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Leiva-Rebollo R, Gémez-Mata J, Castro D, Borrego JJ, Labella AM. Immune response of DNA vaccinated-gilthead seabream ( Sparus aurata) against LCDV-Sa infection: relevance of the inflammatory process. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1209926. [PMID: 37346045 PMCID: PMC10279854 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1209926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphocystis disease is one of the main viral pathologies affecting cultured gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) in the Mediterranean region. Recently, we have developed a DNA vaccine based on the major capsid protein (MCP) of the Lymphocystis disease virus 3 (LCDV-Sa). The immune response triggered by either LCDV-Sa infection or vaccination have been previously studied and seem to be highly related to the modulation of the inflammatory and the IFN response. However, a comprehensive evaluation of immune-related gene expression in vaccinated fish after viral infection to identify immunogenes involved in vaccine-induced protection have not been carried out to date. The present study aimed to fulfill this objective by analyzing samples of head-kidney, spleen, intestine, and caudal fin from fish using an OpenArray® platform containing targets related to the immune response of gilthead seabream. The results obtained showed an increase of deregulated genes in the hematopoietic organs between vaccinated and non-vaccinated fish. However, in the intestine and fin, the results showed the opposite trend. The global effect of fish vaccination was a significant decrease (p<0.05) of viral replication in groups of fish previously vaccinated, and the expression of the following immune genes related to viral recognition (tlr9), humoral and cellular response (rag1 and cd48), inflammation (csf1r, elam, il1β, and il6), antiviral response (isg15, mx1, mx2, mx3), cell-mediated cytotoxicity (nccrp1), and apoptosis (prf1). The exclusive modulation of the immune response provoked by the vaccination seems to control the progression of the infection in the experimentally challenged gilthead seabream.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Alejandro M. Labella
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
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Long-term efficacy of nasal vaccination against enteric red mouth (ERM) disease and infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN) in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Vaccine 2021; 40:229-238. [PMID: 34893343 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.11.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Previous research demonstrated that bacterial and viral vaccines delivered via the nasal route in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) at 7 and 28 days post-vaccination are highly protective (>95% protection). Long-term protection following nasal vaccination in teleosts has not been evaluated. The goal of this study was to assess efficacy and immune responses at 6 months (mo) post-vaccination (mpv), and long-lasting immune responses at 12 mpv of two different vaccines: an inactivated enteric red mouth disease (ERM) Yersinia ruckeri bacterin and a live attenuated infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) vaccine. Juvenile rainbow trout were vaccinated for Y. ruckeri via intraperitoneal (I.P.) and intranasal (I.N.) routes, and for IHNV by intramuscular (I.M.) and I.N. routes, then challenged at 6 mpv. Immune responses were determined at 6 and 12 mpv. ERM vaccine I.P. delivery elicited significantly higher serum IgM-specific titers that remained elevated compared to mock-vaccinated fish at 6 mpv. By 12 mpv, antibody titers to Y. ruckeri were not significantly different across all treatments. Following Y. ruckeri challenge at 6 mpv, a significant difference in cumulative percent mortality (CPM) was found for I.P.-vaccinated fish but not I.N.-vaccinated fish. I.M. and I.N. vaccination with live attenuated IHNV did not result in significant specific serum IgM titers at 6 or 12 mpv. Yet, I.N.-vaccinated fish showed the lowest CPM 6 mpv indicating long-term protection that does not correlate with systemic IgM responses. Repertoire analyses confirmed unique expansions of VH-JH rearrangements in the spleen of rainbow trout 12 mpv that varied with the type of vaccine and route of vaccination. Combined, these data demonstrate that I.N. vaccination with a live attenuated viral vaccine confers long lasting protection, but I.N. ERM vaccination does not and booster before 6 mpv is recommended.
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Jia YJ, Guo ZR, Ma R, Qiu DK, Wang GX, Zhu B. Protective immunity of largemouth bass immunized with immersed DNA vaccine against largemouth bass ulcerative syndrome virus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 107:269-276. [PMID: 33068760 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To reduce the largemouth bass ulcer syndrome (LBUSV) aquatic economic losses, it must take effective preventive measures and coping strategies should be urgently investigated. In this research, the effects of a functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) applied as a delivery vehicle for DNA vaccine administration in largemouth bass (Micropterus Salmoides) against LBUSV were studied. Our results showed that SWCNTs loaded with DNA vaccine induced a better protection to largemouth bass against LBUSV. We found more than 10 times increase in serum antibody levels, enzyme activities and immune-related genes (IL-6, IL-8, IFN-γ, IgM and TNF-α) expression, in the SWCNTs-pcDNA-MCP immunized groups compared with PBS group and the pure SWCNTs group. The survival rates for control group (PBS), pure SWCNTs groups (40 mg L-1), four pcDNA-MCP groups (5 mg L-1, 10 mg L-1, 20 mg L-1 and 40 mg L-1) and four SWCNTs-pcDNA-MCP groups (5 mg L-1, 10 mg L-1, 20 mg L-1 and 40 mg L-1) were 0%, 0%, 0%, 2.77%, 11.11%, 19.44%, 27.78%, 38.89%, 52.78% and 61.11%, respectively. Our results demonstrate that the SWCNTs-DNA vaccine can be used as a new method against LBUSV showing protection following challenge with LBUSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jun Jia
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Zi-Rao Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Rui Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - De-Kui Qiu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Gao-Xue Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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Hu F, Li Y, Wang Q, Wang G, Zhu B, Wang Y, Zeng W, Yin J, Liu C, Bergmann SM, Shi C. Carbon nanotube-based DNA vaccine against koi herpesvirus given by intramuscular injection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 98:810-818. [PMID: 31743761 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Koi herpesvirus (KHV) also named Cyprinid Herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) is one of the most threatening pathogens affecting common carp production as well as the valued ornamental koi carp. The current commercial vaccines available are costly and potentially cause severe stress caused by live virus. KHV ORF149 gene has been proved encoding one of the main immunogenic proteins for KHV. In this study, we coupled a plasmid expression vector for ORF149 to single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) for an anti-KHV vaccine. The vaccine conferred an 81.9% protection against intraperitoneal challenge with KHV. Importantly, SWCNTs as a promising vehicle can enhanced the protective effects 33.9% over that of the naked DNA vaccine at the same dose. The protection was longer and serum antibody production, enzyme activities and immune-related gene expression were all induced in fish vaccinated with the nanotube-DNA vaccine compared with the DNA alone. Thereby, this study demonstrates that the ORF149 DNA vaccine loaded onto SWCNTs as a novel vaccine might provide an effective method of coping with KHV disease using intra-muscular vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yingying Li
