166. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polar.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
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15
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Manimaran M, Kannabiran K. Marine Streptomyces Sp. VITMK1 Derived Pyrrolo [1, 2-A] Pyrazine-1, 4-Dione, Hexahydro-3-(2-Methylpropyl) and Its Free Radical Scavenging Activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.2174/1874847301705010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Free radical generation has been proved to be responsible for various cellular diseases. It is necessary to combat free radicals using antioxidants derived from natural sources.
Objective:
The objective of this study is to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the diketopiperazine compound extracted from Streptomyces sp. VITMK1 isolated from mangrove sediment soil collected from Pichavaram, Tamil Nadu, India.
Methods:
The antioxidant potential of pyrrolo [1, 2-A] pyrazine-1, 4-dione, hexahydro-3-(2-methylpropyl) (diketopiperazine) extracted from Streptomyces sp. VITMK1 was studied using reducing power assay. The scavenging of 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and nitric oxide (NO) radical by the compound was also studied. The cytotoxic activity of the compound on RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line was studied using MTT cell viability assay.
Results:
The compound exhibited strong DPPH radical scavenging activity (72.48±0.32% at 500 µg/mL) and NO radical scavenging activity (73.03±1.02% at 500 µg/mL). MTT cell viability assay revealed that the compound exhibited concentration-dependent cell viability and was observed to be 92% at 125 µg/mL concentration.
Conclusion:
The antioxidant activity of the diketopiperazine compound extracted from Streptomyces sp. VITMK1 can be probed further to establish its radical scavenging activity.
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Secondary Metabolites from Polar Organisms. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15030028. [PMID: 28241505 PMCID: PMC5367009 DOI: 10.3390/md15030028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Polar organisms have been found to develop unique defences against the extreme environment environment, leading to the biosynthesis of novel molecules with diverse bioactivities. This review covers the 219 novel natural products described since 2001, from the Arctic and the Antarctic microoganisms, lichen, moss and marine faunas. The structures of the new compounds and details of the source organism, along with any relevant biological activities are presented. Where reported, synthetic and biosynthetic studies on the polar metabolites have also been included.
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17
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Borthwick AD, Da Costa NC. 2,5-diketopiperazines in food and beverages: Taste and bioactivity. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 57:718-742. [PMID: 25629623 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2014.911142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
2,5-Diketopiperazines (2,5-DKPs) have been found to occur in a wide range of food and beverages, and display an array of chemesthetic effects (bitter, astringent, metallic, and umami) that can contribute to the taste of a variety of foods. These smallest cyclic peptides also occur as natural products and have been found to display a variety of bioactivities from antibacterial, antifungal, to anthroprotective effects and have the potential to be used in the development of new functional foods. An overview of the synthesis of these small chiral molecules and their molecular properties is presented. The occurrence, taste, and bioactivity of all simple naturally occurring 2,5-DKPs to date have been reviewed and those found in food from yeasts, fungi, and bacteria that have been used in food preparation or contamination, as well as metabolites of sweeteners and antibiotics added to food are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neil C Da Costa
- b International Flavors & Fragrances, Inc. , Union Beach , New Jersey , USA
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18
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Skladnev DA, Mulyukin AL, Filippova SN, Kulikov EE, Letarova MA, Yuzbasheva EA, Karnysheva EA, Brushkov AV, Gal’chenko VF. Modeling of dissemination of microbial cells and phages from the sites of permafrost thawing. Microbiology (Reading) 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261716050167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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19
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Ross AC, Gulland LES, Dorrestein PC, Moore BS. Targeted capture and heterologous expression of the Pseudoalteromonas alterochromide gene cluster in Escherichia coli represents a promising natural product exploratory platform. ACS Synth Biol 2015; 4:414-20. [PMID: 25140825 PMCID: PMC4410906 DOI: 10.1021/sb500280q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Marine
pseudoalteromonads represent a very promising source of
biologically important natural product molecules. To access and exploit
the full chemical capacity of these cosmopolitan Gram-(−) bacteria,
we sought to apply universal synthetic biology tools to capture, refactor,
and express biosynthetic gene clusters for the production of complex
organic compounds in reliable host organisms. Here, we report a platform
for the capture of proteobacterial gene clusters using a transformation-associated
recombination (TAR) strategy coupled with direct pathway manipulation
and expression in Escherichia coli. The ∼34
kb pathway for production of alterochromide lipopeptides by Pseudoalteromonas piscicida JCM 20779 was captured and heterologously
