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Li XM, Chen X, Zhao DG. Overexpression of the Eucommia ulmoides chitinase EuCHIT73.88 gene improves tobacco disease resistance. Gene 2024; 927:148619. [PMID: 38821325 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Black shank disease is the main disease affecting tobacco crops worldwide, and the main impacted by the disease are the stem base and root. At present, transgenic technology is an effective method to improve plant disease resistance through transgenic technology. In this study, the EuCHIT73.88 gene was cloned from Eucommia ulmoides Oliver (E. ulmoides) by using RT-PCR. The full length of the gene was 897 bp, encoding 298 amino acid residues. An overexpression vector of from the EuCHIT73.88 gene driven by the 35S promoter was constructed and transferred into tobacco plants via transgenic technology. After inoculation with the black shank pathogen, the number of visible lesions on the stems and leaves of the transgenic tobacco variety EuCHIT73.88 was significantly shorter than that on the stems and leaves of the of wild type (WT) and empty vector (EV) plants, and the lesion area was significantly smaller than on the stems and leaves of the WT and EV plants. With increasing inoculation time, introduction of the WT and EV vectors was obviously lethal, whereas transgenic tobacco only exhibited wilted characteristics, and the stems were black, which indicated that the EuCHIT73.88 gene could improve the resistance of tobacco to black shank disease. Furthermore, the activity of protective enzymes and the gene expression of resistance-related proteins were measured. The results showed that compared with those of the WT and EV plants, the CAT and POD activities of the TP tobacco plants were greater, peaking at 72 h at concentrations of 446.87 U/g and 4562.24 U/g, which were 1.63 and 1.61 times greater than those of the WT and EV plants, respectively. This indicated that CAT and POD may be involved in the process of disease resistance of in the transgenic plants. The MDA content of the transgenic tobacco plants was significantly lower than that of the WT and EV plants with increasing EuCHIT73.88 expression, thus indicating that the overexpression of the transgenic EuCHIT73.88 gene could alleviate the levels of lipid peroxidation and reduce the damage to plant cell membranes. The expression of disease-related protein genes (PR2, PR5, PR1a, PDF1.2 and MLP423) was significantly greater in the EuCHIT73.88 ransgenic tobacco than in the WT and EV-transgenic tobacco. and these findings consistently showed that EuCHIT73.88 could improve the resistance to black shank.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Man Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-bioengineering, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Plant Conservation Technology Center, Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550006, China
| | - De-Gang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-bioengineering, Guiyang 550025, China; Plant Conservation Technology Center, Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550006, China.
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Mahadevan N, Sinniah GD, Gunasekaram P, Karunajeewa DGNP. How Tea Plant Defends Against Blister Blight Disease: Facts Revealed and Unexplored Horizons. PLANT DISEASE 2024; 108:2253-2263. [PMID: 38616396 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-23-2033-fe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Tea (Camellia sinensis [L.] O. Kuntze) is cultivated as a beverage crop. Despite being a hardy perennial, the tea plant is susceptible to various biotic stresses. Among them, the foliar disease blister blight (BB) is considered the most serious threat to the tea industry, particularly in Asia. BB caused by Exobasidium vexans (Basidiomycetes) was first reported from Northern India in 1868 and gradually established in other tea-growing countries. The fungus E. vexans attacks young harvestable shoots and causes 20 to 50% crop loss. Over the past 150 years, scientific research has delved into various aspects of BB disease, including pathogen biology, disease cycle, epidemiology, disease forecasting, crop loss assessment, and disease management strategies. In a recent shift in research focus, scientists have begun to investigate the resistance mechanisms of tea plants against BB and apply this knowledge to commercial tea cultivation. Although progress has been significant in understanding the fundamental aspects of BB resistance, the detailed molecular mechanisms driving this resistance remain under investigation. This paper focuses on the current understanding of defense mechanisms employed by tea plants against E. vexans and, conversely, how E. vexans overcomes these defenses. Furthermore, we discuss the application of plant resistance strategies in commercial tea cultivation. Lastly, we identify existing research gaps and propose future research directions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niranjan Mahadevan
- Plant Pathology Division, Tea Research Institute of Sri Lanka, Talawakelle 22100, Sri Lanka
- Department of Plant Sciences, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Ganga Devi Sinniah
- Plant Pathology Division, Tea Research Institute of Sri Lanka, Talawakelle 22100, Sri Lanka
| | - Pradeep Gunasekaram
- Advisory and Extension Division, Tea Research Institute of Sri Lanka, Talawakelle 22100, Sri Lanka
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Jiménez-Maldonado MI, Islas-Osuna MA, León-Félix J, Tovar-Pedraza JM, Muy-Rangel MD. Glucanases and Chitinases in Mangifera indica: Identification, Classification, Phylogeny, and Expression Analysis of Defense Genes against Colletotrichum spp. Molecules 2024; 29:3556. [PMID: 39124963 PMCID: PMC11313699 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29153556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant glucanases and chitinases are defense proteins that participate in pathogenesis; however, very little is known about the glucanase (GLUC) and chitinase (CHIT) gene families in mango. Some mango cultivars are of great economic importance and can be affected by anthracnose, a postharvest disease caused by fungi of the genus Colletotrichum spp. This study identified and characterized 23 putative glucanases and 16 chitinases in the mango genome cv. Tommy Atkins. We used phylogenetic analyses to classify the glucanases into three subclasses (A, B, and C) and the chitinases into four classes (I, II, IV, and V). Information on the salicylic, jasmonic acid, and ethylene pathways was obtained by analyzing the cis-elements of the GLUC and CHIT class I and IV gene promoters. The expression profile of GLUC, CHIT class I, and CHIT class IV genes in mango cv. Ataulfo inoculated with two Colletotrichum spp. revealed different profile expression related to these fungi's level of virulence. In general, this study provides the basis for the functional validation of these target genes with which the regulatory mechanisms used by glucanases and chitinases as defense proteins in mango can be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Isabel Jiménez-Maldonado
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Coordinación Culiacán, Carretera a El Dorado km 5.5, Campo El Diez, Culiacán CP 80110, Sinaloa, Mexico; (M.I.J.-M.); (J.L.-F.); (J.M.T.-P.)
