Retuning of inferior colliculus neurons following spiral ganglion lesions: a single-neuron model of converging inputs

Neurodegeneration after repeated noise trauma in the mouse lower auditory pathway

High intensity noise exposure leads to a permanent shift in auditory thresholds (PTS), affecting both peripheral (cochlear) tissue and the central auditory system. Studies have shown that a noise-induced hearing loss results in significant cell loss in several auditory structures. Degeneration can be demonstrated within hours after noise exposure, particularly in the lower auditory pathway, and continues to progress over days and weeks following the trauma. However, there is limited knowledge about the effects of recurring acoustic trauma. Repeated noise exposure has been demonstrated to increase neuroplasticity and neural activity. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the influence of a second noise exposure on the cytoarchitecture of key structures of the auditory pathway, including spiral ganglion neurons (SGN), the ventral and dorsal cochlear nucleus (VCN and DCN, respectively), and the inferior colliculus (IC). In the experiments, young adult normal hearing mice were exposed to noise once or twice (with the second trauma applied one week after the initial exposure) for 3 h, using broadband white noise (5 - 20 kHz) at 115 dB SPL. The cell densities in the investigated auditory structures significantly decreased in response to the initial noise exposure compared to unexposed control animals. These findings are consistent with earlier research, which demonstrated degeneration in the auditory pathway within the first week after acoustic trauma. Additionally, cell densities were significantly decreased after the second trauma, but this effect was only observed in the VCN, with no similar effects seen in the SGN, DCN, or IC. These results illustrate how repeated noise exposure influences the cytoarchitecture of the auditory system. It appears that an initial noise exposure primarily damages the lower auditory pathway, but surviving cellular structures may develop resistance to additional noise-induced injury.

Midbrain local circuits shape sound intensity codes

Hierarchical processing of sensory information requires interaction at multiple levels along the peripheral to central pathway. Recent evidence suggests that interaction between driving and modulating components can shape both top down and bottom up processing of sensory information. Here we show that a component inherited from extrinsic sources combines with local components to code sound intensity. By applying high concentrations of divalent cations to neurons in the nucleus of the inferior colliculus in the auditory midbrain, we show that as sound intensity increases, the source of synaptic efficacy changes from inherited inputs to local circuits. In neurons with a wide dynamic range response to intensity, inherited inputs increase firing rates at low sound intensities but saturate at mid-to-high intensities. Local circuits activate at high sound intensities and widen dynamic range by continuously increasing their output gain with intensity. Inherited inputs are necessary and sufficient to evoke tuned responses, however local circuits change peak output. Push–pull driving inhibition and excitation create net excitatory drive to intensity-variant neurons and tune neurons to intensity. Our results reveal that dynamic range and tuning re-emerge in the auditory midbrain through local circuits that are themselves variable or tuned.

Acute changes in frequency responses of inferior colliculus central nucleus (ICC) neurons following progressively enlarged restricted spiral ganglion lesions

Immediate effects of sequential and progressively enlarged spiral ganglion (SG) lesions were recorded from cochleas and inferior colliculi. Small SG-lesions produced modest elevations in cochlear tone-evoked compound action potential (CAP) thresholds across narrow frequency ranges; progressively enlarged lesions produced progressively higher CAP-threshold elevations across progressively wider frequency ranges. No comparable changes in distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) amplitudes were observed consistent with silencing of auditory nerve sectors without affecting organ of Corti function. Frequency response areas (FRAs) of inferior colliculus (IC) neurons were recorded before and immediately after SG-lesions using multi-site silicon arrays fixed in place with recording sites arrayed along IC frequency gradient. Individual post-lesion FRAs exhibited progressively elevated response thresholds and diminished response amplitudes at lesion frequencies, whereas responses at non-lesion frequencies were either unchanged or enhanced. Characteristic frequencies were shifted and silent areas were introduced within these FRAs. Sequentially larger lesions produced sequentially larger shifts in CF and/or enlarged silent areas within affected FRAs, producing immediate changes in IC frequency organization. These results contrast with those from the auditory nerve, extend previous reports of experience-induced plasticity in the auditory CNS, and support results indicating afferent convergence onto ICC neurons across broad frequency bands.