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Nahman-Averbuch H, Callahan D, Darken R, Haroutounian S. Harnessing the conditioned pain modulation response in migraine diagnosis, outcome prediction, and treatment-A narrative review. Headache 2023; 63:1167-1177. [PMID: 37522350 DOI: 10.1111/head.14601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To present the potential use and relevance of the conditioned pain modulation (CPM) response to migraine diagnosis, outcome prediction, and treatment. BACKGROUND The CPM response is a widely used laboratory test to examine inhibitory pain modulation capabilities. METHODS This narrative review summarizes and synthesizes the findings on the CPM response in patients with migraine. RESULTS For diagnosis, we summarized the studies comparing CPM responses between patients with migraine and individuals without migraine or with other headache syndromes, as well as between patients with subtypes of migraine. For prediction, we summarized the studies utilizing the CPM response to predict migraine outcome, such as response to interventions. For treatment, we described a device that utilizes the CPM response for acute and preventative migraine treatment. In addition, we suggest the requirements needed for the CPM response to be used for migraine diagnosis, outcome prediction, and treatment. CONCLUSIONS Although more research is needed, the CPM response could be a useful tool for improving migraine management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadas Nahman-Averbuch
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - David Callahan
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Rachel Darken
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Simon Haroutounian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Mungoven TJ, Meylakh N, Macefield VG, Macey PM, Henderson LA. Alterations in brain structure associated with trigeminal nerve anatomy in episodic migraine. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2022; 3:951581. [PMID: 35923273 PMCID: PMC9341524 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2022.951581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology of migraine remains to be elucidated. We have recently shown that interictal migraineurs exhibit reduced fractional anisotropy (FA) in the root entry zone of the trigeminal nerve when compared to controls, but it is not known if this altered nerve anatomy is associated with changes within the brainstem or higher cortical brain regions. Diffusion tensor imaging of the brain was used to calculate regional measures of structure, including mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity (AX) and radial diffusivity (RD) in addition to voxel-based morphometry of T1-weighted anatomical images. Linear relationships between trigeminal nerve anatomy (FA) and MD throughout the brainstem and/or higher cortical regions were determined in both controls (n = 31, brainstem; n = 38, wholebrain) and interictal migraineurs (n = 32, brainstem; n = 38, wholebrain). Additionally, within the same brain areas, relationships of AX and RD with nerve FA were determined. We found that in both interictal migraine and control participants, decreasing trigeminal nerve FA was associated with significantly increased MD in brainstem regions including the spinal trigeminal nucleus and midbrain periaqueductal gray matter (PAG), and in higher brain regions such as the hypothalamus, insula, posterior cingulate, primary somatosensory and primary visual (V1) cortices. Whereas, both control and migraineur groups individually displayed significant inverse correlations between nerve FA and MD, in migraineurs this pattern was disrupted in the areas of the PAG and V1, with only the control group displaying a significant linear relationship (PAG controls r = –0.58, p = 0.003; migraineurs r = –0.25, p = 0.17 and V1 controls r = −0.52, p = 0.002; migraineurs r = –0.10, p = 0.55). Contrastingly, we found no gray matter volume changes in brainstem or wholebrain areas. These data show that overall, trigeminal nerve anatomy is significantly related to regional brain structure in both controls and migraineurs. Importantly, the PAG showed a disruption of this relationship in migraineurs suggesting that the anatomy and possibly the function of the PAG is uniquely altered in episodic migraine, which may contribute to altered orofacial pain processing in migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffani J. Mungoven
- School of Medical Sciences (Neuroscience), Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Noemi Meylakh
- School of Medical Sciences (Neuroscience), Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Vaughan G. Macefield
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul M. Macey
- UCLA School of Nursing and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Luke A. Henderson
- School of Medical Sciences (Neuroscience), Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Luke A. Henderson
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Lefaucheur JP, Abbas SA, Lefaucheur-Ménard I, Rouie D, Tebbal D, Bismuth J, Nordine T. Small nerve fiber selectivity of laser and intraepidermal electrical stimulation: A comparative study between glabrous and hairy skin. Neurophysiol Clin 2021; 51:357-374. [PMID: 34304975 DOI: 10.1016/j.neucli.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In clinical neurophysiology practice, various methods of stimulation can be used to activate small-diameter nociceptive cutaneous afferents located in the epidermis. These methods include different types of laser and intraepidermal electrical stimulation techniques. The diffusion of the stimulation in the skin, inside or under the epidermis, depends on laser wavelength and electrode design, in particular. The aim of this study was to compare several of these techniques in their ability to selectively stimulate small nerve fibers. METHODS In 8 healthy subjects, laser stimulation (using a CO2 or Nd:YAP laser) and intraepidermal electrical stimulation (using a micropatterned, concentric planar, or concentric needle electrode), were applied at increasing energy or intensity on the dorsal or volar aspect of the right hand or foot. The subjects were asked to define the perceived sensation (warm, pinprick, or electric shock sensation, corresponding to the activation of C fibers, Aδ fibers, or Aβ fibers, respectively) after each stimulation. Depending on the difference in the sensations perceived between dorsal (hairy skin with thin stratum corneum) and volar (glabrous skin with thick stratum corneum) stimulations, the diffusion of the stimulation inside or under the epidermis and the nature of the activated afferents were determined. RESULTS Regarding laser stimulation, the perceived sensations turned from warm to pinprick with increasing energies of stimulation, in particular with the Nd:YAP laser, of which pulse could penetrate deep in the skin according to its short wavelength. In contrast, CO2 laser stimulation produced only warm sensations and no pricking sensation when applied to the glabrous skin, perhaps due to a thicker stratum corneum and the shallow penetration of the CO2 laser pulse. Regarding intraepidermal electrical stimulation using concentric electrodes, the perceived sensations turned from pinprick to a combination of pinprick and electrical shocks with increasing intensities. Using the concentric planar electrode, the sensations perceived at high stimulation intensity even consisted of electric shocks without concomitant pinprick. In contrast, using the micropatterned electrode, only pinprick sensations were produced by the stimulation of the hairy skin, while the stimulation of the glabrous skin produced no sensation at all within the limits of stimulation intensities used in this study. CONCLUSIONS Using the CO2 laser or the micropatterned electrode, pinprick sensations were selectively produced by the stimulation of hairy skin, while only warm sensation or no sensation at all were produced by the stimulation of glabrous skin. These two techniques appear to be more selective with a limited diffusion of the stimulation into the skin, restricting the activation of sensory afferents to the most superficial and smallest intraepidermal nerve fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pascal Lefaucheur
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, EA4391, ENT, F-94010 Creteil, France; AP-HP, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, F-94010 Creteil, France.
