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Ang HL, Mohan CD, Shanmugam MK, Leong HC, Makvandi P, Rangappa KS, Bishayee A, Kumar AP, Sethi G. Mechanism of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cancer and its regulation by natural compounds. Med Res Rev 2023. [PMID: 36929669 DOI: 10.1002/med.21948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a complex process with a primordial role in cellular transformation whereby an epithelial cell transforms and acquires a mesenchymal phenotype. This transformation plays a pivotal role in tumor progression and self-renewal, and exacerbates resistance to apoptosis and chemotherapy. EMT can be initiated and promoted by deregulated oncogenic signaling pathways, hypoxia, and cells in the tumor microenvironment, resulting in a loss-of-epithelial cell polarity, cell-cell adhesion, and enhanced invasive/migratory properties. Numerous transcriptional regulators, such as Snail, Slug, Twist, and ZEB1/ZEB2 induce EMT through the downregulation of epithelial markers and gain-of-expression of the mesenchymal markers. Additionally, signaling cascades such as Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, Sonic hedgehog, nuclear factor kappa B, receptor tyrosine kinases, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, Hippo, and transforming growth factor-β pathways regulate EMT whereas they are often deregulated in cancers leading to aberrant EMT. Furthermore, noncoding RNAs, tumor-derived exosomes, and epigenetic alterations are also involved in the modulation of EMT. Therefore, the regulation of EMT is a vital strategy to control the aggressive metastatic characteristics of tumor cells. Despite the vast amount of preclinical data on EMT in cancer progression, there is a lack of clinical translation at the therapeutic level. In this review, we have discussed thoroughly the role of the aforementioned transcription factors, noncoding RNAs (microRNAs, long noncoding RNA, circular RNA), signaling pathways, epigenetic modifications, and tumor-derived exosomes in the regulation of EMT in cancers. We have also emphasized the contribution of EMT to drug resistance and possible therapeutic interventions using plant-derived natural products, their semi-synthetic derivatives, and nano-formulations that are described as promising EMT blockers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li Ang
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Muthu K Shanmugam
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hin Chong Leong
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pooyan Makvandi
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Centre for Materials Interface, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Anupam Bishayee
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, Florida, USA
| | - Alan Prem Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Prominent Role of Histone Modifications in the Regulation of Tumor Metastasis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052778. [PMID: 33803458 PMCID: PMC7967218 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor aggressiveness and progression is highly dependent on the process of metastasis, regulated by the coordinated interplay of genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. Metastasis involves several steps of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), anoikis resistance, intra- and extravasation, and new tissue colonization. EMT is considered as the most critical process allowing cancer cells to switch their epithelial characteristics and acquire mesenchymal properties. Emerging evidence demonstrates that epigenetics mechanisms, DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs participate in the widespread changes of gene expression that characterize the metastatic phenotype. At the chromatin level, active and repressive histone post-translational modifications (PTM) in association with pleiotropic transcription factors regulate pivotal genes involved in the initiation of the EMT process as well as in intravasation and anoikis resistance, playing a central role in the progression of tumors. Herein, we discuss the main epigenetic mechanisms associated with the different steps of metastatic process, focusing in particular on the prominent role of histone modifications and the modifying enzymes that mediate transcriptional regulation of genes associated with tumor progression. We further discuss the development of novel treatment strategies targeting the reversibility of histone modifications and highlight their importance in the future of cancer therapy.
