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Hassan N, Krieg T, Kopp A, Bach AD, Kröger N. Challenges and Pitfalls of Research Designs Involving Magnesium-Based Biomaterials: An Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6242. [PMID: 38892430 PMCID: PMC11172609 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Magnesium-based biomaterials hold remarkable promise for various clinical applications, offering advantages such as reduced stress-shielding and enhanced bone strengthening and vascular remodeling compared to traditional materials. However, ensuring the quality of preclinical research is crucial for the development of these implants. To achieve implant success, an understanding of the cellular responses post-implantation, proper model selection, and good study design are crucial. There are several challenges to reaching a safe and effective translation of laboratory findings into clinical practice. The utilization of Mg-based biomedical devices eliminates the need for biomaterial removal surgery post-healing and mitigates adverse effects associated with permanent biomaterial implantation. However, the high corrosion rate of Mg-based implants poses challenges such as unexpected degradation, structural failure, hydrogen evolution, alkalization, and cytotoxicity. The biocompatibility and degradability of materials based on magnesium have been studied by many researchers in vitro; however, evaluations addressing the impact of the material in vivo still need to be improved. Several animal models, including rats, rabbits, dogs, and pigs, have been explored to assess the potential of magnesium-based materials. Moreover, strategies such as alloying and coating have been identified to enhance the degradation rate of magnesium-based materials in vivo to transform these challenges into opportunities. This review aims to explore the utilization of Mg implants across various biomedical applications within cellular (in vitro) and animal (in vivo) models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nourhan Hassan
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science and Experimental Surgery, University of Aachen Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH-Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Thomas Krieg
- Translational Matrix Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Alexander D. Bach
- Department of Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, St. Antonius Hospital Eschweiler, 52249 Eschweiler, Germany
| | - Nadja Kröger
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science and Experimental Surgery, University of Aachen Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH-Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Department of Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, St. Antonius Hospital Eschweiler, 52249 Eschweiler, Germany
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Onorato F, Masoni V, Gagliardi L, Comba LC, Rivera F. What to Know about Antimicrobial Coatings in Arthroplasty: A Narrative Review. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:574. [PMID: 38674220 PMCID: PMC11052078 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60040574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Periprosthetic joint infections (PJIs) are one of the most worrying complications orthopedic surgeons could face; thus, methods to prevent them are evolving. Apart from systemic antibiotics, targeted strategies such as local antimicrobial coatings applied to prosthetics have been introduced. This narrative review aims to provide an overview of the main antimicrobial coatings available in arthroplasty orthopedic surgery practice. The search was performed on the PubMed, Web of Science, SCOPUS, and EMBASE databases, focusing on antimicrobial-coated devices used in clinical practice in the arthroplasty world. While silver technology has been widely adopted in the prosthetic oncological field with favorable outcomes, recently, silver associated with hydroxyapatite for cementless fixation, antibiotic-loaded hydrogel coatings, and iodine coatings have all been employed with promising protective results against PJIs. However, challenges persist, with each material having strengths and weaknesses under investigation. Therefore, this narrative review emphasizes that further clinical studies are needed to understand whether antimicrobial coatings can truly revolutionize the field of PJIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Onorato
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, University of Turin, Via Zuretti, 29, 10126 Turin, Italy; (F.O.); (V.M.); (L.G.)
| | - Virginia Masoni
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, University of Turin, Via Zuretti, 29, 10126 Turin, Italy; (F.O.); (V.M.); (L.G.)
| | - Luca Gagliardi
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, University of Turin, Via Zuretti, 29, 10126 Turin, Italy; (F.O.); (V.M.); (L.G.)
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Ospedale SS Annunziata, ASL CN1, Via Ospedali, 9, 12038 Savigliano, Italy;
| | - Luca Costanzo Comba
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Ospedale SS Annunziata, ASL CN1, Via Ospedali, 9, 12038 Savigliano, Italy;
| | - Fabrizio Rivera
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Ospedale SS Annunziata, ASL CN1, Via Ospedali, 9, 12038 Savigliano, Italy;
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Dryhval B, Husak Y, Sulaieva O, Deineka V, Pernakov M, Lyndin M, Romaniuk A, Simka W, Pogorielov M. In Vivo Safety of New Coating for Biodegradable Magnesium Implants. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5807. [PMID: 37687498 PMCID: PMC10488394 DOI: 10.3390/ma16175807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradable Magnesium (Mg) implants are promising alternatives to permanent metallic prosthesis. To improve the biocompatibility and with the aim of degradation control, we provided Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO) of pure Mg implant in silicate-based solution with NaOH (S1 250 V) and Ca(OH)2 (S2 300 V). Despite the well-structured surface, S1 250 V implants induced enormous innate immunity reaction with the prevalence of neutrophils (MPO+) and M1-macrophages (CD68+), causing secondary alteration and massive necrosis in the peri-implant area in a week. This reaction was also accompanied by systemic changes in visceral organs affecting animals' survival after seven days of the experiment. In contrast, S2 300 V implantation was associated with focal lymphohistiocytic infiltration and granulation tissue formation, defining a more favorable outcome. This reaction was associated with the prevalence of M2-macrophages (CD163+) and high density of αSMA+ myofibroblasts, implying a resolution of inflammation and effective tissue repair at the site of the implantation. At 30 days, no remnants of S2 300 V implants were found, suggesting complete resorption with minor histological changes in peri-implant tissues. In conclusion, Ca(OH)2-contained silicate-based solution allows generating biocompatible coating reducing toxicity and immunogenicity with appropriate degradation properties that make it a promising candidate for medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohdan Dryhval
- Biomedical Research Centre, Sumy State University, R-Korsakova Street, 40007 Sumy, Ukraine; (B.D.); (Y.H.); (V.D.); (M.P.); (M.L.); (A.R.)
| | - Yevheniia Husak
- Biomedical Research Centre, Sumy State University, R-Korsakova Street, 40007 Sumy, Ukraine; (B.D.); (Y.H.); (V.D.); (M.P.); (M.L.); (A.R.)
- Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Oksana Sulaieva
- Medical Laboratory CSD, Vasylkivska Street, 45, 02000 Kyiv, Ukraine;
| | - Volodymyr Deineka
- Biomedical Research Centre, Sumy State University, R-Korsakova Street, 40007 Sumy, Ukraine; (B.D.); (Y.H.); (V.D.); (M.P.); (M.L.); (A.R.)