| | - Samar A Abbas
- AP-HP, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, F-94010 Creteil, France
| | | | - Denis Rouie
- AP-HP, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, F-94010 Creteil, France
| | - Denise Tebbal
- AP-HP, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, F-94010 Creteil, France
| | - Julie Bismuth
- AP-HP, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, F-94010 Creteil, France
| | - Tarik Nordine
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, EA4391, ENT, F-94010 Creteil, France; AP-HP, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, F-94010 Creteil, France
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An intensity matched comparison of laser- and contact heat evoked potentials. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6861. [PMID: 33767259 PMCID: PMC7994633 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85819-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies comparing laser (LEPs) and contact heat evoked potentials (CHEPs) consistently reported higher amplitudes following laser compared to contact heat stimulation. However, none of the studies matched the perceived pain intensity, questioning if the observed difference in amplitude is due to biophysical differences between the two methods or a mismatch in stimulation intensity. The aims of the current study were twofold: (1) to directly compare the brain potentials induced by intensity matched laser and contact heat stimulation and (2) investigate how capsaicin-induced secondary hyperalgesia modulates LEPs and CHEPs. Twenty-one healthy subjects were recruited and measured at four experimental sessions: (1) CHEPs + sham, (2) LEPs + sham, (3) CHEPs + capsaicin, and (4) LEPs + capsaicin. Baseline (sham) LEPs latency was significantly shorter and amplitude significantly larger compared to CHEPs, even when matched for perceived pain. Neither CHEPs nor LEPs was sensitive enough to detect secondary hyperalgesia. These differences provide evidence that a faster heating rate results in an earlier and more synchronized LEPs than CHEPs. To our knowledge, this was the first study to match perceived intensity of contact heat and laser stimulations, revealing distinct advantages associated with the acquisition of LEPs.
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Argaman Y, Kisler LB, Granovsky Y, Coghill RC, Sprecher E, Manor D, Weissman-Fogel I. The Endogenous Analgesia Signature in the Resting Brain of Healthy Adults and Migraineurs. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2020; 21:905-918. [PMID: 31904502 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2019.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Altered pain modulation and resting state functional connectivity (rsFC) were found to be related to migraine pathology and clinical manifestation. We examined how pain modulation psychophysical measures are related to resting-state networks and rsFC between bottom-up and top-down pain modulation areas. Thirty-two episodic migraineurs and 23 age-matched healthy individuals underwent temporal summation of pain (TSOP) and conditioned pain modulation (CPM) tests, followed by a resting-state imaging scan. No differences in temporal summation of pain and CPM were found between groups. However, in healthy individuals, more efficient CPM was correlated with 1) stronger rsFCs of the posterior cingulate cortex, with the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and with the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex; 2) weaker rsFC of the anterior insula with the angular gyrus. Conversely, in migraineurs, the association between CPM and rsFC was altered. Our results suggest that the functional connectivity within the default mode network (DMN) components and the functional coupling between the DMN and pain inhibitory brain areas is linked with pain inhibition efficiency. In migraineurs, this interplay is changed, yet enables normal pain inhibition. Our findings shed light on potential functional adaptation of the DMN and its role in pain inhibition in health and migraine. PERSPECTIVE: This article establishes evidence for the relationship between the resting-state brain and individual responses in psychophysical pain modulation tests, in both migraine and healthy individuals. The results emphasize the significant role of the default mode network in maintaining pain inhibition efficiency in health and in the presence of chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Argaman
- Laboratory of Clinical Neurophysiology, Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel
| | - Lee B Kisler
- Laboratory of Clinical Neurophysiology, Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yelena Granovsky
- Laboratory of Clinical Neurophysiology, Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel; Department of Neurology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Robert C Coghill
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Elliot Sprecher
- Department of Neurology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - David Manor
- MRI Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Irit Weissman-Fogel
- Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
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7
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Coppola G, Parisi V, Di Renzo A, Pierelli F. Cortical pain processing in migraine. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2019; 127:551-566. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-019-02089-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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9
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Williams AE, Miller MM, Bartley EJ, McCabe KM, Kerr KL, Rhudy JL. Impairment of Inhibition of Trigeminal Nociception via Conditioned Pain Modulation in Persons with Migraine Headaches. PAIN MEDICINE (MALDEN, MASS.) 2019; 20:1600-1610. [PMID: 30690591 PMCID: PMC7963204 DOI: 10.1093/pm/pny305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess conditioned pain modulation efficiency in persons with and without migraine headaches. DESIGN Cross-sectional assessment of experimental pain. SETTING University campus and surrounding community in a large Midwestern US city. SUBJECTS Twenty-three adults with and 32 without a history of migraine headaches participated in the study. Participants were mostly female (N = 40) with an average age of 23 years. METHODS Four electrocutaneous stimulations of the supraorbital branch of the left trigeminal nerve were delivered at 150% of an individually determined pain threshold. Conditioned pain modulation was assessed by applying a noxious counterstimulus (forearm ischemia) and delivering four more electrocutaneous stimulations. After each stimulation, pain and the nociceptive blink reflex were assessed. Depression and pain catastrophizing were assessed to control for the potential influence of these variables on pain modulation. RESULTS Participants with and without migraine headaches had similar baseline pain responsivity, without significant differences in pain report or nociceptive blink reflexes. Pain report was inhibited by conditioned pain modulation in both the migraine and control groups. However, unlike nonmigraine controls, participants with migraines did not exhibit an inhibition of nociceptive blink reflexes during the ischemia task. This pattern persisted after controlling for level of pain catastrophizing and depression. CONCLUSIONS Migraine sufferers exhibited impaired conditioned pain modulation of the nociceptive blink reflex, suggesting a deficiency in inhibition of trigeminal nociception, which may contribute to the development of migraine headaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Williams
- Department of Psychiatry, Riley Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Clinic, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University Health Physicians, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Megan M Miller
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Emily J Bartley
- Department of Community Dentistry and Behavioral Science, Pain Research & Intervention Center of Excellence (PRICE), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Klanci M McCabe
- Section of Psychology, Division of Developmental and Behavioral Sciences, Children’s Mercy Kansas City, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Kara L Kerr
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, Oklahoma
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma
| | - Jamie L Rhudy
- Department of Psychology, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
