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Zhao A, Li Y, Wu L, Wang Z, Lv Y, Xiong W, Alam MA, Liu G, Xu J. Immobilization of rough morphotype Mycolicibacterium neoaurum R for androstadienedione production. Biotechnol Lett 2024; 46:55-68. [PMID: 38064040 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-023-03448-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Enhance the androstadienedione (Androst-1,4-diene-3,17-dione, ADD) production of rough morphotype Mycolicibacterium neoaurum R by repeated-batch fermentation of immobilized cells. RESULTS M. neoaurum R was a rough colony morphotype variant, obtained from the routine plating of smooth M. neoaurum strain CICC 21097. M. neoaurum R showed rougher cell surface and aggregated in broth. The ADD production of M. neoaurum R was notably lower than that of M. neoaurum CICC 21097 during the free cell fermentation, but the yield gap could be erased after proper cell immobilization. Subsequently, repeated-batch fermentation of immobilized M. neoaurum R was performed to shorten the production cycle and enhance the bio-production efficiency of ADD. Through the optimization of the immobilization carriers and the co-solvents for phytosterols, the ADD productivity of M. neoaurum R immobilized by semi-expanded perlite reached 0.075 g/L/h during the repeated-batch fermentation for 40 days. CONCLUSIONS The ADD production of the rough-type M. neoaurum R was notably enhanced by the immobilization onto semi-expanded perlite. Moreover, the ADD batch yields of M. neoaurum R immobilized by semi-expanded perlite were maintained at high levels during the repeated-batch fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Yamei Li
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Lixia Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Yongkun Lv
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Wenlong Xiong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Mohammad Asraful Alam
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Guohua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jingliang Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China.
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Bertelmann C, Mock M, Schmid A, Bühler B. Efficiency aspects of regioselective testosterone hydroxylation with highly active CYP450-based whole-cell biocatalysts. Microb Biotechnol 2024; 17:e14378. [PMID: 38018939 PMCID: PMC10832557 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Steroid hydroxylations belong to the industrially most relevant reactions catalysed by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP450s) due to the pharmacological relevance of hydroxylated derivatives. The implementation of respective bioprocesses at an industrial scale still suffers from several limitations commonly found in CYP450 catalysis, that is low turnover rates, enzyme instability, inhibition and toxicity related to the substrate(s) and/or product(s). Recently, we achieved a new level of steroid hydroxylation rates by introducing highly active testosterone-hydroxylating CYP450 BM3 variants together with the hydrophobic outer membrane protein AlkL into Escherichia coli-based whole-cell biocatalysts. However, the activity tended to decrease, which possibly impedes overall productivities and final product titres. In this study, a considerable instability was confirmed and subject to a systematic investigation regarding possible causes. In-depth evaluation of whole-cell biocatalyst kinetics and stability revealed a limitation in substrate availability due to poor testosterone solubility as well as inhibition by the main product 15β-hydroxytestosterone. Instability of CYP450 BM3 variants was disclosed as another critical factor, which is of general significance for CYP450-based biocatalysis. Presented results reveal biocatalyst, reaction and process engineering strategies auguring well for industrial implementation of the developed steroid hydroxylation platform.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Magdalena Mock
- Department of Solar MaterialsLeipzigGermany
- Present address:
Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material SciencesGeorg Agricola University of Applied SciencesBochumGermany
| | | | - Bruno Bühler
- Department of Solar MaterialsLeipzigGermany
- Department of Microbial BiotechnologyHelmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH–UFZLeipzigGermany
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Tekucheva DN, Nikolayeva VM, Karpov MV, Timakova TA, Shutov AV, Donova MV. Bioproduction of testosterone from phytosterol by Mycolicibacterium neoaurum strains: "one-pot", two modes. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2022; 9:116. [PMID: 38647765 PMCID: PMC10992188 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-022-00602-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The main male hormone, testosterone is obtained from cheap and readily available phytosterol using the strains of Mycolicibacterium neoaurum VKM Ac-1815D, or Ac-1816D. During the first "oxidative" stage, phytosterol (5-10 g/L) was aerobically converted by Ac-1815D, or Ac-1816D to form 17-ketoandrostanes: androstenedione, or androstadienedione, respectively. At the same bioreactor, the 17-ketoandrostanes were further transformed to testosterone due to the presence of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in the strains ("reductive" mode). The conditions favorable for "oxidative" and "reductive" stages have been revealed to increase the final testosterone yield. Glucose supplement and microaerophilic conditions during the "reductive" mode ensured increased testosterone production by mycolicibacteria cells. Both strains effectively produced testosterone from phytosterol, but highest ever reported testosterone yield was achieved using M. neoaurum VKM Ac-1815D: 4.59 g/l testosterone was reached from 10 g/l phytosterol thus corresponding to the molar yield of over 66%. The results contribute to the knowledge on phytosterol bioconversion by mycolicibacteria, and are of significance for one-pot testosterone bioproduction from phytosterol bypassing the intermediate isolation of the 17-ketoandrostanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria N Tekucheva
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Prospect Nauki 5, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia.
