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Singh P, Sharma A, Mukherjee S, Bordoloi M, Nandi SP. Evaluation of commercial importance of endophytes isolated from Argemone mexicana and Papaver rhoeas. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-33527-z. [PMID: 38710850 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33527-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
The paper industry is a composite one constituting different types of mills, processes, and products. The paper industries consume large amounts of resources, like wood and water. These industries also create huge amounts of waste that have to be treated. In our study, 23 endophytic bacteria were isolated from Argemone mexicana, and 16 endophytic bacteria were isolated from Papaver rhoeas. Seventeen and 15 bacterial endophytes from A. mexicana and P. rhoeas, respectively, showed cellulose-degrading activity. The biochemical and molecular characterization were done for endophytic bacteria with cellulolytic activity. The consortium of cellulose-degrading endophytic bacteria from A. mexicana showed endoglucanase activity (0.462 IU/ml) and FPCase enzyme activity (0.269 IU/ml) and from P. rhoeas gave endoglucanase activity (0.439 IU/ml) and FPCase enzyme activity (0.253 IU/ml). Degraded carboxy methylcellulose and filter paper were further treated by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and bioethanol was produced. Cellulose-degrading endophytic bacteria were also tested for auxin, siderophore production, and phosphate solubilization activities. Individual cellulose-degrading endophytic bacteria with plant growth-promoting activities were used as biofertilizers, tested for plant growth-promoting activities using Basmati Pusa 1121 rice, and plant growth parameters were recorded. The degraded paper enhances the growth of rice plants. Selected bacterial endophytes and their consortia from A. mexicana and P. rhoeas were powerful cellulose degraders, which can be further employed for ethanol production and as significant biofertilizers in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Singh
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Angkita Sharma
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sahana Mukherjee
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Shoma Paul Nandi
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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2
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Shyaula M, Regmi S, Khadka D, Poudel RC, Dhakal A, Koirala D, Sijapati J, Singh A, Maharjan J. Characterization of Thermostable Cellulase from Bacillus licheniformis PANG L Isolated from the Himalayan Soil. Int J Microbiol 2023; 2023:3615757. [PMID: 37692921 PMCID: PMC10484656 DOI: 10.1155/2023/3615757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to isolate, purify, and characterize a potential thermophilic cellulase-producing bacterium from the Himalayan soil. Eleven thermophilic bacteria were isolated, and the strain PANG L was found to be the most potent cellulolytic producer. Morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular characterization identified PANG L as Bacillus licheniformis. This is the first study on the isolation of thermostable cellulase-producing Bacillus licheniformis from the Himalayan soil. This bacterium was processed for the production of cellulase enzyme. The optimum conditions for cellulase production were achieved at 45°C after 48 h of incubation at pH 6.5 in media-containing carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and yeast extract as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively, in a thermo-shaker at 100 rpm. The enzyme was partially purified by 80% ammonium sulphate precipitation followed by dialysis, resulting in a 1.52-fold purification. The optimal activity of partially purified cellulase was observed at a temperature of 60°C and pH 5. The cellulase enzyme was stable within the pH ranges of 3-5 and retained 67% of activity even at 55°C. Cellulase activity was found to be enhanced in the presence of metal ions such as Cd2+, Pb2+, and Ba2+. The enzyme showed the highest activity when CMC was used as a substrate, followed by cellobiose. The Km and Vmax values of the enzyme were 1.8 mg/ml and 10.92 μg/ml/min, respectively. The cellulase enzyme obtained from Bacillus licheniformis PANG L had suitable catalytic properties for use in industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manita Shyaula
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
- Nepal Academy of Science and Technology, Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Sunil Regmi
- Nepal Academy of Science and Technology, Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Deegendra Khadka
- Nepal Academy of Science and Technology, Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | | | - Agni Dhakal
- Nepal Academy of Science and Technology, Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Devesh Koirala
- Nepal Academy of Science and Technology, Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | | | - Anjana Singh
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Jyoti Maharjan
- Nepal Academy of Science and Technology, Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal
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Che Hussian CHA, Leong WY. Thermostable enzyme research advances: a bibliometric analysis. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2023; 21:37. [PMID: 36971917 PMCID: PMC10043094 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-023-00494-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Thermostable enzymes are enzymes that can withstand elevated temperatures as high as 50 °C without altering their structure or distinctive features. The potential of thermostable enzymes to increase the conversion rate at high temperature has been identified as a key factor in enhancing the efficiency of industrial operations. Performing procedures at higher temperatures with thermostable enzymes minimises the risk of microbial contamination, which is one of the most significant benefits. In addition, it helps reduce substrate viscosity, improve transfer speeds, and increase solubility during reaction operations. Thermostable enzymes offer enormous industrial potential as biocatalysts, especially cellulase and xylanase, which have garnered considerable amount of interest for biodegradation and biofuel applications. As the usage of enzymes becomes more common, a range of performance-enhancing applications are being explored. This article offers a bibliometric evaluation of thermostable enzymes. Scopus databases were searched for scientific articles. The findings indicated that thermostable enzymes are widely employed in biodegradation as well as in biofuel and biomass production. Japan, the United States, China, and India, as along with the institutions affiliated with these nations, stand out as the academically most productive in the field of thermostable enzymes. This study's analysis exposed a vast number of published papers that demonstrate the industrial potential of thermostable enzymes. These results highlight the significance of thermostable enzyme research for a variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wai Yie Leong
- INTI International University & Colleges, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
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Ishaq K, Shah AH, Fariq A, Rasheed S, Jannat S. Diversity of culturable thermophilic bacteria from Tata Pani hotspring of Kotli Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Biodivers Data J 2023; 11:e99224. [PMID: 38327337 PMCID: PMC10848829 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.11.e99224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Hot water springs are unique areas populated by mesophiles, thermotolerant and hyperthermophiles. They are the source of diversity of thermophiles, mainly belonging to archaea and bacteria domains. The diversity of thermophiles gives an outline of the huge biological potential that can be exploited for industrial applications.To this end, this study was aimed to isolate and characterise the unexplored thermophilic microorganisms from hot water spring in Tatapani, Tehsil & District Kotli AJK, Pakistan. Around 10 bacterial isolates were identified using morphological, biochemical, physiological and molecular attributes. Sequencing of the 16S rDNA gene of the isolates followed by BLAST search revealed that the strain MBT008 has 100% similarity with Anoxybacilluskamchatkensis. MBT012 showed 99.57% similarity with A.mongoliensis, MBT014 was affiliated with A.tengchongensis with 99.43% similarity, MBT009 showed 99.83% homology with A.gonensis and MBT018, 98.70% similarity with A.karvacharensis. The presence of all this microbial diversity in one common source is of immense importance related to envioronmental and industrial aspects in general and extraction of thermostable enzymes from these thermophiles specifically opens new horizons in the field of industrial biotechnology. These thermophiles are revealing new capabilities and are being manipulated by biotechnologists in utilizing them in different unique ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazima Ishaq
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Kotli Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Kotli, PakistanDepartment of Biotechnology, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Kotli Azad Jammu and KashmirKotliPakistan
| | - Asad Hussain Shah
- Senior Research Fellow, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health The University of Manchester The Michael Smith Building Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PT, Manchester, United KingdomSenior Research Fellow, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health The University of Manchester The Michael Smith Building Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PTManchesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Anila Fariq
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Kotli Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Kotli, PakistanDepartment of Biotechnology, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Kotli Azad Jammu and KashmirKotliPakistan
| | - Sajida Rasheed
