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Krishnamurthy G, Nguyen PT, Tran BN, Phan HT, Brennecke SP, Moses EK, Melton PE. Genomic variation associated with cardiovascular disease progression following preeclampsia: a systematic review. FRONTIERS IN EPIDEMIOLOGY 2023; 3:1221222. [PMID: 38455895 PMCID: PMC10911037 DOI: 10.3389/fepid.2023.1221222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Background Women with a history of preeclampsia (PE) have been shown to have up to five times the risk of developing later-life cardiovascular disease (CVD). While PE and CVD are known to share clinical and molecular characteristics, there are limited studies investigating their shared genomics (genetics, epigenetics or transcriptomics) variation over time. Therefore, we sought to systematically review the literature to identify longitudinal studies focused on the genomic progression to CVD following PE. Methods A literature search of primary sources through PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Embase via OVID was performed. Studies published from January 1, 1980, to July 28, 2023, that investigated genomics in PE and CVD were eligible for inclusion. Included studies were screened based on Cochrane systematic review guidelines in conjunction with the PRISMA 2020 checklist. Eligible articles were further assessed for quality using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Results A total of 9,231 articles were screened, with 14 studies subjected to quality assessment. Following further evaluation, six studies were included for the final review. All six of these studies were heterogeneous in regard to CVD/risk factor as outcome, gene mapping approach, and in different targeted genes. The associated genes were RGS2, LPA, and AQP3, alongside microRNAs miR-122-5p, miR-126-3p, miR-146a-5p, and miR-206. Additionally, 12 differentially methylated regions potentially linked to later-life CVD following PE were identified. The only common variable across all six studies was the use of a case-control study design. Conclusions Our results provide critical insight into the heterogeneous nature of genomic studies investigating CVD following PE and highlight the urgent need for longitudinal studies to further investigate the genetic variation underlying the progression to CVD following PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayathry Krishnamurthy
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, The University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Phuong Tram Nguyen
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, The University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Bao Ngoc Tran
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Center, College of Health and Medicine, The University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Hoang T. Phan
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, The University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Shaun P. Brennecke
- Pregnancy Research Centre, Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, The Royal Women’s Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Royal Women’s Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Eric K. Moses
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, The University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Phillip E. Melton
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, The University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
- School of Global and Population Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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Martín-Bórnez M, Falcón D, Morrugares R, Siegfried G, Khatib AM, Rosado JA, Galeano-Otero I, Smani T. New Insights into the Reparative Angiogenesis after Myocardial Infarction. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12298. [PMID: 37569674 PMCID: PMC10418963 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) causes massive loss of cardiac myocytes and injury to the coronary microcirculation, overwhelming the limited capacity of cardiac regeneration. Cardiac repair after MI is finely organized by complex series of procedures involving a robust angiogenic response that begins in the peri-infarcted border area of the infarcted heart, concluding with fibroblast proliferation and scar formation. Efficient neovascularization after MI limits hypertrophied myocytes and scar extent by the reduction in collagen deposition and sustains the improvement in cardiac function. Compelling evidence from animal models and classical in vitro angiogenic approaches demonstrate that a plethora of well-orchestrated signaling pathways involving Notch, Wnt, PI3K, and the modulation of intracellular Ca2+ concentration through ion channels, regulate angiogenesis from existing endothelial cells (ECs) and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in the infarcted heart. Moreover, cardiac repair after MI involves cell-to-cell communication by paracrine/autocrine signals, mainly through the delivery of extracellular vesicles hosting pro-angiogenic proteins and non-coding RNAs, as microRNAs (miRNAs). This review highlights some general insights into signaling pathways activated under MI, focusing on the role of Ca2+ influx, Notch activated pathway, and miRNAs in EC activation and angiogenesis after MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Martín-Bórnez
- Group of Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, University Hospital of Virgen del Rocío/University of Seville/CSIC, Avenida Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Seville, Spain; (M.M.-B.); (D.F.); (R.M.)
- Department of Medical Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain
| | - Débora Falcón
- Group of Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, University Hospital of Virgen del Rocío/University of Seville/CSIC, Avenida Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Seville, Spain; (M.M.-B.); (D.F.); (R.M.)
- Department of Medical Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain
| | - Rosario Morrugares
- Group of Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, University Hospital of Virgen del Rocío/University of Seville/CSIC, Avenida Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Seville, Spain; (M.M.-B.); (D.F.); (R.M.)