| | - María Auxiliadora Islas-Osuna
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Coordinación de Tecnología de Alimentos de Origen Vegetal, Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas, No. 46, La Victoria, Hermosillo CP 83304, Sonora, Mexico;
| | - Josefina León-Félix
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Coordinación Culiacán, Carretera a El Dorado km 5.5, Campo El Diez, Culiacán CP 80110, Sinaloa, Mexico; (M.I.J.-M.); (J.L.-F.); (J.M.T.-P.)
| | - Juan Manuel Tovar-Pedraza
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Coordinación Culiacán, Carretera a El Dorado km 5.5, Campo El Diez, Culiacán CP 80110, Sinaloa, Mexico; (M.I.J.-M.); (J.L.-F.); (J.M.T.-P.)
| | - María Dolores Muy-Rangel
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Coordinación Culiacán, Carretera a El Dorado km 5.5, Campo El Diez, Culiacán CP 80110, Sinaloa, Mexico; (M.I.J.-M.); (J.L.-F.); (J.M.T.-P.)
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Sharma A, Arya SK, Singh J, Kapoor B, Bhatti JS, Suttee A, Singh G. Prospects of chitinase in sustainable farming and modern biotechnology: an update on recent progress and challenges. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2024; 40:310-340. [PMID: 36856523 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2023.2183593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Chitinases are multifunctional biocatalysts for the pest control and useful in modern biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries. Chemical-based fungicides and insecticides have caused more severe effects on environment and human health. Many pathogenic fungal species and insects became resistant to the chemical pesticides. The resistant fungi emerged as a multidrug resistant also and less susceptible insects are not possible to control adequately. Chitinases have an immense potential to be exploited as a biopesticide against fungi and insects. The direct use of chitinase in liquid formulation or whole microbial enzyme producing cells, both act as antagonistically against the pests. Chitinase can disintegrate the fungal cell wall and insect integument that holds the chitin as a vital structural component. Moreover, chitinase is applied for the synthesis of pharmaceutically important chitooligosaccharides. Chitinase producing microbes have the huge potential to utilize against the waste management of sea food remains like shells of crustaceans. Chitinase is valuable for the synthesis of protoplasts from industrially important fungi, further it act as the biocontrol agent of malaria and dengue fever causing larvae of mosquitoes. Chitinases also have been successfully used in wine and single cell protein producing industries. Present review is illustrating the updated information on the state of the art of different applications of chitinases in agriculture and biotechnology industry. It also bestows the understanding to the readers about the areas of extensively studied and the field where there is still much left to be done.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindita Sharma
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | | | - Jatinder Singh
- Department of Horticulture, SAGR, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Bhupinder Kapoor
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University Phagwara, Phagwara, India
| | - Jasvinder Singh Bhatti
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, India
| | - Ashish Suttee
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University Phagwara, India
| | - Gursharan Singh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
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Xuan C, Feng M, Li X, Hou Y, Wei C, Zhang X. Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of Chitinase Genes in Watermelon under Abiotic Stimuli and Fusarium oxysporum Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:638. [PMID: 38203810 PMCID: PMC10779513 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Chitinases, which catalyze the hydrolysis of chitin, the primary components of fungal cell walls, play key roles in defense responses, symbiotic associations, plant growth, and stress tolerance. In this study, 23 chitinase genes were identified in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus [Thunb.]) and classified into five classes through homology search and phylogenetic analysis. The genes with similar exon-intron structures and conserved domains were clustered into the same class. The putative cis-elements involved in the responses to phytohormone, stress, and plant development were identified in their promoter regions. A tissue-specific expression analysis showed that the ClChi genes were primarily expressed in the roots (52.17%), leaves (26.09%), and flowers (34.78%). Moreover, qRT-PCR results indicate that ClChis play multifaceted roles in the interaction between plant/environment. More ClChi members were induced by Race 2 of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum, and eight genes were expressed at higher levels on the seventh day after inoculation with Races 1 and 2, suggesting that these genes play a key role in the resistance of watermelon to Fusarium wilt. Collectively, these results improve knowledge of the chitinase gene family in watermelon species and help to elucidate the roles played by chitinases in the responses of watermelon to various stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Xuan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (C.X.); (M.F.); (X.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Mengjiao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (C.X.); (M.F.); (X.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (C.X.); (M.F.); (X.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yinjie Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (C.X.); (M.F.); (X.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Chunhua Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (C.X.); (M.F.); (X.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Xian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (C.X.); (M.F.); (X.L.); (Y.H.)