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Kotli Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Kotli, PakistanDepartment of Biotechnology, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Kotli Azad Jammu and KashmirKotliPakistan
| | - Sammyia Jannat
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Kotli Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Kotli, PakistanDepartment of Biotechnology, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Kotli Azad Jammu and KashmirKotliPakistan
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Mandal S, Bose H, Ramesh K, Sahu RP, Saha A, Sar P, Kazy SK. Depth wide distribution and metabolic potential of chemolithoautotrophic microorganisms reactivated from deep continental granitic crust underneath the Deccan Traps at Koyna, India. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1018940. [PMID: 36504802 PMCID: PMC9731672 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1018940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterization of inorganic carbon (C) utilizing microorganisms from deep crystalline rocks is of major scientific interest owing to their crucial role in global carbon and other elemental cycles. In this study we investigate the microbial populations from the deep [up to 2,908 meters below surface (mbs)] granitic rocks within the Koyna seismogenic zone, reactivated (enriched) under anaerobic, high temperature (50°C), chemolithoautotrophic conditions. Subsurface rock samples from six different depths (1,679-2,908 mbs) are incubated (180 days) with CO2 (+H2) or HCO3 - as the sole C source. Estimation of total protein, ATP, utilization of NO3 - and SO4 2- and 16S rRNA gene qPCR suggests considerable microbial growth within the chemolithotrophic conditions. We note a better response of rock hosted community towards CO2 (+H2) over HCO3 -. 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing shows a depth-wide distribution of diverse chemolithotrophic (and a few fermentative) Bacteria and Archaea. Comamonas, Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia, Ralstonia, Klebsiella, unclassified Burkholderiaceae and Enterobacteriaceae are reactivated as dominant organisms from the enrichments of the deeper rocks (2335-2,908 mbs) with both CO2 and HCO3 -. For the rock samples from shallower depths, organisms of varied taxa are enriched under CO2 (+H2) and HCO3 -. Pseudomonas, Rhodanobacter, Methyloversatilis, and Thaumarchaeota are major CO2 (+H2) utilizers, while Nocardioides, Sphingomonas, Aeromonas, respond towards HCO3 -. H2 oxidizing Cupriavidus, Hydrogenophilus, Hydrogenophaga, CO2 fixing Cyanobacteria Rhodobacter, Clostridium, Desulfovibrio and methanogenic archaea are also enriched. Enriched chemolithoautotrophic members show good correlation with CO2, CH4 and H2 concentrations of the native rock environments, while the organisms from upper horizons correlate more to NO3 -, SO4 2- , Fe and TIC levels of the rocks. Co-occurrence networks suggest close interaction between chemolithoautotrophic and chemoorganotrophic/fermentative organisms. Carbon fixing 3-HP and DC/HB cycles, hydrogen, sulfur oxidation, CH4 and acetate metabolisms are predicted in the enriched communities. Our study elucidates the presence of live, C and H2 utilizing Bacteria and Archaea in deep subsurface granitic rocks, which are enriched successfully. Significant impact of depth and geochemical controls on relative distribution of various chemolithotrophic species enriched and their C and H2 metabolism are highlighted. These endolithic microorganisms show great potential for answering the fundamental questions of deep life and their exploitation in CO2 capture and conversion to useful products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunanda Mandal
- Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, WB, India
| | - Himadri Bose
- Environmental Microbiology and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, WB, India
| | - Kheerthana Ramesh
- Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, WB, India
| | - Rajendra Prasad Sahu
- Environmental Microbiology and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, WB, India
| | - Anumeha Saha
- Environmental Microbiology and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, WB, India
| | - Pinaki Sar
- Environmental Microbiology and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, WB, India
| | - Sufia Khannam Kazy
- Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, WB, India,*Correspondence: Sufia Khannam Kazy,
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Al Makishah NH, Elfarash AE. Molecular characterization of cellulase genes in Pseudomonas stutzeri. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Dong X, Ji J, Zhang S, Peng D, Wang Y, Zhang L, Li J, Wang G. Study on a Low-temperature Cellulose-degrading Strain: Fermentation Optimization, Straw Degradation, and the Effect of Fermentation Broth on Seed Growth. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-021-0265-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Taïbi N, Ameraoui R, Kaced A, Abou-Mustapha M, Bouchama A, Djafri A, Taïbi A, Mellahi K, Hadjadj M, Touati S, Badri FZ, Djema S, Masmoudi Y, Belmiri S, Khammar F. Multifloral white honey outclasses manuka honey in methylglyoxal content: assessment of free and encapsulated methylglyoxal and anti-microbial peptides in liposomal formulation against toxigenic potential of Bacillus subtilis Subsp spizizenii strain. Food Funct 2022; 13:7591-7613. [PMID: 35731546 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo00566b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic virtues of honey no longer need to be proven. Honey, which is rich in nutrients, is an excellent nutritional food because of its many properties; however, honey has been diverted from this primary function and used in clinical research. Evidence has shown that honey still possesses unknown properties and some of these aspects have never been addressed. In this work, two bioactive compounds found in honey (methylglyoxal and antimicrobial peptides) were evaluated for their anti-Bacillus subtilis activity with particular attention to their dilution factor. Although this bacterial strain does not possess an indigenous virulence factor gene, it becomes virulent by transferring plasmids with B. thuringiensis or expression of toxins from Bordetella pertussis. As is known, methylglyoxal is a toxic electrophile present in many eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, which is generated by enzymatic and non-enzymatic reactions. Its overexpression successfully kills bacteria by inducing membrane disruption. Also, AMPs show potent inhibitory action against Gram-positive bacteria. Because of the lack of information concerning the main ingredients of honey, the microencapsulation process was used. Both methylglyoxal (MGO) and peptide-loaded liposomes were synthesized, characterized and compared to their free forms. The liposomal formulations contained a mixture of eggPC, cholesterol, and octadecylamine and their particle sizes were measured and their encapsulation efficacy calculated. The results revealed that Algerian multifloral white honey contained higher levels of MGO compared to manuka honey, which prevented bacterial growth and free MGO was relatively less effective. In fact, MGO killed BS in the loaded form with the same bacteriostatic and bactericidal index. However, the action of AMPs was different. Indeed, the investigation into the reactivity of MGO in the solvent indicated that regardless of the level of water added, honey is active at a fixed dilution. This data introduces the notion of dilution and abolishes the concept of concentration. Moreover, the synergistic antibacterial effect of the compounds in honey was diminished by the matrix effect. The degree of liposome-bacteria-fusion and the delay effect observed could be explain by both the composition and nature of the lipids used. Finally, this study reinforces the idea that under certain conditions, the metalloproteinases in honey produce AMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Taïbi
- Centre de Recherche Scientifique et Technique en Analyses Physico-chimiques CRAPC, BP 384, Bou-Ismail, 42004, Tipaza, Algeria. .,Université des Sciences et de la Technologie Houari Boumediene (USTHB), Faculté des Sciences Biologiques (FSB), Laboratoire de Recherche sur les Zones Arides, (LRZA), BP 32 El Alia 16111, Bab Ezzouar 16111, Algeria
| | - Rachid Ameraoui
- Centre de Recherche Scientifique et Technique en Analyses Physico-chimiques CRAPC, BP 384, Bou-Ismail, 42004, Tipaza, Algeria.
| | - Amel Kaced
- Centre de Recherche Scientifique et Technique en Analyses Physico-chimiques CRAPC, BP 384, Bou-Ismail, 42004, Tipaza, Algeria.
| | - Mohamed Abou-Mustapha
- Centre de Recherche Scientifique et Technique en Analyses Physico-chimiques CRAPC, BP 384, Bou-Ismail, 42004, Tipaza, Algeria.
| | - Abdelghani Bouchama
- Centre de Recherche Scientifique et Technique en Analyses Physico-chimiques CRAPC, BP 384, Bou-Ismail, 42004, Tipaza, Algeria.
| | - Ahmed Djafri
- Centre de Recherche Scientifique et Technique en Analyses Physico-chimiques CRAPC, BP 384, Bou-Ismail, 42004, Tipaza, Algeria.
| | - Amina Taïbi
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie, Laboratoire de Recherche Santé et production Animale, École Nationale Supérieure Vétérinaire, B.P. 228, Oued Smar, Alger, Algeria
| | - Kahina Mellahi
- Centre de Recherche Scientifique et Technique en Analyses Physico-chimiques CRAPC, BP 384, Bou-Ismail, 42004, Tipaza, Algeria.
| | - Mohamed Hadjadj
- Centre de Recherche Scientifique et Technique en Analyses Physico-chimiques CRAPC, BP 384, Bou-Ismail, 42004, Tipaza, Algeria.
| | - Souad Touati
- Centre de Recherche Scientifique et Technique en Analyses Physico-chimiques CRAPC, BP 384, Bou-Ismail, 42004, Tipaza, Algeria.
| | - Fatima-Zohra Badri
- Centre de Recherche Scientifique et Technique en Analyses Physico-chimiques CRAPC, BP 384, Bou-Ismail, 42004, Tipaza, Algeria.
| | - Souhila Djema
- Centre de Recherche Scientifique et Technique en Analyses Physico-chimiques CRAPC, BP 384, Bou-Ismail, 42004, Tipaza, Algeria.
| | - Yasmina Masmoudi
- Centre de Recherche Scientifique et Technique en Analyses Physico-chimiques CRAPC, BP 384, Bou-Ismail, 42004, Tipaza, Algeria.
| | - Sarah Belmiri
- Centre de Recherche Scientifique et Technique en Analyses Physico-chimiques CRAPC, BP 384, Bou-Ismail, 42004, Tipaza, Algeria.
