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Díaz Pacheco A, Delgado-Macuil RJ, Larralde-Corona CP, Dinorín-Téllez-Girón J, Martínez Montes F, Martinez Tolibia SE, López Y López VE. Two-methods approach to follow up biomass by impedance spectroscopy: Bacillus thuringiensis fermentations as a study model. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:1097-1112. [PMID: 35037996 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11768-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Impedance spectroscopy is used for the characterization of electrochemical systems as well as for the monitoring of bioprocesses. However, the data obtained using this technique allow multiple interpretations, depending on the methodology implemented. Hence, it is necessary to establish a robust methodology to reliably follow-up biomass in fermentations. In the present work, two methodological approaches, mainly used for the characterization of electrochemical systems, were employed to characterize and determine a frequency that allows the monitoring of biomass in Bacillus thuringiensis fermentations by impedance spectroscopy. The first approach, based on a conventional analysis, revealed a single distribution with a characteristic frequency of around 2 kHz. In contrast, the second approach, based on the distribution of relaxation times, gave three distributions (A, B, and C). The C distribution, found near 9 kHz, was more related to the microbial biomass than the distribution at 2 kHz using the equivalent circuits. The time course of the B. thuringiensis fermentation was followed; bacilli, spores, glucose, and acid and base consumption for pH were determined out of line; and capacitance at 9 kHz was monitored. The correlation between the time course data and the capacitance profile indicated that the monitoring of B. thuringiensis at 9 kHz mainly corresponds to extracellular activity and, in a second instance, to the cellular concentration. These results show that it is necessary to establish a robust and reliable methodology to monitor fermentation processes by impedance spectroscopy, and the distribution of relaxation times was more appropriate. KEY POINTS: • Application of impedance spectroscopy for bioprocess monitoring • Low-frequency monitoring of biomass in fermentations • Analysis of impedance data by two methodological approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Díaz Pacheco
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada, Carretera Estatal Santa Inés Tecuexcomac- Tepetitla, km 1.5, Tepetitla de Lardizábal, Tlaxcala, C.P. 90700, México
| | - Raul Jacobo Delgado-Macuil
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada, Carretera Estatal Santa Inés Tecuexcomac- Tepetitla, km 1.5, Tepetitla de Lardizábal, Tlaxcala, C.P. 90700, México
| | - Claudia Patricia Larralde-Corona
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Blvd. del Maestro S/N Esq. Elías Piña. Col. Narciso Mendoza, Reynosa, Tamaulipas, C.P. 88710, México
| | - Jabel Dinorín-Téllez-Girón
- Universidad Politécnica de Tlaxcala, Av. Universidad Politécnica No.1 San Pedro Xalcaltzinco, 90180, Tepeyanco, Tlaxcala, México
| | - Francisco Martínez Montes
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada, Carretera Estatal Santa Inés Tecuexcomac- Tepetitla, km 1.5, Tepetitla de Lardizábal, Tlaxcala, C.P. 90700, México
| | - Shirlley E Martinez Tolibia
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada, Carretera Estatal Santa Inés Tecuexcomac- Tepetitla, km 1.5, Tepetitla de Lardizábal, Tlaxcala, C.P. 90700, México
| | - Victor Eric López Y López
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada, Carretera Estatal Santa Inés Tecuexcomac- Tepetitla, km 1.5, Tepetitla de Lardizábal, Tlaxcala, C.P. 90700, México.
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Polyurethane foam as an inert support using concentrated media improves quality and spore production from Bacillus thuringiensis. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 37:154. [PMID: 34398297 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03122-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) (Bacillales:Bacillaceae) is a gram-positive bacterium that produces spores, several virulence factors and insecticidal toxins, making this microorganism the most used biopesticide worldwide. The use of inert supports such as polyurethane foam (PUF) in solid cultures has been a great alternative to produce various metabolites, including those produced by Bt. In this study we compared the yields, productivity and quality of the spores by two wild strains of Bt, (Y15 and EA3), grown in media with high substrate concentration in both culture systems: liquid and solid (PUF as solid inert support). Both strains showed 2.5- to 30-fold increases in spore production and productivity in solid culture, which showed an even greater increase when considering the spores retained in the PUF observed by scanning electron microscopy. Moreover, spore produced in solid culture showed up to sevenfold higher survival after a heat-shock treatment, relative to spores from liquid culture. The infectivity against larvae of Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera:Pyralidae) improved also in spores from solid cultures. This comparison showed that the culture of Bt on solid support has clear advantages over liquid culture in terms of the production and quality of spores, and that those advantages can be attributed only to the culture system, as the same media composition was used in both systems.
