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Jiang FL, Jeong DH, Eom SH, Lee HM, Cha BJ, Park JS, Kwon R, Nam JY, Yu HS, Heo SH, Kim CH, Song KH. Effects of Enteric-Coated Formulation of Sodium Bicarbonate on Bicarbonate Absorption and Gastrointestinal Discomfort. Nutrients 2024; 16:744. [PMID: 38474872 PMCID: PMC10933797 DOI: 10.3390/nu16050744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Sodium bicarbonate is used as an ergogenic supplement to enhance people's performances in various exercises. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of intestinal delivery of sodium bicarbonate on bicarbonate absorption and associated side effects in an experimental human trial. After preparing and assessing enteric-coated and uncoated sodium bicarbonate tablet formulations, pharmacokinetic analysis and gastrointestinal symptom tests were performed after oral administration in the human body. The dose required to increase blood bicarbonate concentration over 5 mmol∙L-1 for the purpose of improving performance during high-intensity exercise was also determined. Enteric-coated tablet formulation protects sodium bicarbonate under acidic conditions and releases bicarbonate in the intestine. Enteric-coated tablet formulation also reduced the oral dose required to achieve a blood bicarbonate concentration over 5 mmol∙L-1 from 300 mg∙kg-1 of uncoated tablet formulation to 225 mg∙kg-1. Gastrointestinal discomfort was significantly decreased for the group given 225 mg∙kg-1 enteric-coated tablets compared to that given 300 mg∙kg-1 uncoated tablets. These results suggest that enteric-coated tablet formulation could reduce the oral dose required in order to achieve a blood bicarbonate concentration over 5 mmol∙L-1 by 25%, from 300 mg∙kg-1 to 225 mg∙kg-1, along with its ability to reduce gastrointestinal discomfort associated with the dosage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Lin Jiang
- National Traditional Sports Teaching and Research Section of Hunan Province, College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410012, China
| | - Dong-Ho Jeong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea
- R&D Center, Jinyang Pharm. Co., Ltd., Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Ho Eom
- Department of Sports Medicine, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Moon Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Jin Cha
- R&D Center, Jinyang Pharm. Co., Ltd., Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Seong Park
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - RyoonKyoung Kwon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Yeon Nam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Seon Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hak Heo
- Department of Medicinal Bioscience, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Hyun Kim
- Department of Sports Medicine, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Keon-Hyoung Song
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea
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Serpa Neto A, Fujii T, McNamara M, Moore J, Young PJ, Peake S, Bailey M, Hodgson C, Higgins AM, See EJ, Secombe P, Campbell L, Young M, Maeda M, Pilcher D, Nichol A, Deane A, Licari E, White K, French C, Shehabi Y, Cross A, Maiden M, Kadam U, El Khawas K, Cooper J, Bellomo R, Udy A. Sodium Bicarbonate for Metabolic Acidosis in the ICU: Results of a Pilot Randomized Double-Blind Clinical Trial. Crit Care Med 2023; 51:e221-e233. [PMID: 37294139 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000005955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify the best population, design of the intervention, and to assess between-group biochemical separation, in preparation for a future phase III trial. DESIGN Investigator-initiated, parallel-group, pilot randomized double-blind trial. SETTING Eight ICUs in Australia, New Zealand, and Japan, with participants recruited from April 2021 to August 2022. PATIENTS Thirty patients greater than or equal to 18 years, within 48 hours of admission to the ICU, receiving a vasopressor, and with metabolic acidosis (pH < 7.30, base excess [BE] < -4 mEq/L, and Pa co2 < 45 mm Hg). INTERVENTIONS Sodium bicarbonate or placebo (5% dextrose). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULT The primary feasibility aim was to assess eligibility, recruitment rate, protocol compliance, and acid-base group separation. The primary clinical outcome was the number of hours alive and free of vasopressors on day 7. The recruitment rate and the enrollment-to-screening ratio were 1.9 patients per month and 0.13 patients, respectively. Time until BE correction (median difference, -45.86 [95% CI, -63.11 to -28.61] hr; p < 0.001) and pH correction (median difference, -10.69 [95% CI, -19.16 to -2.22] hr; p = 0.020) were shorter in the sodium bicarbonate group, and mean bicarbonate levels in the first 24 hours were higher (median difference, 6.50 [95% CI, 4.18 to 8.82] mmol/L; p < 0.001). Seven days after randomization, patients in the sodium bicarbonate and placebo group had a median of 132.2 (85.6-139.1) and 97.1 (69.3-132.4) hours alive and free of vasopressor, respectively (median difference, 35.07 [95% CI, -9.14 to 79.28]; p = 0.131). Recurrence of metabolic acidosis in the first 7 days of follow-up was lower in the sodium bicarbonate group (3 [20.0%] vs. 15 [100.0%]; p < 0.001). No adverse events were reported. CONCLUSIONS The findings confirm the feasibility of a larger phase III sodium bicarbonate trial; eligibility criteria may require modification to facilitate recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ary Serpa Neto
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (ANZIC-RC), School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VC, Australia
- Department of Critical Care, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Austin Hospital, Melbourne, VC, Australia
- Data Analytics Research and Evaluation (DARE) Centre, Austin Hospital, Melbourne, VC, Australia
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tomoko Fujii
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (ANZIC-RC), School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VC, Australia
- Intensive Care Unit, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mairead McNamara
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (ANZIC-RC), School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VC, Australia
| | - James Moore
- Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
- Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Paul J Young
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (ANZIC-RC), School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VC, Australia
- Department of Critical Care, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Austin Hospital, Melbourne, VC, Australia
- Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
- Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Sandra Peake
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (ANZIC-RC), School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VC, Australia
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, SA, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Michael Bailey
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (ANZIC-RC), School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VC, Australia
| | - Carol Hodgson
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (ANZIC-RC), School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VC, Australia
| | - Alisa M Higgins
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (ANZIC-RC), School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VC, Australia
| | - Emily J See
- Department of Critical Care, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Austin Hospital, Melbourne, VC, Australia
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Austin Hospital, Melbourne, VC, Australia
| | - Paul Secombe
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (ANZIC-RC), School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VC, Australia
- Intensive Care Unit Alice Springs Hospital, Alice Springs, NT, Australia
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
- The Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society (ANZICS) Centre for Outcome and Resource Evaluation (CORE), Melbourne, VC, Australia
| | - Lewis Campbell
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
- Intensive Care Unit, Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Meredith Young
- Department of Intensive Care and Hyperbaric Medicine, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VC, Australia
| | - Mikihiro Maeda
- Department of Pharmacy, St. Marianna University School of Medicine Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - David Pilcher
- The Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society (ANZICS) Centre for Outcome and Resource Evaluation (CORE), Melbourne, VC, Australia
- Department of Intensive Care and Hyperbaric Medicine, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VC, Australia
| | - Alistair Nichol
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (ANZIC-RC), School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VC, Australia
- Department of Intensive Care and Hyperbaric Medicine, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VC, Australia
| | - Adam Deane
- Department of Critical Care, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Austin Hospital, Melbourne, VC, Australia
- Intensive Care Unit, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VC, Australia
| | - Elisa Licari
- Department of Intensive Care and Hyperbaric Medicine, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VC, Australia
| | - Kyle White
- Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, QL, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QL, Australia
| | - Craig French
- Department of Medicine, Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VC, Australia
- Department of Intensive Care, Western Health, Melbourne, VC, Australia
| | - Yahya Shehabi
- Monash University, School of Clinical Sciences, Clayton, VC, Australia
- Intensive Care Services, Monash Health, Clayton, VC, Australia
- Intensive Care, University of New South Wales, Kensington Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony Cross
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Northern Health, Epping, VC, Australia
- Centre for Integrated Critical Care, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VC, Australia
| | - Matthew Maiden
- Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital Geelong, Barwon Health, Geelong, VC, Australia
- Intensive Care Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Umesh Kadam
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Werribee Mercy Hospital, Werribee, VC, Australia
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Monash Health Casey Hospital, Berwick, VC, Australia
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Epworth Hospital Geelong, Waurn Ponds, VC, Australia
| | - Khaled El Khawas
- Department of Intensive Care and Hyperbaric Medicine, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VC, Australia
- Intensive Care Unit, Grampians Health, Ballarat, VC, Australia
| | - Jamie Cooper
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (ANZIC-RC), School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VC, Australia
- Department of Intensive Care and Hyperbaric Medicine, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VC, Australia
| | - Rinaldo Bellomo
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (ANZIC-RC), School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VC, Australia
- Department of Critical Care, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Austin Hospital, Melbourne, VC, Australia
- Data Analytics Research and Evaluation (DARE) Centre, Austin Hospital, Melbourne, VC, Australia
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Austin Hospital, Melbourne, VC, Australia
- Intensive Care Unit, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VC, Australia
| | - Andrew Udy
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (ANZIC-RC), School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VC, Australia
- Department of Intensive Care and Hyperbaric Medicine, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VC, Australia
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Jung B, Huguet H, Molinari N, Jaber S. Sodium bicarbonate for the treatment of severe metabolic acidosis with moderate or severe acute kidney injury in the critically ill: protocol for a randomised clinical trial (BICARICU-2). BMJ Open 2023; 13:e073487. [PMID: 37591655 PMCID: PMC10441043 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-073487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION When both severe metabolic acidemia (pH equal or less than 7.20; PaCO2 equal or less than 45 mm Hg and bicarbonate concentration equal or less than of 20 mmol/L) and moderate-to-severe acute kidney injury are observed, day 28 mortality is approximately 55%-60%. A multiple centre randomised clinical trial (BICARICU-1) has suggested that sodium bicarbonate infusion titrated to maintain the pH equal or more than 7.30 is associated with a higher survival rate (secondary endpoint) in a prespecified stratum of patients with both severe metabolic acidemia and acute kidney injury patients. Whether sodium bicarbonate infusion may improve survival at day 90 (primary outcome) in these severe acute kidney injury patients is currently unknown. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The sodium bicarbonate for the treatment of severe metabolic acidosis with moderate or severe acute kidney injury in the critically ill: a randomised clinical trial (BICARICU-2) trial is an investigator-initiated, multiple centre, stratified, parallel-group, unblinded trial with a computer-generated allocation sequence and an electronic system-based randomisation. After randomisation, the intervention group will receive 4.2% sodium bicarbonate infusion to target a plasma pH equal or more than 7.30 while the control group will not receive sodium bicarbonate. The primary outcome is the day 90 mortality. Main secondary outcomes are organ support dependences. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The trial has been approved by the appropriate ethics committee (CPP Nord Ouest, Rouen, France, 25 April 2019, number: 19.03.15.72446). Informed consent is required. If sodium bicarbonate improves day 90 mortality, it will become part of the routine care. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT04010630.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Jung
- Department of Medical Intensive Care, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France
- PhyMedExp Laboratory, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Helena Huguet
- Department of Statistics, Montpellier Université d'Excellence, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Molinari
- Department of Statistics, Montpellier Université d'Excellence, Montpellier, France
| | - Samir Jaber
- PhyMedExp Laboratory, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Saint Eloi Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France
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Wardi G, Holgren S, Gupta A, Sobel J, Birch A, Pearce A, Malhotra A, Tainter C. A Review of Bicarbonate Use in Common Clinical Scenarios. J Emerg Med 2023; 65:e71-e80. [PMID: 37442665 PMCID: PMC10530341 DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2023.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of sodium bicarbonate to treat metabolic acidosis is intuitive, yet data suggest that not all patients benefit from this therapy. OBJECTIVE In this narrative review, we describe the physiology behind commonly encountered nontoxicologic causes of metabolic acidosis, highlight potential harm from the indiscriminate administration of sodium bicarbonate in certain scenarios, and provide evidence-based recommendations to assist emergency physicians in the rational use of sodium bicarbonate. DISCUSSION Sodium bicarbonate can be administered as a hypertonic push, as a resuscitation fluid, or as an infusion. Lactic acidosis and cardiac arrest are two common scenarios where there is limited benefit to routine use of sodium bicarbonate, although certain circumstances, such as patients with concomitant acute kidney injury and lactic acidosis may benefit from sodium bicarbonate. Patients with cardiac arrest secondary to sodium channel blockade or hyperkalemia also benefit from sodium bicarbonate therapy. Recent data suggest that the use of sodium bicarbonate in diabetic ketoacidosis does not confer improved patient outcomes and may cause harm in pediatric patients. Available evidence suggests that alkalinization of urine in rhabdomyolysis does not improve patient-centered outcomes. Finally, patients with a nongap acidosis benefit from sodium bicarbonate supplementation. CONCLUSIONS Empiric use of sodium bicarbonate in patients with nontoxicologic causes of metabolic acidosis is not warranted and likely does not improve patient-centered outcomes, except in select scenarios. Emergency physicians should reserve use of this medication to conditions with clear benefit to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Wardi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California.