| | - Farida Khammar
- Université des Sciences et de la Technologie Houari Boumediene (USTHB), Faculté des Sciences Biologiques (FSB), Laboratoire de Recherche sur les Zones Arides, (LRZA), BP 32 El Alia 16111, Bab Ezzouar 16111, Algeria
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Wang Y, Li L, Xia Y, Zhang T. Reliable and Scalable Identification and Prioritization of Putative Cellulolytic Anaerobes With Large Genome Data. FRONTIERS IN BIOINFORMATICS 2022; 2:813771. [PMID: 36304268 PMCID: PMC9580877 DOI: 10.3389/fbinf.2022.813771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the era of high-throughput sequencing, genetic information that is inherently whispering hints of the microbes’ functional niches is becoming easily accessible; however, properly identifying and characterizing these genetic hints to infer the microbes’ functional niches remains a challenge. Regarding genome-centric interpretation on the specific functional niche of cellulose hydrolysis for anaerobes, often encountered in practice is a lack of confidence in predicting the anaerobes’ real cellulolytic competency based solely on abundances of the varying carbohydrate-active enzyme modules annotated or on their taxonomy affiliation. Recognition of the synergy machineries that include but not limited to the cellulosome gene clusters is equally important as the annotation of individual carbohydrate-active modules or genes. In the interpretation of complete genomes of 2,768 microbe strains whose phenotypes have been well documented, with the incorporation of an automatic recognition of synergy among the carbohydrate active elements annotated, an explicit genotype–phenotype correlation was evidenced to be feasible for cellulolytic anaerobes, and a bioinformatic pipeline was developed accordingly. This genome-centric pipeline would categorize putative cellulolytic anaerobes into six genotype groups based on differential cellulose-hydrolyzing capacity and varying synergy mechanisms. Suggested in this genotype–phenotype correlation analysis was a finer categorization of the cellulosome gene clusters: although cellulosome complexes, by their nature, could enable the assembly of a number of carbohydrate-active units, they do not certainly guarantee the formation of the cellulose–enzyme–microbe complex or the cellulose-hydrolyzing activity of the corresponding anaerobe strains, for example, the well-known Clostridium acetobutylicum strains. Also, recognized in this genotype-phenotype correlation analysis was the genetic foundation of a previously unrecognized machinery that may mediate the microbe–cellulose adhesion, to be specific, enzymes encoded by genes harboring both the surface layer homology and cellulose-binding CBM modules. Applicability of this pipeline on scalable annotation of large genome datasets was further tested with the annotation of 7,902 reference genomes downloaded from NCBI, from which 14 genomes of putative paradigm cellulose-hydrolyzing anaerobes were identified. We believe the pipeline developed in this study would be a good add as a bioinformatic tool for genome-centric interpretation of uncultivated anaerobes, specifically on their functional niche of cellulose hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubo Wang
- Environmental Microbiome Engineering and Biotechnology Laboratory, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, China
| | - Liguan Li
- Environmental Microbiome Engineering and Biotechnology Laboratory, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, China
| | - Yu Xia
- Environmental Microbiome Engineering and Biotechnology Laboratory, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Environmental Microbiome Engineering and Biotechnology Laboratory, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, China
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Tong Zhang,
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Sriariyanun M, Kitiborwornkul N, Tantayotai P, Rattanaporn K, Show PL. One-Pot Ionic Liquid-Mediated Bioprocess for Pretreatment and Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Rice Straw with Ionic Liquid-Tolerance Bacterial Cellulase. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9010017. [PMID: 35049726 PMCID: PMC8772859 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionic liquid (IL) pretreatment of lignocellulose is an efficient method for the enhancement of enzymatic saccharification. However, the remaining residues of ILs deactivate cellulase, therefore making intensive biomass washing after pretreatment necessary. This study aimed to develop the one-pot process combining IL pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification by using low-toxic choline acetate ([Ch][OAc]) and IL-tolerant bacterial cellulases. Crude cellulases produced from saline soil inhabited Bacillus sp. CBD2 and Brevibacillus sp. CBD3 were tested under the influence of 0.5–2.0 M [Ch][OAc], which showed that their activities retained at more than 95%. However, [Ch][OAc] had toxicity to CBD2 and CBD3 cultures, in which only 32.85% and 12.88% were alive at 0.5 M [Ch][OAc]. Based on the specific enzyme activities, the sugar amounts produced from one-pot processes using 1 mg of CBD2 and CBD3 were higher than that of Celluclast 1.5 L by 2.0 and 4.5 times, respectively, suggesting their potential for further application in the biorefining process of value-added products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malinee Sriariyanun
- Biorefinery and Process Automation Engineering Center, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok 10800, Thailand;
- Correspondence:
| | - Nichaphat Kitiborwornkul
- Biorefinery and Process Automation Engineering Center, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok 10800, Thailand;
| | - Prapakorn Tantayotai
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand;
| | - Kittipong Rattanaporn
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Pau-Loke Show
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih 43500, Selangor, Malaysia;
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Goswami K, DekaBoruah HP, Saikia R. Production of cellulase by Novosphingobium sp. Cm1 and its potential application in lignocellulosic waste hydrolysis. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 52:724-735. [PMID: 34730478 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2021.1989698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Management of lignocellulosic wastes in and around the municipality area requires special consideration. Continuous deposition of these wastes to the nearby areas led to gradual deterioration of the environment. The objective of this study was to produce cellulase from the bacteria isolated from the unexplored rainforest of NE-India for lignocellulosic waste hydrolysis. Based on carboxymethyl cellulose utilization and the congo red test, Novosphingobium sp. Cm1 was found to be the most promising strain out of 114 bacterial isolates and the strain was selected for further study. The optimization of the fermentative conditions for maximum enzyme activity was carried out using one factor-at-a-time strategy and the optimum pH, temperature and incubation time was recorded as pH 5, 37 °C and 96 h respectively. The maximum β-1,4-endoglucanase activity was observed with 1.5% CMC (5.1 ± 0.05 U/mL) and 0.25% yeast extract (7.6 ± 0.72 U/mL). The bacterial waste hydrolysis ability was investigated using three wastes where vegetable waste showed maximum activity of 3.4 ± 0.48 U/mL. Bacterial interaction and waste utilization were verified using Scanning Electron Microscope and Fourier-Transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. The present study confirmed the promising ability of Novosphingobium sp. to waste hydrolysis. Further investigations may lead to new possibilities for low-cost enzyme production that will help to meet the rising cellulase demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kongkana Goswami
- Biological Science & Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat, Assam, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Hari Prasanna DekaBoruah
- Biological Science & Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat, Assam, India.,Govt. Model College, Kaziranga, Golaghat, Assam, India
| | - Ratul Saikia
- Biological Science & Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat, Assam, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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12
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Bioleaching of metals from waste printed circuit boards using bacterial isolates native to abandoned gold mine. Biometals 2021; 34:1043-1058. [PMID: 34213670 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-021-00326-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, native bacterial strains isolated from abandoned gold mine and Chromobacterium violaceum (MTCC-2656) were applied for bioleaching of metals from waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs). Toxicity assessment and dose-response analysis of WPCBs showed EC50 values of 128.9, 98.7, and 90.8 g/L for Bacillus sp. SAG3, Bacillus megaterium SAG1 and Lysinibacillus sphaericus SAG2, respectively, whereas, for C. violaceum EC50 was 83.70 g/L. This indicates the viable operation range and technological feasibility of metals bioleaching from WPCBs using mine isolates. The influencing factors such as pH, pulp density, temperature, and precursor molecule (glycine) were optimized by one-factor at a time method (OFAT). The maximum metal recovery occurred at an initial pH of 9.0, a pulp density of 10 g/L, a temperature of 30 °C and a glycine concentration of 5 g/L, except for L. sphaericus which showed optimum activity at initial pH of 8.0. Under optimal conditions the metals recovery of Cu and Au from WPCBs were recorded as 87.5 ± 8% and 73.6 ± 3% for C. violaceum and 72.7 ± 5% and 66.6 ± 6% for B. megaterium, respectively. Kinetic modeling results showed that the data was best described by first order reaction kinetics, where the rate of metal solubilization from WPCBs depended upon microbial lixiviant production. This is the first report on bioleaching of metals from e-waste using bacterial isolates from the gold mine of Solan, HP. Our study demonstrated the potential of bioleaching for resource recovery from WPCBs dust, aimed to be disposed at landfills, and its effectiveness in extraction of elements those are at high supply risk and demand.
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13
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Joshi N, Kaushal G, Singh SP. Biochemical characterization of a novel thermo-halo-tolerant GH5 endoglucanase from a thermal spring metagenome. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:1531-1544. [PMID: 33410140 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A novel endoglucanase gene, celM , was cloned from a thermal spring metagenome. The gene was expressed in Escherichia coli, and the protein was extracted and purified. The protein catalyzed the hydrolysis of amorphous cellulose in a wide range of temperatures, 30-95°C, with optimal activity at 80°C. It was able to tolerate high temperature (80°C) with a half-life of 8 h. Its activity was eminent in a wide pH range of 3.0-11.0, with the highest activity at pH 6.0. The enzyme was tested for halostability. Any significant loss was not recorded in the activity of CelM after the exposure to salinity (3 M NaCl) for 30 days. Furthermore, CelM displayed a substantial resistance toward metal ions, denaturant, reducing agent, organic solvent, and non-ionic surfactants. The amorphous cellulose, treated with CelM , was randomly cleaved, generating cello-oligosaccharides of 2-5 degree of polymerization. Furthermore, CelM was demonstrated to catalyze the hydrolysis of cellulose fraction in the delignified biomass samples, for example, sweet sorghum bagasse, rice straw, and corncob, into cello-oligosaccharides. Given that CelM is a thermo-halo-tolerant GH5 endoglucanase, with resistance to detergents and organic solvent, the biocatalyst could be of potential usefulness for a variety of industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Joshi
- Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (DBT-CIAB), Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Girija Kaushal
- Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (DBT-CIAB), Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Sudhir P Singh
- Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (DBT-CIAB), Mohali, Punjab, India
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14
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Jain D, Ravina, Bhojiya AA, Chauhan S, Rajpurohit D, Mohanty SR. Polyphasic Characterization of Plant Growth Promoting Cellulose Degrading Bacteria Isolated from Organic Manures. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:739-748. [PMID: 33416972 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-02342-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, twenty seven cellulose-degrading bacteria (CDB) were isolated from various organic manures and their cellulolytic activities were determined. The bacterial isolate CDB-26 showed the highest cellulolytic index, released 0.507 ± 0.025 mg/ml glucose and produced 0.196 ± 0.014 IU/ml cellulase enzyme under in vitro conditions. Biochemically, all the 27 isolates showed difference in the 6 biochemical tests performed. Further, all the 27 CDB isolates were subjected to various plant growth-promoting activities, and all CDB strains were positive for IAA production, GA3 production and siderophore production, whereas 19 strains were positive for ACC deaminase activity, 21 strains showed NH3 production and 19 strains were positive for HCN production. Out of 27 CDB isolates, 18 isolates were able to solubilize phosphate, 21 isolates were able to solubilize potash and 10 CDB isolates were found positive for silica solubilization. The molecular diversity among different CDB isolates was studied through ARDRA and demonstrated very high genetic diversity among these bacteria. The in vitro cellulose-degradation potential of these CDB isolates using vegetable waste as substrate were also assessed, and the 3 CDB isolates viz. Serratia surfactantfaciens (CDB-26), Stenotrophomonas rhizophila (CDB-16) and Pseudomonas fragi (CDB-5) showed the highest cellulose-degrading potential under in vitro conditions. Hence, the cellulolytic microbes isolated in the present study could be used for effective bioconversion of plant biomasses into enriched compost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devendra Jain
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, 313001, India.