- Department of Medical Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Geraldine Siegfried
- RyTME, Bordeaux Institute of Oncology (BRIC)-UMR1312 Inserm, B2 Ouest, Allée Geoffroy St Hilaire CS50023, 33615 Pessac, France (A.-M.K.)
| | - Abdel-Majid Khatib
- RyTME, Bordeaux Institute of Oncology (BRIC)-UMR1312 Inserm, B2 Ouest, Allée Geoffroy St Hilaire CS50023, 33615 Pessac, France (A.-M.K.)
| | - Juan A. Rosado
- Cellular Physiology Research Group, Department of Physiology, Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers (IMPB), University of Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Spain;
| | - Isabel Galeano-Otero
- Group of Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, University Hospital of Virgen del Rocío/University of Seville/CSIC, Avenida Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Seville, Spain; (M.M.-B.); (D.F.); (R.M.)
- Department of Medical Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain
| | - Tarik Smani
- Group of Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, University Hospital of Virgen del Rocío/University of Seville/CSIC, Avenida Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Seville, Spain; (M.M.-B.); (D.F.); (R.M.)
- Department of Medical Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain
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3
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Li X, Ou W, Xie M, Yang J, Li Q, Li T. Nanomedicine-Based Therapeutics for Myocardial Ischemic/Reperfusion Injury. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2300161. [PMID: 36971662 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202300161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial ischemic/reperfusion (IR) injury is a global cardiovascular disease with high mortality and morbidity. Therapeutic interventions for myocardial ischemia involve restoring the occluded coronary artery. However, reactive oxygen species (ROS) inevitably impair the cardiomyocytes during the ischemic and reperfusion phases. Antioxidant therapy holds great promise against myocardial IR injury. The current therapeutic methodologies for ROS scavenging depend predominantly on administering antioxidants. Nevertheless, the intrinsic drawbacks of antioxidants limit their further clinical transformation. The use of nanoplatforms with versatile characteristics greatly benefits drug delivery in myocardial ischemic therapy. Nanoplatform-mediated drug delivery significantly improves drug bioavailability, increases therapeutic index, and reduces systemic toxicity. Nanoplatforms can be specifically and reasonably designed to enhance molecule accumulation at the myocardial site. The present review initially summarizes the mechanism of ROS generation during the process of myocardial ischemia. The understanding of this phenomenon will facilitate the advancement of innovative therapeutic strategies against myocardial IR injury. The latest developments in nanomedicine for treating myocardial ischemic injury are then discussed. Finally, the current challenges and perspectives in antioxidant therapy for myocardial IR injury are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Mitochondria and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Wei Ou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Mitochondria and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong, 637000, P. R. China
| | - Maodi Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Mitochondria and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Mitochondria and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Mitochondria and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Mitochondria and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
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Maslov LN, Naryzhnaya NV, Sirotina M, Mukhomedzyanov AV, Kurbatov BK, Boshchenko AA, Ma H, Zhang Y, Fu F, Pei J, Azev VN, Pereverzev VA. Do reactive oxygen species damage or protect the heart in ischemia and reperfusion? Analysis on experimental and clinical data. J Biomed Res 2023; 37:268-280. [PMID: 37503710 PMCID: PMC10387750 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.36.20220261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in ischemic and reperfusion (I/R) injury of the heart has been discussed for more than 40 years. It has been demonstrated that reperfusion triggers a multiple increase in free radical generation in the isolated heart. Antioxidants were found to have the ability to mitigate I/R injury of the heart. However, it is unclear whether their cardioprotective effect truly depends on the decrease of ROS levels in myocardial tissues. Since high doses and high concentrations of antioxidants were experimentally used, it is highly likely that the cardioprotective effect of antioxidants depends on their interaction not only with free radicals but also with other molecules. It has been demonstrated that the antioxidant N-2-mercaptopropionyl glycine or NDPH oxidase knockout abolished the cardioprotective effect of ischemic preconditioning. Consequently, there is evidence that ROS protect the heart against the I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid N Maslov
- Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Tomsk Region 634012, Russia
| | - Natalia V Naryzhnaya
- Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Tomsk Region 634012, Russia