- Institute of Atomic Physics and Spectroscopy, University of Latvia, Jelgavas iela 3, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
| | - Mykola Pernakov
- Biomedical Research Centre, Sumy State University, R-Korsakova Street, 40007 Sumy, Ukraine; (B.D.); (Y.H.); (V.D.); (M.P.); (M.L.); (A.R.)
| | - Mykola Lyndin
- Biomedical Research Centre, Sumy State University, R-Korsakova Street, 40007 Sumy, Ukraine; (B.D.); (Y.H.); (V.D.); (M.P.); (M.L.); (A.R.)
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Anatolii Romaniuk
- Biomedical Research Centre, Sumy State University, R-Korsakova Street, 40007 Sumy, Ukraine; (B.D.); (Y.H.); (V.D.); (M.P.); (M.L.); (A.R.)
| | - Wojciech Simka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Maksym Pogorielov
- Biomedical Research Centre, Sumy State University, R-Korsakova Street, 40007 Sumy, Ukraine; (B.D.); (Y.H.); (V.D.); (M.P.); (M.L.); (A.R.)
- Institute of Atomic Physics and Spectroscopy, University of Latvia, Jelgavas iela 3, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
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Zhao G, Wang S, Wang G, Zhang B, Huang H, Yao Y. Enhancing bone formation using absorbable AZ31B magnesium alloy membranes during distraction osteogenesis: A new material study. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18032. [PMID: 37534007 PMCID: PMC10391921 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate whether the use of absorble AZ31B magnesium alloys over distraction gaps improves the quality and quantity of regenerated bone better than the use of Collagen membranes. Methods Fifteen mixed-breed dogs were randomly divided into the experimental (n = 10) and control (n = 5) groups. In the experimental group, two devices were implanted along the mandible; one side with absorble AZ31B and the other side with Collagen. The control animals did not undergo osteotomy or distraction. After a consolidation time of two months, 30 specimens were harvested, and newly created bone was identified using CBCT and micro-CT. Results The Collagen membranes were absorbed completely, and the AZ31B membranes became irregular and rough. Mandible length was successfully extended approximately 1 cm. More bone formation was found after using AZ31B than Collagen, and there was a significant difference in width reduction between experimental sites treated with AZ31B (0.11 ± 0.04 cm) and Collagen (0.42 ± 0.06 cm) (p < 0.05). Trabecular thickness was also significantly higher in AZ31B (0.338 ± 0.08 cm) and control (0.417 ± 0.05 cm) than Collagen (0.178 ± 0.04 cm) (p < 0.05). Conclusion An AZ31B membrane barrier is biocompatible and absorbable which can maintain the distraction gap and provide support to the attached osteoprogenitors by providing space for them to proliferate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiran Zhao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou City, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Shu Wang
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou City, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Guijun Wang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou City, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou City, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Han Huang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou City, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yusheng Yao
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, No.2, Section5, Heping Road, Linghe District, Jinzhou City, Liaoning Province, China
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Maric T, Adamakis V, Zhang Z, Milián-Guimerá C, Thamdrup LHE, Stamate E, Ghavami M, Boisen A. Microscopic Cascading Devices for Boosting Mucus Penetration in Oral Drug Delivery-Micromotors Nesting Inside Microcontainers. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2206330. [PMID: 36670055 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In the case of macromolecules and poorly permeable drugs, oral drug delivery features low bioavailability and low absorption across the intestinal wall. Intestinal absorption can be improved if the drug formulation could be transported close to the epithelium. To achieve this, a cascade delivery device comprising Magnesium-based Janus micromotors (MMs) nesting inside a microscale containers (MCs) has been conceptualized. The device aims at facilitating targeted drug delivery mediated by MMs that can lodge inside the intestinal mucosa. Loading MMs into MCs can potentially enhance drug absorption through increased proximity and unidirectional release. The MMs will be provided with optimal conditions for ejection into any residual mucus layer that the MCs have not penetrated. MMS confined inside MCs propel faster in the mucus environment as compared to non-confined MMs. Upon contact with a suitable fuel, the MM-loaded MC itself can also move. An in vitro study shows fast release profiles and linear motion properties in porcine intestinal mucus compared to more complex motion in aqueous media. The concept of dual-acting cascade devices holds great potential in applications where proximity to epithelium and deep mucus penetration are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijana Maric
- The Danish National Research Foundation and Villum Foundation's Center for Intelligent Drug Delivery and Sensing Using Microcontainers and Nanomechanics (IDUN), Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsted Plads, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Vaios Adamakis
- The Danish National Research Foundation and Villum Foundation's Center for Intelligent Drug Delivery and Sensing Using Microcontainers and Nanomechanics (IDUN), Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsted Plads, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Zhongyang Zhang
- The Danish National Research Foundation and Villum Foundation's Center for Intelligent Drug Delivery and Sensing Using Microcontainers and Nanomechanics (IDUN), Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsted Plads, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Carmen Milián-Guimerá
- The Danish National Research Foundation and Villum Foundation's Center for Intelligent Drug Delivery and Sensing Using Microcontainers and Nanomechanics (IDUN), Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsted Plads, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Lasse Højlund Eklund Thamdrup
- The Danish National Research Foundation and Villum Foundation's Center for Intelligent Drug Delivery and Sensing Using Microcontainers and Nanomechanics (IDUN), Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsted Plads, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Eugen Stamate
- National Centre for Nano Fabrication and Characterization, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Mahdi Ghavami
- The Danish National Research Foundation and Villum Foundation's Center for Intelligent Drug Delivery and Sensing Using Microcontainers and Nanomechanics (IDUN), Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsted Plads, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Anja Boisen
- The Danish National Research Foundation and Villum Foundation's Center for Intelligent Drug Delivery and Sensing Using Microcontainers and Nanomechanics (IDUN), Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsted Plads, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
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Okutan B, Schwarze UY, Berger L, Martinez DC, Herber V, Suljevic O, Plocinski T, Swieszkowski W, Santos SG, Schindl R, Löffler JF, Weinberg AM, Sommer NG. The combined effect of zinc and calcium on the biodegradation of ultrahigh-purity magnesium implants. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 146:213287. [PMID: 36669235 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg)-based implants are promising candidates for orthopedic interventions, because of their biocompatibility, good mechanical features, and ability to degrade completely in the body, eliminating the need for an additional removal surgery. In the present study, we synthesized and investigated two Mg-based materials, ultrahigh-purity ZX00 (Mg-Zn-Ca; <0.5 wt% Zn and <0.5 wt% Ca, in wt%; Fe-content <1 ppm) and ultrahigh-purity Mg (XHP-Mg, >99.999 wt% Mg; Fe-content <1 ppm), in vitro and in vivo in juvenile healthy rats to clarify the effect of the alloying elements Zn and Ca on mechanical properties, microstructure, cytocompatibility and degradation rate. Potential differences in bone formation and bone in-growth were also assessed and compared with state-of-the-art non-degradable titanium (Ti)-implanted, sham-operated, and control (non-intervention) groups, using micro-computed tomography, histology and scanning electron microscopy. At 6 and 24 weeks after implantation, serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), calcium (Ca), and Mg level were measured and bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) were isolated for real-time PCR analysis. Results show that ZX00 implants have smaller grain size and superior mechanical properties than XHP-Mg, and that both reveal good biocompatibility in cytocompatibilty tests. ZX00 homogenously degraded with an increased gas accumulation 12 and 24 weeks after implantation, whereas XHP-Mg exhibited higher gas accumulation already at 2 weeks. Serum ALP, Ca, and Mg levels were comparable among all groups and both Mg-based implants led to similar relative expression levels of Alp, Runx2, and Bmp-2 genes at weeks 6 and 24. Histologically, Mg-based implants are superior for new bone tissue formation and bone in-growth compared to Ti implants. Furthermore, by tracking the sequence of multicolor fluorochrome labels, we observed higher mineral apposition rate at week 2 in both Mg-based implants compared to the control groups. Our findings suggest that (i) ZX00 and XHP-Mg support bone formation and remodeling, (ii) both Mg-based implants are superior to Ti implants in terms of new bone tissue formation and osseointegration, and (iii) ZX00 is more favorable due to its lower degradation rate and moderate gas accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begüm Okutan