| | - Ravina
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, 313001, India
| | - Ali Asger Bhojiya
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, 313001, India.,Department of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, Mewar University, Chittaurgarh, Rajasthan, India
| | - Surya Chauhan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, 313001, India
| | - Deepak Rajpurohit
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, 313001, India
| | - Santosh R Mohanty
- Indian Institute of Soil Science, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462038, India
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15
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Ren Y, Zhang L, Yang K, Li Z, Yin R, Tan B, Wang L, Liu Y, Li H, You C, Liu S, Xu Z, Kardol P. Short-term effects of snow cover manipulation on soil bacterial diversity and community composition. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 741:140454. [PMID: 32610243 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Winter snow cover is a major driver of soil microbial processes in high-latitude and high-altitude ecosystems. Warming-induced reduction in snow cover as predicted under future climate scenarios may shift soil bacterial communities with consequences for soil carbon and nutrient cycling. The underlying mechanisms, however, remain elusive. In the present study, we conducted a snow manipulation experiment in a Tibetan spruce forest to explore the immediate and intra-annual legacy effects of snow exclusion on soil bacterial communities. We analyzed bacterial diversity and community composition in the winter (i.e., the deep snow season), in the transitional thawing period, and in the middle of the growing season. Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Actinobacteria were dominant phyla across the seasons and snow regimes. Bacterial diversity was generally not particularly sensitive to the absence of snow cover. However, snow exclusion positively affected Simpson diversity in the winter but not in the thawing period and the growing season. Bacterial diversity further tended to be higher in winter than in the growing season. In the winter, the taxonomic composition shifted in response to snow exclusion, while composition did not differ between exclusion and control plots in the thawing period and the growing season. Soil bacterial communities strongly varied across seasons, and the variations differed in specific groups. Both soil climatic factors (i.e., temperature and moisture) and soil biochemical variables partly accounted for the seasonal dynamics of bacterial communities. Taken together, our study indicates that soil bacterial communities in Tibetan forests are rather resilient to change in snow cover, at least at an intra-annual scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhi Ren
- Forestry Ecological Engineering in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River & Rainy Area of West China Plantation Ecosystem Permanent Scientific Research Base & Institute of Ecology & Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Forestry Ecological Engineering in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River & Rainy Area of West China Plantation Ecosystem Permanent Scientific Research Base & Institute of Ecology & Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Kaijun Yang
- Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, CSIC, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Zhijie Li
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Agrosphere (IBG-3), Jülich, Germany
| | - Rui Yin
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Department of Community Ecology, Theodor-Lieser-Strasse 4, 06110 Halle (Saale), Germany; Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901-83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Bo Tan
- Forestry Ecological Engineering in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River & Rainy Area of West China Plantation Ecosystem Permanent Scientific Research Base & Institute of Ecology & Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lixia Wang
- Forestry Ecological Engineering in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River & Rainy Area of West China Plantation Ecosystem Permanent Scientific Research Base & Institute of Ecology & Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Forestry Ecological Engineering in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River & Rainy Area of West China Plantation Ecosystem Permanent Scientific Research Base & Institute of Ecology & Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Han Li
- Forestry Ecological Engineering in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River & Rainy Area of West China Plantation Ecosystem Permanent Scientific Research Base & Institute of Ecology & Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Chengming You
- Forestry Ecological Engineering in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River & Rainy Area of West China Plantation Ecosystem Permanent Scientific Research Base & Institute of Ecology & Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Sining Liu
- Forestry Ecological Engineering in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River & Rainy Area of West China Plantation Ecosystem Permanent Scientific Research Base & Institute of Ecology & Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhenfeng Xu
- Forestry Ecological Engineering in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River & Rainy Area of West China Plantation Ecosystem Permanent Scientific Research Base & Institute of Ecology & Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Paul Kardol
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901-83 Umeå, Sweden
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16
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Banerjee S, Maiti TK, Roy RN. Production, purification, and characterization of cellulase from Acinetobacter junii GAC 16.2, a novel cellulolytic gut isolate of Gryllotalpa africana, and its effects on cotton fiber and sawdust. ANN MICROBIOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s13213-020-01569-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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17
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A highly thermostable crude endoglucanase produced by a newly isolated Thermobifida fusca strain UPMC 901. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13526. [PMID: 31537863 PMCID: PMC6753106 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50126-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A thermophilic Thermobifida fusca strain UPMC 901, harboring highly thermostable cellulolytic activity, was successfully isolated from oil palm empty fruit bunch compost. Its endoglucanase had the highest activity at 24 hours of incubation in carboxymethyl-cellulose (CMC) and filter paper. A maximum endoglucanase activity of 0.9 U/mL was achieved at pH 5 and 60 °C using CMC as a carbon source. The endoglucanase properties were further characterized using crude enzyme preparations from the culture supernatant. Thermal stability indicated that the endoglucanase activity was highly stable at 70 °C for 24 hours. Furthermore, the activity was found to be completely maintained without any loss at 50 °C and 60 °C for 144 hours, making it the most stable than other endoglucanases reported in the literature. The high stability of the endoglucanase at an elevated temperature for a prolonged period of time makes it a suitable candidate for the biorefinery application.
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18
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Wang C, Liu X, Zhang M, Shao H, Zhang M, Wang X, Wang Q, Bao Z, Fan X, Li H. Efficient Enzyme-Assisted Extraction and Conversion of Polydatin to Resveratrol From Polygonum cuspidatum Using Thermostable Cellulase and Immobilized β-Glucosidase. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:445. [PMID: 30972031 PMCID: PMC6445843 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol, a bioactive compound in high quantities in Polygonum cuspidatum, has well-known health benefits. However, it mainly exists in its glycosidic form, polydatin, in plants. To increase the production of resveratrol for various uses in medicine, foods, and cosmetics, an efficient deglycosylation technique is needed for converting polydatin into resveratrol. We screened a new cellulolytic strain of Bacillus from herb compost, and we optimized parameters within the fermentation process using response surface methodology with a Box-Behnken design. The yield of cellulase reached 2701.08 U/L, corresponding to values that were 5.4 times as high as those under unoptimized conditions. The Bacillus cellulase possessed good thermostablity and was stable under both acidic and neutral conditions. The cellulase was then used in the pretreatment of P. cuspidatum root. After incubation at 50°C for 4 h with shaking at 150 rpm, the contents of piceid and resveratrol were determined to be 7.60 ± 0.15 and 9.72 ± 0.29 mg/g, respectively. To obtain complete deglycosylation, immobilized β-glucosidase (bgl2238) was added to the cellulase-treated extracts of P. cuspidatum root to convert residual polydatin into resveratrol. After the first cycle, the contents of piceid and resveratrol were determined to be 0 and 13.69 ± 0.30 mg/g, respectively. Moreover, enzyme activity showed little loss during up to 4 consecutive cycles. These results demonstrated that the immobilized β-glucosidase possessed high deglycosylation activity and outstanding operational stability. The mixture of Bacillus cellulase and immobilized bgl2238 appears promising as a means to increase the supply of resveratrol in the medicine market worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunqing Wang
- School of Basic Courses, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolong Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Mengle Zhang
- School of Basic Courses, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haoyue Shao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Manman Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaomeng Wang
- School of Basic Courses, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qinghua Wang
- School of Basic Courses, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhining Bao
- Guangzhou Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinjiong Fan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - He Li
- School of Basic Courses, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
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19
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Thankappan S, Kandasamy S, Joshi B, Sorokina KN, Taran OP, Uthandi S. Bioprospecting thermophilic glycosyl hydrolases, from hot springs of Himachal Pradesh, for biomass valorization. AMB Express 2018; 8:168. [PMID: 30324223 PMCID: PMC6188974 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-018-0690-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The harnessing of biocatalysts from extreme environment hot spring niche for biomass conversion is significant and promising owing to the special characteristics of extremozymes attributed by intriguing biogeochemistry and extreme conditions of these environments. Hence, in the present study 38 bacterial isolates obtained from hot springs of Manikaran (~ 95 °C), Kalath (~ 50 °C) and Vasist (~ 65 °C) of Himachal Pradesh were screened for glycosyl hydrolases by in situ enrichment technique using lignocellulosic biomass (LCB). Based on their hydrolytic potential 5 isolates were selected and they were Bacillus tequilensis (VCB1, VCB2 and VSDB4), and B. licheniformis (KBFB2 and KBFB3). Cellulolytic activity assayed by growth under submerged fermentation showed that B. tequilensis VCB1 had maximum FPA activity (3.38 IU ml−1) in 48 h, while B. licheniformis KBFB3 excelled for endoglucanase (EGA of 4.81 IU ml−1 in 24 h) and cellobiase (0.71 IU ml−1 in 48 h) activities. Among all the thermophilic biocatalysts evaluated, highest exoglucanase (0.06 IU ml−1) activity was observed in B. tequilensis VSDB4 while endoglucanase of B. licheniformis KBFB3 showed optimum specific activity at pH 7 and 70 °C. Further, the presence of celS, celB and xlnB genes in the isolates suggest their possible role in biomass conversion. Protein profiling by SDS-PAGE analysis revealed that cellulase isoforms migrated with molecular masses of 75 kDa. The endoglucanase activity of promising strain B. licheniformis KBFB3 was enhanced in the presence of Ca2+, mercaptoethanol and sodium hypochlorite whereas moderately inhibited by Cu2+, Zn2+, urea, SDS and H2O2. The results of this study indicate scope for the possible development of novel biocatalysts with multifunctional thermostable glycosyl hydrolases from hot springs for efficient hydrolysis of the complex lignocellulosic biomass into simple sugars and other derived bioproducts leading to biomass valorization.