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation, Tianjin 300384, China
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Chen K, Zhurbenko P, Danilov L, Matveeva T, Otten L. Conservation of an Agrobacterium cT-DNA insert in Camellia section Thea reveals the ancient origin of tea plants from a genetically modified ancestor. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:997762. [PMID: 36561442 PMCID: PMC9763466 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.997762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Many higher plants contain cellular T-DNA (cT-DNA) sequences from Agrobacterium and have been called "natural genetically modified organisms" (nGMOs). Among these natural transformants, the tea plant Camellia sinensis var. sinensis cv. Shuchazao contains a single 5.5 kb T-DNA fragment (CaTA) with three inactive T-DNA genes, with a 1 kb inverted repeat at the ends. Camellia plants are allogamous, so that each individual may contain two different CaTA alleles. Methods 142 Camellia accessions, belonging to 10 of 11 species of the section Thea, were investigated for the presence of CaTA alleles. Results discussion All accessions were found to contain the CaTA insert, showing that section Thea derives from a single transformed ancestor. Allele phasing showed that 82 accessions each contained two different CaTA alleles, 60 others had a unique allele. A phylogenetic tree of these 225 alleles showed two separate groups, A and B, further divided into subgroups. Indel distribution corresponded in most cases with these groups. The alleles of the different Camellia species were distributed over groups A and B, and different species showed very similar CaTA alleles. This indicates that the species boundaries for section Thea may not be precise and require revision. The nucleotide divergence of the indirect CaTA repeats indicates that the cT-DNA insertion took place about 15 Mio years ago, before the emergence of section Thea. The CaTA structure of a C. fangchengensis accession has an exceptional structure. We present a working model for the origin and evolution of nGMO plants derived from allogamous transformants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, China
| | - Peter Zhurbenko
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Lavrentii Danilov
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Tatiana Matveeva
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Léon Otten
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (C.N.R.S.), Strasbourg, France
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Liu Z, Yu W, Zhang X, Huang J, Wang W, Miao M, Hu L, Wan C, Yuan Y, Wu B, Lyu M. Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of Chitinase-like Genes in Petunia axillaris. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1269. [PMID: 35567270 PMCID: PMC9100346 DOI: 10.3390/plants11091269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chitinase (EC 3.2.1.14) is a kind of chitin-degrading glycosidase, which plays important roles in the abiotic and biotic defense of plants. In this study, we conducted whole-genome annotation, molecular evolution, and gene expression analyses on the chitinase-like (CTL) gene family members of Petunia axillaris. Thirty-three Petunia axillarischitinase-like genes (PaCTLs) were identified from the latest Petunia genome database. According to the phylogenetic analyses, these genes were divided into GH18 and GH19 subgroups and further subdivided into five classes (Class I to Class V). Conserved motif arrangements indicated their functional relevance within each group. The expansion and homeology analyses showed that gene replication events played an important role in the evolution of PaCTLs and the increase of the GH18 subgroup members was the main reason for the expansion of the PaCTL gene family in the evolution progress. By qRT-PCR analysis, we found that most of the PaCTLs showed a very low expression level in the normal growing plants. But lots of PaCTLs showed upregulated expression profiles when the plants suffered different abiotic stress conditions. Among them, five PaCTLs responded to high temperature and exhibited significantly upregulate expression level. Correspondingly, many hormone responses, as well as biotic and abiotic stress elements were found in the promoters of PaCTLs by using cis-acting element analysis. These results provide a foundation for the exploration of PaCTLs' function and enrich the evolutionary process of the CTL gene family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoyi Liu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Z.L.); (W.Y.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (W.W.); (M.M.); (L.H.); (C.W.); (Y.Y.); (B.W.)
- College of Horticulture, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wenfei Yu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Z.L.); (W.Y.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (W.W.); (M.M.); (L.H.); (C.W.); (Y.Y.); (B.W.)
| | - Xiaowen Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Z.L.); (W.Y.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (W.W.); (M.M.); (L.H.); (C.W.); (Y.Y.); (B.W.)
| | - Jinfeng Huang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Z.L.); (W.Y.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (W.W.); (M.M.); (L.H.); (C.W.); (Y.Y.); (B.W.)