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Yun Y, Gao R, Yue H, Guo L, Li G, Sang N. Sulfate Aerosols Promote Lung Cancer Metastasis by Epigenetically Regulating the Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:11401-11411. [PMID: 28901751 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA), particularly sulfate aerosols, are central particulate matter (PM) constituents of severe haze formation in China and exert profound impacts on human health; however, our understanding of the mechanisms by which sulfate aerosols cause malignancy in lung carcinogenesis remains incomplete. Here, we show that exposure to secondary inorganic aerosols induced the invasion and migration of lung epithelial cells, and that (NH4)2SO4 exerted the most serious effects in vitro and promoted lung tumor metastasis in vivo. This action was associated with alterations of phenotype markers in the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), such as the up-regulation of fibronectin (Fn1) and the down-regulation of E-cadherin (E-cad). Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α)-Snail signaling, regulated by the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), was involved in the (NH4)2SO4-induced EMT, and the potent antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) inhibited the activation of HIF-1α-Snail and blocked the EMT, cell invasion, and migration in response to (NH4)2SO4. Additionally, CpG hypermethylation in the E-cad promoter regions partly contributed to the (NH4)2SO4-regulated E-cad repression, and the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza) restored the (NH4)2SO4-induced down-regulation of E-cad. Our findings reveal a potential mechanistic basis for exploring the association between sulfate aerosol exposure and increased malignancy during lung carcinogenesis, and suggest new approaches for the treatment, improvement, and prevention of lung cancer resulting from sulfate aerosol exposure in severe haze-fog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yun
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University , Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, P.R. China
| | - Rui Gao
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University , Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, P.R. China
| | - Huifeng Yue
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University , Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, P.R. China
| | - Lin Guo
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University , Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, P.R. China
| | - Guangke Li
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University , Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, P.R. China
| | - Nan Sang
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University , Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, P.R. China
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Kumar A, Sarode SC, Sarode GS, Majumdar B, Patil S, Sharma NK. Beyond gene dictation in oral squamous cell carcinoma progression and its therapeutic implications. TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH IN ORAL ONCOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/2057178x17701463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar
- Cancer and Translational Research Lab, Dr D.Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sachin C Sarode
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dr D.Y. Patil Dental College and Research, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Gargi S Sarode
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dr D.Y. Patil Dental College and Research, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Barnali Majumdar
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Bhojia Dental College and Hospital, Baddi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Shankargouda Patil
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Division of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nilesh Kumar Sharma
- Cancer and Translational Research Lab, Dr D.Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Silencing of CtBP1 suppresses the migration in human glioma cells. J Mol Histol 2016; 47:297-304. [PMID: 27160109 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-016-9678-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Carboxyl-terminal binding protein 1 (CtBP1), up-regulated in various types of human cancers, has been functionally associated with proliferation, anti-apoptosis, and EMT in vitro studies. However, the functional significance of CtBP1 in the pathophysiology of glioma remains unknown. In the present study, we showed the expression of CtBP1 was markedly higher in glioma tissues compared with normal brain tissues by Western blot analysis. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that CtBP1 mainly localized in the nucleus of glioma cells. Statistical analysis suggested the upregulation of CtBP1 was considerably correlated with the WHO grade (P < 0.05) and those patients with high CtBP1 levels exhibited shorter survival time (P < 0.01). Silencing CtBP1 by short hairpin RNAi caused an inhibition of cell migration. Moreover, knockdown of CtBP1 increases E-cadherin expression and decreases vimentin expression. These data uncovered that CtBP1 protein is a valuable marker of glioma pathogenic process and that CtBP1 can serve as a novel prognostic marker for glioma therapy.
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D'Souza W, Saranath D. Clinical implications of epigenetic regulation in oral cancer. Oral Oncol 2015; 51:1061-8. [PMID: 26421863 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Oral cancer is a high incidence cancer which is of major public health concern in India being the most common cancer in males and fifth most common cancer in females in India, contributing to 26% of the global oral cancer burden. The major risk factors of oral cancer are tobacco, alcohol and high risk Human Papilloma Virus type 16/18. However, only 3-12% of the high risk individuals with dysplasia develop oral cancer. Thus, individual genomic variants representing the genomic constitution and epigenetic alterations play a critical role in the development of oral cancer. Extensive epigenetic studies on the molecular lesions including oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, genes associated with apoptosis, DNA damage repair have been reported. The current review highlights epigenetic regulation with a focus on molecular biomarkers and epidrug therapy in oral cancer. Epigenetic regulation by hypermethylation, histone modifications and specific microRNAs are often associated with early events and advanced stages in oral cancer, and thus indicate epidrug therapy for intervention. The presence of epigenetic marks in oral lesions, cancers and tumor associated mucosa emphasizes indications as biomarkers and epidrugs with therapeutic potential for better patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy D'Souza
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunandan Divatia School of Science, SVKM's NMIMS (Deemed-to-be) University, Mumbai 400056, India
| | - Dhananjaya Saranath
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunandan Divatia School of Science, SVKM's NMIMS (Deemed-to-be) University, Mumbai 400056, India.