| | - Vera M Nikolayeva
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Prospect Nauki 5, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Mikhail V Karpov
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Prospect Nauki 5, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Tatiana A Timakova
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Prospect Nauki 5, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Andrey V Shutov
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Prospect Nauki 5, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Marina V Donova
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Prospect Nauki 5, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
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Su Z, Zhang Z, Yu J, Yuan C, Shen Y, Wang J, Su L, Wang M. Combined enhancement of the propionyl-CoA metabolic pathway for efficient androstenedione production in Mycolicibacterium neoaurum. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:218. [PMID: 36266684 PMCID: PMC9585753 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01942-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The production of androstenedione (AD) from phytosterols by Mycolicibacterium neoaurum is a multi-step biotransformation process, which requires degradation of sterol side chains, accompanied by the production of propionyl-CoA. However, the transient production of large amounts of propionyl-CoA can accumulate intracellularly to produce toxic effects and severely inhibit AD production. Results In the present study, the intracellular propionyl-CoA concentration was effectively reduced and the productivity of the strain was improved by enhancing the cytosolic methyl-branched lipid synthesis pathway and increasing the expression level of nat operator gene, respectively. Subsequently, the application of a pathway combination strategy, combined and the inducible regulation strategy, further improved AD productivity with a maximum AD conversion rate of 96.88%, an increase of 13.93% over the original strain. Conclusions Overall, we provide a new strategy for reducing propionyl-CoA stress during biotransformation for the production of AD and other steroidal drugs using phytosterols. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12934-022-01942-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Su
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Zhenjian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Jian Yu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Congcong Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Yanbing Shen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China.
| | - Jianxin Wang
- Frontage Laboratories, Inc, Exton, PA, 19341, USA
| | - Liqiu Su
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China.