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Z.L.); (W.Y.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (W.W.); (M.M.); (L.H.); (C.W.); (Y.Y.); (B.W.)
| | - Miao Miao
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Z.L.); (W.Y.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (W.W.); (M.M.); (L.H.); (C.W.); (Y.Y.); (B.W.)
| | - Li Hu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Z.L.); (W.Y.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (W.W.); (M.M.); (L.H.); (C.W.); (Y.Y.); (B.W.)
| | - Chao Wan
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Z.L.); (W.Y.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (W.W.); (M.M.); (L.H.); (C.W.); (Y.Y.); (B.W.)
| | - Yuan Yuan
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Z.L.); (W.Y.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (W.W.); (M.M.); (L.H.); (C.W.); (Y.Y.); (B.W.)
| | - Binghua Wu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Z.L.); (W.Y.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (W.W.); (M.M.); (L.H.); (C.W.); (Y.Y.); (B.W.)
| | - Meiling Lyu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Z.L.); (W.Y.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (W.W.); (M.M.); (L.H.); (C.W.); (Y.Y.); (B.W.)
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KC S, Long L, Liu M, Zhang Q, Ruan J. Light Intensity Modulates the Effect of Phosphate Limitation on Carbohydrates, Amino Acids, and Catechins in Tea Plants ( Camellia sinensis L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:743781. [PMID: 34691121 PMCID: PMC8532574 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.743781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Metabolites are major contributors to the quality of tea that are regulated by various abiotic stresses. Light intensity and phosphorus (P) supply affect the metabolism of tea plants. However, how these two factors interact and mediate the metabolite levels in tea plants are not fully understood. The present study investigated the consequences of different light intensity and P regimes on the metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, and flavonoids in the Fengqing tea cultivar. The leaves and young shoots were subjected to untargeted metabolomics analysis by two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOF/MS), ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-TOF/MS (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS), and targeted analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) along with quantification of gene expression by quantitative real time-PCR (qRT-PCR). The results from young shoots showed that amino acids, pentose phosphate, and flavonol glycosides pathways were enhanced in response to decreasing light intensities and P deficiency. The expression of the genes hexokinase 1, ribose 5-phosphate isomerase A (RPIA), glutamate synthetase 1 (GS1), prolyl 4-hydroxylase (P4H), and arginase was induced by P limitation, thereafter affecting carbohydrates and amino acids metabolism, where shading modulated the responses of transcripts and corresponding metabolites caused by P deficiency. P deprivation repressed the expression of Pi transport, stress, sensing, and signaling (SPX2) and induced bidirectional sugar transporter (SWEET3) and amino acid permeases (AAP) which ultimately caused an increase in the amino acids: glutamate (Glu), proline (Pro), and arginine (Arg) under shading but decreased catechins [epicatechingallate (ECG) and Gallic acid, GA] content in young shoots.
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Gomaa EZ. Microbial chitinases: properties, enhancement and potential applications. PROTOPLASMA 2021; 258:695-710. [PMID: 33483852 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-021-01612-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chitinases are a category of hydrolytic enzymes that catalyze chitin and are formed by a wide variety of microorganisms. In nature, microbial chitinases are primarily responsible for chitin decomposition and play a vital role in the balance of carbon and nitrogen ratio in the ecosystem. The physicochemical attributes and the source of chitinase are the main bases that determine their functional characteristics and hydrolyzed products. Several chitinases have been reported and characterized, and they obtain a wider consideration for their utilization in a large number of uses such as in agriculture, food, environment, medicine and pharmaceutical companies. The antifungal and insecticidal impacts of several chitinases have been extensively studied, aiming to protect crops from phytopathogenic fungi and insects. Chitooligosaccharides synthesized by chitin degradation have been shown to improve human health through their antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antitumor properties. This review aims at investigating chitinase production, properties and their potential applications in various biotechnological fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Zakaria Gomaa
- Department of Biological and Geological Sciences, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
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Bordoloi KS, Krishnatreya DB, Baruah PM, Borah AK, Mondal TK, Agarwala N. Genome-wide identification and expression profiling of chitinase genes in tea ( Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) under biotic stress conditions. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 27:369-385. [PMID: 33707875 PMCID: PMC7907415 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-021-00947-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Chitinases are a diverse group of enzymes having the ability to degrade chitin. Chitin is the second most abundant polysaccharide on earth, predominantly found in insect exoskeletons and fungal cell walls. In this study, we performed a genome-wide search for chitinase genes and identified a total of 49 chitinases in tea. These genes were categorized into 5 classes, where an expansion of class V chitinases has been observed in comparison to other plant species. Extensive loss of introns in 46% of the GH18 chitinases indicates that an evolutionary pressure is acting upon these genes to lose introns for rapid gene expression. The promoter upstream regions in 65% of the predicted chitinases contain methyl-jasmonate, salicylic acid and defense responsive cis-acting elements, which may further illustrate the possible role of chitinases in tea plant's defense against various pests and pathogens. Differential expression analysis revealed that transcripts of two GH19 chitinases TEA028279 and TEA019397 got upregulated during three different fungal infections in tea. While GH19 chitinase TEA031377 showed an increase in transcript abundance in the two insect infested tea tissues. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that five GH19 chitinases viz. TEA018892, TEA031484, TEA28279, TEA033470 and TEA031277 showed significant increase in expression in the tea plants challenged with a biotrophic pathogen Exobasidium vexans. The study endeavours in highlighting biotic stress responsive defensive role of chitinase genes in tea.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pooja Moni Baruah
- Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Jalukbari, Guwahati, Assam 781014 India
| | - Anuj Kumar Borah
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Napaam, Sonitpur, Assam 784028 India
| | - Tapan Kumar Mondal
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, LBS Building, Pusa, IARI, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Niraj Agarwala
- Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Jalukbari, Guwahati, Assam 781014 India
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11
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Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Candidate Genes Responsive to Sclerotinia scleroterum and Cloning of the Ss-Inducible Chitinase Genes in Morus laevigata. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218358. [PMID: 33171780 PMCID: PMC7664649 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Ss) is a devastating fungal pathogen that causes Sclerotinia stem rot in rapeseed (Brassica napus), and is also detrimental to mulberry and many other crops. A wild mulberry germplasm, Morus laevigata, showed high resistance to Ss, but the molecular basis for the resistance is largely unknown. Here, the transcriptome response characteristics of M. laevigata to Ss infection were revealed by RNA-seq. A total of 833 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected after the Ss inoculation in the leaf of M. laevigata. After the GO terms and KEGG pathways enrichment analyses, 42 resistance-related genes were selected as core candidates from the upregulated DEGs. Their expression patterns were detected in the roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits of M. laevigata. Most of them (30/42) were specifically or mainly expressed in flowers, which was consistent with the fact that Ss mainly infects plants through floral organs, and indicated that Ss-resistance genes could be induced by pathogen inoculation on ectopic organs. After the Ss inoculation, these candidate genes were also induced in the two susceptible varieties of mulberry, but the responses of most of them were much slower with lower extents. Based on the expression patterns and functional annotation of the 42 candidate genes, we cloned the full-length gDNA and cDNA sequences of the Ss-inducible chitinase gene set (MlChi family). Phylogenetic tree construction, protein interaction network prediction, and gene expression analysis revealed their special roles in response to Ss infection. In prokaryotic expression, their protein products were all in the form of an inclusion body. Our results will help in the understanding of the molecular basis of Ss-resistance in M. laevigata, and the isolated MlChi genes are candidates for the improvement in plant Ss-resistance via biotechnology.
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12
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de Mello US, Vidigal PMP, Vital CE, Tomaz AC, de Figueiredo M, Peternelli LA, Barbosa MHP. An overview of the transcriptional responses of two tolerant and susceptible sugarcane cultivars to borer (Diatraea saccharalis) infestation. Funct Integr Genomics 2020; 20:839-855. [PMID: 33068201 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-020-00755-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diatraea saccharalis constitutes a threat to the sugarcane productivity, and obtaining borer tolerant cultivars is an alternative method of control. Although there are studies about the relationship between the interaction of D. saccharalis with sugarcane, little is known about the molecular and genomic basis of defense mechanisms that confer tolerance to sugarcane cultivars. Here, we analyzed the transcriptional profile of two sugarcane cultivars in response to borer attack, RB867515 and SP80-3280, which are considered tolerant and sensitive to the borer attack, respectively. A sugarcane genome and transcriptome were used for read mapping. Differentially expressed transcripts and genes were identified and termed to as DETs and DEGs, according to the sugarcane database adopted. A total of 745 DETs and 416 DEGs were identified (log2|ratio| > 0.81; FDR corrected P value ≤ 0.01) after borer infestation. Following annotation of up- and down-regulated DETs and DEGs by similarity searches, the sugarcane cultivars demonstrated an up-regulation of jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene (ET), and defense protein genes, as well as a down-regulation of pathways involved in photosynthesis and energy metabolism. The expression analysis also highlighted that RB867515 cultivar is possibly more transcriptionally activated after 12 h from infestation than SP80-3280, which could imply in quicker responses by probably triggering more defense-related genes and mediating metabolic pathways to cope with borer attack.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pedro Marcus Pereira Vidigal
- Núcleo de Análise de Biomoléculas (NuBioMol), Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Camilo Elber Vital
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Adriano Cirino Tomaz
- Department of Agronomy, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Milene de Figueiredo
- Department of Agronomy, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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13
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Barman A, Nath A, Thakur D. Identification and characterization of fungi associated with blister blight lesions of tea (Camellia sinensis L. Kuntze) isolated from Meghalaya, India. Microbiol Res 2020; 240:126561. [PMID: 32799070 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Diseases in plants are mostly caused by fungi. Fungal interactions with the host can be either biotrophic, necrotrophic or hemibiotrophic. Synergistic polymicrobial interactions have been recently recognized that can also attribute to the occurrence of complex plant diseases. Tea is one of the most widely consumed beverages worldwide, although tea plants are affected by many different diseases causing a significant reduction in global tea production. Blister blight is one such serious and damaging leaf disease of tea. An assessment of blister blight disease was carried out at the tea development center in Umsning, Meghalaya. A considerable number of tea varieties showed characteristic blister blight symptoms that ranged from preliminary yellow spots in the upper leaf surface, matured white sporulating blisters in the lower leaf surface, and delayed brown necrotic lesions throughout the surfaces of the leaves. A total of 42 isolates, 15 from initial, 15 from mature, and 12 from necrotic stages were isolated from the symptomatic leaf samples. Pestalotiopsis and Nigrospora were the two fungi incessantly isolated from the diseased leaves. Colony characteristics that included colony, hyphal, and spore morphologies were examined and mycelial accumulation, sporulation, and sporal germination were determined for all the isolates of Pestalotiopsis and Nigrospora. Molecular analysis based on ITS-RFLP was performed for identification and genetic variability. In vitro pathogenicity assay revealed that Pestalotiopsis spp. and Nigrospora sp. developed distinct characteristics symptoms on greenhouse acclimated TV17 tea clones. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the prevalence of tea blister blight disease in Meghalaya and it is an initial attempt to identify fungal pathogens during different stages of blister blight disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Barman
- Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Guwahati, 781035 Assam, India
| | - Archana Nath
- Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Guwahati, 781035 Assam, India
| | - Debajit Thakur
- Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Guwahati, 781035 Assam, India.