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Abiko Y, Uehara O, Fukumoto S, Ohta T. Epigenetics of oral infection and inflammatory diseases—DNA methylation changes in infections and inflammation diseases. J Oral Biosci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Sasaya K, Sudo H, Maeda G, Kawashiri S, Imai K. Concomitant loss of p120-catenin and β-catenin membrane expression and oral carcinoma progression with E-cadherin reduction. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69777. [PMID: 23936352 PMCID: PMC3735538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The binding of p120-catenin and β-catenin to the cytoplasmic domain of E-cadherin establishes epithelial cell-cell adhesion. Reduction and loss of catenin expression degrades E-cadherin-mediated carcinoma cell-cell adhesion and causes carcinomas to progress into aggressive states. Since both catenins are differentially regulated and play distinct roles when they dissociate from E-cadherin, evaluation of their expression, subcellular localization and the correlation with E-cadherin expression are important subjects. However, the same analyses are not readily performed on squamous cell carcinomas in which E-cadherin expression determines the disease progression. In the present study, we examined expression and subcellular localization of p120-catenin and β-catenin in oral carcinomas (n = 67) and its implications in the carcinoma progression and E-cadherin expression using immunohitochemistry. At the invasive front, catenin-membrane-positive carcinoma cells were decreased in the dedifferentiated (p120-catenin, P < 0.05; β-catenin, P < 0.05) and invasive carcinomas (p120-catenin, P < 0.01; β-catenin, P < 0.05) and with the E-cadherin staining (p120-catenin, P < 0.01; β-catenin, P < 0.01). Carcinoma cells with β-catenin cytoplasmic and/or nuclear staining were increased at the invasive front compared to the center of tumors (P < 0.01). Although the p120-catenin isoform shift from three to one associates with carcinoma progression, it was not observed after TGF-β, EGF or TNF-α treatments. The total amount of p120-catenin expression was decreased upon co-treatment of TGF-β with EGF or TNF-α. The above data indicate that catenin membrane staining is a primary determinant for E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion and progression of oral carcinomas. Furthermore, it suggests that loss of p120-catenin expression and cytoplasmic localization of β-catenin fine-tune the carcinoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunobu Sasaya
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruka Sudo
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Genta Maeda
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuichi Kawashiri
- Department of Oral Surgery, School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kazushi Imai
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Clinical significance of altered expression of β-catenin and E-cadherin in oral dysplasia and cancer: potential link with ALCAM expression. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67361. [PMID: 23840677 PMCID: PMC3696121 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Perturbations in cell adhesion molecules are linked to alterations in cadherin-catenin complexes and likely play major roles in invasion and metastasis; their impact on early precancerous stages remains yet unknown. We showed ALCAM overexpression in early oral lesions and its cytoplasmic accumulation in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) to be a predictor of disease progression and poor prognosis. This study tested the hypothesis that alterations in E-cadherin and β -catenin expressions are early events in oral tumorigenesis, associated with disease prognosis, and correlate with perturbations in ALCAM expression. Methods Expressions of E-cadherin and β-catenin were analyzed in the same cohort of 105 OSCCs, 76 oral lesions and 30 normal oral tissues by immunohistochemistry and correlated with clinicopathological parameters and prognosis. The effect of siRNA mediated ALCAM knockdown on E-cadherin and β -catenin was determined using western blot, confocal microscopy and RT-PCR analysis in oral cancer cells. Results Significant loss of membranous E-cadherin and β-catenin expression was observed from normal, hyperplasia, dysplasia to OSCCs (ptrend <0.001); and correlated with cytoplasmic ALCAM accumulation in OSCCs (p = 0.006). Multivariate analysis revealed β-catenin membrane loss and ALCAM/β-cateninnuclear/cytoplasmic accumulation to be significant predictors for late clinical stage (p<0.001, OR = 8.7; p = 0.006, OR = 9.9, respectively) and nodal metastasis (p = 0.003, OR = 3.8; p = 0.025, OR = 3.4 respectively). Cox’s regression showed E-cadherin membrane loss/ALCAM cytoplasmic expression [p<0.001; HR = 4.8] to be independent adverse prognosticators in OSCCs. siRNA mediated silencing of ALCAM resulted in concurrent increase in E-cadherin and β-catenin both at the transcript and protein levels. Conclusions Losses of E-cadherin and β-catenin expressions are early events in oral tumorigenesis; their associations with aggressive tumor behavior and disease recurrence underscore their potential as prognostic markers. Correlation of loss of E-cadherin and β-catenin with cytoplasmic ALCAM accumulation both in vitro and in in vivo suggests that these dynamic changes in cell adhesion system may play pivotal role in oral cancer.
