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Gouzoulis MJ, Seddio AE, Rancu A, Jabbouri SS, Moran J, Varthi A, Rubio DR, Grauer JN. Trends in management of odontoid fractures 2010-2021. NORTH AMERICAN SPINE SOCIETY JOURNAL 2024; 20:100553. [PMID: 39381260 PMCID: PMC11459689 DOI: 10.1016/j.xnsj.2024.100553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 10/10/2024]
Abstract
Background Context Odontoid fractures are relatively common. However, the literature is unclear how these fractures are best managed in many scenarios. As such, care is varied and poorly characterized. Purpose To investigate the trends and predictive factors of surgical versus nonsurgical treatment and anterior versus posterior stabilization of odontoid fractures. Study Design/Setting Retrospective database cohort study. Patient Sample Adult patients with odontoid fractures between 2010 and 2021. Outcome Measures Yearly trends and predictors of odontoid fracture management. Methods Adult patients with odontoid fractures were abstracted from the large, national, administrative M161Ortho Pearldiver dataset. For operative versus nonoperative care of odontoid fractures, yearly rates were determined (since 2016 based on coding limitations). For anterior versus posterior stabilization, yearly rates were determined (2010-2021). Univariate and multivariable analyses were performed for both sets of comparisons. Results For assessment of nonsurgical versus surgical management from 2016 to 2021, a total of 42,754 patients with odontoid fracture were identified, of which surgical intervention was done for 7.9%. Predictive factors of surgical intervention included being managed by a neurosurgeon (OR:1.29), being from Midwest United States (OR:1.35 relative to West), male sex (OR:1.20), and decreasing age (OR: 0.82 per decade) (p < .001 for each). Of those undergoing surgical intervention, 33.6% had anterior surgery while 66.4% had posterior surgery (anterior surgery decreased from 36.4% in 2010 to 27.2% in 2021, p < .001). Predictive factors of undergoing anterior versus posterior approach include having a neurosurgeon surgeon (OR:1.98), being from the Southern (OR:1.61 relative to Northeast), and having Medicare insurance (OR: 1.31) (p < .001 for each). Conclusions The overall rate of surgery for odontoid fractures has remained similar over the past years. Of those undergoing surgery, less are being done from anterior. While these decisions were predicted by some clinical factors, both also correlated with nonclinical factors suggesting room for more consistent algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Gouzoulis
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale School of Medicine, 47 College Street, New Haven, CT 06511, United States
| | - Anthony E. Seddio
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale School of Medicine, 47 College Street, New Haven, CT 06511, United States
| | - Albert Rancu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale School of Medicine, 47 College Street, New Haven, CT 06511, United States
| | - Sahir S. Jabbouri
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale School of Medicine, 47 College Street, New Haven, CT 06511, United States
| | - Jay Moran
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale School of Medicine, 47 College Street, New Haven, CT 06511, United States
| | - Arya Varthi
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale School of Medicine, 47 College Street, New Haven, CT 06511, United States
| | - Daniel R. Rubio
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale School of Medicine, 47 College Street, New Haven, CT 06511, United States
| | - Jonathan N. Grauer
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale School of Medicine, 47 College Street, New Haven, CT 06511, United States
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Huybregts JGJ, Polak SB, Jacobs WC, Arts MP, Meyer B, Wostrack M, Butenschön VM, Osti M, Öner FC, Slooff WBM, Feller RE, Bouma GJ, Harhangi BS, Depreitere B, Nygaard ØP, Weber C, Müller K, Timothy J, Pellisé F, Rasmussen MM, van Zwet EW, Steyerberg EW, Peul WC, Vleggeert-Lankamp CLA. Surgical versus conservative treatment for odontoid fractures in older people: an international prospective comparative study. Age Ageing 2024; 53:afae189. [PMID: 39193720 PMCID: PMC11350288 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afae189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The optimal treatment for odontoid fractures in older people remains debated. Odontoid fractures are increasingly relevant to clinical practice due to ageing of the population. METHODS An international prospective comparative study was conducted in fifteen European centres, involving patients aged ≥55 years with type II/III odontoid fractures. The surgeon and patient jointly decided on the applied treatment. Surgical and conservative treatments were compared. Primary outcomes were Neck Disability Index (NDI) improvement, fracture union and stability at 52 weeks. Secondary outcomes were Visual Analogue Scale neck pain, Likert patient-perceived recovery and EuroQol-5D-3L at 52 weeks. Subgroup analyses considered age, type II and displaced fractures. Multivariable regression analyses adjusted for age, gender and fracture characteristics. RESULTS The study included 276 patients, of which 144 (52%) were treated surgically and 132 (48%) conservatively (mean (SD) age 77.3 (9.1) vs. 76.6 (9.7), P = 0.56). NDI improvement was largely similar between surgical and conservative treatments (mean (SE) -11 (2.4) vs. -14 (1.8), P = 0.08), as were union (86% vs. 78%, aOR 2.3, 95% CI 0.97-5.7) and stability (99% vs. 98%, aOR NA). NDI improvement did not differ between patients with union and persistent non-union (mean (SE) -13 (2.0) vs. -12 (2.8), P = 0.78). There was no difference for any of the secondary outcomes or subgroups. CONCLUSIONS Clinical outcome and fracture healing at 52 weeks were similar between treatments. Clinical outcome and fracture union were not associated. Treatments should prioritize favourable clinical over radiological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen G J Huybregts