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Marciszewski KK, Meylakh N, Di Pietro F, Macefield VG, Macey PM, Henderson LA. Fluctuating Regional Brainstem Diffusion Imaging Measures of Microstructure across the Migraine Cycle. eNeuro 2019; 6:ENEURO.0005-19.2019. [PMID: 31300542 PMCID: PMC6658917 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0005-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The neural mechanisms responsible for the initiation and expression of migraines remain unknown. Although there is growing evidence of changes in brainstem anatomy and function between attacks, very little is known about brainstem function and structure in the period immediately prior to a migraine. The aim of this investigation is to use brainstem-specific analyses of diffusion weighted images to determine whether the brainstem pain processing regions display altered structure in individuals with migraine across the migraine cycle, and in particular immediately prior to a migraine. Diffusion tensor images (29 controls, 36 migraineurs) were used to assess brainstem anatomy in migraineurs compared with controls. We found that during the interictal phase, migraineurs displayed greater mean diffusivity (MD) in the region of the spinal trigeminal nucleus (SpV), dorsomedial pons (dmPons)/dorsolateral pons (dlPons), and midbrain periaqueductal gray matter (PAG)/cuneiform nucleus (CNF). Remarkably, the MD returned to controls levels during the 24-h period immediately prior to a migraine, only to increase again within the three following days. Additionally, fractional anisotropy (FA) was significantly elevated in the region of the medial lemniscus/ventral trigeminal thalamic tract in migraineurs compared with controls over the entire migraine cycle. These data show that regional brainstem anatomy changes over the migraine cycle, with specific anatomical changes occurring in the 24-h period prior to onset. These changes may contribute to the activation of the ascending trigeminal pathway by either an increase in basal traffic or by sensitizing the trigeminal nuclei to external triggers, with activation ultimately resulting in perception of head pain during a migraine attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasia K Marciszewski
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006 New South Wales, Australia
| | - Noemi Meylakh
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006 New South Wales, Australia
| | - Flavia Di Pietro
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006 New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vaughan G Macefield
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, 2560 New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul M Macey
- University of California, Los Angeles School of Nursing and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Luke A Henderson
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006 New South Wales, Australia
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Abstract
Clinical neurophysiologic investigation of pain pathways in humans is based on specific techniques and approaches, since conventional methods of nerve conduction studies and somatosensory evoked potentials do not explore these pathways. The proposed techniques use various types of painful stimuli (thermal, laser, mechanical, or electrical) and various types of assessments (measurement of sensory thresholds, study of nerve fiber excitability, or recording of electromyographic reflexes or cortical potentials). The two main tests used in clinical practice are quantitative sensory testing and pain-related evoked potentials (PREPs). In particular, PREPs offer the possibility of an objective assessment of nociceptive pathways. Three types of PREPs can be distinguished depending on the type of stimulation used to evoke pain: laser-evoked potentials, contact heat evoked potentials, and intraepidermal electrical stimulation evoked potentials (IEEPs). These three techniques investigate both small-diameter peripheral nociceptive afferents (mainly Aδ nerve fibers) and spinothalamic tracts without theoretically being able to differentiate the level of lesion in the case of abnormal results. In routine clinical practice, PREP recording is a reliable method of investigation for objectifying the existence of a peripheral or central lesion or loss of function concerning the nociceptive pathways, but not the existence of pain. Other methods, such as nerve fiber excitability studies using microneurography, more directly reflect the activities of nociceptive axons in response to provoked pain, but without detecting or quantifying the presence of spontaneous pain. These methods are more often used in research or experimental study design. Thus, it should be kept in mind that most of the results of neurophysiologic investigation performed in clinical practice assess small fiber or spinothalamic tract lesions rather than the neuronal mechanisms directly at the origin of pain and they do not provide objective quantification of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pascal Lefaucheur
- Excitabilité Nerveuse et Thérapeutique, Faculté de Médecine de Créteil, Université Paris-Est-Créteil, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France; Service de Physiologie-Explorations Fonctionnelles, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France.
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12
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Need for Thorough Standardization of CO2 Laser Evoked Potential Procedure. J Clin Neurophysiol 2018; 35:485-489. [DOI: 10.1097/wnp.0000000000000502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Vecchio E, Bassez I, Ricci K, Tassorelli C, Liebler E, de Tommaso M. Effect of Non-invasive Vagus Nerve Stimulation on Resting-State Electroencephalography and Laser-Evoked Potentials in Migraine Patients: Mechanistic Insights. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:366. [PMID: 30271335 PMCID: PMC6146235 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent multicenter trial provided Class I evidence that for patients with an episodic migraine, non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation (nVNS) significantly increases the probability of having mild pain or being pain-free 2 h post-stimulation. Here we aimed to investigate the potential effect of nVNS in the modulation of spontaneous and pain related bioelectrical activity in a subgroup of migraine patients enrolled in the PRESTO trial by using resting-state electroencephalography and trigeminal laser-evoked potentials (LEPs). LEPs were recorded for 27 migraine patients who received active or sham nVNS over the cervical vagus nerve. We measured power values for frequencies between 1–100 Hz in a resting-state condition and the latency and amplitude of N1, N2, and P2 components of LEPs in a basal condition during and after active or sham vagus nerve stimulation (T0, T1, T2). The P2 evoked by the right and the left trigeminal branch was smaller during active nVNS. The sham device also attenuated the P2 amplitude evoked by the left trigeminal branch at T1 and T2, but this attenuation did not reach significance. No changes were observed for N1 amplitude, N1, N2, P2 latency, or pain rating. nVNS induced an increase of EEG power in both slow and fast rhythms, but this effect was not significant as compared to the sham device. These findings suggest that nVNS acts on the cortical areas that are responsible for trigeminal pain control and pave the ground for future studies aimed at confirming the possible correlations with clinical outcomes, including the effect on symptoms that are directly correlated with trigeminal pain processing and modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Vecchio
- Applied Neurophysiology and Pain Unit, SMBNOS Department, Polyclinic General Hospital, Bari Aldo Moro University, Bari, Italy
| | - Iege Bassez
- Department of Data Analysis, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Katia Ricci
- Applied Neurophysiology and Pain Unit, SMBNOS Department, Polyclinic General Hospital, Bari Aldo Moro University, Bari, Italy
| | - Cristina Tassorelli
- Headache Science Center, C. Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Eric Liebler
- electroCore LLC, Basking Ridge, NJ, United States
| | - Marina de Tommaso
- Applied Neurophysiology and Pain Unit, SMBNOS Department, Polyclinic General Hospital, Bari Aldo Moro University, Bari, Italy