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Zhang XL, Huang CX, Zhang J, Inoue A, Zeng SE, Xiao SJ. CtBP1 is involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition and is a potential therapeutic target for hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:809-14. [PMID: 23756565 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly invasive type of cancer. Metastasis is the leading cause of mortality of advanced HCC patients. In the metastasis cascade, cancer cells undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition resulting in the loss of cell‑to‑cell adhesion, migration and invasion into the stroma. Loss of E-cadherin expression is a key molecular event in epithelial-mesenchymal transition through several regulatory mechanisms including epigenetic modification, regulation by inhibitory transcriptional factors and deletion of chromosome 16q24 locus. C-terminal binding protein 1 (CtBP1) functions as a corepressor binding to several transcriptional factors and suppresses E-cadherin expression. We found that CtBP1 was upregulated in HCC when compared with paired normal liver tissues and was inversely correlated with E-cadherin expression in HCC by immunohistochemical assay using tissue array. Western blot analysis confirmed the results of the immunohistochemical assays. When CtBP1 was knocked down by siRNA in HepG2 cells (a human HCC cell line), E-cadherin was upregulated and the invasive ability of HepG2 cells was inhibited. In addition, following CtBP1 knockdown, the cell viability was decreased along with increased apoptosis rather than cell cycle arrest. These data suggest a pivotal role of CtBP1 in EMT of HCC, and its potential as a therapeutic target in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ling Zhang
- GuangXi Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine in Liver Injury and Repair, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, PR China
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Kiesslich T, Pichler M, Neureiter D. Epigenetic control of epithelial-mesenchymal-transition in human cancer. Mol Clin Oncol 2012; 1:3-11. [PMID: 24649114 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2012.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Development and tissue homeostasis as well as carcinogenesis share the evolutionary conserved process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT enables differentiated epithelial cells to trans-differentiate to a mesenchymal phenotype which is associated with diverse cellular properties including altered morphology, migration and invasion and stemness. In physiological development and tissue homeostasis, EMT exerts beneficial functions for structured tissue formation and maintenance. Under pathological conditions, EMT causes uncontrolled tissue repair and organ fibrosis, as well as the induction of tumor growth, angiogenesis and metastasis in the context of cancer progression. Particularly, the metastatic process is essentially linked to diverse EMT-driven functions which give the mesenchymal differentiated tumor cells the capacity to migrate and form micrometastases in distant organs. Recent analyses of the mechanisms controlling EMT revealed a significant epigenetic regulatory impact reflecting the reversible nature of EMTs. As several approaches of epigenetic therapy are already under clinical evaluation, including inhibitors of DNA methyl transferase and histone deacetylase, targeting the epigenetic regulation of EMT may represent a promising therapeutic option in the future. Therefore, we undertook this review to reassess the current knowledge on the roles of epigenetic control in the regulation of EMT in human cancer. These recent findings are discussed in view of their implications on future diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Kiesslich
- Institute of Pathology; ; Department of Internal Medicine I, Paracelsus Medical University/Salzburger Landeskliniken (SALK), Salzburg
| | - Martin Pichler
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz (MUG), Graz, Austria
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Single nucleotide polymorphisms of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue 1 in oral carcinoma cells and gingival fibroblasts. Odontology 2012; 101:150-5. [PMID: 22752732 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-012-0079-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Oral carcinoma patients with inactivation of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue 1 (MALT1) expression worsen their prognoses. Although the genetic mutation could be responsible for the inactivation, no information is available at present. In the present study, genomic DNA of oral carcinoma cells (HOC313, TSU, HSC2, HSC3, KOSC2, KOSC3, SCCKN, OSC19, Ca9.22, and Ho1u1 cells) and normal gingival fibroblasts (GF12 cells) derived from a Japanese population were amplified by polymerase chain reaction using primer sets spanning MALT1 exons, and nucleotide substitutions were analyzed by the single strand conformation polymorphism analysis. The substitutions were commonly observed in all cells, which express MALT1 at various levels. The substitutions at exons 1 and 9 were located at the 5' untranslated region and replaced (336)Asp to Asn, respectively, and others were positioned at the introns. Among the intronic substitutions, four were matched with the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) registered at the database. Since all cells were derived from a Japanese population, all substitutions detected are the SNPs. Absence of the carcinoma cell-specific mutation suggests that the inactivation of MALT1 expression but not the mutation promotes oral carcinoma progression.