| | - Sarah Holgren
- Division of Anesthesiology Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology. University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Arnav Gupta
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Julia Sobel
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Aaron Birch
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Alex Pearce
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Atul Malhotra
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Christopher Tainter
- Division of Anesthesiology Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology. University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California
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Guy C, Holmes NE, Kishore K, Marhoon N, Serpa-Neto A. Decompensated metabolic acidosis in the emergency department: Epidemiology, sodium bicarbonate therapy, and clinical outcomes. CRIT CARE RESUSC 2023; 25:71-77. [PMID: 37876600 PMCID: PMC10581257 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccrj.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Objective This article aims to describe the epidemiology of decompensated metabolic acidosis, the characteristics of sodium bicarbonate (SB) administration and outcomes in emergency department (ED) patients. Design This is a retrospective cohort study. Setting ED of a tertiary referral hospital in Melbourne, Australia. Participants Adult patients presenting to the ED between 1 July 2011 and 20 September 2020 with decompensated metabolic acidosis diagnosed on arterial blood gas (ABG). Main outcome measures We compared characteristics between those treated with or without SB. We studied SB administration characteristics, change in laboratory variables, factors associated with use and dose, and clinical outcomes. Results Among 753,613 ED patients, 314 had decompensated metabolic acidosis on ABG, with 17.8% receiving SB. Patients in the SB group had lower median pH, CO2, bicarbonate, and base excess (BE) levels compared with the No SB group (P < 0.01). The median number of SB doses in the SB group was one treatment. This was given at a median total dose of 100 mmol and at a median of 2.8 h after the diagnostic blood gas results. Only 42% of patients in the SB group had a subsequent blood gas measured. In such patients, there was no significant change in pH, bicarbonate, or BE. SB therapy was not independently associated with mortality. Conclusions ABG-confirmed decompensated metabolic acidosis was rare but associated with a high mortality. SB administration occurred in a minority of patients and in more acidaemic patients. However, SB dose was stereotypical and not tailored to acidosis severity. Assessment of SB effect was infrequent and showed no correction of acidosis. Systematic studies of titrated SB therapy are required to inform current practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Guy
- Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Natasha E. Holmes
- Data Analytics Research and Evaluation (DARE) Centre, Austin Health and the University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Critical Care, School of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kartik Kishore
- Data Analytics Research and Evaluation (DARE) Centre, Austin Health and the University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nada Marhoon
- Data Analytics Research and Evaluation (DARE) Centre, Austin Health and the University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ary Serpa-Neto
- Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Data Analytics Research and Evaluation (DARE) Centre, Austin Health and the University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
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Long B, Liang SY, Gottlieb M. Crush injury and syndrome: A review for emergency clinicians. Am J Emerg Med 2023; 69:180-187. [PMID: 37163784 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2023.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Primary disasters may result in mass casualty events with serious injuries, including crush injury and crush syndrome. OBJECTIVE This narrative review provides a focused overview of crush injury and crush syndrome for emergency clinicians. DISCUSSION Millions of people worldwide annually face natural or human-made disasters, which may lead to mass casualty events and severe medical issues including crush injury and syndrome. Crush injury is due to direct physical trauma and compression of the human body, most commonly involving the lower extremities. It may result in asphyxia, severe orthopedic injury, compartment syndrome, hypotension, and organ injury (including acute kidney injury). Crush syndrome is the systemic manifestation of severe, traumatic muscle injury. Emergency clinicians are at the forefront of the evaluation and treatment of these patients. Care at the incident scene is essential and focuses on treating life-threatening injuries, extrication, triage, fluid resuscitation, and transport. Care at the healthcare facility includes initial stabilization and trauma evaluation as well as treatment of any complication (e.g., compartment syndrome, hyperkalemia, rhabdomyolysis, acute kidney injury). CONCLUSIONS Crush injury and crush syndrome are common in natural and human-made disasters. Emergency clinicians must understand the pathophysiology, evaluation, and management of these conditions to optimize patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brit Long
- SAUSHEC, Emergency Medicine, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA.
| | - Stephen Y Liang
- Divisions of Emergency Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Michael Gottlieb
- Ultrasound Director, Assistant Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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Current Evidence Surrounding the Use of Sodium Bicarbonate in the Critically Ill Patient. CURRENT EMERGENCY AND HOSPITAL MEDICINE REPORTS 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s40138-023-00260-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
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Huang S, Peng Y, Wang L, Wang J, Zhou X, Cui X, Chen L, Yang B, Feng C. Effectiveness of sodium bicarbonate infusion on mortality for elderly septic patients with acute metabolic acidosis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:974271. [PMID: 36176433 PMCID: PMC9513550 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.974271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to explore the effectiveness of sodium bicarbonate (SB) infusion on mortality in elderly septic patients with acute metabolic acidosis (MA) and in other subgroups.Methods: Retrospective analysis of a large ICU database (MIMIC-IV) was performed. Elderly septic patients with acute MA were identified from MIMIC-IV. Propensity score analysis (PSA) was performed to explain for the baseline differences in the probability to receive SB or not. The marginal structural Cox model (MSCM) was developed to adjust for both baseline and time-varying confounding variables. The primary outcome was the ICU and hospital mortality.Results: A total of 869 elderly septic patients with acute MA were identified in this study, including 361 in the SB group and 508 in the non-SB group. In the PSA, SB infusion was not associated with reduced ICU (HR 0.82, 95% CI 0.62–1.10; p = 0.19) or hospital (HR 0.94, 95% CI 0.74–1.19; p = 0.60) mortality in overall elderly septic patients with acute MA. In the subgroup of severe metabolic acidosis, SB infusion could not improve the ICU (HR 0.82, 95% CI 0.62–1.10; p =0.19) and hospital (HR 0.94, 95% CI 0.74–1.19; p =0.60) mortality on elderly septic patients. However, In the subgroup of moderate metabolic acidosis, SB infusion could be found associated with improved ICU (HR 0.64, 95% CI 0.43–0.95; p <0.05) and hospital (HR 0.70, 95% CI 0.50–0.99; p <0.05) survival in elderly septic patients. In the MSCM, the results were similar with PSA.Conclusion: SB infusion could improve both ICU and hospital survival for elderly septic patients with acute metabolic acidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Huang
- Department of Hematology, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center of Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yaojun Peng
- Department of Emergency, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Department of General Medicine, First Medical Center of General Hospital of People’s Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of General Medicine, First Medical Center of General Hospital of People’s Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Department of Emergency, Hainan Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Sanya, China
| | - Xiang Cui
- Department of Orthopedics, Fourth Medical Center, General Hospital of People’s Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of General Medicine, First Medical Center of General Hospital of People’s Liberation Army, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Cong Feng, ; Bo Yang, ; Li Chen,
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, First Medical Center, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Cong Feng, ; Bo Yang, ; Li Chen,
| | - Cong Feng
- National Clinical Research Center of Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Emergency, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, General Hospital of People’s Liberation Army, Beijing, China
- Department of General Medicine, Hainan Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Sanya, China
- *Correspondence: Cong Feng, ; Bo Yang, ; Li Chen,
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Touron M, Javaudin F, Lebastard Q, Baert V, Heidet M, Hubert H, Leclere B, Lascarrou JB. Effect of sodium bicarbonate on functional outcome in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a post-hoc analysis of a French and North-American dataset. Eur J Emerg Med 2022; 29:210-220. [PMID: 35297385 DOI: 10.1097/mej.0000000000000918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE No large randomised controlled trial has assessed the potential benefits on neurologic outcomes of prehospital sodium bicarbonate administration in patients with nontraumatic out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). OBJECTIVE To obtain information of assistance in designing a randomised controlled trial of bicarbonate therapy after OHCA in specific patient subgroups. DESIGN We conducted two, separate, simultaneous, retrospective studies of two distinct, unlinked datasets. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS One dataset was a French nationwide population-based registry (RéAC Registry, French dataset) and the other was a randomised controlled trial comparing continuous to interrupted chest compressions in North America (ROC-CCC trial, North-American dataset). INTERVENTION We investigated whether prehospital bicarbonate administration was associated with better neurologic outcomes. OUTCOME MEASURES AND ANALYSES The main outcome measure was the functional outcome at hospital discharge. To adjust for potential confounders, we conducted a nested propensity-score-matched analysis with inverse probability-of-treatment weighting. MAIN RESULTS In the French dataset, of the 54 807 patients, 1234 (2.2%) received sodium bicarbonate and 450 were matched. After propensity-score matching, sodium bicarbonate was not associated with a higher likelihood of favourable functional outcomes on day 30 [adjusted odds ratio (aOR), 0.912; 95% confidence interval (95%CI), 0.501-1.655]. In the North-American dataset, of the 23 711 included patients, 4902 (20.6%) received sodium bicarbonate and 1238 were matched. After propensity-score matching, sodium bicarbonate was associated with a lower likelihood of favourable functional outcomes at hospital discharge (aOR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.34-0.58). CONCLUSION In patients with OHCA, prehospital sodium bicarbonate administration was not associated with neurologic outcomes in a French dataset and was associated with worse neurologic outcomes in a North-American dataset. Given the considerable variability in sodium bicarbonate use by different prehospital care systems and the potential resuscitation-time bias in the present study, a large randomised clinical trial targeting specific patient subgroups may be needed to determine whether sodium bicarbonate has a role in the prehospital management of prolonged OHCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Touron