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Jallouli W, Driss F, Fillaudeau L, Rouis S. Review on biopesticide production by Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki since 1990: Focus on bioprocess parameters. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Loutfi H, Pellen F, Le Jeune B, Lteif R, Kallassy M, Le Brun G, Abboud M. Real-time monitoring of bacterial growth kinetics in suspensions using laser speckle imaging. Sci Rep 2020; 10:408. [PMID: 31941947 PMCID: PMC6962325 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57281-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In microbiology, monitoring the growth of any microorganism in culture is important for studying and optimizing the growth kinetics, the biomass and the metabolite production. In this work, we show that laser speckle imaging is a reliable technique that can be used to perform real-time monitoring of bacteria growth kinetic in liquid culture media. Speckle parameters, specifically speckle grain size and the spatial contrast of the speckle images, and standard analytical parameters (optical density, pH and colony forming units) were measured during the culture of different strains of Bacillus thuringiensis. Our results show that both speckle grain size and spatial contrast decrease with bacterial growth. Furthermore, speckle parameters are sensitive to the fermentation conditions. Statistical analysis revealed a relatively high correlation between speckle and analytical parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Loutfi
- Physics Department, UR TVA, Faculty of Science, Saint Joseph University, B.P. 11-514, Riad El Solh Beirut, 1107 2050, Lebanon. .,Laboratoire OPTIMAG, IBSAM, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, 6 avenue Le Gorgeu, C.S. 93837, 29238, Brest Cedex, 3, France.
| | - Fabrice Pellen
- Laboratoire OPTIMAG, IBSAM, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, 6 avenue Le Gorgeu, C.S. 93837, 29238, Brest Cedex, 3, France
| | - Bernard Le Jeune
- Laboratoire OPTIMAG, IBSAM, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, 6 avenue Le Gorgeu, C.S. 93837, 29238, Brest Cedex, 3, France
| | - Roger Lteif
- Chemistry Department, UR TVA, Faculty of Science, Saint Joseph University, B.P. 11-514, Riad El Solh Beirut, 1107 2050, Lebanon
| | - Mireille Kallassy
- Faculty of Science, Biotechnology Laboratory, UR EGP, Saint Joseph University, B.P. 11-514, Riad El Solh Beirut, 1107 2050, Lebanon
| | - Guy Le Brun
- Laboratoire OPTIMAG, IBSAM, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, 6 avenue Le Gorgeu, C.S. 93837, 29238, Brest Cedex, 3, France.
| | - Marie Abboud
- Physics Department, UR TVA, Faculty of Science, Saint Joseph University, B.P. 11-514, Riad El Solh Beirut, 1107 2050, Lebanon.
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Lima-Pérez J, López-Pérez M, Viniegra-González G, Loera O. Solid-state fermentation of Bacillus thuringiensis var kurstaki HD-73 maintains higher biomass and spore yields as compared to submerged fermentation using the same media. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2019; 42:1527-1535. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-019-02150-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Escalante-Sánchez A, Barrera-Cortés J, Poggi-Varaldo HM, Ponce-Noyola T, Baruch IS. A soft sensor based on online biomass measurements for the glucose estimation and control of fed-batch cultures of Bacillus thuringiensis. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2018; 41:1471-1484. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-018-1975-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Rojas NL, Lewkowicz ES, Nobile ML. Alternative low-cost process for large-scale production of Bacillus thuringiensis in a simple and novel culture system. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2018; 53:719-728. [PMID: 29869930 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2018.1480156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
An industrial-scale, profitable method for production of the most widely used bioinsecticide, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), is challenging because of its widespread application. The aim of this study is to present a strategy to develop a low-cost, large-scale bioprocess to produce Bt H14. This study was first focused on the design of a culture medium composed of economical and available components, such as glycerol and lysed Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The production goal of 1200 ITU was achieved using a medium composed of 20:20 g L-1of glycerol:lysed yeast in batch cultures. Efforts were subsequently focused on the design of an appropriate culture system, and an original two-stage culture system was proposed. First, yeast (the primary component of the culture medium) are cultivated using a minimal mineral medium and lysed, and in the second stage, Bt is cultivated in the same bioreactor using the lysed yeasts as culture medium (supplemented with a feeding pulse of 10 g L-1 glycerol). This system was called fed batch one pot (FOP). A new inoculation strategy is also presented in this study, since these Bt cultures were inoculated directly with heat pre-treated spores instead of vegetative bacteria to facilitate the bioprocess. This study was developed from the laboratory to production-scale bioreactors (measuring from 500 mL to 2500 L), and the efficiency of the proposed strategy was evident in LD50 tests results, achieving 1796 ITU in large-scale processes. Both the use of non-conventional sources and the process development for biomass production are important for cost-effective production of Bt-based insecticides in mosquito control projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia L Rojas