| | - Maria Sirotina
- Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Tomsk Region 634012, Russia
| | - Alexandr V Mukhomedzyanov
- Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Tomsk Region 634012, Russia
| | - Boris K Kurbatov
- Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Tomsk Region 634012, Russia
| | - Alla A Boshchenko
- Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Tomsk Region 634012, Russia
| | - Huijie Ma
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, China
| | - Feng Fu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medicine, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Jianming Pei
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medicine, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Viacheslav N Azev
- The Branch of the Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Oblast 142290, Russia
| | - Vladimir A Pereverzev
- Department of Normal Physiology, Belarusian State Medical University, Minsk 220083, Belarus
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Saaoud F, Martinez L, Lu Y, Xu K, Shao Y, Zhuo JL, Gillespie A, Wang H, Tabbara M, Salama A, Yang X, Vazquez-Padron RI. Chronic Kidney Disease Transdifferentiates Veins into a Specialized Immune-Endocrine Organ with Increased MYCN-AP1 Signaling. Cells 2023; 12:1482. [PMID: 37296603 PMCID: PMC10252601 DOI: 10.3390/cells12111482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Most patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) choose hemodialysis as their treatment of choice. Thus, upper-extremity veins provide a functioning arteriovenous access to reduce dependence on central venous catheters. However, it is unknown whether CKD reprograms the transcriptome of veins and primes them for arteriovenous fistula (AVF) failure. To examine this, we performed transcriptomic analyses of bulk RNA sequencing data of veins isolated from 48 CKD patients and 20 non-CKD controls and made the following findings: (1) CKD converts veins into immune organs by upregulating 13 cytokine and chemokine genes, and over 50 canonical and noncanonical secretome genes; (2) CKD increases innate immune responses by upregulating 12 innate immune response genes and 18 cell membrane protein genes for increased intercellular communication, such as CX3CR1 chemokine signaling; (3) CKD upregulates five endoplasmic reticulum protein-coding genes and three mitochondrial genes, impairing mitochondrial bioenergetics and inducing immunometabolic reprogramming; (4) CKD reprograms fibrogenic processes in veins by upregulating 20 fibroblast genes and 6 fibrogenic factors, priming the vein for AVF failure; (5) CKD reprograms numerous cell death and survival programs; (6) CKD reprograms protein kinase signal transduction pathways and upregulates SRPK3 and CHKB; and (7) CKD reprograms vein transcriptomes and upregulates MYCN, AP1, and 11 other transcription factors for embryonic organ development, positive regulation of developmental growth, and muscle structure development in veins. These results provide novel insights on the roles of veins as immune endocrine organs and the effect of CKD in upregulating secretomes and driving immune and vascular cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Saaoud
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Laisel Martinez
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Yifan Lu
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Keman Xu
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Ying Shao
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Jia L Zhuo
- Tulane Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Avrum Gillespie
- Section of Nephrology, Hypertension and Kidney Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Marwan Tabbara
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Alghidak Salama
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
- Section of Nephrology, Hypertension and Kidney Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Roberto I. Vazquez-Padron
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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6
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Zhao L, Zhang R, Zhang S, Zhang H, Yang Q, Xu Z. Upregulation of p67 phox in response to ischemia/reperfusion is cardioprotective by increasing ZIP2 expression via STAT3. Free Radic Res 2022; 56:115-126. [PMID: 35296207 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2022.2052057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
While the zinc transporter ZIP2 (Slc39a2) is upregulated via STAT3 as an adaptive response to protect the heart from ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, the precise mechanism underlying its upregulation remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of NADPH oxidase (NOX) isoform NOX2-derived ROS in the regulation of ZIP2 expression, focusing on the role of the NOX2 cytosolic factor p67phox. Mouse hearts or H9c2 cells were subjected to I/R. Protein expression was detected with Western blotting. Infarct size was measured with TTC staining. The cardiac-specific p67phox conditional knockout mice (p67phox cKO) were generated by adopting the CRISPR/Cas9 system. I/R-induced upregulation of STAT3 phosphorylation and ZIP2 expression was reversed by the ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and the NOX inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium (DPI). p67phox but not NOX2 expression was increased 30 min after the onset of reperfusion, and downregulation of p67phox by siRNA or cKO invalidated I/R-induced upregulation of STAT3 phosphorylation and ZIP2 expression. Both NAC and DPI prevented upregulation of STAT3 phosphorylation and ZIP2 expression induced by overexpression of p67phox, whereas the STAT3 inhibitor stattic abrogated upregulation ZIP2 expression, indicating that the increase of p67phox at reperfusion is an upstream signaling event responsible for ZIP2 upregulation via STAT3. Experiments also showed that chelation of Zn2+ markedly enhanced p67phox and ZIP2 expression as well as STAT3 phosphorylation, whereas supplementation of Zn2+ had the opposite effects, indicating that cardiac Zn2+ loss upon reperfusion triggers p67phox upregulation. Furthermore, ischemic preconditioning (IPC) upregulated ZIP2 via p67phox, and cKO of p67phox aggravated cardiac injury after I/R, indicating that p67phox upregulation is cardioprotective against I/R injury. In conclusion, an increase of p67phox expression in response to Zn2+ is an intrinsic adaptive response to I/R and leads to cardioprotection against I/R by upregulating ZIP2 via STAT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuya Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hualu Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Cardiology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhelong Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Cardiology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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Thirunavukkarasu M, Selvaraju V, Joshi M, Coca-Soliz V, Tapias L, Saad I, Fournier C, Husain A, Campbell J, Yee SP, Sanchez JA, Palesty JA, McFadden DW, Maulik N. Disruption of VEGF Mediated Flk-1 Signaling Leads to a Gradual Loss of Vessel Health and Cardiac Function During Myocardial Infarction: Potential Therapy With Pellino-1. J Am Heart Assoc 2019; 7:e007601. [PMID: 30371196 PMCID: PMC6222946 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.007601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background The present study demonstrates that the ubiquitin E3 ligase, Pellino‐1 (Peli1), is an important angiogenic molecule under the control of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor 2/Flk‐1. We have previously reported increased survivability of ischemic skin flap tissue by adenovirus carrying Peli1 (Ad‐Peli1) gene therapy in Flk‐1+/− mice. Methods and Results Two separate experimental groups of mice were subjected to myocardial infarction (MI) followed by the immediate intramyocardial injection of adenovirus carrying LacZ (Ad‐LacZ) (1×109 pfu) or Ad‐Peli1 (1×109 pfu). Heart tissues were collected for analyses. Compared with wild‐type (WTMI) mice, analysis revealed decreased expressions of Peli1, phosphorylated (p‐)Flk‐1, p‐Akt, p‐eNOS, p‐MK2, p‐IκBα, and NF‐κB and decreased vessel densities in Flk‐1+/− mice subjected to MI (Flk‐1+/−MI). Mice (CD1) treated with Ad‐Peli1 after the induction of MI showed increased β‐catenin translocation to the nucleus, connexin 43 expression, and phosphorylation of Akt, eNOS, MK2, and IκBα, that was followed by increased vessel densities compared with the Ad‐LacZ–treated group. Echocardiography conducted 30 days after surgery showed decreased function in the Flk1+/−MI group compared with WTMI, which was restored by Ad‐Peli1 gene therapy. In addition, therapy with Ad‐Peli1 stimulated angiogenic and arteriogenic responses in both CD1 and Flk‐1+/− mice following MI. Ad‐Peli1 treatment attenuated cardiac fibrosis in Flk‐1+/−MI mice. Similar positive results were observed in CD1 mice subjected to MI after Ad‐Peli1 therapy. Conclusion Our results show for the first time that Peli1 plays a unique role in salvaging impaired collateral blood vessel formation, diminishes fibrosis, and improves myocardial function, thereby offering clinical potential for therapies in humans to mend a damaged heart following MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Thirunavukkarasu
- 1 Molecular Cardiology and Angiogenesis Laboratory University of Connecticut Health Farmington CT.,2 Department of Surgery University of Connecticut Health Farmington CT
| | - Vaithinathan Selvaraju
- 1 Molecular Cardiology and Angiogenesis Laboratory University of Connecticut Health Farmington CT.,2 Department of Surgery University of Connecticut Health Farmington CT
| | - Mandip Joshi
- 1 Molecular Cardiology and Angiogenesis Laboratory University of Connecticut Health Farmington CT.,3 Stanley J. Dudrick Department of Surgery Saint Mary's Hospital Waterbury CT
| | - Vladimir Coca-Soliz
- 1 Molecular Cardiology and Angiogenesis Laboratory University of Connecticut Health Farmington CT.,3 Stanley J. Dudrick Department of Surgery Saint Mary's Hospital Waterbury CT
| | - Leonidas Tapias
- 1 Molecular Cardiology and Angiogenesis Laboratory University of Connecticut Health Farmington CT.,3 Stanley J. Dudrick Department of Surgery Saint Mary's Hospital Waterbury CT
| | - IbnalWalid Saad
- 1 Molecular Cardiology and Angiogenesis Laboratory University of Connecticut Health Farmington CT.,3 Stanley J. Dudrick Department of Surgery Saint Mary's Hospital Waterbury CT
| | - Craig Fournier