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - Gaoxue Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, PR China
| | - Bin Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, PR China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Weiwei Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Jiyuan Yin
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Chun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Sven M Bergmann
- German Reference Laboratory for KHVD, Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Cunbin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
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Yong CY, Ong HK, Tang HC, Yeap SK, Omar AR, Ho KL, Tan WS. Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus: advances in diagnosis and vaccine development. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7151. [PMID: 31341728 PMCID: PMC6640626 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aquaculture of salmonid fishes is a multi-billion dollar industry with production over 3 million tons annually. However, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), which infects and kills salmon and trout, significantly reduces the revenue of the salmon farming industry. Currently, there is no effective treatment for IHNV infected fishes; therefore, early detection and depopulation of the infected fishes remain the most common practices to contain the spread of IHNV. Apart from hygiene practices in aquaculture and isolation of infected fishes, loss of fishes due to IHNV infection can also be significantly reduced through vaccination programs. In the current review, some of the diagnostic methods for IHNV, spanning from clinical diagnosis to cell culture, serological and molecular methods are discussed in detail. In addition, some of the most significant candidate vaccines for IHNV are also extensively discussed, particularly the DNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chean Yeah Yong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hui Kian Ong
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hooi Chia Tang
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Swee Keong Yeap
- China ASEAN College of Marine Sciences, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Rahman Omar
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kok Lian Ho
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wen Siang Tan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Puente-Marin S, Nombela I, Chico V, Ciordia S, Mena MC, Perez LG, Coll J, Ortega-Villaizan MDM. Potential Role of Rainbow Trout Erythrocytes as Mediators in the Immune Response Induced by a DNA Vaccine in Fish. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:E60. [PMID: 31277329 PMCID: PMC6789471 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7030060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, fish nucleated red blood cells (RBCs) have been implicated in the response against viral infections. We have demonstrated that rainbow trout RBCs can express the antigen encoded by a DNA vaccine against viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) and mount an immune response to the antigen in vitro. In this manuscript, we show, for the first time, the role of RBCs in the immune response triggered by DNA immunization of rainbow trout with glycoprotein G of VHSV (GVHSV). Transcriptomic and proteomic profiles of RBCs revealed genes and proteins involved in antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I, the Fc receptor signaling pathway, the autophagy pathway, and the activation of the innate immune response, among others. On the other hand, GVHSV-transfected RBCs induce specific antibodies against VHSV in the serum of rainbow trout which shows that RBCs expressing a DNA vaccine are able to elicit a humoral response. These results open a new direction in the research of vaccination strategies for fish since rainbow trout RBCs actively participate in the innate and adaptive immune response in DNA vaccination. Based on our findings, we suggest the use of RBCs as target cells or carriers for the future design of novel vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Puente-Marin
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE) and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Ivan Nombela
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE) and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Veronica Chico
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE) and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Sergio Ciordia
- Unidad de Proteómica, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Carmen Mena
- Unidad de Proteómica, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Garcia Perez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE) and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Julio Coll
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Biotecnología, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Del Mar Ortega-Villaizan
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE) and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain.
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Langevin C, Boudinot P, Collet B. IFN Signaling in Inflammation and Viral Infections: New Insights from Fish Models. Viruses 2019; 11:v11030302. [PMID: 30917538 PMCID: PMC6466407 DOI: 10.3390/v11030302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The overarching structure of the type I interferon (IFN) system is conserved across vertebrates. However, the variable numbers of whole genome duplication events during fish evolution offer opportunities for the expansion, diversification, and new functionalization of the genes that are involved in antiviral immunity. In this review, we examine how fish models provide new insights about the implication of virus-driven inflammation in immunity and hematopoiesis. Mechanisms that have been discovered in fish, such as the strong adjuvant effect of type I IFN that is used with DNA vaccination, constitute good models to understand how virus-induced inflammatory mechanisms can interfere with adaptive responses. We also comment on new discoveries regarding the role of pathogen-induced inflammation in the development and guidance of hematopoietic stem cells in zebrafish. These findings raise issues about the potential interferences of viral infections with the establishment of the immune system. Finally, the recent development of genome editing provides new opportunities to dissect the roles of the key players involved in the antiviral response in fish, hence enhancing the power of comparative approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Langevin
- INRA, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Université Paris-Saclay, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Pierre Boudinot
- INRA, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Université Paris-Saclay, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Bertrand Collet