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Do patients with interictal migraine modulate pain differently from healthy controls? A psychophysical and brain imaging study. Pain 2018; 159:2667-2677. [DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Russo A, Coppola G, Pierelli F, Parisi V, Silvestro M, Tessitore A, Tedeschi G. Pain Perception and Migraine. Front Neurol 2018; 9:576. [PMID: 30116215 PMCID: PMC6082953 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: It is well-known that both inter- and intra-individual differences exist in the perception of pain; this is especially true in migraine, an elusive pain disorder of the head. Although electrophysiology and neuroimaging techniques have greatly contributed to a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in migraine during recent decades, the exact characteristics of pain threshold and pain intensity perception remain to be determined, and continue to be a matter of debate. Objective: The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of clinical, electrophysiological, and functional neuroimaging studies investigating changes during various phases of the so-called “migraine cycle” and in different migraine phenotypes, using pain threshold and pain intensity perception assessments. Methods: A systematic search for qualitative studies was conducted using search terms “migraine,” “pain,” “headache,” “temporal summation,” “quantitative sensory testing,” and “threshold,” alone and in combination (subject headings and keywords). The literature search was updated using the additional keywords “pain intensity,” and “neuroimaging” to identify full-text papers written in English and published in peer-reviewed journals, using PubMed and Google Scholar databases. In addition, we manually searched the reference lists of all research articles and review articles. Conclusion: Consistent data indicate that pain threshold is lower during the ictal phase than during the interictal phase of migraine or healthy controls in response to pressure, cold and heat stimuli. There is evidence for preictal sub-allodynia, whereas interictal results are conflicting due to either reduced or no observed difference in pain threshold. On the other hand, despite methodological limitations, converging observations support the concept that migraine attacks may be characterized by an increased pain intensity perception, which normalizes between episodes. Nevertheless, future studies are required to longitudinally evaluate a large group of patients before and after pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions to investigate phases of the migraine cycle, clinical parameters of disease severity and chronic medication usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Russo
- Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic, and Aging Sciences, Headache Center, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli, ", Naples, Italy.,MRI Research Center SUN-FISM, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli,", Naples, Italy
| | - Gianluca Coppola
- Research Unit of Neurophysiology of Vision and Neuro-Ophthalmology, G. B. Bietti Foundation-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Pierelli
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome Polo Pontino, Latina, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Parisi
- Research Unit of Neurophysiology of Vision and Neuro-Ophthalmology, G. B. Bietti Foundation-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello Silvestro
- Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic, and Aging Sciences, Headache Center, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli, ", Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Tessitore
- Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic, and Aging Sciences, Headache Center, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli, ", Naples, Italy.,MRI Research Center SUN-FISM, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli,", Naples, Italy
| | - Gioacchino Tedeschi
- Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic, and Aging Sciences, Headache Center, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli, ", Naples, Italy.,MRI Research Center SUN-FISM, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli,", Naples, Italy.,Institute for Diagnosis and Care "Hermitage Capodimonte," Naples, Italy
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Quantitative sensory testing in patients with migraine: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pain 2018; 159:1202-1223. [DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Granovsky Y, Shor M, Shifrin A, Sprecher E, Yarnitsky D, Bar-Shalita T. Assessment of Responsiveness to Everyday Non-Noxious Stimuli in Pain-Free Migraineurs With Versus Without Aura. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2018; 19:943-951. [PMID: 29597079 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Migraineurs with aura (MWA) express higher interictal response to non-noxious and noxious experimental sensory stimuli compared with migraineurs without aura (MWoA), but whether these differences also prevail in response to everyday non-noxious stimuli is not yet explored. This is a cross-sectional study testing 53 female migraineurs (30 MWA; 23 MWoA) who underwent a wide battery of noxious psychophysical testing at a pain-free phase, and completed a Sensory Responsiveness Questionnaire and pain-related psychological questionnaires. The MWA group showed higher questionnaire-based sensory over-responsiveness (P = .030), higher magnitude of pain temporal summation (P = .031) as well as higher monthly attack frequency (P = .027) compared with the MWoA group. Overall, 45% of migraineurs described abnormal sensory (hyper- or hypo-) responsiveness; its incidence was higher among MWA (19 of 30, 63%) versus MWoA (6 of 23, 27%, P = .012), with an odds ratio of 3.58 for MWA. Sensory responsiveness scores were positively correlated with attack frequency (r = .361, P = .008) and temporal summation magnitude (r = .390, P = .004), both regardless of migraine type. MWA express higher everyday sensory responsiveness than MWoA, in line with higher response to experimental noxious stimuli. Abnormal scores of sensory responsiveness characterize people with sensory modulation dysfunction, suggesting possible underlying mechanisms overlap, and possibly high incidence of both clinical entities. PERSPECTIVE This article presents findings distinguishing MWA, showing enhanced pain amplification, monthly attack frequency, and over-responsiveness to everyday sensations, compared with MWoA. Further, migraine is characterized by a high incidence of abnormal responsiveness to everyday sensation, specifically sensory over-responsiveness, that was also found related to pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelena Granovsky
- Department of Neurology, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel; The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Merav Shor
- Department of Neurology, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Alla Shifrin
- Department of Neurology, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel; The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Elliot Sprecher
- Department of Neurology, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - David Yarnitsky
- Department of Neurology, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel; The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tami Bar-Shalita
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Health Professions, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Toriyama T, Horiuchi T, Hongo K. Characterization of migraineurs presenting interictal widespread pressure hyperalgesia identified using a tender point count: a cross-sectional study. J Headache Pain 2017; 18:117. [PMID: 29285568 PMCID: PMC5745372 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-017-0824-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Migraineurs exhibit pain hypersensitivity throughout the body during and between migraine headaches. Migraine is classified as a central sensitivity syndrome, typified by fibromyalgia showing widespread pressure hyperalgesia determined by a tender point. This study was performed to examine whether: 1) there is a subgroup of episodic migraineurs with widespread pressure hyperalgesia during and between attacks; 2) if such a subgroup exists, what is the prevalence and what is the difference between groups with interictal widespread hyperalgesia and acute allodynia regarding the demographic and clinical characteristics of migraine. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study. A total of 176 consecutive episodic migraineurs and 132 age- and sex-matched controls were recruited. The presence of widespread pressure hyperalgesia was investigated using manual tender point survey. To classify a subject's response as widespread pressure hyperalgesia, the cutoff value for responders was defined as the positive tender point count below which 95% of controls responded. RESULTS Based on the number of positive tender points in controls, the cutoff value of tender point count for pressure hyperalgesia responders was 7. Of the 176 subjects, interictal widespread pressure hyperalgesia and acute allodynia were observed in 74 (42%) and 115 (65.3%) patients, respectively. Univariate analysis indicated that risk factors associated with interictal widespread pressure hyperalgesia were female gender, younger age at migraine onset, higher frequency of migraine attacks, severe headache impact, cutaneous allodynia and depression. Multivariate logistic regression analysis confirmed that independent risk factors associated with interictal widespread pressure hyperalgesia were female gender, higher frequency of migraine attack and younger age at onset. CONCLUSION Interictal widespread pressure hyperalgesia was common (42%) in the episodic migraineurs and was associated with younger age at onset, female gender, and higher frequency of headache, but not duration of migraine illness. Presence of interictal widespread pressure hyperalgesia is assumed to be an indicator of genetic susceptibility to migraine attacks. We expect that a tender point count, as an alternative to quantitative sensory testing, will become useful as a diagnostic indicator of interictal hyperalgesia in migraineurs to predict susceptibility to migraine attacks and to permit tailored treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tetsuyoshi Horiuchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiro Hongo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
