1
|
Koh J, Mungalpara N, Kim S, Bedi A, Hutchinson M, Amirouche F. Effects of various load magnitudes on ACL: an in vitro study using adolescent porcine stifle joints. J Orthop Surg Res 2024; 19:280. [PMID: 38711149 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-024-04744-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The escalating incidence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries, particularly among adolescents, is a pressing concern. The study of ACL biomechanics in this demographic presents challenges due to the scarcity of cadaveric specimens. This research endeavors to validate the adolescent porcine stifle joint as a fitting model for ACL studies. METHODS We conducted experiments on 30 fresh porcine stifle knee joints. (Breed: Yorkshire, Weight: avg 90 lbs, Age Range: 2-4 months). They were stored at - 22 °C and a subsequent 24-h thaw at room temperature before being prepared for the experiment. These joints were randomly assigned to three groups. The first group served as a control and underwent only the load-to-failure test. The remaining two groups were subjected to 100 cycles, with forces of 300N and 520N, respectively. The load values of 300N and 520N correspond to three and five times the body weight (BW) of our juvenile porcine, respectively. RESULT The 520N force demonstrated a higher strain than the 300N, indicating a direct correlation between ACL strain and augmented loads. A significant difference in load-to-failure (p = 0.014) was observed between non-cyclically loaded ACLs and those subjected to 100 cycles at 520N. Three of the ten samples in the 520N group failed before completing 100 cycles. The ruptured ACLs from these tests closely resembled adolescent ACL injuries in detachment patterns. ACL stiffness was also measured post-cyclical loading by applying force and pulling the ACL at a rate of 1 mm per sec. Moreover, ACL stiffness measurements decreased from 152.46 N/mm in the control group to 129.42 N/mm after 100 cycles at 300N and a more significant drop to 86.90 N/mm after 100 cycles at 520N. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and t-test were chosen for statistical analysis. CONCLUSIONS The porcine stifle joint is an appropriate model for understanding ACL biomechanics in the skeletally immature demographic. The results emphasize the ligament's susceptibility to injury under high-impact loads pertinent to sports activities. The study advocates for further research into different loading scenarios and the protective role of muscle co-activation in ACL injury prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Koh
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Spine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Northshore University HealthSystem, 9669 Kenton Avenue, Suite 305, Skokie, IL, 60076, USA
| | - Nirav Mungalpara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sunjung Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Asheesh Bedi
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Spine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Northshore University HealthSystem, 9669 Kenton Avenue, Suite 305, Skokie, IL, 60076, USA
| | - Mark Hutchinson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Farid Amirouche
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Spine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Northshore University HealthSystem, 9669 Kenton Avenue, Suite 305, Skokie, IL, 60076, USA.
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu X, Deng Y, Liang Z, Qiao D, Zhang W, Wang M, Li F, Liu J, Wu Y, Chen G, Liu Y, Tan W, Xing J, Huang W, Zhao D, Li Y. The alteration of the structure and macroscopic mechanical response of porcine patellar tendon by elastase digestion. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1374352. [PMID: 38694621 PMCID: PMC11061363 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1374352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: The treatment of patellar tendon injury has always been an unsolved problem, and mechanical characterization is very important for its repair and reconstruction. Elastin is a contributor to mechanics, but it is not clear how it affects the elasticity, viscoelastic properties, and structure of patellar tendon. Methods: The patellar tendons from six fresh adult experimental pigs were used in this study and they were made into 77 samples. The patellar tendon was specifically degraded by elastase, and the regional mechanical response and structural changes were investigated by: (1) Based on the previous study of elastase treatment conditions, the biochemical quantification of collagen, glycosaminoglycan and total protein was carried out; (2) The patellar tendon was divided into the proximal, central, and distal regions, and then the axial tensile test and stress relaxation test were performed before and after phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or elastase treatment; (3) The dynamic constitutive model was established by the obtained mechanical data; (4) The structural relationship between elastin and collagen fibers was analyzed by two-photon microscopy and histology. Results: There was no statistical difference in mechanics between patellar tendon regions. Compared with those before elastase treatment, the low tensile modulus decreased by 75%-80%, the high tensile modulus decreased by 38%-47%, and the transition strain was prolonged after treatment. For viscoelastic behavior, the stress relaxation increased, the initial slope increased by 55%, the saturation slope increased by 44%, and the transition time increased by 25% after enzyme treatment. Elastin degradation made the collagen fibers of patellar tendon become disordered and looser, and the fiber wavelength increased significantly. Conclusion: The results of this study show that elastin plays an important role in the mechanical properties and fiber structure stability of patellar tendon, which supplements the structure-function relationship information of patellar tendon. The established constitutive model is of great significance to the prediction, repair and replacement of patellar tendon injury. In addition, human patellar tendon has a higher elastin content, so the results of this study can provide supporting information on the natural properties of tendon elastin degradation and guide the development of artificial patellar tendon biomaterials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Liu