- Medecine Intensive Reanimation, Nantes University Hospital
| | | | | | - Valentine Baert
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, ULR 2694 - METRICS, Évaluation des technologies de santé et des pratiques médicales, Lille
- French National Out-Of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Registry, Registre électronique des Arrêts Cardiaques, Lille
| | - Mathieu Heidet
- Emergency Department, University Hospital Centre, Creteil
| | - Hervé Hubert
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, ULR 2694 - METRICS, Évaluation des technologies de santé et des pratiques médicales, Lille
- French National Out-Of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Registry, Registre électronique des Arrêts Cardiaques, Lille
| | - Brice Leclere
- Public Health Department, University Hospital Centre, Nantes
| | - Jean-Baptiste Lascarrou
- Medecine Intensive Reanimation, Nantes University Hospital
- AfterROSC Network
- Université de Paris, INSERM, Paris Cardiovascular Research Centre, Paris, France
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10
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Jia S, Kumar P. Con: Metabolic Acidosis Should Not Be Corrected With Sodium Bicarbonate in Cardiac Surgical Patients. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2021; 36:619-621. [PMID: 34776352 DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2021.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Jia
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.
| | - Priya Kumar
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, OH
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11
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Cook EE, Davis J, Israni R, Mu F, Betts KA, Anzalone D, Yin L, Szerlip H, Uwaifo GI, Fonseca V, Wu EQ. Prevalence of Metabolic Acidosis Among Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease and Hyperkalemia. Adv Ther 2021; 38:5238-5252. [PMID: 34471991 PMCID: PMC8478736 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-021-01886-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis often co-occur in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), the prevalence of metabolic acidosis among patients with CKD and hyperkalemia is understudied. Therefore, we used medical record data from the Research Action for Health Network to estimate this prevalence. METHODS Adult patients with CKD stage 3-5, ≥ 1 outpatient potassium value > 5.0 mEq/l, and ≥ 1 outpatient bicarbonate value available were identified. Patients with end stage kidney disease (ESKD) in the prior year were excluded. The prevalence of metabolic acidosis in each calendar year from 2014 to 2017 among patients with CKD and hyperkalemia was estimated using two definitions of hyperkalemia (potassium > 5.0 mEq/l and > 5.5 mEq/l) and metabolic acidosis (bicarbonate < 18 mEq/l and < 22 mEq/l). RESULTS In the 2017 patient cohort and among patients with CKD and hyperkalemia, patients with metabolic acidosis were younger (69 versus 74 years), more likely to have advanced CKD (35% versus 13%), and use oral sodium bicarbonate (21% versus 4%) than patients without metabolic acidosis. The prevalence of metabolic acidosis (< 22 mEq/l) ranged from 25 to 29% when hyperkalemia was defined by potassium > 5.0 mEq/l and ranged from 33 to 39% when hyperkalemia was defined by potassium > 5.5 mEq/l. CONCLUSION Results demonstrated that prevalence estimates of metabolic acidosis varied based on the definition of hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis utilized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jill Davis
- AstraZeneca at the Time the Study was Conducted, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Rubeen Israni
- AstraZeneca at the Time the Study was Conducted, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Fan Mu
- Analysis Group, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Deborah Anzalone
- AstraZeneca at the Time the Study was Conducted, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Lei Yin
- Analysis Group, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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12
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Abstract
Lactic acidosis occurs commonly and can be a marker of significant physiologic derangements. However what an elevated lactate level and acidemia connotes and what should be done about it is subject to inconsistent interpretations. This review examines the varied etiologies of lactic acidosis, the physiologic consequences, and the known effects of its treatment with sodium bicarbonate. Lactic acidosis is often assumed to be a marker of hypoperfusion, but it can also result from medications, organ dysfunction, and sepsis even in the absence of malperfusion. Acidemia causes deleterious effects in almost every organ system, but it can also have positive effects, increasing localized blood flow and oxygen delivery, as well as providing protection against hypoxic cellular injury. The use of sodium bicarbonate to correct severe acidemia may be tempting to clinicians, but previous studies have failed to show improved patient outcomes following bicarbonate administration. Bicarbonate use is known to decrease vasomotor tone, decrease myocardial contractility, and induce intracellular acidosis. This suggests that mild to moderate acidemia does not require correction. Most recently, a randomized control trial found a survival benefit in a subgroup of critically ill patients with serum pH levels <7.2 with concomitant acute kidney injury. There is no known benefit of correcting serum pH levels ≥ 7.2, and sparse evidence supports bicarbonate use <7.2. If administered, bicarbonate is best given as a slow IV infusion in the setting of adequate ventilation and calcium replacement to mitigate its untoward effects.
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13
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Wang CH, Wu CY, Wu MC, Chang WT, Huang CH, Tsai MS, Lu TC, Chou E, Hsieh YL, Chen WJ. A retrospective study on the therapeutic effects of sodium bicarbonate for adult in-hospital cardiac arrest. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12380. [PMID: 34117316 PMCID: PMC8196083 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91936-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate whether the effects of sodium bicarbonate (SB) during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) would be influenced by blood pH and administration timing. Adult patients experiencing in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) from 2006 to 2015 were retrospectively screened. Early intra-arrest blood gas data were obtained within 10 min of CPR. Multivariable logistic regression analysis and generalised additive models were used for effect estimation and data exploration, respectively. A total of 1060 patients were included. Only 59 patients demonstrated favourable neurological status at hospital discharge. Blood pH ≤ 7.18 was inversely associated with favourable neurological outcome (odds ratio [OR], 0.24; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.11-0.52; p value < 0.001) while SB use was not. In the interaction analysis for favourable neurological outcome, significant interactions were noted between SB use and time to SB (SB use × time to SB ≥ 20 min; OR 6.16; 95% CI 1.42-26.75; p value = 0.02). In the interaction analysis for survival to hospital discharge, significant interactions were noted between SB use and blood pH (Non-SB use × blood pH > 7.18; OR 1.56; 95% CI 1.01-2.41; p value = 0.05). SB should not be empirically administered for patients with IHCA since its effects may be influenced by blood pH and administration timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hung Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Zhongzheng Dist, National Taiwan University Hospital, No.7, Zhongshan S. Rd, Taipei City, 100, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Cheng-Yi Wu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Zhongzheng Dist, National Taiwan University Hospital, No.7, Zhongshan S. Rd, Taipei City, 100, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Meng-Che Wu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Zhongzheng Dist, National Taiwan University Hospital, No.7, Zhongshan S. Rd, Taipei City, 100, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wei-Tien Chang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Zhongzheng Dist, National Taiwan University Hospital, No.7, Zhongshan S. Rd, Taipei City, 100, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chien-Hua Huang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Zhongzheng Dist, National Taiwan University Hospital, No.7, Zhongshan S. Rd, Taipei City, 100, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Min-Shan Tsai
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Zhongzheng Dist, National Taiwan University Hospital, No.7, Zhongshan S. Rd, Taipei City, 100, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tsung-Chien Lu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Zhongzheng Dist, National Taiwan University Hospital, No.7, Zhongshan S. Rd, Taipei City, 100, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Eric Chou
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Baylor Scott and White All Saints Medical Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Yu-Lin Hsieh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT, USA
| | - Wen-Jone Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Zhongzheng Dist, National Taiwan University Hospital, No.7, Zhongshan S. Rd, Taipei City, 100, Taiwan, ROC.
- Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC.
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC.