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 5, 8036 Graz, Austria.
| | - Uwe Y Schwarze
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 5, 8036 Graz, Austria; Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Division of Oral Surgery and Orthodontics, Medical University of Graz, Billrothgasse 4, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Leopold Berger
- Laboratory of Metal Physics and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Diana C Martinez
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Woloska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Valentin Herber
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Division of Oral Surgery and Orthodontics, Medical University of Graz, Billrothgasse 4, 8010 Graz, Austria; Department of Oral Surgery, University Center for Dental Medicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 40, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Omer Suljevic
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 5, 8036 Graz, Austria.
| | - Tomasz Plocinski
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Woloska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Swieszkowski
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Woloska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Susana G Santos
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, and INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, Porto 4200-135, Portugal.
| | - Rainer Schindl
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Jörg F Löffler
- Laboratory of Metal Physics and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Annelie M Weinberg
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 5, 8036 Graz, Austria.
| | - Nicole G Sommer
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 5, 8036 Graz, Austria.
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Exploring the Usability of α-MSH-SM-Liposome as an Imaging Agent to Study Biodegradable Bone Implants In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021103. [PMID: 36674616 PMCID: PMC9866773 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel biodegradable metal alloys are increasingly used as implant materials. The implantation can be accompanied by an inflammatory response to a foreign object. For studying inflammation in the implantation area, non-invasive imaging methods are needed. In vivo imaging for the implanted area and its surroundings will provide beneficiary information to understand implant-related inflammation and help to monitor it. Therefore, inflammation-sensitive fluorescent liposomes in rats were tested in the presence of an implant to evaluate their usability in studying inflammation. The sphingomyelin-containing liposomes carrying alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-peptide were tested in a rat bone implant model. The liposome interaction with implant material (Mg-10Gd) was analyzed with Mg-based implant material (Mg-10Gd) in vitro. The liposome uptake process was studied in the bone-marrow-derived macrophages in vitro. Finally, this liposomal tracer was tested in vivo. It was found that α-MSH coupled sphingomyelin-containing liposomes and the Mg-10Gd implant did not have any disturbing influence on each other. The clearance of liposomes was observed in the presence of an inert and biodegradable implant. The degradable Mg-10Gd was used as an alloy example; however, the presented imaging system offers a new possible use of α-MSH-SM-liposomes as tools for investigating implant responses.
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Alecu AE, Balaceanu GC, Nicoara AI, Neacsu IA, Busuioc C. Synthesis and Characterization of Porous Forsterite Ceramics with Prospective Tissue Engineering Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:6942. [PMID: 36234283 PMCID: PMC9571972 DOI: 10.3390/ma15196942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Due to the urgent need to develop and improve biomaterials, the present article proposes a new strategy to obtain porous scaffolds based on forsterite (Mg2SiO4) for bone tissue regeneration. The main objective is to restore and improve bone function, providing a stable environment for regeneration. The usage of magnesium silicate relies on its mechanical properties being superior to hydroxyapatite and, in general, to calcium phosphates, as well as its high biocompatibility, and antibacterial properties. Mg2SiO4 powder was obtained using the sol-gel method, which was calcinated at 800 °C for 2 h; then, part of the powder was further used to make porous ceramics by mixing it with a porogenic agent (e.g., sucrose). The raw ceramic bodies were subjected to two sintering treatments, at 1250 or 1320 °C, and the characterization results were discussed comparatively. The porogenic agent did not influence the identified phases or the samples' crystallinity and was efficiently removed during the heat treatment. Moreover, the effect of the porogenic agent no longer seems significant after sintering at 1250 °C; the difference in porosity between the two ceramics was negligible. When analysing the in vitro cytotoxicity of the samples, the ones that were porous and treated at 1320 °C showed slightly better cell viability, with the cells appearing to adhere more easily to their surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrada Elena Alecu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gabriel-Costin Balaceanu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adrian Ionut Nicoara
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
- National Research Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University Politehnica of Bucharest, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ionela Andreea Neacsu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
- National Research Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University Politehnica of Bucharest, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristina Busuioc
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
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9
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Biodegradable WE43 Magnesium Alloy Produced by Selective Laser Melting: Mechanical Properties, Corrosion Behavior, and In-Vitro Cytotoxicity. METALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/met12030469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In this work, selective laser melting (SLM) technology was used to prepare Mg-4Y-3Nd-Zr (WE43) alloy. This alloy and production method are promising for the design of biodegradable implants. The aim of this study was to investigate the chemical composition, microstructure, mechanical properties, corrosion behavior in simulated body fluid (SBF), and cytotoxicity of the alloy produced by SLM method and to compare it with conventionally gravity cast reference alloy. Analysis of the surface of the revealed an oxygen content of 7 wt.%. Undesirable unmelted and only partially adhered spherical particles of the starting powder were also found. The microstructure of the material was very fine and consisted of α-Mg dendritic matrix, β-Mg41(Nd, Y)5 intermetallic phase, Y2O3 inclusions, and 0.6 vol.% of residual porosity. The Vickers hardness, compressive yield strength, compressive strength, and maximum compressive strain were 88 HV0.1, 201 MPa, 394 MPa, and 14%, respectively, which are close to the reference values in as-cast. The in vitro corrosion rates determined by immersion and potentiodynamic tests were 2.6 mm/year and 1.3 mm/year, respectively. Cytotoxicity tests indicated good biocompatibility of the 3D-printed alloy.