- a Universidad Nacional de Quilmes , CONICET, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, IMBA , Quilmes , Argentina
| | - Elizabeth S Lewkowicz
- b Universidad Nacional de Quilmes , CONICET, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, LBB , Quilmes , Argentina
| | - Matias L Nobile
- b Universidad Nacional de Quilmes , CONICET, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, LBB , Quilmes , Argentina
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Navarro-Mtz AK, Pérez-Guevara F. Construction of a biodynamic model for Cry protein production studies. AMB Express 2014; 4:79. [PMID: 26267110 PMCID: PMC4884025 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-014-0079-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Mathematical models have been used from growth kinetic simulation to gen regulatory networks prediction for B. thuringiensis culture. However, this culture is a time dependent dynamic process where cells physiology suffers several changes depending on the changes in the cell environment. Therefore, through its culture, B. thuringiensis presents three phases related with the predominance of three major metabolic pathways: vegetative growth (Embded-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway), transition (γ-aminobutiric cycle) and sporulation (tricarboxylic acid cycle). There is not available a mathematical model that relates the different stages of cultivation with the metabolic pathway active on each one of them. Therefore, in the present study, and based on published data, a biodynamic model was generated to describe the dynamic of the three different phases based on their major metabolic pathways. The biodynamic model is used to study the interrelation between the different culture phases and their relationship with the Cry protein production. The model consists of three interconnected modules where each module represents one culture phase and its principal metabolic pathway. For model validation four new fermentations were done showing that the model constructed describes reasonably well the dynamic of the three phases. The main results of this model imply that poly-β-hydroxybutyrate is crucial for endospore and Cry protein production. According to the yields of dipicolinic acid and Cry from poly-β-hydroxybutyrate, calculated with the model, the endospore and Cry protein production are not just simultaneous and parallel processes they are also competitive processes.
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Multiple response optimization of Bacillus subtilis EA-CB0015 culture and identification of antifungal metabolites. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Sarrafzadeh MH, Schorr-Galindo S, La HJ, Oh HM. Aeration effects on metabolic events during sporulation of Bacillus thuringiensis. J Microbiol 2014; 52:597-603. [PMID: 24972809 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-014-3547-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The metabolism of Bacillus thuringiensis during its sporulation process was investigated under different concentrations of oxygen. At the beginning of sporulation, the aeration conditions were regulated to obtain different oxygen transfer rates (OTR) in four separate fermentations, representing interrupted, limited, non-limited, and saturated oxygenation, respectively. A higher OTR resulted in a higher pH, up to about 9 in the case of saturated oxygenation, while the interrupted oxygenation resulted in a significantly acidic culture. In contrast, the absence of oxygen resulted in rapid sporangia lysis and caused acidification of the medium, indicating a distinctly different sporangia composition and different metabolism. The bacterium also showed different CO2 production rates during sporulation, although a maximum point was observed in every case.With a higher OTR, the maximal value was observed after a longer time and at a lower value (40, 26, and 13 mmol/L/h for limited, non-limited, and saturated cases, respectively). Despite the exhaustion of glucose prior to the sporulation phase, the interrupted oxygenation resulted in acetate, lactate, and citrate in the medium with a maximum concentration of 4.8, 1.3, and 5.0 g/L, respectively. Notwithstanding, while the metabolic events differed visibly in the absence of oxygen, once sporulation was triggered, it was completed, even in the case of an interrupted oxygen supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad H Sarrafzadeh
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, P.O. Box 11155-4563, Iran
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Boniolo FS, Rodrigues RC, Prata AMR, López ML, Jacinto T, da Silveira MM, Berbert-Molina MA. Oxygen supply in Bacillus thuringiensis fermentations: bringing new insights on their impact on sporulation and δ-endotoxin production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 94:625-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3746-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hyperproduction of chitinase influences crystal toxin synthesis and sporulation of Bacillus thuringiensis. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2009; 96:31-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s10482-009-9332-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Accepted: 03/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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