- INRA, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Université Paris-Saclay, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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Hao K, Chen XH, Qi XZ, Yu XB, Du EQ, Ling F, Zhu B, Wang GX. Protective immunity of grass carp induced by DNA vaccine encoding capsid protein gene (vp7) of grass carp reovirus using bacterial ghost as delivery vehicles. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 64:414-425. [PMID: 28300681 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Grass carp reovirus (GCRV) is one of the most pathogenic aquareovirus and can cause lethal hemorrhagic disease in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). However, management of GCRV infection remains a challenge. Therefore, it is necessary to find effective means for the control of its infection. The uses of bacterial ghost (BG, non-living bacteria) as carriers for DNA delivery have received considerable attentions in veterinary and human vaccines studies. Nevertheless, there is still no report about intramuscular administration of bacterial ghost-based DNA vaccines in fish. In the current study, a novel vaccine based on Escherichia coli DH5α bacterial ghost (DH5α-BG), delivering a major capsid protein gene (vp7) of grass carp reovirus encoded DNA vaccine was developed to enhance the efficacy of a vp7 DNA vaccine against GCRV in grass carp. The grass carp was injected intramuscularly by different treatments -i) naked pcDNA-vp7 (containing plasmid 1, 2.5 and 5 μg, respectively), ii) DH5α-BG/pcDNA-vp7 (containing plasmid 1, 2.5 and 5 μg, respectively) and iii) naked pcDNA, DH5α-BG or phosphate buffered saline. The immune responses and disease resistance of grass carp were assessed in different groups, and results indicated that the antibody levels, serum total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, acid phosphatase (ACP) activity and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activity and immune-related genes were significantly enhanced in fish immunized with DH5α-BG/pcDNA-vp7 vaccine (DNA dose ranged from 2.5 to 5 μg). In addition, the relative percentage survival were significantly enhanced in fish immunized with DH5α-BG/pcDNA-vp7 vaccine and the relative percentage survival reached to 90% in DH5α-BG/pcDNA-vp7 group than that of naked pcDNA-vp7 (42.22%) at the highest DNA dose (5 μg) after 14 days of post infection. Moreover, the level of pcDNA-vp7 plasmid was higher in DH5α-BG/pcDNA-vp7 groups than naked pcDNA-vp7 groups in muscle and kidneys tissues after 21 days. Overall, those results suggested that DH5α bacterial ghost based DNA vaccine might be used as a promising vaccine for aquatic animals to fight against GCRV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Hao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiao-Zhou Qi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - En-Qi Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Fei Ling
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Gao-Xue Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Long A, Richard J, Hawley L, LaPatra SE, Garver KA. Transmission potential of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in APEX-IHN®-vaccinated Atlantic salmon. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2017; 122:213-221. [PMID: 28117300 DOI: 10.3354/dao03076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) outbreaks have had a significant negative impact on Atlantic salmon Salmo salar production in British Columbia, Canada, since the first outbreak was reported in 1992. In 2005, the APEX-IHN® vaccine was approved for use in Canada for prevention of IHN. The vaccine was proven to be safe and efficacious prior to approval; however, it is unknown as to whether APEX-IHN®-vaccinated Atlantic salmon infected with IHNV can support replication and virus shedding in sufficient quantities to provide an infectious dose to a nearby susceptible host. To determine whether vaccinated, infected fish are able to transmit an infectious dose of IHNV, vaccinated Atlantic salmon were injected with IHNV (104 plaque-forming units per fish) and cohabitated with either naïve Atlantic salmon or naïve sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka. APEX-IHN®-vaccinated fish were significantly protected against IHNV with mortality occurring in only 2.6% of the population as opposed to 97% in unvaccinated controls. Vaccination in IHNV-infected Atlantic salmon completely abolished disease transmission to cohabitating naïve sockeye salmon and reduced virus spread among cohabitating naïve Atlantic salmon. At 7 mo post-vaccination, IHNV-neutralizing antibodies were detected in nearly all vaccinated fish (94%) with similar titer occurring between vaccinated, infected fish and vaccinated, uninfected fish, indicating APEX-IHN® vaccination induces a robust seroconversion response. Taken together, these results demonstrate that vaccination greatly reduces the infectious load and potential for IHNV transmission. As such, APEX-IHN® should be included in fish health management strategies when culturing Atlantic salmon in IHNV endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Long
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada
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10
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Evaluation of the persistence, integration, histopathology and environmental release of DNA vaccine encoding Eimeria tenella TA4 and chicken IL-2. Vet Parasitol 2016; 229:22-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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11
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Liu L, Gong YX, Liu GL, Zhu B, Wang GX. Protective immunity of grass carp immunized with DNA vaccine against Aeromonas hydrophila by using carbon nanotubes as a carrier molecule. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 55:516-522. [PMID: 27343373 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To reduce the economic losses caused by diseases in aquaculture industry, more efficient and economic prophylactic measures should be urgently investigated. In this research, the effects of a novel functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) applied as a delivery vehicle for DNA vaccine administration in juvenile grass carp against Aeromonas hydrophila were studied. Our results showed that SWCNTs loaded with DNA vaccine induced a better protection to juvenile grass carp against A. hydrophila. Moreover, SWCNTs conjugated with DNA vaccine provided significantly protective immunity compared with free DNA vaccine. Thereby, SWCNTs may be considered as a potential efficient DNA vaccine carrier to enhance the immunological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yu-Xin Gong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Guang-Lu Liu
- College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Gao-Xue Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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Wang Y, Liu GL, Li DL, Ling F, Zhu B, Wang GX. The protective immunity against grass carp reovirus in grass carp induced by a DNA vaccination using single-walled carbon nanotubes as delivery vehicles. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 47:732-742. [PMID: 26497092 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
To reduce the lethal hemorrhagic disease caused by grass carp reovirus (GCRV) and improve the production of grass carp, efficient and economic prophylactic measure against GCRV is the most pressing desired for the grass carp farming industry. In this work, a novel SWCNTs-pEGFP-vp5 DNA vaccine linked vp5 recombinant in the form of plasmid pEGFP-vp5 and ammonium-functionalized SWCNTs by a chemical modification method was prepared to enhance the efficacy of a vp5 DNA vaccine against GCRV in juvenile grass carp. After intramuscular injection (1, 2.5 and 5 μg) and bath administration (1, 10, and 20 mg/L), the ability of the different immune treatments to induce transgene expression was analyzed. The results showed that higher levels of transcription and expression of vp5 gene could be detected in muscle tissues of grass carp in SWCNTs-pEGFP-vp5 treatment groups compare with naked pEGFP-vp5 treatment groups. Moreover, antibody levels, immune-related genes, and relative percentage survival were significantly enhanced in fish immunized with SWCNTs-pEGFP-vp5 vaccine. In addition, we found that a good immune protective effect was observed in bath immunization group; which at a concentration of 20 mg/L could reach the similar relative percentage survival (approximately 100%) in injection group at a dose of 5 μg. All these results indicated that ammonium-functionalized SWCNTs could provide extensive application prospect to aquatic vaccine and might be used to vaccinate fish by intramuscular injection or bath administration method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Guang-Lu Liu
- College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Dong-Liang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Fei Ling
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Gao-Xue Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling 712100, China.