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Wu CH, Tang SC, Wang PH, Lee H, Ko JL. Nickel-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition by reactive oxygen species generation and E-cadherin promoter hypermethylation. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:25292-302. [PMID: 22648416 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.291195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is considered a critical event in the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis and tumor metastasis. During EMT, the expression of differentiation markers switches from cell-cell junction proteins such as E-cadherin to mesenchymal markers such as fibronectin. Although nickel-containing compounds have been shown to be associated with lung carcinogenesis, the role of nickel in the EMT process in bronchial epithelial cells is not clear. The aim of this study was to examine whether nickel contributes to EMT in human bronchial epithelial cells. We also attempted to clarify the mechanisms involved in NiCl(2)-induced EMT. Our results showed that NiCl(2) induced EMT phenotype marker alterations such as up-regulation of fibronectin and down-regulation of E-cadherin. In addition, the potent antioxidant N-acetylcysteine blocked EMT and expression of HIF-1α induced by NiCl(2), whereas the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine restored the down-regulation of E-cadherin induced by NiCl(2). Promoter hypermethylation of E-cadherin, determined by quantitative real time methyl-specific PCR and bisulfate sequencing, was also induced by NiCl(2). These results shed new light on the contribution of NiCl(2) to carcinogenesis. Specifically, NiCl(2) induces down-regulation of E-cadherin by reactive oxygen species generation and promoter hypermethylation. This study demonstrates for the first time that nickel induces EMT in bronchial epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hsien Wu
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40203, Taiwan
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García MPS, García-García A. Epigenome and DNA methylation in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 863:207-19. [PMID: 22359295 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-612-8_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetics studies and defines inherited changes in gene expression that are not encoded in the DNA sequence. The most studied epigenetic change in mammalian DNA is cytosine methylation in CpG dinucleotide areas. The other main group in epigenetic changes includes the posttranslational modifications of histones, mainly phosphorylation, deacetylation changes, and in the ubiquitinylation status. Oral squamous cell carcinoma is the most common malignancy of the oral cavity, and epigenetic changes are very common, as described in this chapter. Alterations in the DNA methylation status resulting from exposure to environmental stress agents have been documented even before birth. Although many epigenetic markers are potentially reversible, the mechanism still remains unclear and many epigenetic changes persist across cell lines and the life of the organism.
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Role of DNA methylation in head and neck cancer. Clin Epigenetics 2011; 2:123-50. [PMID: 22704334 PMCID: PMC3365391 DOI: 10.1007/s13148-011-0045-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancer (HNC) is a heterogenous and complex entity including diverse anatomical sites and a variety of tumor types displaying unique characteristics and different etilogies. Both environmental and genetic factors play a role in the development of the disease, but the underlying mechanism is still far from clear. Previous studies suggest that alterations in the genes acting in cellular signal pathways may contribute to head and neck carcinogenesis. In cancer, DNA methylation patterns display specific aberrations even in the early and precancerous stages and may confer susceptibility to further genetic or epigenetic changes. Silencing of the genes by hypermethylation or induction of oncogenes by promoter hypomethylation are frequent mechanisms in different types of cancer and achieve increasing diagnostic and therapeutic importance since the changes are reversible. Therefore, methylation analysis may provide promising clinical applications, including the development of new biomarkers and prediction of the therapeutic response or prognosis. In this review, we aimed to analyze the available information indicating a role for the epigenetic changes in HNC.
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Mutational analysis of HRAS and KRAS genes in oral carcinoma cell lines. Odontology 2011; 100:149-55. [PMID: 21607592 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-011-0032-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
RAS overexpression and its active mutations are involved in malignant tumorigenesis. However, the mutation rates in oral carcinoma cells differ between populations. In the present study, genomic DNA of oral carcinoma cells (HOC313, TSU, HSC2, HSC3, KOSC2, KOSC3, SCCKN, OSC19, Ca9.22, and Ho1u1 cells) or normal gingival fibroblasts (GF12 cells) derived from a Japanese population were amplified by polymerase chain reaction using primer sets, spanning HRAS and KRAS exons. Nucleotide substitutions were analyzed by single strand conformation polymorphism. In contrast to no substitutions in KRAS, nine different substitutions were detected in HRAS. Of the nine, six substitutions were located at intron 1 (HSC2 and HSC3 cells) or intron 2 (HSC3, SCCKN and Ca9.22 cells), and one each of exon 1 (all cells), exon 2 (HOC313, TSU, HSC2 and HSC3 cells) and the 5' upstream region (all cells). Substitutions at exons 1 and 2 did not affect the amino acid sequence; the exon 1 substitution was positioned at the 5' untranslated region, which may be a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) sequence because all the cells were isolated from a Japanese population, and the mutations at exon 2 was a silent mutation. A substitution at the 5' upstream region was an SNP. These data demonstrate that SNPs and point mutations observed in HRAS do not change the amino acid sequence, and suggest that the mutations affecting the amino acid sequence may be a rare event in oral carcinomas of the Japanese population.