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Psychophysical and Electrophysiological Evidence for Enhanced Pain Facilitation and Unaltered Pain Inhibition in Acute Low Back Pain Patients. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Guy N, Voisin D, Mulliez A, Clavelou P, Dallel R. Medication overuse reinstates conditioned pain modulation in women with migraine. Cephalalgia 2017; 38:1148-1158. [DOI: 10.1177/0333102417727545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background This study investigated the effects of medication overuse and withdrawal on modulation of pain processing in women with migraine. Temporal summation of laser-evoked thermal pain was used to measure the effects of conditioned pain modulation. Methods 36 female participants (12 healthy volunteers, 12 with episodic migraine and 12 with medication overuse headache) were included in a two session protocol. Medication overuse headache subjects were also tested three weeks after medication overuse headache withdrawal. Mechanical and laser-evoked thermal pain thresholds were measured on the back of the non-dominant hand where, later, temporal summation of laser-evoked thermal pain to repetitive thermal stimuli was elicited for 30 min, at an intensity producing moderate pain. Between the 10th and 20th minutes, the contralateral foot was immersed into a water bath at a not painful (30℃) or painfully cold (8℃; conditioned pain modulation) temperature. Results Episodic migraine, medication overuse headache and medication overuse headache withdrawal were associated with an increase in extracephalic temporal summation of laser-evoked thermal pain as compared to healthy volunteer subjects, while there was no alteration of laser-evoked thermal and mechanical extracephalic pain thresholds in these subjects. Conditioned pain modulation was highly efficient in temporal summation of laser-evoked thermal pain in healthy volunteer subjects, with a solid post-effect (reduction of pain). Conditioned pain modulation was still present, but reduced, in episodic migraine. By contrast, conditioned pain modulation was normal in medication overuse headache and strongly reduced in medication overuse headache withdrawal. Furthermore, in medication overuse headache withdrawal, the post-effect was no longer a decrease, but a facilitation of pain. Conclusions These data show that a decrease in conditioned pain modulation does not underlie medication overuse headache in women. On the contrary, medication overuse reinstated conditioned pain modulation in female migraine patients. They also identify different phenotypes of pain modulation in migraine patients. Registration number N° 2008-A00471-54.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Guy
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Inserm U1107, Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Daniel Voisin
- Neurocentre Magendie, Inserm U1215, Bordeaux, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Pierre Clavelou
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Inserm U1107, Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Radhouane Dallel
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Inserm U1107, Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Marciszewski KK, Meylakh N, Di Pietro F, Macefield VG, Macey PM, Henderson LA. Altered brainstem anatomy in migraine. Cephalalgia 2017; 38:476-486. [DOI: 10.1177/0333102417694884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Background The exact mechanisms responsible for migraine remain unknown, although it has been proposed that changes in brainstem anatomy and function, even between attacks, may contribute to the initiation and maintenance of headache during migraine attacks. The aim of this investigation is to use brainstem-specific analyses of anatomical and diffusion weighted images to determine if the trigeminal system displays altered structure in individuals with migraine. Methods Voxel-based morphometry of T1-weighted anatomical images (57 controls, 24 migraineurs) and diffusion tensor images (22 controls, 24 migraineurs) were used to assess brainstem anatomy in individuals with migraine compared with controls. Results We found grey matter volume decreases in migraineurs in the spinal trigeminal nucleus and dorsomedial pons. In addition, reduced grey matter volume and increased free water diffusivity occurred in areas of the descending pain modulatory system, including midbrain periaqueductal gray matter, dorsolateral pons, and medullary raphe. These changes were not correlated to migraine frequency, duration, intensity or time to next migraine. Conclusion Brainstem anatomy changes may underlie changes in activity that result in activation of the ascending trigeminal pathway and the perception of head pain during a migraine attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasia K Marciszewski
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Noemi Meylakh
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Flavia Di Pietro
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Paul M Macey
- UCLA School of Nursing and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Luke A Henderson
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Porcaro C, Di Lorenzo G, Seri S, Pierelli F, Tecchio F, Coppola G. Impaired brainstem and thalamic high-frequency oscillatory EEG activity in migraine between attacks. Cephalalgia 2016; 37:915-926. [DOI: 10.1177/0333102416657146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction We investigated whether interictal thalamic dysfunction in migraine without aura (MO) patients is a primary determinant or the expression of its functional disconnection from proximal or distal areas along the somatosensory pathway. Methods Twenty MO patients and twenty healthy volunteers (HVs) underwent an electroencephalographic (EEG) recording during electrical stimulation of the median nerve at the wrist. We used the functional source separation algorithm to extract four functionally constrained nodes (brainstem, thalamus, primary sensory radial, and primary sensory motor tangential parietal sources) along the somatosensory pathway. Two digital filters (1–400 Hz and 450–750 Hz) were applied in order to extract low- (LFO) and high- frequency (HFO) oscillatory activity from the broadband signal. Results Compared to HVs, patients presented significantly lower brainstem (BS) and thalamic (Th) HFO activation bilaterally. No difference between the two cortical HFO as well as in LFO peak activations between the two groups was seen. The age of onset of the headache was positively correlated with HFO power in the right brainstem and thalamus. Conclusions This study provides evidence for complex dysfunction of brainstem and thalamocortical networks under the control of genetic factors that might act by modulating the severity of migraine phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camillo Porcaro
- LET’S-ISTC-CNR, Ospedale Fatebenefratelli, Isola Tiberina, Rome, Italy
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Information Engineering, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Giorgio Di Lorenzo
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology, Psychiatric Chair, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, Rome, Italy
- Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Fondazione Policlinico ‘Tor Vergata’, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Seri
- The Wellcome Trust Laboratory for MEG Studies, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Francesco Pierelli
- Sapienza University of Rome Polo Pontino, Latina and IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Franca Tecchio
- LET’S-ISTC-CNR, Ospedale Fatebenefratelli, Isola Tiberina, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Coppola
- G.B. Bietti Foundation IRCCS, Department of Neurophysiology of Vision and Neurophthalmology, Rome, Italy
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Landmann G, Lustenberger C, Schleinzer W, Schmelz M, Stockinger L, Rukwied R. Short lasting transient effects of a capsaicin 8% patch on nociceptor activation in humans. Eur J Pain 2016; 20:1443-53. [DOI: 10.1002/ejp.867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Landmann
- Centre for Pain Medicine; Swiss Paraplegic Centre; Nottwil Switzerland
| | - C. Lustenberger
- Centre for Pain Medicine; Swiss Paraplegic Centre; Nottwil Switzerland
| | - W. Schleinzer
- Centre for Pain Medicine; Swiss Paraplegic Centre; Nottwil Switzerland
| | - M. Schmelz
- University Medicine Mannheim; Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine; University of Heidelberg; Germany