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Zhu B, Liu GL, Gong YX, Ling F, Wang GX. Protective immunity of grass carp immunized with DNA vaccine encoding the vp7 gene of grass carp reovirus using carbon nanotubes as a carrier molecule. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 42:325-334. [PMID: 25463298 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The uses of single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) as carriers for DNA delivery have received considerable attention in cell studies. DNA vaccination of fish has been shown to elicit durable transgene expression, but no reports exist on intramuscular administration of SWCNTs-DNA vaccine electrostatic complexes which prepared through non-covalent conjugation. In this study, we injected grass carp intramuscularly with a plasmid vector containing a major capsid protein gene (vp7) of grass carp reovirus as a) naked pcDNA-vp7, b) SWCNTs-pcDNA-vp7, c) empty plasmid vector, or phosphate buffered saline. After intramuscular administration, the ability of the different immune treatments to induce transgene expression was analyzed. The results indicated that higher levels of transcription and expression of the vp7 gene could be detected in muscle tissues of grass carp 28 days intramuscular injection in SWCNTs-pcDNA-vp7 treatment groups compare with naked pcDNA-vp7 treatment groups. Moreover, the serum respiratory burst activity, complement activity, lysozyme activity, superoxide dismutase activity, immune-related genes, antibody levels and relative percentage survival were significantly enhanced in fish immunized with SWCNTs-pcDNA-vp7 vaccine. The data in this study suggested that SWCNTs were promising carriers for plasmid DNA vaccine and might be used to vaccinate fish by intramuscular approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Guang-Lu Liu
- College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yu-Xin Gong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Fei Ling
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Gao-Xue Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
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14
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Pradhan SN, Prince PR, Madhumathi J, Arunkumar C, Roy P, Narayanan RB, Antony U. DNA vaccination with VP2 gene fragment confers protection against Infectious Bursal Disease Virus in chickens. Vet Microbiol 2014; 171:13-22. [PMID: 24745626 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV) causes immunosuppression in young chickens by destruction of antibody producing B cells in the Bursa of Fabricius and poses a potential threat to the poultry industry. We have examined the protective efficacy of a subunit DNA vaccine against IBDV infection in chickens in this study. An immunodominant VP2 gene fragment (VP252-417) was cloned into CMV promoter based DNA vaccine vector pVAX1 and in vitro expression of the DNA encoded antigens was confirmed by transfection of CHO cells with vaccine constructs followed by RT-PCR and western blot analysis using IBDV-antiserum. Two weeks old chickens were immunized intramuscularly with pVAXVP252-417 and the in vivo transcription of the plasmid DNA was confirmed by RT-PCR analysis of DNA injected muscle tissue at different intervals of post immunization. Tissue distribution analysis revealed that the plasmid DNA was extensively distributed in muscle, spleen, kidney, liver, and bursa tissues. Chickens immunized with pVAXVP252-417 developed high titer (1:12,000) of anti-VP252-417 antibodies. Further, chicken splenocytes from pVAXVP252-417 immunized group showed a significantly high proliferation to the whole viral and recombinant antigen (P<0.01) compared to control groups, which implies that pVAXVP252-417 codes for immunogenic fragment which has epitopes capable of eliciting both B and T cell responses. This is evident by the fact that, pVAXVP252-417 immunized chicken conferred 75% protection against virulent IBDV (vIBDV) challenge compared to the control group. Thus, the present study confirms that the immunodominant VP2 fragment can be used as a potential DNA vaccine against IBDV infection in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Parimal Roy
- Centre for Animal Health Studies, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai 600051, India
| | | | - Usha Antony
- Centre for Biotechnology, Anna University, Guindy, Chennai 600025, India.
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15
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Abstract
DNA vaccinations against fish viral diseases as IHNV at commercial level in Canada against VHSV at experimental level are both success stories. DNA vaccination strategies against many other viral diseases have, however, not yet yielded sufficient results in terms of protection. There is an obvious need to combat many other viral diseases within aquaculture where inactivated vaccines fail. There are many explanations to why DNA vaccine strategies against other viral diseases fail to induce protective immune responses in fish. These obstacles include: 1) too low immunogenicity of the transgene, 2) too low expression of the transgene that is supposed to induce protection, 3) suboptimal immune responses, and 4) too high degradation rate of the delivered plasmid DNA. There are also uncertainties with regard distribution and degradation of DNA vaccines that may have implications for safety and regulatory requirements that need to be clarified. By combining plasmid DNA with different kind of adjuvants one can increase the immunogenicity of the transgene antigen – and perhaps increase the vaccine efficacy. By using molecular adjuvants with or without in combination with targeting assemblies one may expect different responses compared with naked DNA. This includes targeting of DNA vaccines to antigen presenting cells as a central factor in improving their potencies and efficacies by means of encapsulating the DNA vaccine in certain carriers systems that may increase transgene and MHC expression. This review will focus on DNA vaccine delivery, by the use of biodegradable PLGA particles as vehicles for plasmid DNA mainly in fish.