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20
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An Insight into the Celluloytic Potential of Three Strains of Bacillus Spp. Isolated from Benthic Soil of Aquaculture Farms in East Kolkata Wetlands, India. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.12.3.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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21
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Latt ZK, Yu SS, Kyaw EP, Lynn TM, Nwe MT, Mon WW, Aye KN. Using Cellulolytic Nitrogen Fixing Bacterium, Azomonas agilis for Effective Degradation of Agricultural Residues. Open Microbiol J 2018; 12:154-162. [PMID: 29997700 PMCID: PMC5997855 DOI: 10.2174/1874285801812010154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Azomonas agilis, a nitrogen-fixing bacterium, was isolated from rhizospheric soil in central Myanmar. Methods & Materials: The nitrogen-fixing activity of this bacterium was detected by plate screening method using glucose nitrogen free mineral medium and ammonium test-kit Cellulolytic activity was screened by plat assay and detected by Dinitrosalicyclic acid method (DNS). Results & Discussion: The isolated A. agilis grew in media containing 3-12% of NaCl, although the growth became poor when NaCl concentrations increased. Among various carbon sources, sucrose was the best source for ammonium accumulation of this bacterium, whereas arabinose was not the suitable carbon source. Although the nitrogen-fixing activity of A. agilis was highest after one week incubation, cellulase enzyme production was highest after 2-3 days of incubation. It was observed that cellulase enzyme activity of A. agilis for cellulose and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was almost the same. Three agricultural wastes were used to detect the cellulase enzyme activity of A. agilis, cellulase activity was better on filter paper as a substrate when compared to rice-straw and sawdust. Conclusion: So, the isolated A. agilis has high potential as an effective bacterial strain to use in sustainable agriculture and degradation of some agricultural residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaw K Latt
- Biotechnology Research Department, Ministry of Education, Kyaukse, Mandalay Division, 100301, Myanmar
| | - San S Yu
- Biotechnology Research Department, Ministry of Education, Kyaukse, Mandalay Division, 100301, Myanmar
| | - Ei P Kyaw
- Biotechnology Research Department, Ministry of Education, Kyaukse, Mandalay Division, 100301, Myanmar
| | - Tin M Lynn
- Biotechnology Research Department, Ministry of Education, Kyaukse, Mandalay Division, 100301, Myanmar
| | - May T Nwe
- Biotechnology Research Department, Ministry of Education, Kyaukse, Mandalay Division, 100301, Myanmar
| | - Wai W Mon
- Biotechnology Research Department, Ministry of Education, Kyaukse, Mandalay Division, 100301, Myanmar
| | - Kyaw N Aye
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Yangon Technological University, Yangon, Myanmar
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22
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Tabssum F, Irfan M, Shakir HA, Qazi JI. RSM based optimization of nutritional conditions for cellulase mediated Saccharification by Bacillus cereus. J Biol Eng 2018; 12:7. [PMID: 29755582 PMCID: PMC5934882 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-018-0097-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cellulases are enzyme which have potential applications in various industries. Researchers are looking for potential cellulolytic bacterial strains for industrial exploitation. In this investigation, cellulase production of Bacillus cereus was explored while attacking poplar twigs. The bacterium was isolated from the gut of freshwater fish, Labeo rohita and identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing technology. Various nutritional conditions were screened and optimized through response surface methodology. Initially, Plackett-Burman design was used for screening purpose and optimization was conducted through Box-Bhenken design. Results The maximum cellulase production occurred at 0.5% yeast extract, 0.09% MgSO4, 0.04% peptone, 2% poplar waste biomass, initial medium pH of 9.0, and inoculum size of 2% v/v at 37 °C with agitation speed of 120 rpm for 24 h of submerged fermentation. The proposed model for optimization of cellulase production was found highly significant. The indigenously produced cellulase enzyme was employed for saccharification purpose at 50 °C for various time periods. Maximum total sugars of 31.42 mg/ml were released after 6 h of incubation at 50 °C.The efficiency of this enzyme was compared with commercial cellulase enzyme revealing significant findings. Conclusion These results suggested potential utilization of this strain in biofuel industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fouzia Tabssum
- 1Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, New Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- 2Department of Biotechnology, University of Sargodha, University road, Sargodha, Punjab Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Abdullah Shakir
- 1Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, New Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Javed Iqbal Qazi
- 1Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, New Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
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23
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Shrestha N, Chilkoor G, Vemuri B, Rathinam N, Sani RK, Gadhamshetty V. Extremophiles for microbial-electrochemistry applications: A critical review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 255:318-330. [PMID: 29433771 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.01.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Extremophiles, notably archaea and bacteria, offer a good platform for treating industrial waste streams that were previously perceived as hostile to the model organisms in microbial electrochemical systems (MESs). Here we present a critical overview of the fundamental and applied biology aspects of halophiles and thermophiles in MESs. The current study suggests that extremophiles enable the MES operations under a seemingly harsh conditions imposed by the physical (pressure, radiation, and temperature) and geochemical extremes (oxygen levels, pH, and salinity). We highlight a need to identify the underpinning mechanisms that define the exceptional electrocatalytic performance of extremophiles in MESs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namita Shrestha
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, 501 E Saint Joseph Blvd, Rapid City, SD 57701, United States
| | - Govinda Chilkoor
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, 501 E Saint Joseph Blvd, Rapid City, SD 57701, United States
| | - Bhuvan Vemuri
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, 501 E Saint Joseph Blvd, Rapid City, SD 57701, United States
| | - Navanietha Rathinam
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, 501 E Saint Joseph Blvd, Rapid City, SD 57701, United States
| | - Rajesh K Sani
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, 501 E Saint Joseph Blvd, Rapid City, SD 57701, United States
| | - Venkataramana Gadhamshetty
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, 501 E Saint Joseph Blvd, Rapid City, SD 57701, United States; Surface Engineering Research Center, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, 501 E Saint Joseph Blvd, Rapid City, SD 57701, United States.
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Pervasiveness of UVC254-resistant Geobacillus strains in extreme environments. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:1869-1887. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8712-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Evaluation of gastrointestinal bacterial population for the production of holocellulose enzymes for biomass deconstruction. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186355. [PMID: 29023528 PMCID: PMC5638507 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) habitat of ruminant and non-ruminant animals sustains a vast ensemble of microbes that are capable of utilizing lignocellulosic plant biomass. In this study, an indigenous swine (Zovawk) and a domesticated goat (Black Bengal) were investigated to isolate bacteria having plant biomass degrading enzymes. After screening and enzymatic quantification of eighty-one obtained bacterial isolates, Serratia rubidaea strain DBT4 and Aneurinibacillus aneurinilyticus strain DBT87 were revealed as the most potent strains, showing both cellulase and xylanase production. A biomass utilization study showed that submerged fermentation (SmF) of D2 (alkaline pretreated pulpy biomass) using strain DBT4 resulted in the most efficient biomass deconstruction with maximum xylanase (11.98 U/mL) and FPase (0.5 U/mL) activities (55°C, pH 8). The present study demonstrated that bacterial strains residing in the gastrointestinal region of non-ruminant swine are a promising source for lignocellulose degrading microorganisms that could be used for biomass conversion.