- National Key Discipline of Human Anatomy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Translation of Medical 3D Printing Application, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuping Deng
- National Key Discipline of Human Anatomy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Translation of Medical 3D Printing Application, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zeyu Liang
- National Key Discipline of Human Anatomy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Translation of Medical 3D Printing Application, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Qiao
- Department of Pathology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wentian Zhang
- National Key Discipline of Human Anatomy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Translation of Medical 3D Printing Application, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China
| | - Mian Wang
- National Key Discipline of Human Anatomy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Translation of Medical 3D Printing Application, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Pingshan General Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Feifei Li
- National Key Discipline of Human Anatomy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Translation of Medical 3D Printing Application, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiannan Liu
- National Key Discipline of Human Anatomy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Translation of Medical 3D Printing Application, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaobing Wu
- National Key Discipline of Human Anatomy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Translation of Medical 3D Printing Application, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangxin Chen
- Medical Image College, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Gannan Healthcare Vocational College, Ganzhou, China
| | - Wenchang Tan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jian Xing
- Medical Image College, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wenhua Huang
- National Key Discipline of Human Anatomy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Translation of Medical 3D Printing Application, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Medical Innovation Platform for Translation of 3D Printing Application, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongliang Zhao
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanbing Li
- National Key Discipline of Human Anatomy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Translation of Medical 3D Printing Application, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Merlin Rajesh LLP, Radwan MM, Thankam FG, Agrawal DK. Rotator Cuff Tendon Repair after Injury in Hyperlipidemic Swine Decreases Biomechanical Properties. JOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDICS AND SPORTS MEDICINE 2023; 5:398-405. [PMID: 38161622 PMCID: PMC10756634 DOI: 10.26502/josm.511500127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Rotator cuff injury is the leading cause of shoulder pain. Hyperlipidemia is responsible in depositing lipids in tendons and reduce the healing upon injuries or tears. In this study, we created rotator cuff injury and repair models in swine and studied the changes in biomechanical properties of infraspinatus tendons in hyperlipidemic swine. The infraspinatus tendons from control group, hyperlipidemic injury and repair group of animals were collected and tested ex-vivo. The ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and modulus of elasticity increased in the tendons from the contralateral side on both the injury and repair models and were higher than the injury side. The presence of large number of fibrous tissues in the surgical site of repair and increased water content was observed in addition to the fatty infiltration which would have contributed to the decreased mechanical properties of the injured tendons following repair. Meanwhile the tendons of the contralateral side in both the injury and repair model showed adaptation to chronic load as observed in the modulus and viscoelastic properties. This is a pilot study that warrants detailed investigation in a larger sample size with longer duration following tendon injury and repair to gain better understanding on the effect of hyperlipidemia in the healing of rotator cuff tendon injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lal L P Merlin Rajesh
- Department of Translational Research, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California USA
| | - Mohamed M Radwan
- Department of Translational Research, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California USA
| | - Finosh G Thankam
- Department of Translational Research, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California USA
| | - Devendra K Agrawal
- Department of Translational Research, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California USA
| |
Collapse
|