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14
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Pfliegler WP, Pócsi I, Győri Z, Pusztahelyi T. The Aspergilli and Their Mycotoxins: Metabolic Interactions With Plants and the Soil Biota. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:2921. [PMID: 32117074 PMCID: PMC7029702 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Species of the highly diverse fungal genus Aspergillus are well-known agricultural pests, and, most importantly, producers of various mycotoxins threatening food safety worldwide. Mycotoxins are studied predominantly from the perspectives of human and livestock health. Meanwhile, their roles are far less known in nature. However, to understand the factors behind mycotoxin production, the roles of the toxins of Aspergilli must be understood from a complex ecological perspective, taking mold-plant, mold-microbe, and mold-animal interactions into account. The Aspergilli may switch between saprophytic and pathogenic lifestyles, and the production of secondary metabolites, such as mycotoxins, may vary according to these fungal ways of life. Recent studies highlighted the complex ecological network of soil microbiotas determining the niches that Aspergilli can fill in. Interactions with the soil microbiota and soil macro-organisms determine the role of secondary metabolite production to a great extent. While, upon infection of plants, metabolic communication including fungal secondary metabolites like aflatoxins, gliotoxin, patulin, cyclopiazonic acid, and ochratoxin, influences the fate of both the invader and the host. In this review, the role of mycotoxin producing Aspergillus species and their interactions in the ecosystem are discussed. We intend to highlight the complexity of the roles of the main toxic secondary metabolites as well as their fate in natural environments and agriculture, a field that still has important knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter P. Pfliegler
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István Pócsi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Győri
- Institute of Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tünde Pusztahelyi
- Central Laboratory of Agricultural and Food Products, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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15
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MicroRNAs and their targeted genes associated with phase changes of stem explants during tissue culture of tea plant. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20239. [PMID: 31882926 PMCID: PMC6934718 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56686-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Elucidation of the molecular mechanism related to the dedifferentiation and redifferentiation during tissue culture will be useful for optimizing regeneration system of tea plant. In this study, an integrated sRNAome and transcriptome analyses were carried out during phase changes of the stem explant culture. Among 198 miRNAs and 8001 predicted target genes, 178 differentially expressed miRNAs and 4264 potential targets were screened out from explants, primary calli, as well as regenerated roots and shoots. According to KEGG analysis of the potential targets, pathway of "aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis", "proteasome" and "glutathione metabolism" was of great significance during the dedifferentiation, and pathway of "porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism", "mRNA surveillance pathway", "nucleotide excision repair" was indispensable for redifferentiation of the calli. Expression pattern of 12 miRNAs, including csn-micR390e, csn-miR156b-5p, csn-miR157d-5p, csn-miR156, csn-miR166a-3p, csn-miR166e, csn-miR167d, csn-miR393c-3p, csn-miR394, csn-miR396a-3p, csn-miR396 and csn-miR396e-3p, was validated by qRT-PCR among 57 differentially expressed phase-specific miRNAs. Validation also confirmed that regulatory module of csn-miR167d/ERF3, csn-miR156/SPB1, csn-miR166a-3p/ATHB15, csn-miR396/AIP15A, csn-miR157d-5p/GST and csn-miR393c-3p/ATG18b might play important roles in regulating the phase changes during tissue culture of stem explants.