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14
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Waskowski J, Hess B, Cioccari L, Irincheeva I, Pfortmueller CA, Schefold JC. Effects of sodium bicarbonate infusion on mortality in medical-surgical ICU patients with metabolic acidosis-A single-center propensity score matched analysis. Med Intensiva 2021; 46:S0210-5691(21)00106-6. [PMID: 34120787 DOI: 10.1016/j.medin.2021.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Metabolic acidosis is associated with high mortality. Despite theoretical benefits of sodium-bicarbonate (SB), current evidence remains controversial. We investigated SB-related effects on outcomes in ICU patients with metabolic acidosis. DESIGN Retrospective analysis. SETTING Academic medical center. PATIENTS OR PARTICIPANTS 971 ICU patients with metabolic acidosis defined as arterial pH<7.3 and CO2<45mmHg treated between 2012 and 2016. A propensity score (PS) was estimated using logistic regression. Patients were matched in pairs using the PS. INTERVENTIONS 441 patients were treated with SB 8.4% (SB-group) and n=530 patients were not (control group). MAIN VARIABLES OF INTEREST Primary outcome was all-cause mortality at ICU-discharge. Average Treatment Effect (ATE), Average Treatment effect in Treated (ATT), and estimated relative survival effects at 20 days were computed. RESULTS In the full cohort, we observed considerable differences in pH, base excess, additional acidosis-related indices, and ICU mortality (controls 31% vs. SB-group 56%, p<.001) at baseline between the two groups. After PS-matching (n=174 in each group), no significant difference in ICU mortality was observed (controls 32% vs. SB-group 41%; p=.07). Odds ratios (OR) for ATE and ATT showed no association with ICU mortality (OR ATE: 1.08, 95%-CI 0.99-1.17; p=.08; OR ATT 1.09; 95%-CI 0.99-1.2; p=.09). Hazard ratios at 20-days (multivariable HR, matched sample n=348: 1.16, 95%-CI 0.86-1.56, p=.33) showed similar survival in the two study groups. CONCLUSIONS We did not observe effects of SB infusion on all-cause mortality in critically ill patients with metabolic acidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Waskowski
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - B Hess
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Center of Intensive Care Medicine, Luzerner Kantonsspital, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - L Cioccari
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - C A Pfortmueller
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - J C Schefold
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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15
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Coppola S, Caccioppola A, Froio S, Chiumello D. Sodium Bicarbonate in Different Critically Ill Conditions: From Physiology to Clinical Practice. Anesthesiology 2021; 134:774-783. [PMID: 33721887 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000003733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Intravenous sodium bicarbonate is commonly used in several critically ill conditions for the management of acute acidemia independently of the etiology, and for the prevention of acute kidney injury, although this is still controversial from a physiologic point of view.
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16
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Korang SK, Safi S, Feinberg J, Nielsen EE, Gluud C, Jakobsen JC. Bicarbonate for acute acidosis. Hippokratia 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd014371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Kwasi Korang
- Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research; The Capital Region of Denmark, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Sanam Safi
- Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research; The Capital Region of Denmark, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Joshua Feinberg
- Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research; The Capital Region of Denmark, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Emil Eik Nielsen
- Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research; The Capital Region of Denmark, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Christian Gluud
- Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research; The Capital Region of Denmark, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital; Copenhagen Denmark
- Cochrane Hepato-Biliary Group, Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research; The Capital Region of Denmark, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital; Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Regional Health Research, The Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
| | - Janus C Jakobsen
- Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research; The Capital Region of Denmark, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital; Copenhagen Denmark
- Cochrane Hepato-Biliary Group, Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research; The Capital Region of Denmark, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital; Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Regional Health Research, The Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
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17
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Mochizuki K, Fujii T, Paul E, Anstey M, Pilcher DV, Bellomo R. Early metabolic acidosis in critically ill patients: a binational multicentre study. CRIT CARE RESUSC 2021; 23:67-75. [PMID: 38046393 PMCID: PMC10692578 DOI: 10.51893/2021.1.oa6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective: We aimed to measure the incidence, prevalence, characteristics and outcomes of intensive care unit (ICU) patients with early (first 24 hours) metabolic acidosis (MA) according to two different levels of severity with a focus on recent data. Design: We retrospectively applied two diagnostic criteria to our analysis based on literature for early MA: i) severe MA criteria (pH ≤ 7.20 and Paco2 ≤ 45 mmHg and HCO3- ≤ 20 mmol/L with total Sequential Organ Failure Assessment [SOFA] score ≥ 4 or lactate ≥ 2 mmol/L), and ii) moderate MA criteria (pH < 7.30 and base excess < -4 mmol/L and Paco2 ≤ 45 mmHg). Setting: ICUs in the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Adult Patient Database program. Participants: Adult patients registered to the database from 2008 to 2018. Main outcome measures: Incidence, prevalence, and hospital mortality of patients with MA by the two criteria. Results: We screened 1 076 087 patients. Given the Australian and New Zealand population during the study period, we estimated the incidence of severe MA at 39.5 per million per year versus 349.2-411.5 per million per year for moderate MA. In the most recent 2 years, we observed early severe MA in 1.5% (1350/87 110) of patients compared with 8.4% (20 679/244 740) for moderate MA. Overall, hospital mortality for patients with early severe MA was 48.3% (652/1350) compared with 21.5% (4444/20 679) for moderate MA. Conclusions: Early severe MA is uncommon in Australian and New Zealand ICUs and carries a very high mortality. Moderate MA is over seven-fold more common and still carries a high mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsunori Mochizuki
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Tomoko Fujii
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Intensive Care Unit, Jikei University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eldho Paul
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthew Anstey
- Intensive Care, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - David V. Pilcher
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Intensive Care, The Alfred, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Centre for Outcome and Resource Evaluation, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rinaldo Bellomo
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Integrated Critical Care, Department of Medicine, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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18
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Mochizuki K, Fujii T, Paul E, Anstey M, Uchino S, Pilcher DV, Bellomo R. Acidemia subtypes in critically ill patients: An international cohort study. J Crit Care 2021; 64:10-17. [PMID: 33725556 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2021.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the prevalence, characteristic, outcome, and acid-base biomarker predictors of outcome for different acidemia subtypes. METHODS We used national intensive care databases from three countries and classified acidemia subtypes as metabolic (standard base excess [SBE] < -2 mEq/L only), respiratory (PaCO2 > 42 mmHg only), and combined (both SBE < -2 mEq/L and PaCO2 > 42 mmHg) based on blood gas analysis in the first 24 h after ICU admission. To investigate acid-base predictors for hospital mortality, we applied the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve approach. RESULTS We screened 643,689 ICU patients (2014-2018) and detected acidemia in 57.8%. The most common subtype was metabolic (42.9%), followed by combined (30.3%) and respiratory (25.9%). Combined acidemia had a mortality of 12.7%, compared with 11% for metabolic and 5.5% for respiratory. For combined acidemia, the best predictor of hospital mortality was pH. However, for metabolic or respiratory acidemia, it was SBE or PaCO2, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In ICU patients with acidemia, mortality differs according to subtype and is highest in the combined subtype. Best acid-base predictors of mortality also differ according to subtype with best performance for pH in combined, SBE in metabolic, and PaCO2 in respiratory acidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsunori Mochizuki
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan.
| | - Tomoko Fujii
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Intensive Care Unit, The Jikei University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eldho Paul
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew Anstey
- Intensive Care, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Shigehiko Uchino
- Intensive Care Unit, The Jikei University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - David V Pilcher
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Intensive Care, The Alfred, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; The Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Centre for Outcome and Resource Evaluation, Camberwell, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rinaldo Bellomo
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; Department of Intensive Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Integrated Critical Care, Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Data Analytics Research and evaluation Centre, The University of Melbourne and Austin Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
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19
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Fujii T, Udy AA, Nichol A, Bellomo R, Deane AM, El-Khawas K, Thummaporn N, Serpa Neto A, Bergin H, Short-Burchell R, Chen CM, Cheng KH, Cheng KC, Chia C, Chiang FF, Chou NK, Fazio T, Fu PK, Ge V, Hayashi Y, Holmes J, Hu TY, Huang SF, Iguchi N, Jones SL, Karumai T, Katayama S, Ku SC, Lai CL, Lee BJ, Liaw WJ, Ong CTW, Paxton L, Peppin C, Roodenburg O, Saito S, Santamaria JD, Shehabi Y, Tanaka A, Tiruvoipati R, Tsai HE, Wang AY, Wang CY, Yeh YC, Yu CJ, Yuan KC. Incidence and management of metabolic acidosis with sodium bicarbonate in the ICU: An international observational study. Crit Care 2021; 25:45. [PMID: 33531020 PMCID: PMC7851901 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-020-03431-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic acidosis is a major complication of critical illness. However, its current epidemiology and its treatment with sodium bicarbonate given to correct metabolic acidosis in the ICU are poorly understood. METHOD This was an international retrospective observational study in 18 ICUs in Australia, Japan, and Taiwan. Adult patients were consecutively screened, and those with early metabolic acidosis (pH < 7.3 and a Base Excess < -4 mEq/L, within 24-h of ICU admission) were included. Screening continued until 10 patients who received and 10 patients who did not receive sodium bicarbonate in the first 24 h (early bicarbonate therapy) were included at each site. The primary outcome was ICU mortality, and the association between sodium bicarbonate and the clinical outcomes were assessed using regression analysis with generalized linear mixed model. RESULTS We screened 9437 patients. Of these, 1292 had early metabolic acidosis (14.0%). Early sodium bicarbonate was given to 18.0% (233/1292) of these patients. Dosing, physiological, and clinical outcome data were assessed in 360 patients. The median dose of sodium bicarbonate in the first 24 h was 110 mmol, which was not correlated with bodyweight or the severity of metabolic acidosis. Patients who received early sodium bicarbonate had higher APACHE III scores, lower pH, lower base excess, lower PaCO2, and a higher lactate and received higher doses of vasopressors. After adjusting for confounders, the early administration of sodium bicarbonate was associated with an adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of 0.85 (95% CI, 0.44 to 1.62) for ICU mortality. In patients with vasopressor dependency, early sodium bicarbonate was associated with higher mean arterial pressure at 6 h and an aOR of 0.52 (95% CI, 0.22 to 1.19) for ICU mortality. CONCLUSIONS Early metabolic acidosis is common in critically ill patients. Early sodium bicarbonate is administered by clinicians to more severely ill patients but without correction for weight or acidosis severity. Bicarbonate therapy in acidotic vasopressor-dependent patients may be beneficial and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Fujii
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Rd, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
- Intensive Care Unit, Jikei University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Andrew A Udy
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Rd, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- Department of Intensive Care and Hyperbaric Medicine, The Alfred, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alistair Nichol
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Rd, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- Department of Intensive Care and Hyperbaric Medicine, The Alfred, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rinaldo Bellomo
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Rd, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Integrated Critical Care, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Adam M Deane