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Zhang J, Zhang B, Zhang J, Lin W, Zhang S. Magnesium Promotes the Regeneration of the Peripheral Nerve. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:717854. [PMID: 34458271 PMCID: PMC8385315 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.717854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury is a common complication in trauma, and regeneration and function recovery are clinical challenges. It is indispensable to find a suitable material to promote peripheral nerve regeneration due to the limited capacity of peripheral nerve regeneration, which is not an easy task to design a material with good biocompatibility, appropriate degradability. Magnesium has captured increasing attention during the past years as suitable materials. However, there are little types of research on magnesium promoting peripheral nerve regeneration. In this review, we conclude the possible mechanism of magnesium ion promoting peripheral nerve regeneration and the properties and application of different kinds of magnesium-based biomaterials, such as magnesium filaments, magnesium alloys, and others, in which we found some shortcomings and challenges. So, magnesium can promote peripheral nerve regeneration with both challenge and potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Binjing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinglan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weimin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shiwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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11
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Zheng Q, Sun Z, Wang Z, Duan T, Xu K, Cai M, Wang B. Corrosion and biocompatibility behaviours of microarc oxidation/phytic acid coated magnesium alloy clips for use in cholecystectomy in a rabbit model. RSC Adv 2021; 11:20730-20736. [PMID: 35479380 PMCID: PMC9033993 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra09275d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
With the popularisation of laparoscopic cholecystectomy, ligation clips have been commonly used for ligating the cystic duct and cystic artery. However, non-degradable clips remain in the body long-term, which significantly increases the risk of the clip becoming detached. Thus, magnesium alloys have attracted tremendous attention owing to their biodegradability and good biocompatibility. However, the poor corrosion resistance hinders the clinical application of magnesium alloys with microarc oxidation/phytic acid (MAO/PA) composite coatings as protective coatings. Here, these alloys were used to hinder the rapid material degradation in aqueous solution. Electrochemical tests were conducted to evaluate the in vivo degradation behaviour in simulated body fluid (SBF) for Mg-Zn-Y-Nd alloys, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe the micromorphology of in vivo clip degradation. Cell toxicity, cell adhesion, and flow cytometry were performed in vitro to detect cytocompatibility. Biochemical detection of serum magnesium, serum creatinine (CREA), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), alanine transaminase (ALT), and alanine aminotransferase (AST), and haematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining of the heart, liver, and kidney tissues in vivo was conducted to determine the biocompatibility properties after surgery. Electrochemical measurements and SEM images revealed that the MAO/PA-coated magnesium alloy delayed corrosion in SBF. The apoptosis rate increased slightly with increased extract concentration. Nevertheless, MAO/PA-coated magnesium alloys still exhibited good cytocompatibility. No obvious abnormality was observed in the blood biochemical test or HE staining. Thus, MAO/PA-coated magnesium alloys exhibit better corrosion than bare magnesium. In addition, Mg-Zn-Y-Nd and MAO/PA-coated magnesium alloys exhibited no cytotoxicity, good adhesion, and biosafety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuxia Zheng
- Department of Surgery, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University 288 Zhongzhou Road Luoyang 471000 China +86 379 6389 2095 +86 379 6389 2095
| | - Zongbin Sun
- Department of Surgery, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University 288 Zhongzhou Road Luoyang 471000 China +86 379 6389 2095 +86 379 6389 2095
| | - Zhanhui Wang
- Department of Surgery, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University 288 Zhongzhou Road Luoyang 471000 China +86 379 6389 2095 +86 379 6389 2095
| | - Tinghe Duan
- Department of Surgery, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University 288 Zhongzhou Road Luoyang 471000 China +86 379 6389 2095 +86 379 6389 2095
| | - Kai Xu
- Department of Surgery, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University 288 Zhongzhou Road Luoyang 471000 China +86 379 6389 2095 +86 379 6389 2095
| | - Mengmeng Cai
- Department of Surgery, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University 288 Zhongzhou Road Luoyang 471000 China +86 379 6389 2095 +86 379 6389 2095
| | - Bi Wang
- Department of Surgery, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University 288 Zhongzhou Road Luoyang 471000 China +86 379 6389 2095 +86 379 6389 2095
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12
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Sabbarwal S, Dubey AK, Pandey M, Kumar M. Synthesis of biocompatible, BSA capped fluorescent CaCO 3 pre-nucleation nanoclusters for cell imaging applications. J Mater Chem B 2021; 8:5729-5744. [PMID: 32515763 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb00881h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Novel, photostable, multicolour fluorescent, highly biocompatible, water soluble, BSA capped pre-nucleation CaCO3 nanoclusters (FCPN) (∼1.3 nm) are developed using a facile biomineralization process. M. oleifera leaf extract and BSA protein are used as sources of ascorbic acid and capping agent, respectively. The developed FCPN shows fluorescence in the blue, green, and yellow/red region with an average life time of 1.05, 6.23 and 30.60 ns, respectively. The MALDI-MS measurements reveal that these nanoclusters are 16, 50, 73, 222 and 936 molecules big. These FCPN, when incubated (up to 7 days) with MG-63 cells, demonstrate an increase in cell viability percentage with time period as compared to their control samples. Furthermore, these incubated cells were investigated using confocal microscopy to estimate the FCPN diffusion penetration depth using CTCF analysis. It has been observed that blue and green emitting FCPN penetrated 6 μm, whereas red emitting FCPN traversed only 4 μm. The relative quantum yield (Rhodamine 6G = 0.92) of FCPN for green emission was found to be 0.0175 in water. The prepared nanoclusters displayed four months shelf-life. These FCPN were prepared using an environmentally benign, inexpensive, green synthetic route without using toxic reducing agents. Furthermore, the current report discusses the detailed results, obtained from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, MALDI-MS, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, UV-visible, fluorescence spectroscopy, lifetime measurements, electron microscopy, fluorescence microscopy and confocal microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivesh Sabbarwal
- Nano & Micro System Fabrication and Design Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, IIT (BHU), Varanasi-221005, India
| | | | - Maneesha Pandey
- Department of Ceramic Engineering, IIT (BHU), Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Nano & Micro System Fabrication and Design Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, IIT (BHU), Varanasi-221005, India and School of Biomedical Engineering, IIT (BHU), Varanasi-221005, India.