expressed in E. coli utilizing native and E. coli-based T7 promoter sequences. Our approach enabled
both facile production of the alterochromides and in vivo interrogation of gene function associated with alterochromide’s
unusual brominated lipid side chain. This platform represents a simple
but effective strategy for the discovery and biosynthetic characterization
of natural products from marine proteobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pieter C. Dorrestein
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Bradley S. Moore
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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20
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Whalen KE, Poulson-Ellestad KL, Deering RW, Rowley DC, Mincer TJ. Enhancement of antibiotic activity against multidrug-resistant bacteria by the efflux pump inhibitor 3,4-dibromopyrrole-2,5-dione isolated from a Pseudoalteromonas sp. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2015; 78:402-412. [PMID: 25646964 DOI: 10.1021/np500775e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Members of the resistance nodulation cell division (RND) of efflux pumps play essential roles in multidrug resistance (MDR) in Gram-negative bacteria. Here, we describe the search for new small molecules from marine microbial extracts to block efflux and thus restore antibiotic susceptibility in MDR bacterial strains. We report the isolation of 3,4-dibromopyrrole-2,5-dione (1), an inhibitor of RND transporters, from Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, from the marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas piscicida. 3,4-Dibromopyrrole-2,5-dione decreased the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of two fluoroquinolones, an aminoglycoside, a macrolide, a beta-lactam, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol between 2- and 16-fold in strains overexpressing three archetype RND transporters (AcrAB-TolC, MexAB-OprM, and MexXY-OprM). 3,4-Dibromopyrrole-2,5-dione also increased the intracellular accumulation of Hoechst 33342 in wild-type but not in transporter-deficient strains and prevented H33342 efflux (IC50 = 0.79 μg/mL or 3 μM), a hallmark of efflux pump inhibitor (EPI) functionality. A metabolomic survey of 36 Pseudoalteromonas isolates mapped the presence of primarily brominated metabolites only within the P. piscicida phylogenetic clade, where a majority of antibiotic activity was also observed, suggesting a link between halogenation and enhanced secondary metabolite biosynthetic potential. In sum, 3,4-dibromopyrrole-2,5-dione is a potent EPI and deserves further attention as an adjuvant to enhance the effectiveness of existing antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert W Deering
- ‡College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - David C Rowley
- ‡College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
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21
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Suciati, Garson MJ. Isolation of the Tetrapeptide Apicidins G, H and I from the Fungus Fusarium semitectum. Nat Prod Commun 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1400900226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reports the isolation and characterization of three new tetrapeptides, apicidins G (1), H (2) and I (3), along with the known apicidin (4), apicidin A (5), apicidin C (6), diketopiperazine 7, equisetin (8) and 7-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxypropyl)-5-methylchromone (9). The structures of the new compounds were deduced by 2D NMR spectroscopic and MS data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suciati
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java 60286, Indonesia
| | - Mary J. Garson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
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22
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Gu Q, Fu L, Wang Y, Lin J. Identification and characterization of extracellular cyclic dipeptides as quorum-sensing signal molecules from Shewanella baltica, the specific spoilage organism of Pseudosciaena crocea during 4 °C storage. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:11645-11652. [PMID: 24206027 DOI: 10.1021/jf403918x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Quorum-sensing (QS) signaling molecules are able to mediate specific gene expression inside spoilage bacteria in response to population density and thus are implicated in food spoilage. In the present work, a total of 102 strains of spoilage bacteria were isolated from Pseudosciaena crocea at 4 °C storage, and of these, 60 strains were identified as Shewanella spp., and 48 strains (47.1%) were identified as S. baltica. In addition, the spoilage capabilities of three different S. baltica strains (00A, 00B, and 00C) were compared by total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N) and sensory analysis (off-odors). Furthermore, four cyclic dipeptides (diketopiperazines, DKPs) that function as QS signal molecules were isolated and characterized from the extracellular metabolites of S. baltica 00C which had the strongest spoilage activity based on gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). By supplementation of four synthesized DKPs, the spoilage capability of S. baltica could be significantly enhanced. So far, this was the first attempt to characterize DKPs as the signaling molecules in QS of S. baltica. Our study may provide some evidence of the role of DKPs involved in microbial spoilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Gu
- Marine Resources and Nutrition Biology Research Center, Food Quality & Safety Department, Zhejiang Gongshang University , Hangzhou 310035, China