- 1 Molecular Cardiology and Angiogenesis Laboratory University of Connecticut Health Farmington CT.,2 Department of Surgery University of Connecticut Health Farmington CT
| | - Aaftab Husain
- 1 Molecular Cardiology and Angiogenesis Laboratory University of Connecticut Health Farmington CT.,2 Department of Surgery University of Connecticut Health Farmington CT
| | - Jacob Campbell
- 1 Molecular Cardiology and Angiogenesis Laboratory University of Connecticut Health Farmington CT.,2 Department of Surgery University of Connecticut Health Farmington CT
| | - Siu-Pok Yee
- 4 Center for Mouse Genome Modification University of Connecticut Health Farmington CT
| | - Juan A Sanchez
- 3 Stanley J. Dudrick Department of Surgery Saint Mary's Hospital Waterbury CT
| | - J Alexander Palesty
- 3 Stanley J. Dudrick Department of Surgery Saint Mary's Hospital Waterbury CT
| | - David W McFadden
- 2 Department of Surgery University of Connecticut Health Farmington CT
| | - Nilanjana Maulik
- 1 Molecular Cardiology and Angiogenesis Laboratory University of Connecticut Health Farmington CT.,2 Department of Surgery University of Connecticut Health Farmington CT
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8
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Mistry RK, Brewer AC. Redox-Dependent Regulation of Sulfur Metabolism in Biomolecules: Implications for Cardiovascular Health. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 30:972-991. [PMID: 28661184 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Sulfur-containing amino acids are integral to the molecular mechanisms that underlie many aspects of cellular function and homeostasis, facilitated by reversible changes in the oxidation states of sulfur atoms. Sulfur-containing amino acids are metabolically linked by interacting pathways that impact the one-carbon metabolic cycle and generation of methyl groups, the folate cycle, and maintenance of the major cellular redox buffer; glutathione. Dysregulation of these pathways is associated with diverse pathologies, notably of the cardiovascular (CV) system, which are typically characterized by inappropriate plasma levels of sulfur-containing amino acids. Recent Advances: Perhaps not surprisingly, the cellular redox state has emerged as a major regulator of many enzymatic processes within these metabolic cycles. The metabolism of cysteine can also result in the production of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a signaling molecule whose activity is potentially linked to intracellular levels of both reactive oxygen species (ROS) and molecular oxygen. CRITICAL ISSUES In most cases, the endogenous physiological sources of ROS that might mediate the interlinked metabolic pathways of sulfur-containing biomolecules remain unknown. However, the family of NADPH oxidases, and Nox4 in particular, is emerging as a likely candidate. FUTURE DIRECTIONS This review focuses on the current knowledge of key aspects of sulfur metabolism, which are regulated by redox-based chemical reactions, and the likely intracellular oxidant sources that might mediate this regulation. This knowledge will be important to guide future targeted therapeutic interventions in diverse CV disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh K Mistry
- Department of Cardiology, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alison C Brewer
- Department of Cardiology, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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9
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Marrocco V, Bogomolovas J, Ehler E, Dos Remedios CG, Yu J, Gao C, Lange S. PKC and PKN in heart disease. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2019; 128:212-226. [PMID: 30742812 PMCID: PMC6408329 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The protein kinase C (PKC) and closely related protein kinase N (PKN) families of serine/threonine protein kinases play crucial cellular roles. Both kinases belong to the AGC subfamily of protein kinases that also include the cAMP dependent protein kinase (PKA), protein kinase B (PKB/AKT), protein kinase G (PKG) and the ribosomal protein S6 kinase (S6K). Involvement of PKC family members in heart disease has been well documented over the years, as their activity and levels are mis-regulated in several pathological heart conditions, such as ischemia, diabetic cardiomyopathy, as well as hypertrophic or dilated cardiomyopathy. This review focuses on the regulation of PKCs and PKNs in different pathological heart conditions and on the influences that PKC/PKN activation has on several physiological processes. In addition, we discuss mechanisms by which PKCs and the closely related PKNs are activated and turned-off in hearts, how they regulate cardiac specific downstream targets and pathways, and how their inhibition by small molecules is explored as new therapeutic target to treat cardiomyopathies and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Marrocco
- Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Julius Bogomolovas
- Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, USA; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Ehler
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, British Heart Foundation Research Excellence Centre, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | | | - Jiayu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Gao
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA.