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Neurosurgical Centre Holland, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Neurosurgical Centre Holland, Haaglanden Medical Centre, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Samuel B Polak
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Neurosurgical Centre Holland, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Neurosurgical Centre Holland, Haaglanden Medical Centre, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Wilco C Jacobs
- Department of Neurosurgical Research, The Health Scientist, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Mark P Arts
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Neurosurgical Centre Holland, Haaglanden Medical Centre, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Bernhard Meyer
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munchen, Germany
| | - Maria Wostrack
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munchen, Germany
| | - Vicki M Butenschön
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munchen, Germany
| | - Michael Osti
- Department of Trauma Surgery and Sports Traumatology, Academic Hospital Feldkirch, Feldkirch, Austria
| | - F Cumhur Öner
- Departments of Orthopaedics/Neurosurgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Willem-Bart M Slooff
- Departments of Orthopaedics/Neurosurgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ricardo E Feller
- Department of Neurosurgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gert-Joan Bouma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Biswadjiet S Harhangi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurosurgery, Park Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Depreitere
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Øystein P Nygaard
- Department of Neurosurgery, St Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Clemens Weber
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- Department of Quality and Health Technology, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Kay Müller
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jake Timothy
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Leeds, UK
| | - Ferran Pellisé
- Spine Unit, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Erik W van Zwet
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ewout W Steyerberg
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wilco C Peul
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Neurosurgical Centre Holland, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Neurosurgical Centre Holland, Haaglanden Medical Centre, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Carmen L A Vleggeert-Lankamp
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Neurosurgical Centre Holland, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurosurgery, Spaarne Gasthuis Hoofddorp, Hoofddorp, The Netherlands
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Schoenfeld AJ, Xiang L, Adler RR, Schoenfeld AL, Kang JD, Weissman JS. Clinical Outcomes Following Operative and Nonoperative Management of Odontoid Fractures Among Elderly Individuals with Dementia. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2024:00004623-990000000-01137. [PMID: 38896721 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.23.00835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of odontoid fractures among the elderly population has been increasing in recent years. Elderly individuals with dementia may be at increased risk for inferior outcomes following such fractures. Although surgical intervention has been maintained to optimize survival and recovery, it is unclear if this benefit extends to patients with dementia. We hypothesized that patients with dementia who were treated operatively for odontoid fractures would experience improved survival and lower rates of hospice admission but higher rates of delirium and of intensive interventions. METHODS We used Medicare claims data (2017 to 2018) to identify community-dwelling individuals with dementia who sustained type-II odontoid fractures. We considered treatment strategy (operative or nonoperative) as the primary predictor and survival as the primary outcome. The secondary outcomes consisted of post-treatment delirium, hospice admission, post-treatment intensive intervention, and post-discharge admission to a nursing home or a skilled nursing facility. In all models, we controlled for age, biological sex, race, Elixhauser Comorbidity Index, Frailty Index, admission source, treating hospital, and dual eligibility. Adjusted analyses for survival were conducted using Cox proportional hazards regression. Adjusted analyses for secondary outcomes were performed using generalized estimating equations. To address confounding by indication, we performed confirmatory analyses using inverse probability of treatment weighting. RESULTS In this study, we included 1,030 patients. The median age of the cohort was 86.5 years (interquartile range, 80.9 to 90.8 years), 60.7% of the patients were female, and 90% of the patients were White. A surgical procedure was performed in 19.8% of the cohort. Following an adjusted analysis, patients treated surgically had a 28% lower hazard of mortality (hazard ratio, 0.72 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.53 to 0.98]), but higher odds of delirium (odds ratio, 1.64 [95% CI, 1.10 to 2.44]). These findings were preserved in the inverse probability weighted analysis. CONCLUSIONS We found that, among individuals with dementia who sustain a type-II odontoid fracture, surgical intervention may confer a survival benefit. A surgical procedure may be an appropriate treatment strategy for individuals with dementia whose life-care goals include life prolongation and maximizing quality of life in the short term following an injury. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Schoenfeld