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Complete Genome Sequence of Geobacillus thermodenitrificans T12, A Potential Host for Biotechnological Applications. Curr Microbiol 2017; 75:49-56. [PMID: 28900693 PMCID: PMC5765199 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-017-1349-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In attempt to obtain a thermophilic host for the conversion of lignocellulose derived substrates into lactic acid, Geobacillus thermodenitrificans T12 was isolated from a compost heap. It was selected from over 500 isolates as a genetically tractable hemicellulolytic lactic acid producer, requiring little nutrients. The strain is able to ferment glucose and xylose simultaneously and can produce lactic acid from xylan, making it a potential host for biotechnological applications. The genome of strain T12 consists of a 3.64 Mb chromosome and two plasmids of 59 and 56 kb. It has a total of 3.676 genes with an average genomic GC content of 48.7%. The T12 genome encodes a denitrification pathway, allowing for anaerobic respiration. The identity and localization of the responsible genes are similar to those of the denitrification pathways found in strain NG80-2. The hemicellulose utilization (HUS) locus was identified based on sequence homology against G. stearothermophilus T-6. It appeared that T12 has all the genes that are present in strain T-6 except for the arabinan degradation cluster. Instead, the HUS locus of strain T12 contains genes for both an inositol and a pectate degradation pathway. Strain T12 has complete pathways for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidine, all 20 amino acids and several vitamins except D-biotin. The host-defense systems present comprise a Type II and a Type III restriction-modification system, as well as a CRISPR-Cas Type II system. It is concluded that G. thermodenitrificans T12 is a potentially interesting candidate for industrial applications.
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Isolation of a Cellulolytic Bacterium from the Lonar Soda Lake and Genomic Analysis of it. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.11.2.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Behera P, Venkata Ramana V, Maharana B, Joseph N, Vaishampayan P, Singh NK, Shouche Y, Bhadury P, Mishra SR, Raina V, Suar M, Pattnaik AK, Rastogi G. Mangrovibacter phragmitis sp. nov., an endophyte isolated from the roots of Phragmites karka. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2017; 67:1228-1234. [DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.001789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pratiksha Behera
- Wetland Research and Training Centre, Chilika Development Authority Odisha, Barkul, Balugaon 752030, India
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Patia, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India
| | - V Venkata Ramana
- Microbial Culture Collection, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra 411021, India
| | - Bhagirathi Maharana
- Wetland Research and Training Centre, Chilika Development Authority Odisha, Barkul, Balugaon 752030, India
| | - Neetha Joseph
- Microbial Culture Collection, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra 411021, India
| | - Parag Vaishampayan
- Biotechnology and Planetary Protection Group, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, NASA, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - Nitin K Singh
- Biotechnology and Planetary Protection Group, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, NASA, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - Yogesh Shouche
- Microbial Culture Collection, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra 411021, India
| | - Punyasloke Bhadury
- Integrative Taxonomy and Microbial Ecology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research- Kolkata, Mohanpur 741252, Nadia, West Bengal, India
| | - Samir R Mishra
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Patia, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Vishakha Raina
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Patia, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Mrutyunjay Suar
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Patia, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Ajit K Pattnaik
- Wetland Research and Training Centre, Chilika Development Authority Odisha, Barkul, Balugaon 752030, India
- Present address: State Project Management Unit, Integrated Coastal Zone Management Project, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 752003, India
| | - Gurdeep Rastogi
- Wetland Research and Training Centre, Chilika Development Authority Odisha, Barkul, Balugaon 752030, India
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Lemos LN, Pereira RV, Quaggio RB, Martins LF, Moura LMS, da Silva AR, Antunes LP, da Silva AM, Setubal JC. Genome-Centric Analysis of a Thermophilic and Cellulolytic Bacterial Consortium Derived from Composting. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:644. [PMID: 28469608 PMCID: PMC5395642 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial consortia selected from complex lignocellulolytic microbial communities are promising alternatives to deconstruct plant waste, since synergistic action of different enzymes is required for full degradation of plant biomass in biorefining applications. Culture enrichment also facilitates the study of interactions among consortium members, and can be a good source of novel microbial species. Here, we used a sample from a plant waste composting operation in the São Paulo Zoo (Brazil) as inoculum to obtain a thermophilic aerobic consortium enriched through multiple passages at 60°C in carboxymethylcellulose as sole carbon source. The microbial community composition of this consortium was investigated by shotgun metagenomics and genome-centric analysis. Six near-complete (over 90%) genomes were reconstructed. Similarity and phylogenetic analyses show that four of these six genomes are novel, with the following hypothesized identifications: a new Thermobacillus species; the first Bacillus thermozeamaize genome (for which currently only 16S sequences are available) or else the first representative of a new family in the Bacillales order; the first representative of a new genus in the Paenibacillaceae family; and the first representative of a new deep-branching family in the Clostridia class. The reconstructed genomes from known species were identified as Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius and Caldibacillus debilis. The metabolic potential of these recovered genomes based on COG and CAZy analyses show that these genomes encode several glycoside hydrolases (GHs) as well as other genes related to lignocellulose breakdown. The new Thermobacillus species stands out for being the richest in diversity and abundance of GHs, possessing the greatest potential for biomass degradation among the six recovered genomes. We also investigated the presence and activity of the organisms corresponding to these genomes in the composting operation from which the consortium was built, using compost metagenome and metatranscriptome datasets generated in a previous study. We obtained strong evidence that five of the six recovered genomes are indeed present and active in that composting process. We have thus discovered three (perhaps four) new thermophillic bacterial species that add to the increasing repertoire of known lignocellulose degraders, whose biotechnological potential can now be investigated in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro N Lemos
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Bioinformática, Universidade de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberta V Pereira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo B Quaggio
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Layla F Martins
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Livia M S Moura
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Bioinformática, Universidade de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amanda R da Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Bioinformática, Universidade de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciana P Antunes
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aline M da Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - João C Setubal
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil.,Biocomplexity Institute, Virginia TechBlacksburg, VA, USA
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Kazeem MO, Shah UKM, Baharuddin AS, AbdulRahman NA. Prospecting Agro-waste Cocktail: Supplementation for Cellulase Production by a Newly Isolated Thermophilic B. licheniformis 2D55. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 182:1318-1340. [PMID: 28176140 PMCID: PMC5534209 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-017-2401-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria isolated from thermophilic environment that can produce cellulase as well as utilise agro-waste biomass have a high potential for developing thermostable cellulase required in the biofuel industry. The cost for cellulase represents a significant challenge in converting lignocellulose to fermentable sugars for biofuel production. Among three potential bacteria examined, Bacillus licheniformis 2D55 (accession no. KT799651) was found to produce the highest cellulolytic activity (CMCase 0.33 U/mL and FPase 0.09 U/mL) at 18–24 h fermentation when grown on microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) as a carbon source in shake flask at 50 °C. Cellulase production process was further conducted on the untreated and NaOH pretreated rice straw (RS), rice husk (RH), sugarcane bagasse (BAG) and empty fruit bunch (EFB). Untreated BAG produced the highest FPase (0.160 U/mL), while the highest CMCase (0.150 U/mL) was supported on the pretreated RH. The mixture of untreated BAG and pretreated RH as agro-waste cocktail has remarkably improved CMCase (3.7- and 1.4-fold) and FPase (2.5- and 11.5-fold) compared to the untreated BAG and pretreated RH, respectively. The mechanism of cellulase production explored through SEM analysis and the location of cellulase enzymes of the isolate was also presented. Agro-waste cocktail supplementation provides an alternative method for an efficient production of cellulase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muinat Olanike Kazeem
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, 1515, Nigeria
| | - Umi Kalsom Md Shah
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Azhari Samsu Baharuddin
- Department of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nor' Aini AbdulRahman
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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31
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Irfan M, Tayyab A, Hasan F, Khan S, Badshah M, Shah AA. Production and Characterization of Organic Solvent-Tolerant Cellulase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens AK9 Isolated from Hot Spring. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 182:1390-1402. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-017-2405-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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32
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Fashola MO, Ngole-Jeme VM, Babalola OO. Heavy Metal Pollution from Gold Mines: Environmental Effects and Bacterial Strategies for Resistance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13111047. [PMID: 27792205 PMCID: PMC5129257 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13111047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mining activities can lead to the generation of large quantities of heavy metal laden wastes which are released in an uncontrolled manner, causing widespread contamination of the ecosystem. Though some heavy metals classified as essential are important for normal life physiological processes, higher concentrations above stipulated levels have deleterious effects on human health and biota. Bacteria able to withstand high concentrations of these heavy metals are found in the environment as a result of various inherent biochemical, physiological, and/or genetic mechanisms. These mechanisms can serve as potential tools for bioremediation of heavy metal polluted sites. This review focuses on the effects of heavy metal wastes generated from gold mining activities on the environment and the various mechanisms used by bacteria to counteract the effect of these heavy metals in their immediate environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muibat Omotola Fashola
- Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa.
| | - Veronica Mpode Ngole-Jeme
- Department of Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, UNISA, Florida, Private Bag X6 Florida, Roodepoort 1710, South Africa.
| | - Olubukola Oluranti Babalola
- Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa.