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23
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Olszewski M, Nowak M, Cyranka-Czaja A, Kur J. Identification and characterization of single-stranded DNA-binding protein from the facultative psychrophilic bacteria Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis. Microbiol Res 2013; 169:139-47. [PMID: 23953921 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Single-stranded DNA-binding protein (SSB) plays an important role in DNA metabolism such as DNA replication, repair, and recombination, and is essential for cell survival. This study reports on the ssb-like gene cloning, gene expression and characterization of a single-stranded DNA-binding protein of Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis (PhaSSB) and is the first report of such a protein from psychrophilic microorganism. PhaSSB possesses a high sequence similarity to Escherichia coli SSB (48% identity and 57% similarity) and has the longest amino acid sequence (244 amino acid residues) of all the known bacterial SSBs with one OB-fold per monomer. An analysis of purified PhaSSB by means of chemical cross-linking experiments, sedimentation analysis and size exclusion chromatography revealed a stable tetramer in solution. Using EMSA, we characterized the stoichiometry of PhaSSB complexed with a series of ssDNA homopolymers, and the size of the binding site was determined as being approximately 35 nucleotides long. In fluorescence titrations, the occluded site size of PhaSSB on poly(dT) is 34 nucleotides per tetramer under low-salt conditions (2mM NaCl), but increases to 54-64 nucleotides at higher-salt conditions (100-300mM NaCl). This suggests that PhaSSB undergoes a transition between ssDNA binding modes, which is observed for EcoSSB. The binding properties of PhaSSB investigated using SPR technology revealed that the affinity of PhaSSB to ssDNA is typical of SSB proteins. The only difference in the binding mode of PhaSSB to ssDNA is a faster association phase, when compared to EcoSSB, though compensated by faster dissociation rate. When analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), the melting temperature (Tm) was determined as 63 °C, which is only a few degrees lower than for EcoSSB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Olszewski
- Department of Microbiology, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marta Nowak
- Department of Microbiology, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna Cyranka-Czaja
- University of Wroclaw, Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, ul. Tamka 2, 50-138 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Józef Kur
- Department of Microbiology, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
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24
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Elkahoui S, Abdel rahim H, Tabbene O, Shaaban M, Limam F, Laatsch H. Cyclo-(His,Leu): A new microbial diketopiperazine from a terrestrialBacillus subtilisstrain B38. Nat Prod Res 2013; 27:108-16. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2012.660635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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25
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Borthwick AD. 2,5-Diketopiperazines: synthesis, reactions, medicinal chemistry, and bioactive natural products. Chem Rev 2012; 112:3641-716. [PMID: 22575049 DOI: 10.1021/cr200398y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 611] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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26
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Abstract
Diketopiperazines (DKPs), which are cyclic dipeptides, have been detected in a variety of natural resources. Recently, the interest in these compounds increased significantly because of their remarkable bioactivity. This review deals with the chemical structures, biosynthetic pathways, and biological activities of DKPs from marine microorganisms, sponges, sea stars, tunicates (ascidians), and red algae. The literature has been covered up to December 2008, and a total 124 DKPs from 104 publications have been discussed and reviewed. Some of these compounds have been found to possess various bioactivities including cytotoxicity, and antibacterial, antifungal, antifouling, plant-growth regulatory, and other activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riming Huang
- Research Center for Marine Microbes, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, P R China
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27
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Ando S, Grote AL, Koide K. Diastereoselective synthesis of diketopiperazine bis-α,β-epoxides. J Org Chem 2011; 76:1155-8. [PMID: 21250704 DOI: 10.1021/jo102096d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Functionalized diketopiperazines (dioxopiperazines) are an important class of molecules in medicinal chemistry and material science. Herein we report a diastereoselective synthesis of diketopiperazine bis-α,β-epoxides via the oxidation of exocyclic olefins. Although six diastereomers may be formed by this approach, only one or two of them were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Ando
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
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28
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Abstract
In order to survive extremes of pH, temperature, salinity and pressure, organisms have been found to develop unique defences against their environment, leading to the biosynthesis of novel molecules ranging from simple osmolytes and lipids to complex secondary metabolites. This review highlights novel molecules isolated from microorganisms that either tolerate or favour extreme growth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe E Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds St, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