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Surgery and Public Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lingwei Xiang
- Department of Surgery, Center for Surgery and Public Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rachel R Adler
- Department of Surgery, Center for Surgery and Public Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - James D Kang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Surgery and Public Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joel S Weissman
- Department of Surgery, Center for Surgery and Public Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Hamrick FA, Sherrod BA, Cole K, Cox P, Croci DM, Bowers CA, Mazur MD, Dailey AT, Bisson EF. Using Frailty Measures to Predict Functional Outcomes and Mortality After Type II Odontoid Fracture in Elderly Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Global Spine J 2024; 14:1552-1562. [PMID: 36626221 PMCID: PMC11394509 DOI: 10.1177/21925682221149394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Single-center retrospective cohort study. OBJECTIVES Type II odontoid fractures occur disproportionately among elderly populations and cause significant morbidity and mortality. It is a matter of debate whether these injuries are best managed surgically or conservatively. Our goal was to identify how treatment modalities and patient characteristics correlated with functional outcome and mortality. METHODS We identified adult patients (>60 years) with traumatic type II odontoid fractures. We used multivariate regression controlling for patient demographics, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score, modified Frailty Index (mFI-5 and mFI-11), fracture displacement, and conservative vs operative treatment. RESULTS Of the 59 patients (mean age 77.9 years), 24 underwent surgical intervention and 35 underwent conservative management. Operatively managed patients were younger (73.4 vs 80.6 years, P < .001) and had higher degree of fracture displacement (3.5 vs 1.0 mm, P = .002) than conservatively managed patients but no other differences in baseline characteristics. Twenty-four patients (40.7%) died within the study period (median time to death: 376 days). There were no differences between treatment groups in functional outcomes (mRS or Frankel Grade) or mortality (33.3% in operative group vs 45.7%, P = .34). There was a statistically significant correlation between higher presentation mRS score and subsequent mortality on multivariate analysis (OR = 2.06, 95% CI 1.04-4.10, P = .039), whereas surgical intervention, age, GCS score, CCI, mFI-5, mFI-11, sex, and fracture displacement were not significantly correlated. CONCLUSIONS Mortality after type II odontoid fractures in elderly patients is common. mRS score at presentation may help predict mortality more accurately than other patient factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brandon A Sherrod
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Kyril Cole
- School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Parker Cox
- School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Davide M Croci
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Christian A Bowers
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Marcus D Mazur
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Andrew T Dailey
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Erica F Bisson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Johnstone T, Shah V, Schonfeld E, Sadeghzadeh S, Haider G, Marianayagam NJ, Stienen M, Veeravagu A. Type II odontoid fractures in the elderly presenting to the emergency department: an assessment of factors affecting in-hospital mortality and discharge to skilled nursing facilities. Spine J 2024; 24:682-691. [PMID: 38101547 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2023.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Type II odontoid fractures (OF) are among the most common cervical spine injuries in the geriatric population. However, there is a paucity of literature regarding their epidemiology. Additionally, the optimal management of these injuries remains controversial, and no study has evaluated the short-term outcomes of geriatric patients presenting to emergency departments (ED). PURPOSE This study aims to document the epidemiology of geriatric patients presenting to EDs with type II OFs and determine whether surgical management was associated with early adverse outcomes such as in-hospital mortality and discharge to skilled nursing facilities (SNF). STUDY DESIGN This is a retrospective cohort study. PATIENT SAMPLE Data was used from the 2016-2020 Nationwide Emergency Department Sample. Patient encounters corresponding to type II OFs were identified. Patients younger than 65 at the time of presentation to the ED and those with concomitant spinal pathology were excluded. OUTCOME MEASURES The association between the surgical management of geriatric type II OFs and outcomes such as in-hospital mortality and discharge to SNFs. METHODS Patient, fracture, and surgical management characteristics were recorded. A propensity score matched cohort was constructed to reduce differences in age, comorbidities, and injury severity between patients undergoing operative and nonoperative management. Additionally, to develop a positive control for the analysis of geriatric patients with type II OFs and no other concomitant spinal pathology, a cohort of patients that had been excluded due to the presence of a concomitant spinal cord injury (SCI) was also constructed. Multivariate regressions were then performed on both the matched and unmatched cohorts to ascertain the associations between surgical treatment and in-hospital mortality, inpatient length of stay, encounter charges, and discharge to SNFs. RESULTS A total of 11,325 encounters were included. The mean total charge per encounter was $60,221. 