| | - L. Stockinger
- Centre for Pain Medicine; Swiss Paraplegic Centre; Nottwil Switzerland
| | - R. Rukwied
- University Medicine Mannheim; Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine; University of Heidelberg; Germany
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24
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Matre D, Andersen M, Knardahl S, Nilsen K. Conditioned pain modulation is not decreased after partial sleep restriction. Eur J Pain 2015; 20:408-16. [DOI: 10.1002/ejp.741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Matre
- Department of Work Psychology and Physiology; National Institute of Occupational Health; Oslo Norway
| | - M.R. Andersen
- Department of Work Psychology and Physiology; National Institute of Occupational Health; Oslo Norway
| | - S. Knardahl
- Department of Work Psychology and Physiology; National Institute of Occupational Health; Oslo Norway
| | - K.B. Nilsen
- Department of Work Psychology and Physiology; National Institute of Occupational Health; Oslo Norway
- Department of Neuroscience; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
- Section for Clinical Neurophysiology; Department of Neurology; Oslo University Hospital - Ullevål; Norway
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25
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26
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Pathophysiology of Medication Overuse Headache: Current Status and Future Directions. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HEADACHES 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-15621-7_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Bogdanov VB, Viganò A, Noirhomme Q, Bogdanova OV, Guy N, Laureys S, Renshaw PF, Dallel R, Phillips C, Schoenen J. Cerebral responses and role of the prefrontal cortex in conditioned pain modulation: an fMRI study in healthy subjects. Behav Brain Res 2014; 281:187-98. [PMID: 25461267 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying conditioned pain modulation (CPM) are multifaceted. We searched for a link between individual differences in prefrontal cortex activity during multi-trial heterotopic noxious cold conditioning and modulation of the cerebral response to phasic heat pain. In 24 healthy female subjects, we conditioned laser heat stimuli to the left hand by applying alternatively ice-cold or lukewarm compresses to the right foot. We compared pain ratings with cerebral fMRI BOLD responses. We also analyzed the relation between CPM and BOLD changes produced by the heterotopic cold conditioning itself, as well as the impact of anxiety and habituation of cold-pain ratings. Specific cerebral activation was identified in precuneus and left posterior insula/SII, respectively, during early and sustained phases of cold application. During cold conditioning, laser pain decreased (n=7), increased (n=10) or stayed unchanged (n=7). At the individual level, the psychophysical effect was directly proportional to the cold-induced modulation of the laser-induced BOLD response in left posterior insula/SII. The latter correlated with the BOLD response recorded 80s earlier during the initial 10-s phase of cold application in anterior cingulate, orbitofrontal and lateral prefrontal cortices. High anxiety and habituation of cold pain were associated with greater laser heat-induced pain during heterotopic cold stimulation. The habituation was also linked to the early cold-induced orbitofrontal responses. We conclude that individual differences in conditioned pain modulation are related to different levels of prefrontal cortical activation by the early part of the conditioning stimulus, possibly due to different levels in trait anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr B Bogdanov
- INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée and Bordeaux Segalen University, UMR 1286, 146 rue Léo-Saignat, Bordeaux Cedex, 33076, France; Headache Research Unit, Department of Neurology, CHR Citadelle, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Alessandro Viganò
- Headache Research Unit, Department of Neurology, CHR Citadelle, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium; SAMILAL- Dept. Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine, Orthopaedics - La Sapienza, University of Rome; Dept. of Neurology and Psychiatry - La Sapienza, University of Rome
| | - Quentin Noirhomme
- Cyclotron Research Centre, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium; Coma Science Group, Department of Neurology, University and University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Nathalie Guy
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand; Inserm, UMR1107, Trigeminal pain and Migraine F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand; CHU, Clermont-Ferrand
| | - Steven Laureys
- Cyclotron Research Centre, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium; Coma Science Group, Department of Neurology, University and University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Radhouane Dallel
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand; Inserm, UMR1107, Trigeminal pain and Migraine F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand; CHU, Clermont-Ferrand
| | - Christophe Phillips
- Cyclotron Research Centre, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium; Department of electrical engineering and computer science, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jean Schoenen
- Headache Research Unit, Department of Neurology, CHR Citadelle, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Oono Y, Wang K, Baad-Hansen L, Futarmal S, Kohase H, Svensson P, Arendt-Nielsen L. Conditioned pain modulation in temporomandibular disorders (TMD) pain patients. Exp Brain Res 2014; 232:3111-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-014-3997-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Madsen CS, Finnerup NB, Baumgärtner U. Assessment of small fibers using evoked potentials. Scand J Pain 2014; 5:111-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sjpain.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Background and purpose
Conventional neurophysiological techniques do not assess the function of nociceptive pathways and are inadequate to detect abnormalities in patients with small-fiber damage. This overview aims to give an update on the methods and techniques used to assess small fiber (Aδ- and C-fibers) function using evoked potentials in research and clinical settings.
Methods
Noxious radiant or contact heat allows the recording of heat-evoked brain potentials commonly referred to as laser evoked potentials (LEPs) and contact heat-evoked potentials (CHEPs). Both methods reliably assess the loss of Aδ-fiber function by means of reduced amplitude and increased latency of late responses, whereas other methods have been developed to record ultra-late C-fiber-related potentials. Methodological considerations with the use of LEPs and CHEPs include fixed versus variable stimulation site, application pressure, and attentional factors. While the amplitude of LEPs and CHEPs often correlates with the reported intensity of the stimulation, these factors may also be dissociated. It is suggested that the magnitude of the response may be related to the saliency of the noxious stimulus (the ability of the stimulus to stand out from the background) rather than the pain perception.
Results
LEPs and CHEPs are increasingly used as objective laboratory tests to assess the pathways mediating thermal pain, but new methods have recently been developed to evaluate other small-fiber pathways. Pain-related electrically evoked potentials with a low-intensity electrical simulation have been proposed as an alternative method to selectively activate Aδ-nociceptors. A new technique using a flat tip mechanical stimulator has been shown to elicit brain potentials following activation of Type I A mechano-heat (AMH) fibers. These pinprick-evoked potentials (PEP) have a morphology resembling those of heat-evoked potentials following activation of Type II AMH fibers, but with a shorter latency. Cool-evoked potentials can be used for recording the non-nociceptive pathways for cooling. At present, the use of cool-evoked potentials is still in the experimental state. Contact thermodes designed to generate steep heat ramps may be programmed differently to generate cool ramps from a baseline of 35◦C down to 32◦C or 30◦C. Small-fiber evoked potentials are valuable tools for assessment of small-fiber function in sensory neuropathy, central nervous system lesion, and for the diagnosis of neuropathic pain. Recent studies suggest that both CHEPs and pinprick-evoked potentials may also be convenient tools to assess sensitization of the nociceptive system.
Conclusions
In future studies, small-fiber evoked potentials may also be used in studies that aim to understand pain mechanisms including different neuropathic pain phenotypes, such as cold- or touch-evoked allodynia, and to identify predictors of response to pharmacological pain treatment.