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16
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Abstract
DNA vaccinations against fish viral diseases as IHNV at commercial level in Canada against VHSV at experimental level are both success stories. DNA vaccination strategies against many other viral diseases have, however, not yet yielded sufficient results in terms of protection. There is an obvious need to combat many other viral diseases within aquaculture where inactivated vaccines fail. There are many explanations to why DNA vaccine strategies against other viral diseases fail to induce protective immune responses in fish. These obstacles include: 1) too low immunogenicity of the transgene, 2) too low expression of the transgene that is supposed to induce protection, 3) suboptimal immune responses, and 4) too high degradation rate of the delivered plasmid DNA. There are also uncertainties with regard distribution and degradation of DNA vaccines that may have implications for safety and regulatory requirements that need to be clarified. By combining plasmid DNA with different kind of adjuvants one can increase the immunogenicity of the transgene antigen - and perhaps increase the vaccine efficacy. By using molecular adjuvants with or without in combination with targeting assemblies one may expect different responses compared with naked DNA. This includes targeting of DNA vaccines to antigen presenting cells as a central factor in improving their potencies and efficacies by means of encapsulating the DNA vaccine in certain carriers systems that may increase transgene and MHC expression. This review will focus on DNA vaccine delivery, by the use of biodegradable PLGA particles as vehicles for plasmid DNA mainly in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Roy A Dalmo
- UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries & Economics, Norwegian College of Fishery Science 9037 Tromsø, Norway.
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17
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Wolf A, Hodneland K, Frost P, Hoeijmakers M, Rimstad E. Salmonid alphavirus-based replicon vaccine against infectious salmon anemia (ISA): impact of immunization route and interactions of the replicon vector. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 36:383-392. [PMID: 24374059 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A salmonid alphavirus (SAV)-based replicon encoding the infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) hemagglutinin-esterase (HE), pSAV/HE, is an efficacious vaccine against infectious salmon anemia (ISA). Delivered intramuscularly (i.m.), the replicon vaccine provides high protection against subsequent ISAV challenge in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), and induces a strong innate response locally at the injection site. This may be beneficial and could warrant reduced doses and improved efficacy compared to conventional DNA vaccines. In the present study, we found that intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of the pSAV/HE replicon vaccine did not induce protection, neither alone or in combination with a sub-potent, inactivated low-dose ISAV vaccine given i.p. No significant differences between the two immunization routes regarding systemic immune responses could be observed. I.m. injection of the replicon vector encoding a non-viral gene or the protective glycoprotein (G protein) from the heterologous viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) induced no protection against ISA. Although the replicons without the ISAV HE did induce IFN-signaling pathways at the muscle injection site similar to the pSAV/HE replicon they did not improve the efficacy of a sub-potent inactivated low-dose ISAV vaccine delivered i.p. Moreover, there was a tendency for reduced efficacy of the pSAV/HE replicon vaccine injected i.m. when co-injected with the replicon encoding the VHSV G protein, which previously, after DNA vaccination, have been reported to induce cross-protection against heterologous virus challenge in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Wolf
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, P.O. 8146 Dep, N-0033 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Kjartan Hodneland
- MSD Animal Health Innovation AS, Thormøhlensgate 55, N-5008 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Petter Frost
- MSD Animal Health Innovation AS, Thormøhlensgate 55, N-5008 Bergen, Norway.
| | | | - Espen Rimstad
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, P.O. 8146 Dep, N-0033 Oslo, Norway.
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18
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Evensen Ø, Leong JAC. DNA vaccines against viral diseases of farmed fish. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:1751-8. [PMID: 24184267 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Immunization by an antigen-encoding DNA was approved for commercial sale in Canada against a Novirhabdovirus infection in fish. DNA vaccines have been particularly successful against the Novirhabdoviruses while there are reports on the efficacy against viral pathogens like infectious pancreatic necrosis virus, infectious salmon anemia virus, and lymphocystis disease virus and these are inferior to what has been attained for the novirhabdoviruses. Most recently, DNA vaccination of Penaeus monodon against white spot syndrome virus was reported. Research efforts are now focused on the development of more effective vectors for DNA vaccines, improvement of vaccine efficacy against various viral diseases of fish for which there is currently no vaccines available and provision of co-expression of viral antigen and immunomodulatory compounds. Scientists are also in the process of developing new delivery methods. While a DNA vaccine has been approved for commercial use in farmed salmon in Canada, it is foreseen that it is still a long way to go before a DNA vaccine is approved for use in farmed fish in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øystein Evensen
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, PO Box 8146 Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway.
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19
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Hølvold LB, Fredriksen BN, Bøgwald J, Dalmo RA. Transgene and immune gene expression following intramuscular injection of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) with DNA-releasing PLGA nano- and microparticles. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:890-9. [PMID: 23850547 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The use of poly-(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) particles as carriers for DNA delivery has received considerable attention in mammalian studies. DNA vaccination of fish has been shown to elicit durable transgene expression, but no reports exist on intramuscular administration of PLGA-encapsulated plasmid DNA (pDNA). We injected Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) intramuscularly with a plasmid vector containing a luciferase (Photinus pyralis) reporter gene as a) naked pDNA, b) encapsulated into PLGA nano- (~320 nm) (NP) or microparticles (~4 μm) (MP), c) in an oil-based formulation, or with empty particles of both sizes. The ability of the different pDNA-treatments to induce transgene expression was analyzed through a 70-day experimental period. Anatomical distribution patterns and depot effects were determined by tracking isotope labeled pDNA. Muscle, head kidney and spleen from all treatment groups were analyzed for proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β), antiviral genes (IFN-α, Mx) and cytotoxic T-cell markers (CD8, Eomes) at mRNA transcription levels at days 1, 2, 4 and 7. Histopathological examinations were performed on injection site samples from days 2, 7 and 30. Injection of either naked pDNA or the oil-formulation was superior to particle treatments for inducing transgene expression at early time-points. Empty particles of both sizes were able to induce proinflammatory immune responses as well as degenerative and inflammatory pathology at the injection site. Microparticles demonstrated injection site depots and an inflammatory pathology comparable to the oil-based formulation. In comparison, the distribution of NP-encapsulated pDNA resembled that of naked pDNA, although encapsulation into NPs significantly elevated the expression of antiviral genes in all tissues. Together the results indicate that while naked pDNA is most efficient for inducing transgene expression, the encapsulation of pDNA into NPs up-regulates antiviral responses that could be of benefit to DNA vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linn Benjaminsen Hølvold
- University of Tromsø, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries & Economics, Norwegian College of Fishery Science, 9037 Tromsø, Norway.