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16
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Nisha SN, Prabu G, Mandal AKA. Biochemical and molecular studies on the resistance mechanisms in tea [ Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze] against blister blight disease. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 24:867-880. [PMID: 30150861 PMCID: PMC6103951 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-018-0565-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Tea (Camellia sinensis) plantations are exposed to biotic and abiotic stresses. Among the biotic factors, blister blight (BB), caused by Exobasidium vexans, affects the quality and quantity of the product and demands high fungicide application. A long term solution for disease resistance would require the knowledge of the basic molecular and biochemical changes occurring in plant as an attempt to resist the pathogen and limit the spread of the disease which can further help in developing resistant cultivars using biotechnological tools. Thus, gene expression studies using the cDNA based suppressive subtractive hybridization library, characterization of genes for pathogenesis related (PR) proteins [chitinase (CsCHIT), glucanase (CsGLUC), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (CsPAL)] and genes in flavonoid pathway were accessed in the BB resistant and susceptible cultivars, SA6 and TES34, respectively. Further, biochemical analysis of PR and antioxidant enzymes (POX, APX, SOD) involved in BB resistance have been carried out to investigate the potential molecular and biochemical changes. Various stages of pathogen development had varied impact on PR protein, flavonoid pathway and anti-oxidative enzymes and indicates the possible role of reactive oxygen species, lignins, flavonoids, anthocyanins and other synthesized compounds in acting as antimicrobial/antifungal agents in tea cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gajjeraman Prabu
- UPASI-Tea Research Foundation, Valparai, Tamil Nadu 642127 India
- Department of Biotechnology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education (Deemed University), Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641021 India
| | - Abul Kalam Azad Mandal
- UPASI-Tea Research Foundation, Valparai, Tamil Nadu 642127 India
- SBST, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632 014 India
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17
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Toufiq N, Tabassum B, Bhatti MU, Khan A, Tariq M, Shahid N, Nasir IA, Husnain T. Improved antifungal activity of barley derived chitinase I gene that overexpress a 32kDa recombinant chitinase in Escherichia coli host. Braz J Microbiol 2018; 49:414-421. [PMID: 29146152 PMCID: PMC5913832 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Agricultural crops suffer many diseases, including fungal and bacterial infections, causing significant yield losses. The identification and characterisation of pathogenesis-related protein genes, such as chitinases, can lead to reduction in pathogen growth, thereby increasing tolerance against fungal pathogens. In the present study, the chitinase I gene was isolated from the genomic DNA of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivar, Haider-93. The isolated DNA was used as template for the amplification of the ∼935bp full-length chitinase I gene. Based on the sequence of the amplified gene fragment, class I barley chitinase shares 93% amino acid sequence homology with class II wheat chitinase. Interestingly, barley class I chitinase and class II chitinase do not share sequence homology. Furthermore, the amplified fragment was expressed in Escherichia coli Rosetta strain under the control of T7 promoter in pET 30a vector. Recombinant chitinase protein of 35kDa exhibited highest expression at 0.5mM concentration of IPTG. Expressed recombinant protein of 35kDa was purified to homogeneity with affinity chromatography. Following purification, a Western blot assay for recombinant chitinase protein measuring 35kDa was developed with His-tag specific antibodies. The purified recombinant chitinase protein was demonstrated to inhibit significantly the important phytopathogenic fungi Alternaria solani, Fusarium spp, Rhizoctonia solani and Verticillium dahliae compared to the control at concentrations of 80μg and 200μg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nida Toufiq
- University of the Punjab, Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, Baig Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Bushra Tabassum
- University of the Punjab, Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, Baig Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Umar Bhatti
- University of the Punjab, Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, Baig Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Anwar Khan
- University of the Punjab, Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, Baig Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Tariq
- University of the Punjab, Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, Baig Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Naila Shahid
- University of the Punjab, Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, Baig Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Idrees Ahmad Nasir
- University of the Punjab, Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, Baig Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Tayyab Husnain
- University of the Punjab, Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, Baig Lahore, Pakistan
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18
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Identification of a maize (Zea mays) chitinase allele sequence suitable for a role in ear rot fungal resistance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aggene.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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19
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Real-Time PCR for the Detection of Precise Transgene Copy Number in Wheat. Methods Mol Biol 2017. [PMID: 28913805 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7337-8_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Despite the unceasing advances in genetic transformation techniques, the success of common delivery methods still lies on the behavior of the integrated transgenes in the host genome. Stability and expression of the introduced genes are influenced by several factors such as chromosomal location, transgene copy number and interaction with the host genotype. Such factors are traditionally characterized by Southern blot analysis, which can be time-consuming, laborious, and often unable to detect the exact copy number of rearranged transgenes. Recent research in crop field suggests real-time PCR as an effective and reliable tool for the precise quantification and characterization of transgene loci. This technique overcomes most problems linked to phenotypic segregation analysis and can analyze hundreds of samples in a day, making it an efficient method for estimating a gene copy number integrated in a transgenic line. This protocol describes the use of real-time PCR for the detection of transgene copy number in durum wheat transgenic lines by means of two different chemistries (SYBR® Green I dye and TaqMan® probes).