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13
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Tan W, Gao C, Feng P, Liu Q, Liu C, Wang Z, Deng Y, Shuai C. Dual-functional scaffolds of poly(L-lactic acid)/nanohydroxyapatite encapsulated with metformin: Simultaneous enhancement of bone repair and bone tumor inhibition. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 120:111592. [PMID: 33545810 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bone defects caused by tumors are difficult to repair clinically because of their poor morphology and residual tumor cell-induced recurrence. Scaffolds with the dual function of bone repair and bone tumor treatment are urgently needed to resolve this problem. In this study, a poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA)/nanoscale hydroxyapatite (nHA)/metformin (MET) nanocomposite scaffold was constructed via selective laser sintering. The scaffolds were expected to combine the excellent mechanical strength and biodegradability of PLLA, the good bioactivity of nHA, and the water solubility and antitumor properties of MET. The PLLA/nHA/MET scaffolds showed improved cell adhesion, appropriate porosity, good biocompatibility and osteogenic-induced ability in vitro because metformin improves water solubility and promotes the osteogenic differentiation of cells within the scaffold. The PLLA/nHA/MET scaffold had an extended drug release time because the MET particles were wrapped in the biodegradable polymer PLLA and the wrapped MET particles were slowly released into body fluids as the PLLA was degraded. Moreover, the scaffold induced osteosarcoma (OS) cell apoptosis by upregulating apoptosis-related gene expression and showed excellent tumor inhibition characteristics in vitro. In addition, the scaffold induced osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal cells (BMSCs) by promoting osteogenic gene expression. The results suggest that the PLLA/nHA/MET composite scaffold has the dual function of tumor inhibition and bone repair and therefore it provides a promising new approach for the treatment of tumor-induced bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tan
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No.138, Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People's Republic of China; Department of Spinal Orthopedics, Huizhou Third People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, No.1, Xuebei Road, Huizhou, Guangdong 516002, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengde Gao
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Complex Manufacturing, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei Feng
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Complex Manufacturing, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No.138, Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Congcong Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518020, PR China
| | - Zhenting Wang
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Haikou People's Hospital, Haikou, Hainan 570208, P.R. China
| | - Youwen Deng
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No.138, Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People's Republic of China.
| | - Cijun Shuai
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Complex Manufacturing, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
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Bioabsorbable magnesium screw versus conventional titanium screw fixation for medial malleolar fractures. J Orthop Traumatol 2020; 21:9. [PMID: 32451727 PMCID: PMC7248135 DOI: 10.1186/s10195-020-00547-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is still unknown whether bioabsorbable magnesium (Mg) screws provide an advantage over titanium screws in the treatment of medial malleolar (MM) fractures. The purpose of this retrospective study is to compare the clinical and radiological outcomes of MM fractures fixed with either bioabsorbable Mg screws or conventional titanium screws. Materials and methods A cohort of 48 patients with MM fractures who underwent compression screw fixation was retrospectively reviewed. Twenty-three patients (16 male, 7 female; mean age: 37.9 ± 17.7 years) were treated with bioabsorbable Mg screws, and 25 patients (14 male, 11 female; mean age: 45.0 ± 15.7 years) were treated with conventional titanium screw fixation. All patients were followed up for at least 1 year, with a mean time of 24.6 ± 10.5 months (12–53 months). The American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) scale was used to evaluate the clinical results. The Kellgren–Lawrence (KL) osteoarthritis grading was used to evaluate posttraumatic osteoarthritis on final ankle radiographs. Fracture union, rate of implant removal, and complications were recorded. Comparative analysis of two independent groups was performed using the chi-squared test and the Mann–Whitney U-test. Results The two groups were comparable concerning demographic and clinical characteristics. Age (p = 0.146), sex (p = 0.252), side (p = 0.190), MM fracture type (p = 0.500), associated fractures (p = 0.470), and follow-up period (p = 0.903) were similar between the groups. At final follow-up examination, AOFAS score (p = 0.191) was similar between groups. Fracture union was achieved in all cases. Grade of posttraumatic osteoarthritis, according to KL, was equally distributed in both groups (p = 0.074). No deep infection or osteomyelitis was seen. Five patients in the titanium screw group underwent implant removal, due to pain in three of them and difficulty in wearing shoes in the other two (p = 0.031). Implant removal was performed after a mean of 14.2 ± 3.1 months (12–19 months). Conclusions Bioabsorbable Mg and titanium screws had similar therapeutic efficacy in MM fracture fixation regarding functional and radiological outcomes. However, the rate of implant removal was higher with titanium screws. Bioabsorbable Mg screws may be a favorable fixation option since secondary implant removal procedures can be prevented. Level of evidence Level IV, Retrospective case series.