634 (5.6%) patients passed away during their encounters. In total, 1,005 (8.9%) patients were managed surgically. Surgical management of type II OFs was associated with a 316% increase in visit charge (95% CI: 291%-341%, p<.001), increased inpatient length of stay (IRR: 2.87, 95% CI: 2.62-3.12, p<.001), and increased likelihood of discharge to SNFs (OR=2.62, 95% CI: 2.26-3.05, p<.001), but decreased in-hospital mortality (OR=0.32, CI: 0.21-0.45, p<.001). The propensity score matched cohort consisted of 2,010 patients, matching each of the 1,005 that underwent surgery to 1,005 that did not. These cohorts were well balanced across age (78.24 vs 77.91 years), Elixhauser Comorbidity Index (3.68 vs 3.71), and Injury Severity Score (30.15 vs 28.93). This matching did not meaningfully alter the associations determined between surgical management and in-hospital mortality (OR=0.34, CI=0.21-0.55, p<.001) or SNF discharge (OR=2.59, CI=2.13-3.16, p<.001). Lastly, the positive control cohort of patients with concurrent SCI had higher rates of SNF discharge (50.0% vs 42.6%, p<.001), surgical management (32.3% vs 9.7%, p<.001), and in-hospital mortality (28.9% vs 5.6%, p<.001). CONCLUSIONS This study lends insight into the epidemiology of geriatric type II OFs and quantifies risk factors influencing adverse outcomes. Patient informed consent should include a discussion of the protective association between definitive surgical management and in-hospital mortality against potential operative morbidity, increased lengths of hospital stay, and increased likelihood of discharge to SNFs. This information may impact patient treatment selection and decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Johnstone
- Stanford University School of Medicine, 453 Quarry Rd, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University. 453 Quarry Rd, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
| | - Vaibhavi Shah
- Stanford University School of Medicine, 453 Quarry Rd, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University. 453 Quarry Rd, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Ethan Schonfeld
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University. 453 Quarry Rd, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Sina Sadeghzadeh
- Stanford University School of Medicine, 453 Quarry Rd, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University. 453 Quarry Rd, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Ghani Haider
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University. 453 Quarry Rd, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Neelan J Marianayagam
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University. 453 Quarry Rd, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Martin Stienen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Spine Center of Eastern Switzerland, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, St.Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Anand Veeravagu
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University. 453 Quarry Rd, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
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Kreinest M, Raisch P, Hörnig L, Vetter SY, Grützner PA, Jung MK. Odontoid Fracture with Accompanying Severe Atlantoaxial Instability in Elderly Patients-Analysis of Treatment, Adverse Events, and Outcome. J Clin Med 2024; 13:1326. [PMID: 38592668 PMCID: PMC10932128 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13051326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: In elderly patients with type II odontoid fractures, accompanying severe atlantoaxial instability (AAI) is discussed as a marker possibly warranting more aggressive surgical therapy. This study aimed to characterize adverse events as well as the radiological and functional outcomes of surgical vs. conservative therapy in patients with odontoid fracture and AAI. (2) Methods: Patients aged 65 years and older with type II odontoid fracture and AAI treated were included. AAI was assumed if the mean subluxation across both atlantoaxial facet joints in the sagittal plane was greater than 50%. Data on demographics, comorbidities, treatment, adverse events, radiological, and functional outcomes were analyzed. (3) Results: Thirty-nine patients were included. Hospitalization time was significantly shorter in conservatively treated patients compared to patients with ventral or dorsal surgery. Adverse events occurred in 11 patients (28.2%), affecting 10 surgically treated patients (35.7%), and 1 conservatively treated patient (9.1%). Moreover, 25 patients were followed-up (64.1%). One secondary dislocation occurred in the conservative group (11.1%) and three in the surgical group (18.8%). (4) Conclusions: Despite the potential for instability in this injury, conservative treatment does not seem to lead to unfavorable short-term results, less adverse events, and a shorter hospital stay and should thus be considered and discussed with patients as a treatment option, even in the presence of severe AAI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Matthias K. Jung
- BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen at the University of Heidelberg, Clinic for Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, Ludwig-Guttmann-Straße 13, 67071 Ludwigshafen, Germany (L.H.)