- Melbourne Medical School, Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Khaled El-Khawas
- Department of Intensive Care and Hyperbaric Medicine, The Alfred, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Naorungroj Thummaporn
- Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
- Department of Critical Care, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ary Serpa Neto
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Rd, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hannah Bergin
- Intensive Care Unit, Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Robert Short-Burchell
- Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital Geelong, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Chin-Ming Chen
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Hua Cheng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital Taipei Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chen Cheng
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Clemente Chia
- Department of Intensive Care and Hyperbaric Medicine, The Alfred, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Feng-Fan Chiang
- Division of Internal & Critical Care Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Kuan Chou
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Timothy Fazio
- Melbourne Medical School, Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Health Intelligence, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Pin-Kuei Fu
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Victor Ge
- Intensive Care Unit, Peninsula Health, Frankston, VIC, Australia
| | - Yoshiro Hayashi
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Kameda Medical Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jennifer Holmes
- Intensive Care Unit, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Ting-Yu Hu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital Taipei Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Naoya Iguchi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sarah L Jones
- Intensive Care Unit, Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Toshiyuki Karumai
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Kameda Medical Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shinshu Katayama
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Shih-Chi Ku
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Lun Lai
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Jen Lee
- Division of Internal & Critical Care Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Jinn Liaw
- Chung-Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chelsea T W Ong
- Intensive Care Services, Eastern Health, Box Hill, VIC, Australia
| | - Lisa Paxton
- Melbourne Medical School, Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Chloe Peppin
- Critical Care and Perioperative Services, Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Owen Roodenburg
- Intensive Care Services, Eastern Health, Box Hill, VIC, Australia
| | - Shinjiro Saito
- Intensive Care Unit, Jikei University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - John D Santamaria
- Intensive Care Unit, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Yahya Shehabi
- Critical Care Research, Monash Health School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Aiko Tanaka
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ravindranath Tiruvoipati
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Rd, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- Intensive Care Unit, Peninsula Health, Frankston, VIC, Australia
| | - Hsiao-En Tsai
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
| | - An-Yi Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yu Wang
- Division of Internal & Critical Care Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chang Yeh
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chong-Jen Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Park Branch, National Taiwan University Hospital Biomedical, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Ching Yuan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Wang T, Yi L, Zhang H, Wang T, Xi J, Zeng L, He J, Zhang Z, Ma P. Risk Potential for Organ Dysfunction Associated With Sodium Bicarbonate Therapy in Critically Ill Patients With Hemodynamic Worsening. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:665907. [PMID: 34307402 PMCID: PMC8292723 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.665907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The role of sodium bicarbonate therapy (SBT) remains controversial. This study aimed to investigate whether hemodynamic status before SBT contributed to the heterogeneous outcomes associated with SBT in acute critically ill patients. Methods: We obtained data from patients with metabolic acidosis from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care (MIMIC)-III database. Propensity score matching (PSM) was applied to match the SBT group with the control group. Logistic regression and Cox regression were used to analyze a composite of newly "developed or exacerbated organ dysfunction" (d/eOD) within 7 days of ICU admission and 28-day mortality associated with SBT for metabolic acidosis. Results: A total of 1,765 patients with metabolic acidosis were enrolled, and 332 pairs obtained by PSM were applied to the final analyses in the study. An increased incidence of newly d/eOD was observed in the SB group compared with the control group (54.8 vs. 44.6%, p < 0.01). Multivariable logistic regression indicated that the adjusted OR of SBT for this composite outcome was no longer significant [OR (95% CI): 1.39 (0.9, 1.85); p = 0.164]. This effect of SBT did not change with the quintiles stratified by pH. Interestingly, SBT was associated with an increased risk of the composite of newly d/eOD in the subgroup of patients with worsening hemodynamics before SBT [adjusted OR (95% CI): 3.6 (1.84, 7.22), p < 0.001]. Moreover, the risk potential for this composite of outcomes was significantly increased in patients characterized by both worsening [adjusted OR (95% CI): 2.91 (1.54, 5.47), p < 0.001] and unchanged hemodynamics [adjusted OR (95% CI): 1.94 (1.01, 3.72), p = 0.046] compared to patients with improved hemodynamics before SBT. Our study failed to demonstrate an association between SBT and 28-day mortality in acute critically ill patients with metabolic acidosis. Conclusions: Our findings did not demonstrate an association between SBT and outcomes in critically ill patients with metabolic acidosis. However, patients with either worsening or unchanged hemodynamic status in initial resuscitation had a significantly higher risk potential of newly d/eOD subsequent to SBT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiehua Wang
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lingxian Yi
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Strategic Support Force Characteristic Medical Center of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Research Center of Clinical Epidemiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tianhao Wang
- Emergency Department, The 8th Medical Centre of Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Xi
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Zeng
- Research Center of Clinical Epidemiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Junlin He
- Department of Medical Affairs, Shanghai Palan DataRx Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongheng Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Penglin Ma
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Guiqian International General Hospital, Guiyang, China
- *Correspondence: Penglin Ma
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Is It the pH That Matters? Challenging the Pathophysiology of Acidemia in a Case of Severe Hypercapnia Secondary to Intraoperative CO 2 Insufflation. Case Rep Crit Care 2020; 2020:1898759. [PMID: 33062341 PMCID: PMC7555461 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1898759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acidemia has been long thought to lead to hemodynamic compromise. While some literature to date challenges this idea, there is no consensus on this topic. Case Summary To our knowledge, this is the most severe case of hypercapnia and acidosis due to carbon dioxide (CO2) insufflation during laparoscopy reported in the literature. Remarkably, this patient remained hemodynamically normal despite having a blood pH below 6.81. This prompts a wider discussion about the effects of blood pH on human physiology. Most patients who present acidotic are critically ill and have confounding underlying metabolic or respiratory pathophysiology driving their illness. In this case, the patient experienced no respiratory insult leading to an increase in blood CO2 but rather had CO2 iatrogenically introduced into the circulatory system, effectively detaching the deleterious effects of CO2 from the respiratory pathologies that so often cause its accumulation. Conclusion This raises the question, in patients with severe acidosis and hemodynamic compromise, is acidosis a symptom of the underlying process, or is the acidosis itself causing harm?
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22
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Haines RW, Kirwan CJ, Prowle JR. Managing Chloride and Bicarbonate in the Prevention and Treatment of Acute Kidney Injury. Semin Nephrol 2020; 39:473-483. [PMID: 31514911 DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Intravenous crystalloid therapy is one of the most ubiquitous aspects of hospital and critical care medicine. In recent years, there has been increasing focus on the electrolyte composition, and particularly chloride content, of crystalloid solutions. This has led to increasing clinical adoption of balanced solutions, containing substrates for bicarbonate generation and consequently a lower chloride content, in place of 0.9% saline. In this article we review the physiochemical rationale for avoidance of 0.9% saline and the effects of hyperchloremic acidosis on renal physiology. Finally, we review the current evidence and rationale for use of balanced solutions greater than 0.9% saline in acutely ill patients in a variety of clinical settings, as well as considering the role for sodium bicarbonate in preventing or correcting metabolic acidosis. In conclusion, there is a strong physiological rationale for avoidance of iatrogenic hyperchloremic acidosis from 0.9% saline administration in acutely unwell patients and an association with adverse renal outcomes in several studies. However, evidence from large definitive multicenter randomized trials is not yet available to establish the dose-relationship between 0.9% saline administration and potential harm and inform us if some 0.9% saline use is acceptable or if any exposure confers harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan W Haines
- Adult Critical Care Unit, The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom; William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J Kirwan
- Adult Critical Care Unit, The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom; William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Renal Medicine and Transplantation, The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - John R Prowle
- Adult Critical Care Unit, The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom; William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Renal Medicine and Transplantation, The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
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23
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Nusshag C, Beynon C, Dietrich M, Hecker A, Jungk C, Michalski D, Schmidt K, Weigand MA, Reuß CJ, Bernhard M, Brenner T. [Focus on nephrology : Intensive medical care studies from 2018-2019]. Anaesthesist 2020; 68:854-858. [PMID: 31440785 DOI: 10.1007/s00101-019-00641-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Nusshag
- Klinik für Nephrologie / Nierenzentrum HD, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Deutschland.
| | - C Beynon
- Neurochirurgische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - M Dietrich
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - A Hecker
- Klinik für Allgemein‑, Viszeral‑, Thorax‑, Transplantations- und Kinderchirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Gießen und Marburg, Standort Gießen, Gießen, Deutschland
| | - C Jungk
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - D Michalski
- Neurologische Intensivstation und Stroke Unit, Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig AöR, Leipzig, Deutschland
| | - K Schmidt
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - M A Weigand
- Neurochirurgische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - C J Reuß
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - M Bernhard
- Zentrale Notaufnahme, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Deutschland
| | - T Brenner
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Deutschland
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Adrogué HJ, Madias NE. Alkali Therapy for Respiratory Acidosis: A Medical Controversy. Am J Kidney Dis 2020; 75:265-271. [DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2019.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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25
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The critical care literature 2018. Am J Emerg Med 2019; 38:670-680. [PMID: 31831348 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2019.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An emergency physician (EP) is often the first health care provider to evaluate, resuscitate, and manage a critically ill patient. In recent years, the annual hours of critical care delivered in emergency departments (EDs) across the United States increased more than 200% (Herring et al., 2013). In addition to seeing more critically ill patients, EPs are often tasked with providing critical care long beyond the initial resuscitation period. In fact, more than 50% of ED patients that require admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) remain in the ED for more than 6 h (Rose et al., 2016). Longer ED boarding times for critically ill patients is associated with a negative impact on inpatient morbidity and mortality (Mathews et al., 2018). It is during these early hours of critical illness, while the patient is in the ED, where lives can be saved or lost. Therefore, it is important for the EP to be knowledgeable about recent developments in critical care medicine. This review summarizes important articles published in 2018 pertaining to the resuscitation and care of select critically ill patients. We chose these articles based on our opinion of the importance of the study findings and their application to clinical care in the ED. The following topics are covered: cardiac arrest, post-arrest care, septic shock, rapid sequence intubation, mechanical ventilation, fluid resuscitation, and metabolic acidosis.