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15
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Pachimalla PR, Mishra SK, Chowdhary R. Evaluation of hydrophilic gel made from Acemannan and Moringa oleifera in enhancing osseointegration of dental implants. A preliminary study in rabbits. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2020; 10:13-19. [PMID: 32025481 PMCID: PMC6997573 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2020.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydrophilic implant surface has gained increasing interest as a factor to stimulate osseointegration. PURPOSE The study was done to formulate hydrophilic gel to be applied on to the dental implant surface, to enhance bone to implant contact (BIC). MATERIALS AND METHODS In first part of study, Acemannan and Moringa oleifera hydro gel formulated in different proportions were coated on the titanium disk and 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide(MTT) assay was done to evaluate cell viability.Cytotoxicity of aqueous extracts of two plants were tested against UMR106 cells. In second part of study, the prototype titanium implants were placed in tibia and femur of 8 male rabbits. Hydrophilic gel formulated from Acemannan and Moringa oleifera were coated on the study groups of implants. Histomorphometric analysis was carried out of the enbloc sections specimens. Student's unpaired t-test was used to compare mean values between the two groups. RESULTS The alkaline phosphatase assay showed least cell inhibition for Acemannan and Moringa oleifera (2:1) as 4.45% and osteoblastic differentiation as 0.328 at 540 nm. Titamium disc coated with hydrogel of Acemannan and Moringa oliefera and seeded with Human MSC shows increased proliferation of osteoblast cells.Compare to study group implants, control group showed no new bone formation. CONCLUSIONS Hydrophilic implant surface showed new bone formation with increased bone to implant contact.There was absent of degenerative changes, necrotic changes, fibrosis, and inflammation at the new BIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praneeth Raj Pachimalla
- Department of Prosthodontics, Rajarajeswari Dental College and Hospital, Bengaluru, 560074, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Mishra
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peoples College of Dental Sciences & Research Centre, Bhopal, 462037, India
| | - Ramesh Chowdhary
- Department of Prosthodontics, Rajarajeswari Dental College and Hospital, Bengaluru, 560074, India
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Al Hegy A, Smith R, Gauthier ER, Gray-Munro JE. Investigation of a cyanine dye assay for the evaluation of the biocompatibility of magnesium alloys by direct and indirect methods. Bioact Mater 2020; 5:26-33. [PMID: 31956733 PMCID: PMC6957867 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnesium and its alloys are promising candidates for a new generation of biodegradable metals in orthopaedic applications due to their excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, and mechanical properties that are similar to natural bone. However, direct in vitro assessment of these materials in the presence of cells is complicated by degradation products from the alloy that lead to a false positive for the most commonly used cell adhesion and cell proliferation assays. In this paper, a cyanine dye was used to quantitatively evaluate the in vitro biocompatibility of a Mg AZ31 alloy by both direct and indirect methods. The cytotoxicity of the corrosion products was evaluated via an indirect method; a 25% decrease in cell viability compared to control samples was observed. Moreover, direct assessment of cell adhesion and proliferation showed a statistically significant increase in cell number at the surface after 72 h. In addition, the degradation rate and surface characteristics of the Mg AZ31 alloy were evaluated for both direct and indirect tests. The degradation rate was unaffected by the presence of cells while evidence of an increase in calcium phosphate deposition on the magnesium alloy surface in the presence of cells was observed. This study demonstrates that a cyanine dye based assay provides a more accurate assessment of the overall in vitro biocompatibility of biodegradable metals than the more commonly used assays reported in the literature to date. Quantitative analysis of cell numbers on the surface of magnesium has been performed. No false positive was observed. Cyanine dye assays are an excellent alternative to tetrazolium salts for in vitro evaluation of bioabsorbable implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afrah Al Hegy
- Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - Ryan Smith
- Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - Eric R Gauthier
- Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - Joy E Gray-Munro
- Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, P3E 2C6, Canada
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17
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Improving in vitro and in vivo antibacterial functionality of Mg alloys through micro-alloying with Sr and Ga. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 104:109926. [PMID: 31499938 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.109926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite of technical advancements in design and development of new biomaterials, device-related infections continue to occur and can be life-threatening. Differing from existing research work pertaining to introducing antibacterial function upon device surface, this study attempts to address such germ-infection issues through controlled release of antibacterial species from bulk gallium (Ga) and strontium (Sr) containing magnesium (Mg) alloys. To validate such a conceptual framework, Mg alloys containing micro-level concentrations of Ga and/or Sr (0.1 wt%) are employed as model materials, along with commercially pure Mg and titanium (Ti) as control groups. Biodegradation progress of such metal specimens is examined through pH and mass loss measurements, and inductively coupled plasma - atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) as a function of immersion time in Trypticase Soy Broth (TSB) solution under physiological conditions. In vitro biocompatibility and antibacterial performance are characterised through MTT proliferation assay with human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and the spread plate method with three representative bacterial strains, i.e. S. aureus (ATCC 43300), E. coli (ATCC 25922), and S. epidermidis (ATCC 35984). Animal tests are performed through implanting target metal rods into femurs of Sprague Dawley rats, accompanied with injection of S. aureus to build a model of osteomyelitis. Results demonstrate that such lean additions of Ga and/or Sr reduce the degradation kinetics of Mg matrix, and the release of Ga3+ ions plays a crucial role in disabling the viability of all selected bacterial strains. The histological tests confirm that the growth of fibrous tissue has been accelerated in the vicinity of Mg-based implants, in comparison to that of blank and c.p. Ti controls. It is also striking that the smallest number density of S. aureus bacteria on the surface of the retrieved Ga-containing Mg rod implants. Such a proof-of-concept study provides a new and feasible strategy to address the notorious device-infection issues associated with biomedical implants for bone fracture management.