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20
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Ortega-Villaizan M, Martinez-Lopez A, Garcia-Valtanen P, Chico V, Perez L, Coll JM, Estepa A. Ex vivo transfection of trout pronephros leukocytes, a model for cell culture screening of fish DNA vaccine candidates. Vaccine 2012; 30:5983-90. [PMID: 22824344 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
DNA vaccination opened a new era in controlling and preventing viral diseases since DNA vaccines have shown to be very efficacious where some conventional vaccines have failed, as it occurs in the case of the vaccines against fish novirhabdoviruses. However, there is a big lack of in vitro model assays with immune-related cells for preliminary screening of in vivo DNA vaccine candidates. In an attempt to solve this problem, rainbow trout pronephros cells in early primary culture were transfected with two plasmid DNA constructions, one encoding the green fluorescent protein (GFP) and another encoding the viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) glycoprotein G (G(VHSV)) - the only viral antigen which has conferred in vivo protection. After assessing the presence of GFP- and G(VHSV)-expressing cells, at transcription and protein levels, the immune response in transfected pronephros cells was evaluated. At 24h post-transfection, G(VHSV) up-regulated migm and tcr transcripts expression, suggesting activation of B and T cells, as well, a high up-regulation of tnfα gene was observed. Seventy-two hours post-transfection, we detected the up-regulation of mx and tnfα genes transcripts and Mx protein which correlated with the induction of an anti-VHSV state. All together we have gathered evidence for successful transfection of pronephros cells with pAE6G, which correlates with in vivo protection results, and is less time-consuming and more rapid than in vivo assays. Therefore, this outcome opens the possibility to use pronephros cells in early primary culture for preliminary screening fish DNA vaccines as well as to further investigate the function that these cells perform in fish immune response orchestration after DNA immunisation.
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21
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Adomako M, St-Hilaire S, Zheng Y, Eley J, Marcum RD, Sealey W, Donahower BC, Lapatra S, Sheridan PP. Oral DNA vaccination of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), against infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus using PLGA [Poly(D,L-Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid)] nanoparticles. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2012; 35:203-214. [PMID: 22324344 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2011.01338.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A DNA vaccine against infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is effective at protecting rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, against disease, but intramuscular injection is required and makes the vaccine impractical for use in the freshwater rainbow trout farming industry. Poly (D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) is a U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved polymer that can be used to deliver DNA vaccines. We evaluated the in vivo absorption of PLGA nanoparticles containing coumarin-6 when added to a fish food pellet. We demonstrated that rainbow trout will eat PLGA nanoparticle coated feed and that these nanoparticles can be detected in the epithelial cells of the lower intestine within 96 h after feeding. We also detected low levels of gene expression and anti-IHNV neutralizing antibodies when fish were fed or intubated with PLGA nanoparticles containing IHNV G gene plasmid. A virus challenge evaluation suggested a slight increase in survival at 6 weeks post-vaccination in fish that received a high dose of the oral vaccine, but there was no difference when additional fish were challenged at 10 weeks post-vaccination. The results of this study suggest that it is possible to induce an immune response using an orally delivered DNA vaccine, but the current system needs improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Adomako
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Art and Science, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, USA
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22
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Gomez-Casado E, Estepa A, Coll J. A comparative review on European-farmed finfish RNA viruses and their vaccines. Vaccine 2011; 29:2657-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.01.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Revised: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 01/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Faurez F, Dory D, Le Moigne V, Gravier R, Jestin A. Biosafety of DNA vaccines: New generation of DNA vectors and current knowledge on the fate of plasmids after injection. Vaccine 2010; 28:3888-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2009] [Revised: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 03/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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24
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Purcell MK, Garver KA, Conway C, Elliott DG, Kurath G. Infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus genogroup-specific virulence mechanisms in sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum), from Redfish Lake, Idaho. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2009; 32:619-631. [PMID: 19486239 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2009.01045.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) field isolates from North America has established three main genogroups (U, M and L) that differ in host-specific virulence. In sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, the U genogroup is highly virulent, whereas the M genogroup is nearly non-pathogenic. In this study, we sought to characterize the virus-host dynamics that contribute to genogroup-specific virulence in a captive stock of sockeye salmon from Redfish Lake in Idaho. Juvenile sockeye salmon were challenged by immersion and injection with either a representative U or M viral strain and sampled periodically until 14 days post-infection (p.i.). Fish challenged with each strain had positive viral titre by day 3, regardless of challenge route, but the fish exposed to the M genogroup virus had significantly lower virus titres than fish exposed to the U genogroup virus. Gene expression analysis by quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR was used to simultaneously assess viral load and host interferon (IFN) response in the anterior kidney. Viral load was significantly higher in the U-challenged fish relative to M-challenged fish. Both viruses induced expression of the IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), but expression was usually significantly lower in the M-challenged group, particularly at later time points (7 and 14 days p.i.). However, ISG expression was comparable with 3 days post-immersion challenge despite a significant difference in viral load. Our data indicated that the M genogroup virus entered the host, replicated and spread in the sockeye salmon tissues, but to a lesser extent than the U genogroup. Both virus types induced a host IFN response, but the high virulence strain (U) continued to replicate in the presence of this response, whereas the low virulence strain (M) was cleared below detectable levels. We hypothesize that high virulence is associated with early in vivo replication allowing the virus to achieve a threshold level, which the host innate immune system cannot control.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Purcell
- Western Fisheries Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Seattle, WA 98115, USA.