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Osterhoff G, Scholz M, Disch AC, Katscher S, Spiegl UJA, Schnake KJ, Scheyerer MJ. Geriatric Odontoid Fractures: Treatment Algorithms of the German Society for Orthopaedics and Trauma Based on Expert Consensus and a Systematic Review. Global Spine J 2023; 13:13S-21S. [PMID: 37084350 PMCID: PMC10177304 DOI: 10.1177/21925682231157316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Systematic review/expert consensus. OBJECTIVES Fractures of the axis represent the most frequent injury of the spine in elderly patients. Both, operative and non-operative treatment are associated with a high rate of complications and mortality. The aim of this article was to summarize the current literature on the management of odontoid fractures in geriatric patients and to weigh it based on an expert consensus process. METHODS In a joint consensus process, members of the Spine Section of the German Orthopaedic and Trauma Society (DGOU) aimed to formulate recommendations for the diagnostic workup and treatment of odontoid fractures in geriatric patients. Based on the previously published recommendations, this article is an updated version with incorporating a systematic review of the recent literature. RESULTS Based on the new data available, the recommendations established in the initial consensus process were adapted. CONCLUSIONS Computed tomography represents the diagnostic standard for patients with suspected injuries of the upper cervical spine. Anderson/D'Alonzo odontoid fractures type 1, non-displaced type 2, and type 3 can be treated conservatively. Even non-unions do not necessarily result in poor clinical outcome. In Anderson/D'Alonzo type 2 fractures, surgical therapy offers the advantage of relatively safe osseous healing with no increased complication rate even in elderly patients and can thus be recommended. In very high aged patients, however, a case-by-case decision should be made. When surgical stabilization of osteoporotic odontoid fractures is indicated, posterior techniques are biomechanically advantageous and can be considered the standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Osterhoff
- Department of Orthopaedics, Trauma and Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matti Scholz
- ATOS Orthopaedic Clinic Braunfels, Braunfels, Germany
| | - Alexander C Disch
- University Comprehensive Spine Center (UCSC), University Center for Orthopaedics, Traumatology & Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Sebastian Katscher
- Interdisciplinary Center for Spine and Neurotrauma, Sana Klinikum Borna, Borna, Germany
| | - Ulrich J A Spiegl
- Department of Orthopaedics, Trauma and Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Klaus John Schnake
- Center for Spinal and Scoliosis Surgery, Waldkrankenhaus Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Paracelsus Private Medical University Nuremberg, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Max J Scheyerer
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Koln, Germany
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Sucu HK. A True Percutaneous Anterior Odontoid Screw Fixation: The Results of 42 Cases by a Single Surgeon. World Neurosurg 2022; 166:e892-e904. [PMID: 35948230 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2022.07.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to analyze a clinical series of odontoid fractures treated with true percutaneous anterior odontoid screws. The technique we used is different from the traditional approach of using blunt dissection to arrive at the anterior surface of the vertebral body. METHODS Between 2004 and 2021, forty-two patients underwent anterior screw fixation of the odontoid process using the true percutaneous technique without dissection among the fascial planes. Instead, we pressed from the medial border of the sternocleidomastoideus muscle with our second and third fingers to feel the vertebrae under the skin. Thus, the carotid artery is pushed laterally, the trachea-esophageal complex is moved medially, and when no esophagus, great vessels, etc., can be felt under our fingers; we have reached the anterior surface of the spine. Advancing the Jamshidi needle between the fingers causes it to pass only through the fascial layers. The absence of a gap between the dilatation tubes prevents any tissue from escaping into the tubes. RESULTS We had no intraoperative complications, such as esophageal, tracheal, or carotid injury. One patient required screw revision. In total, 5 patients died during the follow-up period, and 3 were lost to follow-up. There was no residual neck pain in our cohort, and no instability was noted on flexion-extension radiographs, even in ten patients without solid bone fusion. CONCLUSIONS True percutaneous anterior odontoid screw fixation is a safe and reliable procedure for treating odontoid fractures. The fibrous union of odontoid fractures provides as much stability as a solid bone fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Kamil Sucu
- İzmir Atatürk Research and Training Hospital, Neurosurgery Department, İzmir, Turkey.
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