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Daas MJA, van de Weijer AHP, de Vos WM, van der Oost J, van Kranenburg R. Isolation of a genetically accessible thermophilic xylan degrading bacterium from compost. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2016; 9:210. [PMID: 27752284 PMCID: PMC5053077 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-016-0618-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to the finite nature of global oil resources we are now faced with the challenge of finding renewable resources to produce fuels and chemicals in the future. Lactic acid has great potential as a precursor for the production of bioplastics alternatives to conventional plastics. Efficient lactic acid fermentation from non-food lignocellulosic substrates requires pretreatment and saccharification to generate fermentable sugars. A fermentation process that requires little to no enzyme additions, i.e. consolidated bioprocessing would be preferred and requires lactic acid-producing organisms that have cellulolytic and/or hemicellulolytic activity. RESULTS To obtain candidate production strains we have enriched and isolated facultative anaerobic (hemi) cellulolytic bacterial strains from compost samples. By selecting for growth on both cellulose and xylan, 94 Geobacillus strains were isolated. Subsequent screening for lactic acid production was carried out from C6 and C5 sugar fermentations and a selection of the best lactic acid producers was made. The denitrifying Geobacillus thermodenitrificans T12 was selected for further research and was rendered genetically accessible. In fermentations on a mixture of glucose and xylose, a total of 20.3 g of lactic acid was produced with a yield of 0.94 g product/g sugar consumed. In addition, strain T12 is capable of direct conversion of beech wood xylan to mainly lactic acid in minimal media. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated that G. thermodenitrificans T12 is genetically accessible and produces lactic acid as its main fermentation product on glucose, xylose and a mixture thereof. Strain T12 was additionally used for the direct conversion of xylan to lactic acid. The genetic accessibility of the T12 strain provides a solid basis for the development of this strain into a host for consolidated bioprocessing of biomass to lactic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martinus J. A. Daas
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Willem M. de Vos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - John van der Oost
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard van Kranenburg
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Corbion, Arkselsedijk 46, 4206 AC Gorinchem, The Netherlands
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High yield expression of novel glutaminase free l-asparaginase II of Pectobacterium carotovorum MTCC 1428 in Bacillus subtilis WB800N. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2015; 38:2271-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-015-1464-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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35
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Ghazaryan A, Blbulyan S, Poladyan A, Trchounian A. Redox stress in geobacilli from geothermal springs: Phenomenon and membrane-associated response mechanisms. Bioelectrochemistry 2015; 105:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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36
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Manfredi AP, Perotti NI, Martínez MA. Cellulose degrading bacteria isolated from industrial samples and the gut of native insects from Northwest of Argentina. J Basic Microbiol 2015; 55:1384-93. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201500269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana P. Manfredi
- PROIMI Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos; CONICET; Tucumán Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Tecnología; Universidad Nacional de Tucumán; Tucumán Argentina
| | - Nora I. Perotti
- PROIMI Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos; CONICET; Tucumán Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Tecnología; Universidad Nacional de Tucumán; Tucumán Argentina
| | - María A. Martínez
- PROIMI Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos; CONICET; Tucumán Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Tecnología; Universidad Nacional de Tucumán; Tucumán Argentina
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37
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Pinheiro GL, Correa RF, Cunha RS, Cardoso AM, Chaia C, Clementino MM, Garcia ES, de Souza W, Frasés S. Isolation of aerobic cultivable cellulolytic bacteria from different regions of the gastrointestinal tract of giant land snail Achatina fulica. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:860. [PMID: 26347735 PMCID: PMC4542579 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose by cellulases is one of the major limiting steps in the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to yield bioethanol. To overcome this hindrance, significant efforts are underway to identify novel cellulases. The snail Achatina fulica is a gastropod with high cellulolytic activity, mainly due to the abundance of glycoside hydrolases produced by both the animal and its resident microbiota. In this study, we partially assessed the cellulolytic aerobic bacterial diversity inside the gastrointestinal tract of A. fulica by culture-dependent methods and evaluated the hydrolytic repertoire of the isolates. Forty bacterial isolates were recovered from distinct segments of the snail gut and identified to the genus level by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Additional phenotypic characterization was performed using biochemical tests provided by the Vitek2 identification system. The overall enzymatic repertoire of the isolated strains was investigated by enzymatic plate assays, containing the following substrates: powdered sugarcane bagasse, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (pNPG), p-nitrophenyl-β-D-cellobioside (pNPC), 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (MUG), 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-D-cellobioside (MUC), and 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-D-xylopyranoside (MUX). Our results indicate that the snail A. fulica is an attractive source of cultivable bacteria that showed to be valuable resources for the production of different types of biomass-degrading enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme L Pinheiro
- Diretoria de Metrologia Aplicada às Ciências da Vida, Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ; Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Raquel F Correa
- Diretoria de Metrologia Aplicada às Ciências da Vida, Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Raquel S Cunha
- Diretoria de Metrologia Aplicada às Ciências da Vida, Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alexander M Cardoso
- Diretoria de Metrologia Aplicada às Ciências da Vida, Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ; Centro Universitário Estadual da Zona Oeste, Unidade Universitária de Biologia Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Catia Chaia
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto Nacional de Controle da Qualidade em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maysa M Clementino
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto Nacional de Controle da Qualidade em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eloi S Garcia
- Diretoria de Metrologia Aplicada às Ciências da Vida, Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ; Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wanderley de Souza
- Diretoria de Metrologia Aplicada às Ciências da Vida, Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ; Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Susana Frasés
- Diretoria de Metrologia Aplicada às Ciências da Vida, Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ; Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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38
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Bhalla A, Bischoff KM, Sani RK. Highly Thermostable Xylanase Production from A Thermophilic Geobacillus sp. Strain WSUCF1 Utilizing Lignocellulosic Biomass. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2015; 3:84. [PMID: 26137456 PMCID: PMC4468944 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2015.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose to fermentable sugars requires a complete repertoire of biomass deconstruction enzymes. Hemicellulases play an important role in hydrolyzing hemicellulose component of lignocellulose to xylooligosaccharides and xylose. Thermostable xylanases have been a focus of attention as industrially important enzymes due to their long shelf life at high temperatures. Geobacillus sp. strain WSUCF1 produced thermostable xylanase activity (crude xylanase cocktail) when grown on xylan or various inexpensive untreated and pretreated lignocellulosic biomasses such as prairie cord grass and corn stover. The optimum pH and temperature for the crude xylanase cocktail were 6.5 and 70°C, respectively. The WSUCF1 crude xylanase was found to be highly thermostable with half-lives of 18 and 12 days at 60 and 70°C, respectively. At 70°C, rates of xylan hydrolysis were also found to be better with the WSUCF1 secretome than those with commercial enzymes, i.e., for WSUCF1 crude xylanase, Cellic-HTec2, and AccelleraseXY, the percent xylan conversions were 68.9, 49.4, and 28.92, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, WSUCF1 crude xylanase cocktail is among the most thermostable xylanases produced by thermophilic Geobacillus spp. and other thermophilic microbes (optimum growth temperature ≤70°C). High thermostability, activity over wide range of temperatures, and better xylan hydrolysis than commercial enzymes make WSUCF1 crude xylanase suitable for thermophilic lignocellulose bioconversion processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Bhalla
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology , Rapid City, SD , USA
| | - Kenneth M Bischoff
- Renewable Product Technology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, U.S. Department of Agriculture , Peoria, IL , USA
| | - Rajesh Kumar Sani
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology , Rapid City, SD , USA
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Urbieta MS, Donati ER, Chan KG, Shahar S, Sin LL, Goh KM. Thermophiles in the genomic era: Biodiversity, science, and applications. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:633-47. [PMID: 25911946 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Thermophiles and hyperthermophiles are present in various regions of the Earth, including volcanic environments, hot springs, mud pots, fumaroles, geysers, coastal thermal springs, and even deep-sea hydrothermal vents. They are also found in man-made environments, such as heated compost facilities, reactors, and spray dryers. Thermophiles, hyperthermophiles, and their bioproducts facilitate various industrial, agricultural, and medicinal applications and offer potential solutions to environmental damages and the demand for biofuels. Intensified efforts to sequence the entire genome of hyperthermophiles and thermophiles are increasing rapidly, as evidenced by the fact that over 120 complete genome sequences of the hyperthermophiles Aquificae, Thermotogae, Crenarchaeota, and Euryarchaeota are now available. In this review, we summarise the major current applications of thermophiles and thermozymes. In addition, emphasis is placed on recent progress in understanding the biodiversity, genomes, transcriptomes, metagenomes, and single-cell sequencing of thermophiles in the genomic era.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sofía Urbieta
- CINDEFI (CCT La Plata-CONICET, UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 47 y 115, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Edgardo R Donati
- CINDEFI (CCT La Plata-CONICET, UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 47 y 115, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Kok-Gan Chan
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Saleha Shahar
- Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Lee Li Sin
- Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Kian Mau Goh
- Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Malaysia.