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The Janus faces of bicarbonate therapy in the ICU: con. Intensive Care Med 2019; 46:519-521. [PMID: 31728566 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-019-05842-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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27
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Jung B, Jaber S. The Janus faces of bicarbonate therapy in the ICU. Intensive Care Med 2019; 46:516-518. [PMID: 31713059 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-019-05835-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Boris Jung
- Département de Médecine Intensive et Réanimation, CHU Montpellier, 34000, Montpellier, France.,PhyMedExp, INSERM U1046, CNRS, UMR 9214, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Montpellier, University of Montpellier, 34295, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Samir Jaber
- PhyMedExp, INSERM U1046, CNRS, UMR 9214, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Montpellier, University of Montpellier, 34295, Montpellier Cedex 5, France. .,Intensive Care Unit, Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Anesthesia and Critical Care Department B, Saint Eloi Teaching Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Montpellier, University Montpellier, 1, 80 Avenue Augustin Fliche, 34295, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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Zhang Z, Mo L, Ho KM, Hong Y. Association Between the Use of Sodium Bicarbonate and Mortality in Acute Kidney Injury Using Marginal Structural Cox Model. Crit Care Med 2019; 47:1402-1408. [PMID: 31356473 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000003927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acute kidney injury with metabolic acidosis is common in critically ill patients. This study assessed the associations between the use of IV sodium bicarbonate and mortality of patients with acute kidney injury and acidosis. DESIGN The study was conducted by using data from Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, which included several ICUs such as coronary care unit, cardiac surgery recovery unit, medical ICU, surgical ICU, and trauma-neuro ICU. Marginal structural Cox model was used to assess the relationship between receipt of sodium bicarbonate and hospital mortality, allowing pH, PaCO2, creatinine, and bicarbonate concentration as time-varying predictors of sodium bicarbonate exposure while adjusting for baseline characteristics of age, gender, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, acute kidney injury stage, Elixhauser score, quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, and Simplified Acute Physiology Score II. SETTING A large U.S.-based critical care database named Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care. PATIENTS Patients with Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes acute kidney injury stage greater than or equal to 1 (> 1.5 (Equation is included in full-text article.)baseline creatinine) and one measurement of acidosis (pH ≤ 7.2). Baseline creatinine was estimated using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Of the 3,406 eligible patients, 836 (24.5%) had received sodium bicarbonate treatment. Patients who received sodium bicarbonate treatment had a higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (9 vs 7; p < 0.001), lower pH (7.16 vs 7.18; p < 0.001), and bicarbonate concentration (16.51 ± 7.04 vs 20.57 ± 6.29 mmol/L; p < 0.001) compared with those who did not receive sodium bicarbonate. In the marginal structural Cox model by weighing observations with inverse probability of receiving sodium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate treatment was not associated with mortality in the overall population (hazard ratio, 1.16; 95% CI, 0.98-1.42; p = 0.132), but it appeared to be beneficial in subgroups of pancreatitis (hazard ratio, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.28-0.98; p = 0.044) and severe acidosis (pH < 7.15; hazard ratio, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.58-0.96; p = 0.024). Furthermore, sodium bicarbonate appeared to be beneficial in patients with severe bicarbonate deficit (< -50 kg·mmol/L). CONCLUSIONS In the analysis by adjusting for potential confounders, there is no evidence that IV sodium bicarbonate is beneficial for patients with acute kidney injury and acidosis. Although the study suggested potential beneficial effects in some highly selected subgroups, the results need to be validated in experimental trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongheng Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Mo
- Department of Biostatistics, Lejiu Healthcare Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Kwok M Ho
- School of Veterinary & Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Yucai Hong
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Fujii T, Udy A, Licari E, Romero L, Bellomo R. Sodium bicarbonate therapy for critically ill patients with metabolic acidosis: A scoping and a systematic review. J Crit Care 2019; 51:184-191. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2019.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Kraut JA, Madias NE. Intravenous Sodium Bicarbonate in Treating Patients With Severe Metabolic Acidemia. Am J Kidney Dis 2019; 73:572-575. [DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Ghauri SK, Javaeed A, Mustafa KJ, Podlasek A, Khan AS. Bicarbonate Therapy for Critically Ill Patients with Metabolic Acidosis: A Systematic Review. Cureus 2019; 11:e4297. [PMID: 31183278 PMCID: PMC6538112 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.4297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The management of acid-base disorders always calls for precise diagnosis and treatment of the underlying disease. Sometimes additional means are necessary to combat systemic acidity itself. In this systematic review, we discuss the concept and some specific aspects of bicarbonate therapy for critically ill patients with metabolic acidosis (i.e., patients with blood pH < 7.35). We conducted a systematic literature review of three online databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane) in November 2018 to validate usage of bicarbonate therapy for critically ill patients with metabolic acidosis. Twelve trials and case series were included in the final analysis, from which we assessed population, intervention, comparison, and outcome data. The current literature suggests limited benefit from bicarbonate therapy for patients with severe metabolic acidosis (pH < 7.1 and bicarbonate < 6 mEq/L). However, bicarbonate therapy does yield improvement in survival for patients with accompanying acute kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anna Podlasek
- Emergency Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, POL
| | - Abdus Salam Khan
- Emergency Medicine, Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, PAK
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Kraut JA. Treatment of acute acidaemia in the seriously ill patient: Should base be given? Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med 2018; 37:495-497. [PMID: 30573203 DOI: 10.1016/j.accpm.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Kraut
- Medical and Research Services VHAGLA Healthcare System, UCLA Membrane Biology Laboratory, and Division of Nephrology VHAGLA Healthcare System and David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Jaber S, Jung B. Time to treat metabolic acidosis in ICU with sodium bicarbonate? Maybe. Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med 2018; 37:499-500. [DOI: 10.1016/j.accpm.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Zhang Z, Zhu C, Mo L, Hong Y. Effectiveness of sodium bicarbonate infusion on mortality in septic patients with metabolic acidosis. Intensive Care Med 2018; 44:1888-1895. [PMID: 30255318 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-018-5379-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although sodium bicarbonate (SB) solution has been widely used in clinical practice, its effect on mortality when administered to a large population of patients with acidosis is not known. The study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of SB infusion in septic patients with metabolic acidosis. METHODS Septic patients with metabolic acidosis were identified from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care (MIMIC)-III database. Propensity score (PS) was used to account for the baseline differences in the probability to receive SB or not. The marginal structural Cox model (MSCM) was employed to adjust for both baseline and time-varying confounding factors. MAIN RESULTS A total of 1718 septic patients with metabolic acidosis were enrolled in the study, including 500 in the SB group and 1218 in the non-SB group. Both pH [7.16 (standard deviation (SD): 0.10) vs. 7.22 (SD: 0.07); p < 0.001] and bicarbonate concentration (BC) [11.84 (SD: 3.63) vs. 14.88 (SD: 3.36) mmol/l; p < 0.001] were significantly lower in the SB than that in the non-SB group. While there was no significant mortality effect in the overall population [hazard ratio (HR): 1.04; 95% CI 0.86-1.26; p = 0.67], SB was observed to be beneficial in patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) stage 2 or 3 and pH < 7.2 (HR 0.74; 95% CI 0.51-0.86; p = 0.021). Similar results were replicated with the MSCM. CONCLUSION Our study observed that SB infusion was not associated with improved outcome in septic patients with metabolic acidosis, but it was associated with improved survival in septic patients with AKI stage 2 or 3 and severe acidosis. The results need to be verified in randomized controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongheng Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 3, East Qingchun Road, 310016, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Carlie Zhu
- Department of Clinical Statistics, 3M China Research and Development Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Mo
- Department of Biostatistics, Lejiu Healthcare Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Yucai Hong
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 3, East Qingchun Road, 310016, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Jaber S, Paugam C, Futier E, Lefrant JY, Lasocki S, Lescot T, Pottecher J, Demoule A, Ferrandière M, Asehnoune K, Dellamonica J, Velly L, Abback PS, de Jong A, Brunot V, Belafia F, Roquilly A, Chanques G, Muller L, Constantin JM, Bertet H, Klouche K, Molinari N, Jung B. Sodium bicarbonate therapy for patients with severe metabolic acidaemia in the intensive care unit (BICAR-ICU): a multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet 2018; 392:31-40. [PMID: 29910040 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(18)31080-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute acidaemia is frequently observed during critical illness. Sodium bicarbonate infusion for the treatment of severe metabolic acidaemia is a possible treatment option but remains controversial, as no studies to date have examined its effect on clinical outcomes. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate whether sodium bicarbonate infusion would improve these outcomes in critically ill patients. METHODS We did a multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled, phase 3 trial. Local investigators screened eligible patients from 26 intensive care units (ICUs) in France. We included adult patients (aged ≥18 years) who were admitted within 48 h to the ICU with severe acidaemia (pH ≤7·20, PaCO2 ≤45 mm Hg, and sodium bicarbonate concentration ≤20 mmol/L) and with a total Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score of 4 or more or an arterial lactate concentration of 2 mmol/L or more. We randomly assigned patients (1:1), by stratified randomisation with minimisation via a restricted web platform, to receive either no sodium bicarbonate (control group) or 4·2% of intravenous sodium bicarbonate infusion (bicarbonate group) to maintain the arterial pH above 7·30. Our protocol recommended that the volume of each infusion should be within the range of 125-250 mL in 30 min, with a maximum of 1000 mL within 24 h after inclusion. Randomisation criteria were stratified among three prespecified strata: age, sepsis status, and the Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) score. The primary outcome was a composite of death from any cause by day 28 and the presence of at least one organ failure at day 7. All analyses were done on data from the intention-to-treat population, which included all patients who underwent randomisation. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02476253. FINDINGS Between May 5, 2015, and May 7, 2017, we enrolled 389 patients into the intention-to-treat analysis in the overall population (194 in the control group and 195 in the bicarbonate group). The primary outcome occurred in 138 (71%) of 194 patients in the control group and 128 (66%) of 195 in the bicarbonate group (absolute difference estimate -5·5%, 95% CI -15·2 to 4·2; p=0·24). The Kaplan-Meier method estimate of the probability of survival at day 28 between the control group and bicarbonate group was not significant (46% [95% CI 40-54] vs 55% [49-63]; p=0·09. In the prespecified AKIN stratum of patients with a score of 2 or 3, the Kaplan-Meier method estimate of survival by day 28 between the control group and bicarbonate group was significant (37% [95% CI 28-48] vs 54% [45-65]; p=0·0283). [corrected] Metabolic alkalosis, hypernatraemia, and hypocalcaemia were observed more frequently in the bicarbonate group than in the control group, with no life-threatening complications reported. INTERPRETATION In patients with severe metabolic acidaemia, sodium bicarbonate had no effect on the primary composite outcome. However, sodium bicarbonate decreased the primary composite outcome and day 28 mortality in the a-priori defined stratum of patients with acute kidney injury. FUNDING French Ministry of Health and the Société Française d'Anesthésie Réanimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Jaber
- Saint Eloi ICU, Montpellier University Hospital, PhyMedExp, INSERM, CNRS, Montpellier, France.