| | - Stephan Lange
- Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, USA; University of Gothenburg, Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Modification of Cardiac Progenitor Cell-Derived Exosomes by miR-322 Provides Protection against Myocardial Infarction through Nox2-Dependent Angiogenesis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8010018. [PMID: 30634641 PMCID: PMC6356993 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is the primary cause of cardiovascular mortality, and therapeutic strategies to prevent or mitigate the consequences of MI are a high priority. Cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) have been used to treat cardiac injury post-MI, and despite poor engraftment, they have been shown to inhibit apoptosis and to promote angiogenesis through poorly understood paracrine effects. We previously reported that the direct injection of exosomes derived from CPCs (CPCexo) into mouse hearts provides protection against apoptosis in a model of acute ischemia/reperfusion injury. Moreover, we and others have reported that reactive oxygen species (ROS) derived from NADPH oxidase (NOX) can enhance angiogenesis in endothelial cells (ECs). Here we examined whether bioengineered CPCexo transfected with a pro-angiogenic miR-322 (CPCexo-322) can improve therapeutic efficacy in a mouse model of MI as compared to CPCexo. Systemic administration of CPCexo-322 in mice after ischemic injury provided greater protection post-MI than control CPCexo, in part, through enhanced angiogenesis in the border zones of infarcted hearts. Mechanistically, the treatment of cultured human ECs with CPCexo-322 resulted in a greater angiogenic response, as determined by increased EC migration and capillary tube formation via increased Nox2-derived ROS. Our study reveals that the engineering of CPCexo via microRNA (miR) programing can enhance angiogenesis, and this may be an effective therapeutic strategy for the treatment of ischemic cardiovascular diseases.
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Cadenas S. ROS and redox signaling in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury and cardioprotection. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 117:76-89. [PMID: 29373843 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 516] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is central to the pathology of major cardiovascular diseases, such as stroke and myocardial infarction. IR injury is mediated by several factors including the elevated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which occurs particularly at reperfusion. The mitochondrial respiratory chain and NADPH oxidases of the NOX family are major sources of ROS in cardiomyocytes. The first part of this review discusses recent findings and controversies on the mechanisms of superoxide production by the mitochondrial electron transport chain during IR injury, as well as the contribution of the NOX isoforms expressed in cardiomyocytes, NOX1, NOX2 and NOX4, to this damage. It then focuses on the effects of ROS on the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), an inner membrane non-selective pore that causes irreversible damage to the heart. The second part analyzes the redox mechanisms of cardiomyocyte mitochondrial protection; specifically, the activation of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway and the antioxidant transcription factor Nrf2, which are both regulated by the cellular redox state. Redox mechanisms involved in ischemic preconditioning, one of the most effective ways of protecting the heart against IR injury, are also reviewed. Interestingly, several of these protective pathways converge on the inhibition of mPTP opening during reperfusion. Finally, the clinical and translational implications of these cardioprotective mechanisms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Cadenas