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25
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The protective mechanisms induced by a fish rhabdovirus DNA vaccine depend on temperature. Vaccine 2009; 27:3870-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2008] [Revised: 03/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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26
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Einer-Jensen K, Delgado L, Lorenzen E, Bovo G, Evensen Ø, LaPatra S, Lorenzen N. Dual DNA vaccination of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) against two different rhabdoviruses, VHSV and IHNV, induces specific divalent protection. Vaccine 2009; 27:1248-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2008] [Revised: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 12/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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27
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Tonheim TC, Bøgwald J, Dalmo RA. What happens to the DNA vaccine in fish? A review of current knowledge. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 25:1-18. [PMID: 18448358 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2008.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2007] [Revised: 03/11/2008] [Accepted: 03/12/2008] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The primary function of DNA vaccines, a bacterial plasmid DNA containing a construct for a given protective antigen, is to establish specific and long-lasting protective immunity against diseases where conventional vaccines fail to induce protection. It is acknowledged that less effort has been made to study the fate, in terms of cellular uptake, persistence and degradation, of DNA vaccines after in vivo administration. However, during the last year some papers have given new insights into the fate of DNA vaccines in fish. By comparing the newly acquired information in fish with similar knowledge from studies in mammals, similarities with regard to transport, blood clearance, cellular uptake and degradation of DNA vaccines have been found. But the amount of DNA vaccine redistributed from the administration site after intramuscular administration seems to differ between fish and mammals. This review presents up-to-date and in-depth knowledge concerning the fate of DNA vaccines with emphasis on tissue distribution, cellular uptake and uptake mechanism(s) before finally describing the intracellular hurdles that DNA vaccines need to overcome in order to produce their gene product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Christian Tonheim
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, The Norwegian College of Fishery Science, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
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28
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Tonheim TC, Dalmo RA, Bøgwald J, Seternes T. Specific uptake of plasmid DNA without reporter gene expression in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) kidney after intramuscular administration. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 24:90-101. [PMID: 18023591 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2007.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2007] [Revised: 09/24/2007] [Accepted: 09/26/2007] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study we investigated tissue distribution of pDNA after intramuscular and intravenous administration, cellular localisation, receptor-specific uptake, integrity of pDNA and transgene expression in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L). Anatomical distribution of plasmid DNA was determined using both radiotracing and fluorescence microscopy. Cellular uptake was studied in cultures of adherent anterior kidney leucocytes. The integrity of the pDNA in vivo was investigated by Southern blot analysis. Transcription of plasmid DNA encoded luciferase gene and protein synthesis were investigated in salmon tissues by means of real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and enzyme activity measurements, respectively. Approximately 50% of the total recovered radioactivity was redistributed from the carcass 168h after intramuscular administration and accumulated mainly in the kidneys (37% of total). The majority of radiolabelled plasmid DNA administered intravenously was taken up within the first 15min mainly by the kidney. Intravenous co-administration of trace amounts of radiolabelled plasmid DNA with excess amounts of unlabelled plasmid DNA or formaldehyde treated albumin (a ligand for the scavenger receptors) significantly inhibited accumulation of the radiotracer in the kidney. Fluorescence microscopy demonstrated that fluorescence was localised intracellularly in cells lining the sinusoids of the kidney after intravenous administration of rhodamine-labelled plasmid DNA. Southern blot analysis demonstrated presence of supercoiled plasmid DNA in all organs and tissue samples 168h after intramuscular administration, but degradation products were only revealed at the administration site. Luciferase transcript and activity were only detectable at the administration site 24-168h after intramuscular administration of plasmid DNA. After incubation with trace amounts of radiolabelled plasmid DNA, only minor amounts of radiolabelled plasmid DNA were cell associated in cultures of adherent anterior kidney leucocytes. These results suggested that a substantial portion of radiolabelled plasmid DNA was redistributed from the carcass and was mainly cleared by a receptor-specific uptake in the kidney. Although intact plasmid DNA was detected in the kidney and other tissues, no luciferase transcripts or activity were detected in these samples at any time points investigated (24-168h), except for the administration site following intramuscular administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Christian Tonheim
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, The Norwegian College of Fishery Science, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
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29
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"Mid-G" region sequences of the glycoprotein gene of Austrian infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus isolates form two lineages within European isolates and are distinct from American and Asian lineages. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 46:22-30. [PMID: 17977986 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00566-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is one of the most important pathogens of salmonid fish. In this study a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the genetic evolution and variety of Austrian IHNV strains, as well as selected strains ensuring worldwide coverage, is presented. The phylogenetic investigation is based on sequences comprising the "mid-G" region of the G gene, and it includes all currently available IHNV sequences of the G gene with a length of at least 615 bp. Austrian IHNVs are located--together with other European IHNV isolates--in two clusters of genogroup M (M-Eur1 and M-Eur2) and are clearly separated from American and Asian lineages. The genetic clustering, however, could not be linked to certain clinical symptoms or significant differences in the mortality rates.