| | - Catherine Paugam
- AP-HP, Département Anesthésie et Réanimation, Hôpital Beaujon, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Nord Val de Seine, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Futier
- CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Department of Perioperative Medicine, GReD, UMR/CNRS6293, University Clermont Auvergne, INSERM U1103, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jean-Yves Lefrant
- CHU de Nîmes, Département Anesthésie et Réanimation, University of Montpellier-Nîmes, Nîmes, France
| | | | - Thomas Lescot
- AP-HP, Département Anesthésie et Réanimation, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Julien Pottecher
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation Chirurgicale-Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Alexandre Demoule
- Service de Pneumologie, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMRS1158 Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, Paris, France; AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière Charles Foix, Service de Pneumologie et Réanimation Médicale du Département R3S, Paris, France
| | | | - Karim Asehnoune
- CHU de Nantes, Département Anesthésie et Réanimation Chirurgicale, Nantes, France
| | - Jean Dellamonica
- CHU de Nice, Département de Réanimation Médicale, INSERM-C3M-Université Cote d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Lionel Velly
- Aix-Marseille Université, AP-HM, Département Anesthésie et Réanimation Chirurgicale, Groupe Hospitalier Timone, UMR 7289, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Paër-Sélim Abback
- AP-HP, Département Anesthésie et Réanimation, Hôpital Beaujon, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Nord Val de Seine, Paris, France
| | - Audrey de Jong
- Saint Eloi ICU, Montpellier University Hospital, PhyMedExp, INSERM, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Brunot
- Département de Médecine Intensive et Réanimation, Montpellier University Hospital, PhyMedExp, INSERM, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Fouad Belafia
- Saint Eloi ICU, Montpellier University Hospital, PhyMedExp, INSERM, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Antoine Roquilly
- CHU de Nantes, Département Anesthésie et Réanimation Chirurgicale, Nantes, France
| | - Gérald Chanques
- Saint Eloi ICU, Montpellier University Hospital, PhyMedExp, INSERM, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurent Muller
- CHU de Nîmes, Département Anesthésie et Réanimation, University of Montpellier-Nîmes, Nîmes, France
| | - Jean-Michel Constantin
- CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Department of Perioperative Medicine, GReD, UMR/CNRS6293, University Clermont Auvergne, INSERM U1103, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Helena Bertet
- CHU de Montpellier, Department of Statistics, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Kada Klouche
- Département de Médecine Intensive et Réanimation, Montpellier University Hospital, PhyMedExp, INSERM, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Molinari
- CHU de Montpellier, Department of Statistics, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Boris Jung
- Département de Médecine Intensive et Réanimation, Montpellier University Hospital, PhyMedExp, INSERM, CNRS, Montpellier, France
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A Novel Approach to Identify Polytraumatized Patients in Extremis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:7320158. [PMID: 29850559 PMCID: PMC5932503 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7320158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Due to the fact that early objective identification of polytraumatized patients in extremis is crucial for carrying out immediate life-saving measures, our objectives were to provide and scrutinize a definition that results in a particularly high mortality rate and to identify predictors of mortality in this group. Materials and Methods A polytraumatized patient (ISS ≥ 16) was classified “in extremis” if five out of seven parameters (arterial paCO2 > 50 mmHg, hemoglobin < 9.5 g/dl, pH value < 7.2, lactate level > 4 mmol/l, base excess < −6 mmol/l, shock index > 1, and Horowitz index < 300) were met. By applying this definition, polytraumatized patients (age ≥ 18 years), admitted to our level I trauma center within a time period of three years, were retrospectively allocated to the “in extremis” group and to an age-, gender-, and ISS-matched “non-in extremis” group for comparison. Results Out of 64 polytraumatized patients (mean ISS, 43.6), who formed the “in extremis” group, 36 patients (56.3%) died, thus revealing a threefold higher mortality rate than in the matched group (18.9%). Within the “in extremis” group, age and ISS were identified as predictors of mortality. Conclusion Our definition might serve as a valuable early warning score or at least an impetus for defining polytraumatized patients in extremis in clinical practice.
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Acidose à la 5-oxoproline induite par le paracétamol : une cause rare d’acidose métabolique à trou anionique augmenté. Rev Med Interne 2018; 39:122-126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2017.10.423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Samanta S, Singh RK, Baronia AK, Mishra P, Poddar B, Azim A, Gurjar M. Early pH Change Predicts Intensive Care Unit Mortality. Indian J Crit Care Med 2018; 22:697-705. [PMID: 30405279 PMCID: PMC6201653 DOI: 10.4103/ijccm.ijccm_129_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim of the Study: Metabolic acidosis is associated with increased mortality in critically ill patients. We hypothesized that early correction of acidosis of presumed metabolic origin results in improved outcomes. Patients and Methods: We conducted a prospective, observational study from February 2015 to June 2016 in a 12 bed mixed intensive care unit (ICU) of a 1000 bed tertiary care hospital in the north of India. ICU patients aged above 18 years with an admission pH ≥7.0 to <7.35 of presumed metabolic origin were included. Arterial blood gas parameters including pH, PaO2, PaCO2, HCO3−, Na+, K+, Cl−, anion gap (AG), base excess, and lactate at 0, 6, and 24 h along with other standard laboratory investigations were recorded. The primary outcome was to assess the impact of early pH changes on mortality at day 28 of ICU. Results: A total of 104 patients with 60.6% males and 91.3% medical patients were included in the study. Sepsis of lung origin (60.6%) was the predominant etiology. By day 28, 68 (65.4%) patients had died. Median age was 49.5 years, weight 61.7 kg, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, and Acute Physiologic and Chronic Health Evaluation II scores were 16 and 12, respectively. Nonsurvivors had a higher vasopressor index (P < 0.01), lactate and central venous oxygen saturation (P < 0.05), and lower pH (P < 0.05). A pH correction/change of ≥1.16% during the first 24 h had the best receiver operating characteristic for predicting survival at day 28, with area under the curve (95% confidence interval, 0.72 [0.62–0.82], P < 0.05) compared to HCO3-, BE, lactate, and AG. Conclusions: Metabolic acidosis is associated with higher mortality in ICU. The rate of change in pH may better predict ICU mortality than other metabolic indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujay Samanta
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ratender Kumar Singh
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Arvind K Baronia
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Prabhaker Mishra
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Banani Poddar
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Afzal Azim
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohan Gurjar
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Sánchez-Díaz JS, Monares-Zepeda E, Martínez-Rodríguez EA, Cortés-Román JS, Torres-Aguilar O, Peniche-Moguel KG, Díaz-Gutiérrez SP, Pin-Gutiérrez E, Rivera-Solís G, García-Méndez RC, Huanca-Pacaje JM, Calyeca-Sánchez MV. Acidosis láctica por metformina: reporte de caso. COLOMBIAN JOURNAL OF ANESTHESIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rca.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Metformin-related lactic acidosis: Case report☆. COLOMBIAN JOURNAL OF ANESTHESIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1097/01819236-201710000-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Sánchez-Díaz JS, Monares-Zepeda E, Martínez-Rodríguez EA, Cortés-Román JS, Torres-Aguilar O, Peniche-Moguel KG, Díaz-Gutiérrez SP, Pin-Gutiérrez E, Rivera-Solís G, García-Méndez RC, Huanca-Pacaje JM, Calyeca-Sánchez MV. Metformin-related lactic acidosis: Case report. COLOMBIAN JOURNAL OF ANESTHESIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rcae.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Mise au point sur les conséquences hémodynamiques de l’acidose lactique dans les états de choc. MEDECINE INTENSIVE REANIMATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13546-017-1262-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Mason TG, Kraut JA. Treatment of Acidified Blood Using Reduced Osmolarity Mixed-Base Solutions. Front Physiol 2016; 7:625. [PMID: 28082905 PMCID: PMC5183630 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We hypothesize that reduced osmolarity mixed-base (ROMB) solutions can potentially serve as customizable treatments for acidoses, going beyond standard solutions in clinical use, such as 1.0 M sodium bicarbonate. Through in silico quantitative modeling, by treating acidified canine blood using ROMB solutions, and by performing blood-gas and optical microscopy measurements in vitro, we demonstrate that ROMB solutions having a high proportion of a strong base, such as disodium carbonate or sodium hydroxide, can be effective in reducing carbon dioxide pressure PCO2 while raising pH and bicarbonate ion concentration without causing significant osmotic damage to red blood cells, which can occur during rapid administration of hypertonic solutions of weak bases. These results suggest that a ROMB solution, which is composed mostly of a strong base, could be administered in a safe and effective manner, when compared to a hypertonic solution of sodium bicarbonate. Because of the reduced osmolarity and the customizable content of strong base in ROMB solutions, this approach differs from prior approaches involving hypertonic solutions that only considered a single molar ratio of strong to weak base. Our calculations and measurements suggest that custom-tailored ROMB solutions merit consideration as potentially efficacious treatments for specific types of acidosis, particularly acute metabolic acidosis and acute respiratory acidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Mason
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los AngelesLos Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los AngelesLos Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Kraut
- Medical and Research Services, Veterans Health Administration Greater Los Angeles Area Healthcare SystemLos Angeles, CA, USA; Division of Nephrology, Veterans Health Administration Greater Los Angeles Area Healthcare SystemLos Angeles, CA, USA; Membrane Biology Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los AngelesLos Angeles, CA, USA