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM) and Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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Garab D, Fet N, Szabó A, Tolba RH, Boros M, Hartmann P. Remote ischemic preconditioning differentially affects NADPH oxidase isoforms during hepatic ischemia–reperfusion. Life Sci 2014; 105:14-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Endothelial Insulin Resistance Protects the Heart Against Prolonged Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury But Does Not Prevent Insulin Transport Across the Endothelium in a Mouse Langendorff Model. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2014; 19:586-91. [DOI: 10.1177/1074248414525506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Aim: The endothelium plays an important role in the maintenance of cardiovascular homeostasis in healthy individuals. Insulin resistance can lead to the development of endothelial dysfunction, which is an important step in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. We investigated specifically whether the presence of vascular insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction has any influence on the myocardial tolerance to ischemia–reperfusion (IR) injury, using Endothelial Specific Mutant Insulin Receptor Over-expressing (ESMIRO) mice, which exhibit vascular insulin resistance and vascular dysfunction. Methods: ESMIRO or wild-type (WT) littermate mouse hearts were isolated and perfused on a Langendorff apparatus. These were subjected to either 35-minute or 45-minute ischemia followed by reperfusion, after which infarct size was determined. The ability of insulin to activate its target kinase pathway, that is, phosphoinositide 3 (PI3) kinase/protein kinase B (AKT) in ESMIRO hearts was also assessed by Western blot analysis. Results: Compared to 35-minute ischemia, the extended 45-minute ischemic protocol significantly exacerbated myocardial infarction in WT mice, (56% ± 4%, n = 6 vs 32% ± 4%, n = 9; P < .01) but not in ESMIRO littermates (34% ± 7%, n = 6 vs 32% ± 3%, n = 9; not significant), suggesting some form of protective phenotype. Insulin treatment was associated with a significant increase in AKT phosphorylation in the myocardium in both the ESMIRO mice and WT littermates, and this was attenuated in both by inhibition of PI3 kinase using LY294002. Thus, insulin was able to directly activate PI3 kinase/AKT in the myocardium despite the absence of functional endothelial insulin receptors in the ESMIRO mice. Conclusion: (1) Insulin at pharmacologic concentrations can be transported across the endothelium independent of vascular insulin receptors and (2) vascular insulin resistance and/or endothelial dysfunction are protective against prolonged IR injury in the Langendorff model.
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Mango RL, Wu QP, West M, McCook EC, Serody JS, van Deventer HW. C-C chemokine receptor 5 on pulmonary mesenchymal cells promotes experimental metastasis via the induction of erythroid differentiation regulator 1. Mol Cancer Res 2013; 12:274-82. [PMID: 24197118 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-13-0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED C-C Chemokine receptor 5 knockout (Ccr5(-/-)) mice develop fewer experimental pulmonary metastases than wild-type (WT) mice. This phenomenon was explored by applying gene expression profiling to the lungs of mice with these metastases. Consequently, erythroid differentiation regulator 1 (Erdr1) was identified as upregulated in the WT mice. Though commonly associated with bone marrow stroma, Erdr1 was differentially expressed in WT pulmonary mesenchymal cells (PMC) and murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEF). Moreover, the Ccr5 ligand Ccl4 increased its expression by 3.36 ± 0.14-fold. Ccr5 signaling was dependent on the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (Map2k) but not the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (Pi3k) pathway because treatment with U0126 inhibited upregulation of Erdr1, but treatment with LY294002 increased the expression by 3.44 ± 0.92-fold (P < 0.05). The effect Erdr1 on B16-F10 melanoma metastasis was verified by the adoptive transfer of WT MEFs into Ccr5(-/-) mice. In this model, MEFs that had been transduced with Erdr1 short hairpin RNA (shRNA) lowered metastasis by 33% compared with control transduced MEFs. The relevance of ERDR1 on human disease was assessed by coculturing chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells with M2-10B4 stromal cells that had been transfected with shRNA or control plasmids. After 96 hours of coculture, the cell counts were higher with control cell lines than with Erdr1 knockdown lines [odds ratio (OR), 1.88 ± 0.27, 2.52 ± 0.66, respectively]. This increase was associated with a decrease in apoptotic cells (OR, 0.69 ± 0.18, 0.58 ± 0.12, respectively). IMPLICATIONS Therefore, ERDR1 is a stromal-derived factor that promotes cancer cell survival in vitro and in an experimental metastasis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Mango
- University of North Carolina, CB 7305, 170 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7305.