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Tonheim TC, Leirvik J, Løvoll M, Myhr AI, Bøgwald J, Dalmo RA. Detection of supercoiled plasmid DNA and luciferase expression in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) 535 days after injection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 23:867-76. [PMID: 17502156 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2007.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2007] [Revised: 03/26/2007] [Accepted: 03/27/2007] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study our aim was to investigate the persistence and distribution of plasmid DNA in Atlantic salmon. Atlantic salmon (mean weight 70 g) were injected with 100 microg of plasmid DNA in 100 microl of phosphate buffered saline. The fish were reared in running fresh water at temperature 0-12 degrees C and injections were performed at 8 degrees C. After intramuscular injection, samples were obtained from blood and different tissues and organs up to day 535 after injection. We found by use of Southern blotting open circular and supercoiled plasmid DNA at the injection site and plasmid DNA fragments, assessed by real-time PCR, were detected in some of the examined tissues up to day 535. A co-persistence of luciferase transcript and activity were identified at the injection site up to day 535, however analysis of DAM methylation pattern suggested that the plasmid DNA did not replicate in vivo. Our study indicated that the plasmid DNA can persist for a prolonged time after intramuscular injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Christian Tonheim
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, The Norwegian College of Fishery Science, University of Tromsø, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway.
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31
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Garver KA, Conway CM, Kurath G. Introduction of translation stop codons into the viral glycoprotein gene in a fish DNA vaccine eliminates induction of protective immunity. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2006; 8:351-6. [PMID: 16761198 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-005-5154-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2005] [Accepted: 12/19/2005] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A highly efficacious DNA vaccine against a fish rhabdovirus, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), was mutated to introduce two stop codons to prevent glycoprotein translation while maintaining the plasmid DNA integrity and RNA transcription ability. The mutated plasmid vaccine, denoted pIHNw-G2stop, when injected intramuscularly into fish at high doses, lacked detectable glycoprotein expression in the injection site muscle, and did not provide protection against lethal virus challenge 7 days post-vaccination. These results suggest that the G-protein itself is required to stimulate the early protective antiviral response observed after vaccination with the nonmutated parental DNA vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A Garver
- Western Fisheries Research Center, United States Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, 6505 NE 65th St., Seattle, WA, 98115, USA
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32
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Purcell MK, Nichols KM, Winton JR, Kurath G, Thorgaard GH, Wheeler P, Hansen JD, Herwig RP, Park LK. Comprehensive gene expression profiling following DNA vaccination of rainbow trout against infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus. Mol Immunol 2006; 43:2089-106. [PMID: 16426680 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2005.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2005] [Revised: 12/08/2005] [Accepted: 12/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The DNA vaccine based on the glycoprotein gene of Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus induces a non-specific anti-viral immune response and long-term specific immunity against IHNV. This study characterized gene expression responses associated with the early anti-viral response. Homozygous rainbow trout were injected intra-muscularly (I.M.) with vector DNA or the IHNV DNA vaccine. Gene expression in muscle tissue (I.M. site) was evaluated using a 16,008 feature salmon cDNA microarray. Eighty different genes were significantly modulated in the vector DNA group while 910 genes were modulated in the IHNV DNA vaccinate group relative to control group. Quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR was used to examine expression of selected immune genes at the I.M. site and in other secondary tissues. In the localized response (I.M. site), the magnitudes of gene expression changes were much greater in the vaccinate group relative to the vector DNA group for the majority of genes analyzed. At secondary systemic sites (e.g. gill, kidney and spleen), type I IFN-related genes were up-regulated in only the IHNV DNA vaccinated group. The results presented here suggest that the IHNV DNA vaccine induces up-regulation of the type I IFN system across multiple tissues, which is the functional basis of early anti-viral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen K Purcell
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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33
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Tafalla C, Estepa A, Coll JM. Fish transposons and their potential use in aquaculture. J Biotechnol 2006; 123:397-412. [PMID: 16442657 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2005.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2005] [Revised: 11/02/2005] [Accepted: 12/15/2005] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A large part of repetitive DNA of vertebrate genomes have been identified as transposon elements (TEs) or mobile sequences. Although TEs detected to date in most vertebrates are inactivated, active TEs have been found in fish and a salmonid TE has been successfully reactivated by molecular genetic manipulation from inactive genomic copies (Sleeping Beauty, SB). Progress in the understanding of the dynamics, control and evolution of fish TEs will allow the insertion of selected sequences into the fish genomes of germ cells to obtain transgenics or to identify genes important for growth and/or of somatic cells to improve DNA vaccination. Expectations are high for new possible applications to fish of this well developed technology for mammals. Here, we review the present state of knowledge of inactive and active fish TEs and briefly discuss how their possible future applications might be used to improve fish production in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tafalla
- CISA, Sanidad Animal, INIA, Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
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34
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Kurath G, Garver KA, Corbeil S, Elliott DG, Anderson ED, LaPatra SE. Protective immunity and lack of histopathological damage two years after DNA vaccination against infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in trout. Vaccine 2006; 24:345-54. [PMID: 16154239 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.07.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2005] [Accepted: 07/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The DNA vaccine pIHNw-G encodes the glycoprotein of the fish rhabdovirus infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV). Vaccine performance in rainbow trout was measured 3, 6, 13, 24, and 25 months after vaccination. At three months all fish vaccinated with 0.1 microg pIHNw-G had detectable neutralizing antibody (NAb) and they were completely protected from lethal IHNV challenge with a relative percent survival (RPS) of 100% compared to control fish. Viral challenges at 6, 13, 24, and 25 months post-vaccination showed protection with RPS values of 47-69%, while NAb seroprevalence declined to undetectable levels. Passive transfer experiments with sera from fish after two years post-vaccination were inconsistent but significant protection was observed in some cases. The long-term duration of protection observed here defined a third temporal phase in the immune response to IHNV DNA vaccination, characterized by reduced but significant levels of protection, and decline or absence of detectable NAb titers. Examination of multiple tissues showed an absence of detectable long-term histopathological damage due to DNA vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gael Kurath
- U.S.G.S. Western Fisheries Research Center, 6505 NE 65th St., Seattle, WA 98115, USA.
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