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Anisimova N, Kiselevskiy M, Martynenko N, Straumal B, Willumeit-Römer R, Dobatkin S, Estrin Y. Cytotoxicity of biodegradable magnesium alloy WE43 to tumor cells in vitro: Bioresorbable implants with antitumor activity? J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2019; 108:167-173. [PMID: 30957969 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a degradable magnesium alloy WE43 (Mg-3.56%Y-2.20%Nd-0.47%Zr) was used as a research object. To refine its microstructure from the initial homogenized one, the alloy was subjected to severe plastic deformation (SPD) by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP). The data presented show that coincubation of tumor LNCaP and MDA-MB-231 cells with the WE43 alloy in the homogenized and the ECAP-processed states led to a decrease in their viability and proliferation. An increase in the concentration of Annexin V(+) cells during coincubation with samples in both microstructural states investigated was also observed. This is associated with the induction of apoptosis in the cell culture through contact with the samples. Concurrently, a significant drop in the concentration of Bcl-2(+) cells occurred. It was established that ECAP led to an enhancement of the cytotoxic activity of the alloy against tumor cells. This study demonstrated that alloy WE43 can be considered as a promising candidate for application in orthopedic implants in clinical oncology, where it could play a double role of a mechanically stable, yet bioresorbable, scaffold with local antitumor activity. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 108B:167-173, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Anisimova
- National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", Moscow, Russia.,N. N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail Kiselevskiy
- National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", Moscow, Russia.,N. N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia Martynenko
- National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", Moscow, Russia.,A.A. Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science of the RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris Straumal
- National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", Moscow, Russia.,Institute of Solid State Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Regine Willumeit-Römer
- Institute of Materials Research, Division Metallic Biomaterials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Sergey Dobatkin
- National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", Moscow, Russia.,A.A. Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science of the RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuri Estrin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
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Ramya M, Pillai MM, Selvakumar R, Raj B, Ravi KR. Hydroxyapatite particle (HAp) reinforced biodegradable Mg-Zn-Ca metallic glass composite for bio-implant applications. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2018. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/aa85be] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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20
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Naujokat H, Gülses A, Wiltfang J, Açil Y. Effects of degradable osteosynthesis plates of MgYREZr alloy on cell function of human osteoblasts, fibroblasts and osteosarcoma cells. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2017; 28:126. [PMID: 28711997 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-017-5938-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim was to evaluate the biocompatibility of osteosynthesis plates of the MgYREZr/WE43 alloy by using human cells in vitro. Eluates of degradable magnesium osteosynthesis plates as well as halved plates were used for incubation with human osteoblasts, fibroblasts and osteosarcoma cells. The cell viability was evaluated by using FDA/PI-Staining and LDH analysis. Cell proliferation was assessed by MTT, WST-Test and BrdU-ELISA. Scanning electron microscope was used for investigation of the cell adhesion. The number of devitalized cells in all treatment groups did not significantly deviate from the control group. According to MTT results, the number of metabolically active cells was not significantly affected by the addition of the eluates. The number of metabolically active cells was reduced by 24 to 38% compared to the control on incubation in direct contact with the osteosynthesis plates. The proliferation of the cells was inhibited by the addition of the eluates. While the eluate of the half-hour elution has only a very small effect, the 24 h eluate significantly inhibits proliferation by 23-25% compared to the control. The roughened surface of the magnesium osteosynthesis plate after incubation showed adherent cells. However, some areas of the plates were also free of adherent cells. WE43 based magnesium alloys showed favorable biocompatibility considering the viability of the cells evaluated; however, proliferation rates were reduced in a time dependent manner, especially in fibroblast group. This might be a potential clinical benefit of magnesium osteosynthesis plates and their superiority to titanium, thus the fibroblastic ingrowth might negatively influence the bone-plate contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Naujokat
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Aydin Gülses
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 24105, Kiel, Germany.
- Public Hospital Association, Ministry of Health of Turkey, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Jörg Wiltfang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Yahya Açil
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 24105, Kiel, Germany
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Myrissa A, Braeuer S, Martinelli E, Willumeit-Römer R, Goessler W, Weinberg AM. Gadolinium accumulation in organs of Sprague-Dawley® rats after implantation of a biodegradable magnesium-gadolinium alloy. Acta Biomater 2017; 48:521-529. [PMID: 27845277 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Biodegradable magnesium implants are under investigation because of their promising properties as medical devices. For enhancing the mechanical properties and the degradation resistance, rare earth elements are often used as alloying elements. In this study Mg10Gd pins were implanted into Sprague-Dawley® rats. The pin volume loss and a possible accumulation of magnesium and gadolinium in the rats' organs and blood were investigated in a long-term study over 36weeks. The results showed that Mg10Gd is a fast disintegrating material. Already 12weeks after implantation the alloy is fragmented to smaller particles, which can be found within the intramedullary cavity and the cortical bones. They disturbed the bone remodeling until the end of the study. The results concerning the elements' distribution in the animals' bodies were even more striking, since an accumulation of gadolinium could be observed in the investigated organs over the whole time span. The most affected tissue was the spleen, with up to 3240μgGd/kg wet mass, followed by the lung, liver and kidney (up to 1040, 685 and 207μgGd/kg). In the brain, muscle and heart, the gadolinium concentrations were much smaller (less than 20μg/kg), but an accumulation could still be detected. Interestingly, blood serum samples showed no accumulation of magnesium and gadolinium. This is the first time that an accumulation of gadolinium in animal organs was observed after the application of a gadolinium-containing degradable magnesium implant. These findings demonstrate the importance of future investigations concerning the distribution of the constituents of new biodegradable materials in the body, to ensure the patients' safety. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE In the last years, biodegradable Mg alloys are under investigation due to their promising properties as orthopaedic devices used for bone fracture stabilization. Gadolinium as Rare Earth Element enhances the mechanical properties of Mg-Gd alloys but its toxicity in humans is still questionable. Up to now, there is no study investigating the elements' metabolism of a REE-containing Magnesium alloy in an animal model. In this study, we examined the gadolinium distribution and accumulation in rat organs during the degradation of Mg10Gd. Our findings showed that Gd is accumulating in the animal organs, especially in spleen, liver and kidney. This study is of crucial benefit regarding a safe application of REE-containing Magnesium alloys in humans.