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Nagaprashantha LD, Vatsyayan R, Lelsani PCR, Awasthi S, Singhal SS. The sensors and regulators of cell-matrix surveillance in anoikis resistance of tumors. Int J Cancer 2011; 128:743-52. [PMID: 20949625 PMCID: PMC3292620 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Normal cells continuously monitor the nature of their respective cellular microenvironment. They are equipped with an inherent molecular defense to detect changes that can precipitate and trigger an oncogenic cascade in the internal and external environment of cells. The process called anoikis unleashes many a characteristic molecular change in the cells which eventually program to cell death in response to cell detachment and inappropriate cellular attachment, both of which can otherwise potentiate the ability of cells to preferentially pursue a malignant course due to the release of molecular discipline which conforms them to a benign structural and functional spectrum. The initiation and propagation of signaling that serves as a switch to cell survival or cell death mediated by surveillance of cell microenvironment is comprised of many heterogeneous sets of molecules interacting mainly at the interface of cell-extracellular matrix. Transforming cells continuously reprogram their signaling characteristics in sensing and modulating the stimuli from cell surface molecules like integrins, cadherins and immunoglobulin family of cell adhesion molecules at adhesion complexes, which enables them to resist anoikis and metastasize to different organs. Actin cytoskeleton binds BIM and Bcl2 modifying factor (BMF), which are regulated by the adhesion status and consequent conformation of cytoskeleton in the cells. This review aims at an integrated synopsis of fundamental mechanisms of the critical interactions of cell surface molecules to facilitate a focused analysis of the differential regulation of signaling processes at cell-ECM junctions that collectively rein the anoikis resistance, which in turn impacts metastatic aggressiveness and drug resistance of tumors originating from respective organs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rit Vatsyayan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107
| | - Poorna Chandra Rao Lelsani
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107
| | - Sanjay Awasthi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107
| | - Sharad S. Singhal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107
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Chiba T, Maeda G, Kawashiri S, Kato K, Imai K. Epigenetic Loss of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue 1 Expression in Patients with Oral Carcinomas. Cancer Res 2009; 69:7216-23. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-1140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Maeda G, Chiba T, Kawashiri S, Satoh T, Imai K. Epigenetic Inactivation of IκB Kinase-α in Oral Carcinomas and Tumor Progression. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:5041-7. [PMID: 17785555 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-0463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The loss of epithelial phenotypes in the process of carcinoma progression correlates with clinical outcome, and genetic/epigenetic changes accumulate aggressive clones toward uncurable disease. IkappaB kinase-alpha (IKKalpha) has a decisive role in the development of the skin and establishes keratinocyte phenotypes. We assessed clinical implications of IKKalpha expression in oral carcinomas and epigenetic aberrations for the loss of expression. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We examined IKKalpha expression in oral carcinomas by immunostaining (n = 64) and genetic instability by microsatellite PCR (n = 46). Promoter methylation status was analyzed by bisulfite-modified sequence (n = 11). RESULTS IKKalpha was expressed in the nucleus of basal cells of normal oral epithelium, but not or marginally detected in 32.8% of carcinomas. The immunoreactivity was significantly decreased in less differentiated carcinomas (P < 0.05) and correlated to long-term survival of patients (P < 0.01) with an independent prognostic value (P < 0.05). Although allelic/biallelic loss of the gene was limited to four cases, we detected microsatellite instability in 63.0% cases in which the immunoreactivities were decreased and the promoter was hypermethylated. CONCLUSION These results showed that oral carcinomas exhibiting genetic instability and promoter hypermethylation down-regulate expression of IKK and suggest that the epigenetic loss of the expression closely associates with disease progression toward unfavorable prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genta Maeda
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Dentistry, Nippon Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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