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Sexual dimorphism of cardiovascular ischemia susceptibility is mediated by heme oxygenase. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:521563. [PMID: 24163720 PMCID: PMC3791627 DOI: 10.1155/2013/521563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the gender differences in heme-oxygenase (HO) enzyme, which produces endogenous vascular protective carbon monoxide (CO). We studied (1) the activity and expression of HO enzymes in the left ventricle (LV) and aorta, (2) basal increase in basal blood pressure provoked by arginine vasopressine (AVP) in vivo, (3) the heart perfusion induced by AVP, (4) the ST segment depression provoked by adrenaline and 30 seconds later phentolamine, and (5) the aorta ring contraction induced by AVP in female and male Wistar rats. We found that HO activity and the expression of HO-1 and HO-2 were increased in female rat aorta and LV. We demonstrated that the basal blood pressure and administration of AVP provoked blood pressure response are increased in the males; the female myocardium was less sensitive towards angina. Both differences could be aggravated by the inhibition of HO. The aorta rings were more susceptible towards vasoconstriction by AVP in males; isolated heart perfusion decrease was higher in males. The HO inhibition aggravated the heart perfusion in both sexes. In conclusion, the increased HO activity and expression in females might play a role in the sexual dimorphism of cardiovascular ischemia susceptibility during the reproductive age.
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Braunersreuther V, Montecucco F, Asrih M, Ashri M, Pelli G, Galan K, Frias M, Burger F, Quinderé ALG, Montessuit C, Krause KH, Mach F, Jaquet V. Role of NADPH oxidase isoforms NOX1, NOX2 and NOX4 in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2013; 64:99-107. [PMID: 24051369 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial reperfusion injury is mediated by several processes including increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The aim of the study is to identify potential sources of ROS contributing to myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. For this purpose, we investigated myocardial ischemia/reperfusion pathology in mice deficient in various NADPH oxidase isoforms (Nox1, Nox2, Nox4, as well as Nox1/2 double knockout). Following 30min of ischemia and 24h of reperfusion, a significant decrease in the size of myocardial infarct was observed in Nox1-, Nox2- and Nox1/Nox2-, but not in Nox4-deficient mice. However, no protection was observed in a model of chronic ischemia, suggesting that NOX1 and NOX2-mediated oxidative damage occurs during reperfusion. Cardioprotective effect of Nox1 and Nox2 deficiencies was associated with decrease of neutrophil invasion, but, on the other hand an improved reperfusion injury was also observed in isolated perfused hearts (Langendorff model) suggesting that inflammatory cells were not the major source of oxidative damage. A decrease in global post-reperfusion oxidative stress was clearly detected in Nox2-, but not in Nox1-deficient hearts. Analysis of key signaling pathways during reperfusion suggests distinct cardioprotective patterns: increased phosphorylation was seen for Akt and Erk in Nox1-deficient mice and for Stat3 and Erk in Nox2-deficient mice. Consequently, NOX1 and NOX2 represent interesting drug targets for controlling reperfusion damage associated with revascularization in coronary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Braunersreuther
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Foundation for Medical Researches, 64 Avenue Roseraie, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Clinical Pathology, Department of Genetic Medicine and Laboratories, University Hospital, 1 rue Michel-Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
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Kahles T, Brandes RP. Which NADPH oxidase isoform is relevant for ischemic stroke? The case for nox 2. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:1400-17. [PMID: 22746273 PMCID: PMC3603497 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Significance and Recent Advances: Ischemic stroke is the leading cause of disability and third in mortality in industrialized nations. Immediate restoration of cerebral blood flow is crucial to salvage brain tissue, but only few patients are eligible for recanalization therapy. Thus, the need for alternative neuroprotective strategies is huge, and antioxidant interventions have long been studied in this context. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) physiologically serve as signaling molecules, but excessive amounts of ROS, as generated during ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), contribute to tissue injury. CRITICAL ISSUES Nevertheless and despite a strong rational of ROS being a pharmacological target, all antioxidant interventions failed to improve functional outcome in human clinical trials. Antioxidants may interfere with physiological functions of ROS or do not reach the crucial target structures of ROS-induced injury effectively. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Thus, a potentially more promising approach is the inhibition of the source of disease-promoting ROS. Within recent years, NADPH oxidases (Nox) of the Nox family have been identified as mediators of neuronal pathology. As, however, several Nox homologs are expressed in neuronal tissue, and as many of the pharmacological inhibitors employed are rather unspecific, the concept of Nox as mediators of brain damage is far from being settled. In this review, we will discuss the contribution of Nox homologs to I/R injury at large as well as to neuronal damage in particular. We will illustrate that the current data provide evidence for Nox2 as the most important NADPH oxidase mediating cerebral injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Kahles
- Institut für Kardiovaskuläre Physiologie, Fachbereich Medizin der Goethe-Universität , Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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