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Loftus TJ, Jordan JR, Croft CA, Smith RS, Efron PA, Moore FA, Mohr AM, Brakenridge SC. Emergent laparotomy and temporary abdominal closure for the cirrhotic patient. J Surg Res 2016; 210:108-114. [PMID: 28457316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Temporary abdominal closure (TAC) may be performed for cirrhotic patients undergoing emergent laparotomy. The effects of cirrhosis on physiologic parameters, resuscitation requirements, and outcomes following TAC are unknown. We hypothesized that cirrhotic TAC patients would have different resuscitation requirements and worse outcomes than noncirrhotic patients. METHODS We performed a 3-year retrospective cohort analysis of 231 patients managed with TAC following emergent laparotomy for sepsis, trauma, or abdominal compartment syndrome. All patients were initially managed with negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) TAC with intention for planned relaparotomy and sequential abdominal closure attempts at 24- to 48-h intervals. RESULTS At presentation, cirrhotic patients had higher incidence of acidosis (33% versus 17%) and coagulopathy (87% versus 54%) than noncirrhotic patients. Forty-eight hours after presentation, cirrhotic patients had a persistently higher incidence of coagulopathy (77% versus 44%) despite receiving more fresh frozen plasma (10.8 units versus 4.4 units). Cirrhotic patients had higher NPWT output (4427 mL versus 2375 mL) and developed higher vasopressor infusion rates (57% versus 29%). Cirrhotic patients had fewer intensive care unit-free days (2.3 versus 7.6 days) and higher rates of multiple organ failure (64% versus 34%), in-hospital mortality (67% versus 21%), and long-term mortality (80% versus 34%) than noncirrhotic patients. CONCLUSIONS Cirrhotic patients managed with TAC are susceptible to early acidosis, persistent coagulopathy, large NPWT fluid losses, prolonged vasopressor requirements, multiple organ failure, and early mortality. Future research should seek to determine whether TAC provides an advantage over primary fascial closure for cirrhotic patients undergoing emergency laparotomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Loftus
- Department of Surgery, Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Janeen R Jordan
- Department of Surgery, Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Chasen A Croft
- Department of Surgery, Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, Florida
| | - R Stephen Smith
- Department of Surgery, Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Philip A Efron
- Department of Surgery, Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Frederick A Moore
- Department of Surgery, Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Alicia M Mohr
- Department of Surgery, Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Scott C Brakenridge
- Department of Surgery, Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, Florida.
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Kraut JA, Madias NE. Lactic Acidosis: Current Treatments and Future Directions. Am J Kidney Dis 2016; 68:473-82. [DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Bellomo R, Märtensson J, Eastwood GM. Metabolic and electrolyte disturbance after cardiac arrest: How to deal with it. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2015; 29:471-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpa.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Tetsuhara K, Kato H, Kanemura T, Okada I, Kiriu N. Severe acidemia on arrival not predictive of neurologic outcomes in post-cardiac arrest patients. Am J Emerg Med 2015; 34:425-8. [PMID: 26682673 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2015.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to determine whether severe acidemia (pH <7.2) on arrival at the emergency department (ED) is a predictive factor for neurologic outcomes of post-cardiac arrest patients treated with targeted temperature management (TTM). MATERIALS AND METHODS Data in the National Disaster Medical Center, a tertiary care hospital, were used to perform a case-control study on post-cardiac arrest patients treated with TTM from January 2013 to April 2015. The case group comprised patients with good neurologic outcomes (cerebral performance categories 1 and 2), whereas the control group comprised patients with poor neurologic outcomes (cerebral performance categories 3-5). Exposure was defined as arterial pH less than 7.2 on arrival at the ED. RESULTS We identified 32 patients matching our criteria, of which 13 had good outcomes and 19 poor outcomes. Arterial pH on arrival was not significantly associated with neurologic outcomes (P = .47; odds ratio, 0.5; 95% confidence interval, 0.09-2.61). In 24 patients with cardiogenic causes of cardiac arrest, pH on arrival was not significantly associated with neurologic outcomes (P = .68; odds ratio, 0.5; 95% confidence interval, 0.09-2.73) after matched-pair analysis by age, sex, and presence of light reflex. CONCLUSION Severe acidemia on arrival at the ED is not a significant predictive factor for neurologic outcomes in post-cardiac arrest patients treated with TTM, particularly in patients with cardiogenic causes of cardiac arrest. These results suggest that treatment should not be withheld in post-cardiac arrest patients with severe acidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Tetsuhara
- Department of Critical Care Medicine and Trauma, National Disaster Medical Center, 3256 Tachikawa City, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Kato
- Department of Critical Care Medicine and Trauma, National Disaster Medical Center, 3256 Tachikawa City, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Takashi Kanemura
- Department of Critical Care Medicine and Trauma, National Disaster Medical Center, 3256 Tachikawa City, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Ichiro Okada
- Department of Critical Care Medicine and Trauma, National Disaster Medical Center, 3256 Tachikawa City, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Nobuaki Kiriu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine and Trauma, National Disaster Medical Center, 3256 Tachikawa City, Tokyo, Japan.
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Kim J, Kim K, Park J, Jo YH, Lee JH, Hwang JE, Ha C, Ko YS, Jung E. Sodium bicarbonate administration during ongoing resuscitation is associated with increased return of spontaneous circulation. Am J Emerg Med 2015; 34:225-9. [PMID: 26597330 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2015.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Sodium bicarbonate is frequently used for patients unresponsive to cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Its use may be associated with longer resuscitation duration as well as more severe metabolic acidosis. We applied a new analytical method based on a matched case-control study design to control for the potential confounders. BASIC PROCEDURES Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients resuscitated in an emergency department for at least 20 minutes, unless there was any return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) within the time frame, were analyzed. Patients without ROSC for 20 minutes of CPR were matched to those with ROSC based on initial bicarbonate level categorized using cutoff points of 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 mEq/L, and their observation durations were trimmed to match their pairs. The association between sodium bicarbonate and ROSC was examined using conditional logistic regression analysis. MAIN FINDINGS Two matched groups, one with ROSC and the other without (both n = 258), were generated. Sodium bicarbonate administration and its total cumulative dose were significantly associated with an increased ROSC, with odds ratios for ROSC of 1.86 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.09-3.16; P = .022) and 1.18 (per 20 mEq; 95% CI, 1.04-1.33; P = .008), respectively. The positive associations remained unchanged after multivariable adjustment, with odds ratios for ROSC of 2.49 (95% CI, 1.33-4.65; P = .004) and 1.27 (95% CI, 1.11-1.47; P = .001), respectively. PRINCIPAL CONCLUSION Sodium bicarbonate administration during CPR in emergency department was associated with increased ROSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonghee Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuseok Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jongdae Park
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - You Hwan Jo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hyuk Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Hwang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Chulmin Ha
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Sang Ko
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Euigi Jung
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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Prognosis of patients presenting extreme acidosis (pH <7) on admission to intensive care unit. J Crit Care 2015; 31:243-8. [PMID: 26507640 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2015.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose was to determine prognosis of patients presenting extreme acidosis (pH <7) on admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) and to identify mortality risk factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively analyzed all patients who presented with extreme acidosis within 24 hours of admission to a polyvalent ICU in a university hospital between January 2011 and July 2013. Multivariate analysis and survival analysis were used. RESULTS Among the 2156 patients admitted, 77 patients (3.6%) presented extreme acidosis. Thirty (39%) patients suffered cardiac arrest before admission. Although the mortality rate predicted by severity score was 93.6%, death occurred in 52 cases (67.5%) in a median delay of 13 (5-27) hours. Mortality rate depended on reason for admission, varying between 22% for cases linked to diabetes mellitus and 100% for cases of mesenteric infarction (P = .002), cardiac arrest before admission (P < .001), type of lactic acidosis (P = .007), high Simplified Acute Physiology Score II (P = .008), and low serum creatinine (P = .012). CONCLUSIONS Patients with extreme acidosis on admission to ICU have a less severe than expected prognosis. Whereas mortality is almost 100% in cases of cardiac arrest before admission, mortality is much lower in the absence of cardiac arrest before admission, which justifies aggressive ICU therapies.
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The Use of Sodium Bicarbonate in the Treatment of Acidosis in Sepsis: A Literature Update on a Long Term Debate. Crit Care Res Pract 2015; 2015:605830. [PMID: 26294968 PMCID: PMC4534594 DOI: 10.1155/2015/605830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Sepsis and its consequences such as metabolic acidosis are resulting in increased mortality. Although correction of metabolic acidosis with sodium bicarbonate seems a reasonable approach, there is ongoing debate regarding the role of bicarbonates as a therapeutic option. Methods. We conducted a PubMed literature search in order to identify published literature related to the effects of sodium bicarbonate treatment on metabolic acidosis due to sepsis. The search included all articles published in English in the last 35 years. Results. There is ongoing debate regarding the use of bicarbonates for the treatment of acidosis in sepsis, but there is a trend towards not using bicarbonate in sepsis patients with arterial blood gas pH > 7.15. Conclusions. Routine use of bicarbonate for treatment of severe acidemia and lactic acidosis due to sepsis is subject of controversy, and current opinion does not favor routine use of bicarbonates. However, available evidence is inconclusive, and more studies are required to determine the potential benefit, if any, of bicarbonate therapy in the sepsis patient with acidosis.
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