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29
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Li H, Lee BC, Kim TS, Bae KS, Hong JK, Choi SH, Bao B, Jung JH. Bioactive Cyclic Dipeptides from a Marine Sponge-Associated Bacterium, Psychrobacter sp. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2008. [DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2008.16.4.356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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30
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Di Rocco G, Battistuzzi G, Borsari M, De Rienzo F, Ranieri A, Tutino ML, Sola M. Cloning, expression and physicochemical characterization of a di-heme cytochrome c (4) from the psychrophilic bacterium Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis TAC 125. J Biol Inorg Chem 2008; 13:789-99. [PMID: 18386080 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-008-0366-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2008] [Accepted: 03/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The 20-kDa di-heme cytochrome c (4) from the psycrophilic bacterium Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis TAC 125 was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli and investigated through UV-vis and (1)H NMR spectroscopies and protein voltammetry. The model structure was computed using the X-ray structure of Pseudomonas stutzeri cytochrome c (4) as a template. The protein shows unprecedented properties within the cytochrome c (4) family, including (1) an almost nonpolar surface charge distribution, (2) the absence of high-spin heme Fe(III) states, indicative of a thermodynamically stable and kinetically inert axial heme His,Met coordination, and (3) identical E degrees ' values for the two heme centers (+0.322 V vs the standard hydrogen elecrode). At pH extremes, both heme groups undergo the "acid" and "alkaline" conformational transitions typical of class I cytochromes c, involving ligand-exchange equilibria, whereas at intermediate pH values their electronic properties are sensitive to several residue ionizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Di Rocco
- Department of Chemistry, Università di Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 183, 41100, Modena, Italy
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31
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Bowman JP. Bioactive compound synthetic capacity and ecological significance of marine bacterial genus pseudoalteromonas. Mar Drugs 2007; 5:220-41. [PMID: 18463726 PMCID: PMC2365693 DOI: 10.3390/md504220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2007] [Accepted: 12/14/2007] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Pseudoalteromonas is a marine group of bacteria belonging to the class Gammaproteobacteria that has come to attention in the natural product and microbial ecology science fields in the last decade. Pigmented species of the genus have been shown to produce an array of low and high molecular weight compounds with antimicrobial, anti-fouling, algicidal and various pharmaceutically-relevant activities. Compounds formed include toxic proteins, polyanionic exopolymers, substituted phenolic and pyrolle-containing alkaloids, cyclic peptides and a range of bromine-substituted compounds. Ecologically, Pseudoalteromonas appears significant and to date has been shown to influence biofilm formation in various marine econiches; involved in predator-like interactions within the microbial loop; influence settlement, germination and metamorphosis of various invertebrate and algal species; and may also be adopted by marine flora and fauna as defensive agents. Studies have been so far limited to a relatively small subset of strains compared to the known diversity of the genus suggesting that many more discoveries of novel natural products as well as ecological connections these may have in the marine ecosystem remain to be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Bowman
- Tasmania Institute of Agricultural Research, School of Agricultural Science, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Private Bag 54, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia.
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32
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Abstract
Marine natural products isolated from organisms collected from cold-water habitats are described. Emphasis is on bioactive compounds from tunicates, sponges, microbes, bryozoans, corals, algae, molluscs and echinoderms. Synthetic studies of several important classes of cold-water compounds are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Lebar
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave, CHE205, Tampa, FL, USA
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33
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Abstract
This review covers the literature published in 2005 for marine natural products, with 704 citations (493 for the period January to December 2005) referring to compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green algae, brown algae, red algae, sponges, coelenterates, bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates and echinoderms. The emphasis is on new compounds (812 for 2005), together with their relevant biological activities, source organisms and country of origin. Biosynthetic studies, first syntheses, and syntheses that lead to the revision of structures or stereochemistries, have been included.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Blunt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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