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20
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Aoun M. Host Defense Mechanisms During Fungal Pathogenesis and how these are Overcome in Susceptible Plants: A Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.3923/ijb.2017.82.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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21
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Wang H, Lei Y, Wan L, Yan L, Lv J, Dai X, Ren X, Guo W, Jiang H, Liao B. Comparative transcript profiling of resistant and susceptible peanut post-harvest seeds in response to aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:54. [PMID: 26922489 PMCID: PMC4769821 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0738-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aflatoxin contamination caused by Aspergillus flavus in peanut (Arachis hypogaea) including in pre- and post-harvest stages seriously affects industry development and human health. Even though resistance to aflatoxin production in post-harvest peanut has been identified, its molecular mechanism has been poorly understood. To understand the mechanism of peanut response to aflatoxin production by A. flavus, RNA-seq was used for global transcriptome profiling of post-harvest seed of resistant (Zhonghua 6) and susceptible (Zhonghua 12) peanut genotypes under the fungus infection and aflatoxin production stress. RESULT A total of 128.72 Gb of high-quality bases were generated and assembled into 128, 725 unigenes (average length 765 bp). About 62, 352 unigenes (48.43%) were annotated in the NCBI non-redundant protein sequences, NCBI non-redundant nucleotide sequences, Swiss-Prot, KEGG Ortholog, Protein family, Gene Ontology, or eukaryotic Ortholog Groups database and more than 93% of the unigenes were expressed in the samples. Among obtained 30, 143 differentially expressed unigenes (DEGs), 842 potential defense-related genes, including nucleotide binding site-leucine-rich repeat proteins, polygalacturonase inhibitor proteins, leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases, mitogen-activated protein kinase, transcription factors, ADP-ribosylation factors, pathogenesis-related proteins and crucial factors of other defense-related pathways, might contribute to peanut response to aflatoxin production. Notably, DEGs involved in phenylpropanoid-derived compounds biosynthetic pathway were induced to higher levels in the resistant genotype than in the susceptible one. Flavonoid, stilbenoid and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathways were enriched only in the resistant genotype. CONCLUSIONS This study provided the first comprehensive analysis of transcriptome of post-harvest peanut seeds in response to aflatoxin production, and would contribute to better understanding of molecular interaction between peanut and A. flavus. The data generated in this study would be a valuable resource for genetic and genomic studies on crops resistance to aflatoxin contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houmiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China.
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences-International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Joint Laboratory for Groundnut Aflatoxin Management, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China.
| | - Yong Lei
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China.
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences-International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Joint Laboratory for Groundnut Aflatoxin Management, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China.
| | - Liyun Wan
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China.
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences-International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Joint Laboratory for Groundnut Aflatoxin Management, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China.
| | - Liying Yan
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China.
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences-International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Joint Laboratory for Groundnut Aflatoxin Management, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China.
| | - Jianwei Lv
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China.
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences-International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Joint Laboratory for Groundnut Aflatoxin Management, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Dai
- Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Xiaoping Ren
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China.
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences-International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Joint Laboratory for Groundnut Aflatoxin Management, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China.
| | - Wei Guo
- Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Huifang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China.
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences-International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Joint Laboratory for Groundnut Aflatoxin Management, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China.
| | - Boshou Liao
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China.
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences-International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Joint Laboratory for Groundnut Aflatoxin Management, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China.
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Sherif SM, Shukla MR, Murch SJ, Bernier L, Saxena PK. Simultaneous induction of jasmonic acid and disease-responsive genes signifies tolerance of American elm to Dutch elm disease. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21934. [PMID: 26902398 PMCID: PMC4763294 DOI: 10.1038/srep21934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dutch elm disease (DED), caused by three fungal species in the genus Ophiostoma, is the most devastating disease of both native European and North American elm trees. Although many tolerant cultivars have been identified and released, the tolerance mechanisms are not well understood and true resistance has not yet been achieved. Here we show that the expression of disease-responsive genes in reactions leading to tolerance or susceptibility is significantly differentiated within the first 144 hours post-inoculation (hpi). Analysis of the levels of endogenous plant defense molecules such as jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) in tolerant and susceptible American elm saplings suggested SA and methyl-jasmonate as potential defense response elicitors, which was further confirmed by field observations. However, the tolerant phenotype can be best characterized by a concurrent induction of JA and disease-responsive genes at 96 hpi. Molecular investigations indicated that the expression of fungal genes (i.e. cerato ulmin) was also modulated by endogenous SA and JA and this response was unique among aggressive and non-aggressive fungal strains. The present study not only provides better understanding of tolerance mechanisms to DED, but also represents a first, verified template for examining simultaneous transcriptomic changes during American elm-fungus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. M. Sherif
- Gosling Research Institute for Plant Preservation, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada,Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Al-Gomhuria St., PO Box 22516, Damanhour, Al-Behira, Egypt
| | - M. R. Shukla
- Gosling Research Institute for Plant Preservation, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - S. J. Murch
- Chemistry Department, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - L. Bernier
- Centre d’étude de la forêt (CEF) and Institut de biologie intégrative et des systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - P. K. Saxena
- Gosling Research Institute for Plant Preservation, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada,
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Germin-like protein 2 gene promoter from rice is responsive to fungal pathogens in transgenic potato plants. Funct Integr Genomics 2015; 16:19-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s10142-015-0463-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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