Implications
Future studies are needed for some of the newly developed methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caspar Skau Madsen
- Danish Pain Research Center , Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark
| | | | - Ulf Baumgärtner
- Department of Neurophysiology, Center for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim (CBTM) , Heidelberg University , Mannheim , Germany
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30
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Nilsen KB, Olsen IC, Solem AN, Matre D. A large conditioned pain modulation response is not related to a large blood pressure response: a study in healthy men. Eur J Pain 2014; 18:1271-9. [PMID: 24677417 DOI: 10.1002/j.1532-2149.2014.486.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endogenous pain modulation has been studied with the conditioned pain modulation (CPM) paradigm with large differences in the magnitude of the CPM effect. We hypothesized that differences in CPM effects might be associated with differences in blood pressure responses to the conditioning stimulus when comparing the CPM effects using two different conditioning stimuli. METHODS A single-blind repeated-measures design with block-randomization was applied on 25 healthy male subjects. The test stimulus (TS; tonic heat pain for 120 s) was first presented alone, thereafter in parallel with a conditioning stimulus (CS). Conditioning stimuli were either a cold pressor test (CPT) or equally painful ischaemic muscle pain (ISC), both lasting 120 s. Finger blood pressure and heart rate were recorded continuously. Data were analysed in a linear mixed model framework with CS type (CPT or ISC) and conditioning (TS or TS + CS) as independent factors. RESULTS An inhibitory CPM effect was found for both types of conditioning (p < 0.001). The CPM effect was larger during CPT conditioning compared with ISC conditioning (p = 0.001). No association with the concomitant cardiovascular response (blood pressure and heart rate) was found (p > 0.34). CONCLUSION Cold pressor pain CS induces larger CPM effects than ischaemic pain CS. The larger CPM effect is, however, not associated with a larger blood pressure response. Other factors related to the CS should be investigated to understand why different CS modalities give different CPM effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Nilsen
- Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Work Psychology and Physiology, National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology, Section for Clinical Neurophysiology, Oslo University Hospital - Ullevål, Norway
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de Tommaso M, Vecchio E. Primary headaches and trigeminal neuralgia: neuropathic pain yes or not? Evidences from neurophysiological procedures. Expert Rev Neurother 2013; 13:1031-9. [PMID: 23952254 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2013.827475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Despite the fact that neurophysiological evaluation is not useful for primary headache diagnosis, the nociceptive system exploration through reflexes and evoked potentials procedures may give an aid in understanding the pathophysiological mechanism subtending pain. Neuropathic pain is caused by a lesion or disease of the somatosensory nervous system, which is supported by clinical evaluation and instrumental assessment by trigeminal and nociceptive reflexes and laser evoked potentials. The same methods, applied to migraine and cluster headache, together with evidences coming from structural and functional neuroimaging, excluded the neuropathic origin of pain, which is attaining to symptomatic and idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia, but confirmed a complex dysfunction of pain processing. Tension-type headache fits with a model of non-nociceptive and non-neuropathic pain, subtended by a complex interaction of peripheral muscular and central neuronal factors. The presence of altered modulation of pain concurs with migraine and tension-type headache, and should be taken into account for the choice of the best therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina de Tommaso
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurophysiopathology of Pain, Neuroscience and Sensory System (SMBNOS) Bari Aldo Moro University, Bari, Italy
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Nahman-Averbuch H, Granovsky Y, Coghill RC, Yarnitsky D, Sprecher E, Weissman-Fogel I. Waning of "conditioned pain modulation": a novel expression of subtle pronociception in migraine. Headache 2013; 53:1104-15. [PMID: 23594167 DOI: 10.1111/head.12117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the decay of the conditioned pain modulation (CPM) response along repeated applications as a possible expression of subtle pronociception in migraine. BACKGROUND One of the most explored mechanisms underlying the pain modulation system is "diffuse noxious inhibitory controls," which is measured psychophysically in the lab by the CPM paradigm. There are contradicting reports on CPM response in migraine, questioning whether migraineurs express pronociceptive pain modulation. METHODS Migraineurs (n = 26) and healthy controls (n = 35), all females, underwent 3 stimulation series, consisting of repeated (1) "test-stimulus" (Ts) alone that was given first followed by (2) parallel CPM application (CPM-parallel), and (3) sequential CPM application (CPM-sequential), in which the Ts is delivered during or following the conditioning-stimulus, respectively. In all series, the Ts repeated 4 times (0-3). In the CPM series, repetition "0" consisted of the Ts-alone that was followed by 3 repetitions of the Ts with a conditioning-stimulus application. RESULTS Although there was no difference between migraineurs and controls for the first CPM response in each series, we found waning of CPM-parallel efficiency along the series for migraineurs (P = .005 for third vs first CPM), but not for controls. Further, greater CPM waning in the CPM-sequential series was correlated with less reported extent of pain reduction by episodic medication (r = 0.493, P = .028). CONCLUSIONS Migraineurs have subtle deficits in endogenous pain modulation which requires a more challenging test protocol than the commonly used single CPM. Waning of CPM response seems to reveal this pronociceptive state. The clinical relevance of the CPM waning effect is highlighted by its association with clinical parameters of migraine.
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Nilsen KB, Christiansen SE, Holmen LB, Sand T. The effect of a mental stressor on conditioned pain modulation in healthy subjects. Scand J Pain 2012; 3:142-148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sjpain.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background and purpose
In animal studies, enhanced sensitivity to painful stimuli succeeding chronic stress has been reported, while acute stress is reported to induce analgesia. Human studies on the effect of mental stress on pain are more equivocal. A disturbed stress-response resulting in an increased sensitivity to painful stimuli has also been discussed as a potential mechanism for e.g., the fibromyalgia syndrome. Endogenous analgesia may be studied in humans by measuring the analgesic effect of heterotopic noxious conditioning stimulation. In neurophysiological animal studies this phenomenon was originally denoted “diffuse noxious inhibitory controls” (DNIC), but for human studies it has been suggested to use the term conditioned pain modulation (CPM).
The clinical relevance of aberrances in CPM is not clear. Inhibitory CPM is reported as being reduced in several medically unexplained syndromes with musculoskeletal pain aggravated by mental stress. However, whether the reported reduced CPM effects are causally related to clinical pain is unknown.
In the present study the effect of a mental stressor on CPM is studied.
Methods
With tourniquet-induced pain as the conditioning stimulus we estimated the CPM effect in twenty healthy subjects. Heat pain threshold (HPT), supra-threshold heat pain level (SHPL) and pressure pain threshold (PPT) were used as test stimuli. Measurements were performed at baseline, after a stressful task and after a non-stressful task presented in a blinded cross-over design. We used repeated-measures ANOVAs in the analysis with simple contrasts for post hoc analysis.
Results
With a ANOVA repeated measures model we found a significant task effect (F = 18.5, p ≤ 0.001), indicating that CPM was successfully induced. In our ANOVA model, we found a significant effect of stress in the contrast analysis (F = 5.2, p = 0.037), indicating that CPM was affected by the stressful task. The effects on PPT could not be analyzed due to a significant carry-over effect (for PPT only).