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40
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Ladeira SA, Cruz E, Delatorre AB, Barbosa JB, Martins MLL. Cellulase production by thermophilic Bacillus sp. SMIA-2 and its detergent compatibility. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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41
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Menendez E, Garcia-Fraile P, Rivas R. Biotechnological applications of bacterial cellulases. AIMS BIOENGINEERING 2015. [DOI: 10.3934/bioeng.2015.3.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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Singh S, Moholkar VS, Goyal A. Optimization of carboxymethylcellulase production from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SS35. 3 Biotech 2014; 4:411-424. [PMID: 28324477 PMCID: PMC4145630 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-013-0169-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we have attempted optimization of production of enzyme carboxymethylcellulase or endoglucanase from the bacterium Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SS35. Optimization has been carried out in two stages using statistical experimental design, viz. medium optimization and optimization of fermentation parameters. For medium optimization, Plackett–Burman design followed by central composite design (CCD) was used, while for optimization of fermentation parameters one-variable-at-a-time method followed by CCD was used. Carbon and nitrogen sources in the medium have been revealed to be the significant factors for enzyme production (carboxymethylcellulose 18.05 g/L; yeast extract 8 g/L and peptone 2 g/L). The inorganic salts have been found to be insignificant components of medium. Optimum fermentation parameters for optimized medium were: initial medium pH 5.65, incubation temperature = 40 °C, shaking speed = 120 rpm, and inoculum size = 6.96 %, v/v. Interestingly, the influence of all four parameters was almost independent with no interlinks. Secondly, the overall effect of all parameters was also low, as indicated by linear, square and interaction regression coefficients that were at least one order of magnitude lower than the intercept in the model equation. These results essentially meant that medium components dominate overall enzyme production process in comparison to fermentation parameters.
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Seo JK, Park TS, Kwon IH, Piao MY, Lee CH, Ha JK. Characterization of Cellulolytic and Xylanolytic Enzymes of Bacillus licheniformis JK7 Isolated from the Rumen of a Native Korean Goat. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2014; 26:50-8. [PMID: 25049705 PMCID: PMC4093055 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2012.12506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A facultative bacterium producing cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic enzymes was isolated from the rumen of a native Korean goat. The bacterium was identified as a Bacillus licheniformis on the basis of biochemical and morphological characteristics and 16S rDNA sequences, and has been designated Bacillus licheniformis JK7. Endoglucanase activities were higher than those of β-glucosidase and xylanase at all temperatures. Xylanase had the lowest activity among the three enzymes examined. The optimum temperature for the enzymes of Bacillus licheniformis JK7 was 70°C for endoglucanase (0.75 U/ml) and 50°C for β-glucosidase and xylanase (0.63 U/ml, 0.44 U/ml, respectively). All three enzymes were stable at a temperature range of 20 to 50°C. At 50°C, endoglucanse, β-glucosidase, and xylanase had 90.29, 94.80, and 88.69% residual activity, respectively. The optimal pH for the three enzymes was 5.0, at which their activity was 1.46, 1.10, and 1.08 U/ml, respectively. The activity of all three enzymes was stable in the pH range of 3.0 to 6.0. Endoglucanase activity was increased 113% by K+, while K+, Zn+, and tween 20 enhanced β-glucosidase activity. Xylanase showed considerable activity even in presence of selected chemical additives, with the exception of Mn2+ and Cu2+. The broad range of optimum temperatures (20 to 40°C) and the stability under acidic pH (4 to 6) suggest that the cellulolytic enzymes of Bacillus licheniformis JK7 may be good candidates for use in the biofuel industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Seo
- Department of Agriculture Biotechnology, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - T S Park
- Department of Agriculture Biotechnology, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - I H Kwon
- Department of Agriculture Biotechnology, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - M Y Piao
- Department of Agriculture Biotechnology, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - C H Lee
- Department of Agriculture Biotechnology, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Jong K Ha
- Department of Agriculture Biotechnology, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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Isolation, screening, and identification of cellulolytic bacteria from natural reserves in the subtropical region of China and optimization of cellulase production by Paenibacillus terrae ME27-1. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:512497. [PMID: 25050355 PMCID: PMC4090499 DOI: 10.1155/2014/512497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
From different natural reserves in the subtropical region of China, a total of 245 aerobic bacterial strains were isolated on agar plates containing sugarcane bagasse pulp as the sole carbon source. Of the 245 strains, 22 showed hydrolyzing zones on agar plates containing carboxymethyl cellulose after Congo-red staining. Molecular identification showed that the 22 strains belonged to 10 different genera, with the Burkholderia genus exhibiting the highest strain diversity and accounting for 36.36% of all the 22 strains. Three isolates among the 22 strains showed higher carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase) activity, and isolate ME27-1 exhibited the highest CMCase activity in liquid culture. The strain ME27-1 was identified as Paenibacillus terrae on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis as well as physiological and biochemical properties. The optimum pH and temperature for CMCase activity produced by the strain ME27-1 were 5.5 and 50°C, respectively, and the enzyme was stable at a wide pH range of 5.0–9.5. A 12-fold improvement in the CMCase activity (2.08 U/mL) of ME27-1 was obtained under optimal conditions for CMCase production. Thus, this study provided further information about the diversity of cellulose-degrading bacteria in the subtropical region of China and found P. terrae ME27-1 to be highly cellulolytic.
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Blumer-Schuette SE, Brown SD, Sander KB, Bayer EA, Kataeva I, Zurawski JV, Conway JM, Adams MWW, Kelly RM. Thermophilic lignocellulose deconstruction. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2014; 38:393-448. [DOI: 10.1111/1574-6976.12044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Parametric Optimization of Cultural Conditions for Carboxymethyl Cellulase Production Using Pretreated Rice Straw by Bacillus sp. 313SI under Stationary and Shaking Conditions. BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:651839. [PMID: 24868469 PMCID: PMC4020544 DOI: 10.1155/2014/651839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase) provides a key opportunity for achieving tremendous benefits of utilizing rice straw as cellulosic biomass. Out of total 80 microbial isolates from different ecological niches one bacterial strain, identified as Bacillus sp. 313SI, was selected for CMCase production under stationary as well as shaking conditions of growth. During two-stage pretreatment, rice straw was first treated with 0.5 M KOH to remove lignin followed by treatment with 0.1 N H2SO4 for removal of hemicellulose. The maximum carboxymethyl cellulase activity of 3.08 U/mL was obtained using 1% (w/v) pretreated rice straw with 1% (v/v) inoculum, pH 8.0 at 35°C after 60 h of growth under stationary conditions, while the same was obtained as 4.15 U/mL using 0.75% (w/v) pretreated substrate with 0.4% (v/v) inoculum, pH 8.0 at 30°C, under shaking conditions of growth for 48 h. For maximum titre of CMCase carboxymethyl cellulose was optimized as the best carbon source under both cultural conditions while ammonium sulphate and ammonium nitrate were optimized as the best nitrogen sources under stationary and shaking conditions, respectively. The present study provides the useful data about the optimized conditions for CMCase production by Bacillus sp. 313SI from pretreated rice straw.
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Thermostable Hemicellulases of a Bacterium, Geobacillus sp. DC3, Isolated from the Former Homestake Gold Mine in Lead, South Dakota. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 172:3488-501. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-0784-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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48
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Zeigler DR. The Geobacillus paradox: why is a thermophilic bacterial genus so prevalent on a mesophilic planet? Microbiology (Reading) 2014; 160:1-11. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.071696-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Geobacillus comprises endospore-forming obligate thermophiles. These bacteria have been isolated from cool soils and even cold ocean sediments in anomalously high numbers, given that the ambient temperatures are significantly below their minimum requirement for growth. Geobacilli are active in environments such as hot plant composts, however, and examination of their genome sequences reveals that they are endowed with a battery of sensors, transporters and enzymes dedicated to hydrolysing plant polysaccharides. Although they appear to be relatively minor members of the plant biomass-degrading microbial community, Geobacillus bacteria have achieved a significant population with a worldwide distribution, probably in large part due to adaptive features of their spores. First, their morphology and resistance properties enable them to be mobilized in the atmosphere and transported long distances. Second, their longevity, which in theory may be extreme, enables them to lie quiescent but viable for long periods of time, accumulating gradually over time to achieve surprisingly high population densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R. Zeigler
- Department of Microbiology, Ohio State University, 484 W 12th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Wang C, Guo X, Deng H, Dong D, Tu Q, Wu W. New insights into the structure and dynamics of actinomycetal community during manure composting. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:3327-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5424-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Mewis K, Armstrong Z, Song YC, Baldwin SA, Withers SG, Hallam SJ. Biomining active cellulases from a mining bioremediation system. J Biotechnol 2013; 167:462-71. [PMID: 23906845 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2013.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Functional metagenomics has emerged as a powerful method for gene model validation and enzyme discovery from natural and human engineered ecosystems. Here we report development of a high-throughput functional metagenomic screen incorporating bioinformatic and biochemical analyses features. A fosmid library containing 6144 clones sourced from a mining bioremediation system was screened for cellulase activity using 2,4-dinitrophenyl β-cellobioside, a previously proven cellulose model substrate. Fifteen active clones were recovered and fully sequenced revealing 9 unique clones with the ability to hydrolyse 1,4-β-D-glucosidic linkages. Transposon mutagenesis identified genes belonging to glycoside hydrolase (GH) 1, 3, or 5 as necessary for mediating this activity. Reference trees for GH 1, 3, and 5 families were generated from sequences in the CAZy database for automated phylogenetic analysis of fosmid end and active clone sequences revealing known and novel cellulase encoding genes. Active cellulase genes recovered in functional screens were subcloned into inducible high copy plasmids, expressed and purified to determine enzymatic properties including thermostability, pH optima, and substrate specificity. The workflow described here provides a general paradigm for recovery and characterization of microbially derived genes and gene products based on genetic logic and contemporary screening technologies developed for model organismal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Mewis
- Genome Science and Technology Program, Canada
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