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22
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Rahim MI, Weizbauer A, Evertz F, Hoffmann A, Rohde M, Glasmacher B, Windhagen H, Gross G, Seitz JM, Mueller PP. Differential magnesium implant corrosion coat formation and contribution to bone bonding. J Biomed Mater Res A 2016; 105:697-709. [PMID: 27770566 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium alloys are presently under investigation as promising biodegradable implant materials with osteoconductive properties. To study the molecular mechanisms involved, the potential contribution of soluble magnesium corrosion products to the stimulation of osteoblastic cell differentiation was examined. However, no evidence for the stimulation of osteoblast differentiation could be obtained when cultured mesenchymal precursor cells were differentiated in the presence of metallic magnesium or in cell culture medium containing elevated magnesium ion levels. Similarly, in soft tissue no bone induction by metallic magnesium or by the corrosion product magnesium hydroxide could be observed in a mouse model. Motivated by the comparatively rapid accumulation solid corrosion products physicochemical processes were examined as an alternative mechanism to explain the stimulation of bone growth by magnesium-based implants. During exposure to physiological solutions a structured corrosion coat formed on magnesium whereby the elements calcium and phosphate were enriched in the outermost layer which could play a role in the established biocompatible behavior of magnesium implants. When magnesium pins were inserted into avital bones, corrosion lead to increases in the pull out force, suggesting that the expanding corrosion layer was interlocking with the surrounding bone. Since mechanical stress is a well-established inducer of bone growth, volume increases caused by the rapid accumulation of corrosion products and the resulting force development could be a key mechanism and provide an explanation for the observed stimulatory effects of magnesium-based implants in hard tissue. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 697-709, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Imran Rahim
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, Braunschweig, 38124, Germany
| | - Andreas Weizbauer
- CrossBIT, Center for Biocompatibility and Implant-Immunology, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 31, Hannover, 30625, Germany.,Laboratory for Biomechanics and Biomaterials, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Anna-von-Borries-Strasse 1-7, Hannover, 30625, Germany
| | - Florian Evertz
- Institute for Multiphase Processes, Leibniz University of Hannover, Appelstraße 11, Hannover, 30167, Germany
| | - Andrea Hoffmann
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, Braunschweig, 38124, Germany.,Laboratory for Biomechanics and Biomaterials, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Anna-von-Borries-Strasse 1-7, Hannover, 30625, Germany
| | - Manfred Rohde
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, Braunschweig, 38124, Germany
| | - Birgit Glasmacher
- Institute for Multiphase Processes, Leibniz University of Hannover, Appelstraße 11, Hannover, 30167, Germany
| | - Henning Windhagen
- CrossBIT, Center for Biocompatibility and Implant-Immunology, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 31, Hannover, 30625, Germany.,Laboratory for Biomechanics and Biomaterials, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Anna-von-Borries-Strasse 1-7, Hannover, 30625, Germany
| | - Gerhard Gross
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, Braunschweig, 38124, Germany
| | - Jan-Marten Seitz
- Institute for Material Science Leibniz University of Hannover, Callinstrasse 9, Hannover, 30167, Germany.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Dr, Houghton, Michigan, 49931
| | - Peter P Mueller
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, Braunschweig, 38124, Germany
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23
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Mostofi S, Bonyadi Rad E, Wiltsche H, Fasching U, Szakacs G, Ramskogler C, Srinivasaiah S, Ueçal M, Willumeit R, Weinberg AM, Schaefer U. Effects of Corroded and Non-Corroded Biodegradable Mg and Mg Alloys on Viability, Morphology and Differentiation of MC3T3-E1 Cells Elicited by Direct Cell/Material Interaction. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159879. [PMID: 27459513 PMCID: PMC4961286 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of biodegradable Mg and Mg alloys on selected properties of MC3T3-E1 cells elicited by direct cell/material interaction. The chemical composition and morphology of the surface of Mg and Mg based alloys (Mg2Ag and Mg10Gd) were analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and EDX, following corrosion in cell culture medium for 1, 2, 3 and 8 days. The most pronounced difference in surface morphology, namely crystal formation, was observed when Pure Mg and Mg2Ag were immersed in cell medium for 8 days, and was associated with an increase in atomic % of oxygen and a decrease of surface calcium and phosphorous. Crystal formation on the surface of Mg10Gd was, in contrast, negligible at all time points. Time-dependent changes in oxygen, calcium and phosphorous surface content were furthermore not observed for Mg10Gd. MC3T3-E1 cell viability was reduced by culture on the surfaces of corroded Mg, Mg2Ag and Mg10Gd in a corrosion time-independent manner. Cells did not survive when cultured on 3 day pre-corroded Pure Mg and Mg2Ag, indicating crystal formation to be particular detrimental in this regard. Cell viability was not affected when cells were cultured on non-corroded Mg and Mg alloys for up to 12 days. These results suggest that corrosion associated changes in surface morphology and chemical composition significantly hamper cell viability and, thus, that non-corroded surfaces are more conducive to cell survival. An analysis of the differentiation potential of MC3T3-E1 cells cultured on non-corroded samples based on measurement of Collagen I and Runx2 expression, revealed a down-regulation of these markers within the first 6 days following cell seeding on all samples, despite persistent survival and proliferation. Cells cultured on Mg10Gd, however, exhibited a pronounced upregulation of collagen I and Runx2 between days 8 and 12, indicating an enhancement of osteointegration by this alloy that could be valuable for in vivo orthopedic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Mostofi
- Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Surgery, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Ehsan Bonyadi Rad
- Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Surgery, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Helmar Wiltsche
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ulrike Fasching
- Research Unit Experimental Neurotraumatology, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Gabor Szakacs
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute of Material Research, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Claudia Ramskogler
- Institute of Materials Science and Welding; Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sriveena Srinivasaiah
- Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Surgery, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Muammer Ueçal
- Research Unit Experimental Neurotraumatology, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Regine Willumeit
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute of Material Research, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Annelie-Martina Weinberg
- Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Surgery, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Ute Schaefer
- Research Unit Experimental Neurotraumatology, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
- * E-mail:
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24
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Martin RC, Locatelli E, Li Y, Matteini P, Monaco I, Cui G, Li S, Banchelli M, Pini R, Comes Franchini M. One-pot synthesis of magnesium nanoparticles embedded in a chitosan microparticle matrix: a highly biocompatible tool for in vivo cancer treatment. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:207-211. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tb02499d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A biocompatible nanosystem made up of a chitosan and filled with Mg NPs was synthesized and tested as tool for photothermal therapy. Proof of concept on hcc-bearing mice is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert. C. Martin
- Division of Surgical Oncology
- Department of Surgery
- University of Louisville
- Louisville
- USA
| | - Erica Locatelli
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso MOntanari”
- University of Bologna
- Bologna
- Italy
| | - Yan Li
- Division of Surgical Oncology
- Department of Surgery
- University of Louisville
- Louisville
- USA
| | - Paolo Matteini
- Institute of Applied Physics “Nello Carrara”
- National Research Council of Italy
- I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino
- Italy
| | - Ilaria Monaco
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso MOntanari”
- University of Bologna
- Bologna
- Italy
| | - Guozhen Cui
- Division of Surgical Oncology
- Department of Surgery
- University of Louisville
- Louisville
- USA
| | - Suping Li
- Division of Surgical Oncology
- Department of Surgery
- University of Louisville
- Louisville
- USA
| | - Martina Banchelli
- Institute of Applied Physics “Nello Carrara”
- National Research Council of Italy
- I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino
- Italy
| | - Roberto Pini
- Institute of Applied Physics “Nello Carrara”
- National Research Council of Italy
- I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino
- Italy
| | - Mauro Comes Franchini
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso MOntanari”
- University of Bologna
- Bologna
- Italy
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