Conclusions
In the present blinded crossover study, we found a significant small to medium inhibitory effect of mental stress upon the CPM of thermal pain.
Implications
Our results suggest that previously reported reduced inhibitory CPM in several medically unexplained syndromes with musculoskeletal pain aggravated by mental stress possibly can be related to confounding or clinically relevant stress level differences. However, the result might be modality-specific. Further studies in patients are obviously needed, and the impact of mental stress on CPM should be investigated also with other stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian B. Nilsen
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Department of Neuroscience , Trondheim , Norway
- National Institute of Occupational Health , Dept. of Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders , Oslo , Norway
- Oslo University Hospital – Ullevål , Department of Neurology, Section for Clinical Neurophysiology , Oslo , Norway
| | - Sunniva E. Christiansen
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Department of Neuroscience , Trondheim , Norway
| | - Line B. Holmen
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Department of Neuroscience , Trondheim , Norway
| | - Trond Sand
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Department of Neuroscience , Trondheim , Norway
- St. Olavs Hospital , Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology , Trondheim , Norway
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Madsen C, Johnsen B, Fuglsang-Frederiksen A, Jensen T, Finnerup N. Increased contact heat pain and shortened latencies of contact heat evoked potentials following capsaicin-induced heat hyperalgesia. Clin Neurophysiol 2012; 123:1429-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2011.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Abstract
A proportion of episodic migraine patients experiences a progressive increase in attack frequency leading to chronic migraine (CM). The most frequent external factor that leads to headache chronification is medication overuse. The neurobiological bases of headache chronification and of the vicious circle of medication overconsumption are not completely elucidated. More recently, the same neurophysiological methods used to study episodic migraine were applied to CM and medication-overuse headache (MOH). Studies of cortical responsivity tend overall to indicate an increase in excitability, in particular of somatosensory and visual cortices, reflected by increased amplitude of evoked responses, decreased activity of inhibitory cortical interneurons reflected in the smaller magnetic suppression of perceptual accuracy, and, at least for visual responses, an increase in habituation. In MOH, overconsumption of triptans or NSAIDs influences cortical excitability differently. Generalized central sensitization is suggested to play an important role in the pathophysiology of headache chronification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Coppola
- Department of Neurophysiology of Vision and Neuroophthalmology, G.B. Bietti Eye Foundation-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Moulton EA, Becerra L, Maleki N, Pendse G, Tully S, Hargreaves R, Burstein R, Borsook D. Painful heat reveals hyperexcitability of the temporal pole in interictal and ictal migraine States. Cereb Cortex 2011; 21:435-48. [PMID: 20562317 PMCID: PMC3020583 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhq109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During migraine attacks, alterations in sensation accompanying headache may manifest as allodynia and enhanced sensitivity to light, sound, and odors. Our objective was to identify physiological changes in cortical regions in migraine patients using painful heat and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and the structural basis for such changes using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). In 11 interictal patients, painful heat threshold + 1°C was applied unilaterally to the forehead during fMRI scanning. Significantly greater activation was identified in the medial temporal lobe in patients relative to healthy subjects, specifically in the anterior temporal pole (TP). In patients, TP showed significantly increased functional connectivity in several brain regions relative to controls, suggesting that TP hyperexcitability may contribute to functional abnormalities in migraine. In 9 healthy subjects, DTI identified white matter connectivity between TP and pulvinar nucleus, which has been related to migraine. In 8 patients, fMRI activation in TP with painful heat was exacerbated during migraine, suggesting that repeated migraines may sensitize TP. This article investigates a nonclassical role of TP in migraineurs. Observed temporal lobe abnormalities may provide a basis for many of the perceptual changes in migraineurs and may serve as a potential interictal biomarker for drug efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Moulton
- Pain/Analgesia Imaging Neuroscience Group, Department of Psychiatry, Brain Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
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Nilsen KB, Flaten MA, Hagen K, Matre D, Sand T. [Mechanisms for pain inhibiton in the central nervous system]. TIDSSKRIFT FOR DEN NORSKE LEGEFORENING 2010; 130:1921-4. [PMID: 20930880 DOI: 10.4045/tidsskr.10.0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several endogenous factors regulate the perception of pain. Understanding of pain-alleviating mechanisms is increasing, which is useful both for doctors who treat pain-ridden patients and for researchers interested in the physiology of pain. This article provides an overview of such mechanisms. MATERIAL AND METHODS This review article is based on literature identified through a non-systematic search in PubMed. RESULTS Endogenous pain-alleviating mechanisms are mainly controlled by different parts of the reticular substance, and are normally activated by painful stimulation. Expectation of pain reduction (placebo analgesic effect), painful stimulation in other sites and high blood pressure are examples of factors which may increase the body's endogenous pain-alleviating mechanisms. Opioid-sensitive cells in the brain stem are important for endogenous pain alleviation. Reduced endogenous pain alleviation is found in a number of painful conditions, but it has not been clarified whether reduced endogenous pain inhibition is a cause of or a result of chronic pain. INTERPRETATION Strengthening of the body's own mechanisms for pain alleviation is possible and potentially useful in treatment of pain-ridden patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Bernhard Nilsen
- Seksjon for klinisk nevrofysiologi, Avdeling for nevrologi, Oslo universitetssykehus, 0407 Oslo, Norway.
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Schwedt TJ, Krauss MJ, Frey K, Gereau RW. Episodic and chronic migraineurs are hypersensitive to thermal stimuli between migraine attacks. Cephalalgia 2010; 31:6-12. [PMID: 20974609 DOI: 10.1177/0333102410365108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if migraineurs have evidence of interictal cutaneous sensitisation. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Thermal and mechanical pain thresholds in 20 episodic migraineurs, 20 chronic migraineurs, and 20 non-migraine control subjects were compared. Quantitative sensory testing was conducted when subjects had been migraine-free for at least 48 h. Heat, cold and mechanical pain thresholds, and heat and cold pain tolerance thresholds were measured. RESULTS Thermal pain thresholds and thermal pain tolerance thresholds differed significantly by headache group (P = 0.001). During the interictal period, episodic and chronic migraineurs were more sensitive to thermal stimulation than non-migraine controls. CONCLUSIONS Interictal sensitisation may predispose the migraineur to development of headaches, may be a marker of migraine activity, and a target for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd J Schwedt
- Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Ambrosini A, Magis D, Schoenen J. Migraine – clinical neurophysiology. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2010; 97:275-93. [DOI: 10.1016/s0072-9752(10)97023-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Akben SB, Subasi A, Tuncel D. Analysis of EEG Signals Under Flash Stimulation for Migraine and Epileptic Patients. J Med Syst 2009; 35:437-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s10916-009-9379-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2009] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Sand T, Zhitniy N, Nilsen KB, Helde G, Hagen K, Stovner LJ. Thermal pain thresholds are decreased in the migraine preattack phase. Eur J Neurol 2008; 15:1199-205. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2008.02276.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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