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Nunes VO, Vanzellotti NDC, Fraga JL, Pessoa FLP, Ferreira TF, Amaral PFF. Biotransformation of Phytosterols into Androstenedione—A Technological Prospecting Study. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27103164. [PMID: 35630641 PMCID: PMC9147728 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Androstenedione (AD) is a key intermediate in the body’s steroid metabolism, used as a precursor for several steroid substances, such as testosterone, estradiol, ethinyl estradiol, testolactone, progesterone, cortisone, cortisol, prednisone, and prednisolone. The world market for AD and ADD (androstadienedione) exceeds 1000 tons per year, which stimulates the pharmaceutical industry’s search for newer and cheaper raw materials to produce steroidal compounds. In light of this interest, we aimed to investigate the progress of AD biosynthesis from phytosterols by prospecting scientific articles (Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases) and patents (USPTO database). A wide variety of articles and patents involving AD and phytosterol were found in the last few decades, resulting in 108 relevant articles (from January 2000 to December 2021) and 23 patents of interest (from January 1976 to December 2021). The separation of these documents into macro, meso, and micro categories revealed that most studies (articles) are performed in China (54.8%) and in universities (76%), while patents are mostly granted to United States companies. It also highlights the fact that AD production studies are focused on “process improvement” techniques and on possible modifications of the “microorganism” involved in biosynthesis (64 and 62 documents, respectively). The most-reported “process improvement” technique is “chemical addition” (40%), which means that the addition of solvents, surfactants, cofactors, inducers, ionic liquids, etc., can significantly increase AD production. Microbial genetic modifications stand out in the “microorganism” category because this strategy improves AD yield considerably. These documents also revealed the main aspects of AD and ADD biosynthesis: Mycolicibacterium sp. (basonym: Mycobacterium sp.) (40%) and Mycolicibacterium neoaurum (known previously as Mycobacterium neoaurum) (32%) are the most recurrent species studied. Microbial incubation temperatures can vary from 29 °C to 37 °C; incubation can last from 72 h to 14 days; the mixture is agitated at 140 to 220 rpm; vegetable oils, mainly soybean, can be used as the source of a mixture of phytosterols. In general, the results obtained in the present technological prospecting study are fundamental to mapping the possibilities of AD biosynthesis process optimization, as well as to identifying emerging technologies and methodologies in this scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Oliveira Nunes
- By&Bio—By-Products to Bioproducts Lab, Escola de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, RJ, Brazil; (V.O.N.); (N.d.C.V.); (J.L.F.); (F.L.P.P.); (T.F.F.)
| | - Nathália de Castro Vanzellotti
- By&Bio—By-Products to Bioproducts Lab, Escola de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, RJ, Brazil; (V.O.N.); (N.d.C.V.); (J.L.F.); (F.L.P.P.); (T.F.F.)
| | - Jully Lacerda Fraga
- By&Bio—By-Products to Bioproducts Lab, Escola de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, RJ, Brazil; (V.O.N.); (N.d.C.V.); (J.L.F.); (F.L.P.P.); (T.F.F.)
| | - Fernando Luiz Pellegrini Pessoa
- By&Bio—By-Products to Bioproducts Lab, Escola de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, RJ, Brazil; (V.O.N.); (N.d.C.V.); (J.L.F.); (F.L.P.P.); (T.F.F.)
- Centro Universitário SENAI CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Felix Ferreira
- By&Bio—By-Products to Bioproducts Lab, Escola de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, RJ, Brazil; (V.O.N.); (N.d.C.V.); (J.L.F.); (F.L.P.P.); (T.F.F.)
| | - Priscilla Filomena Fonseca Amaral
- By&Bio—By-Products to Bioproducts Lab, Escola de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, RJ, Brazil; (V.O.N.); (N.d.C.V.); (J.L.F.); (F.L.P.P.); (T.F.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-21-3938-7623
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Efficient One-Step Biocatalytic Multienzyme Cascade Strategy for Direct Conversion of Phytosterol to C-17-Hydroxylated Steroids. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e0032121. [PMID: 34586911 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00321-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroidal 17-carbonyl reduction is crucial to the production of natural bioactive steroid medicines, and boldenone (BD) is one of the important C-17-hydroxylated steroids. Although efforts have been made to produce BD through biotransformation, the challenges of the complex transformation process, high substrate costs, and low catalytic efficiencies have yet to be mastered. Phytosterol (PS) is the most widely accepted substrate for the production of steroid medicines due to its similar foundational structure and ubiquitous sources. 17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17βHSD) and its native electron donor play significant roles in the 17β-carbonyl reduction reaction of steroids. In this study, we bridged 17βHSD with a cofactor regeneration strategy in Mycobacterium neoaurum to establish a one-step biocatalytic carbonyl reduction strategy for the efficient biosynthesis of BD from PS for the first time. After investigating different intracellular electron transfer strategies, we rationally designed the engineered strain with the coexpression of 17βhsd and the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) gene in M. neoaurum. With the establishment of an intracellular cofactor regeneration strategy, the ratio of [NADPH]/[NADP+] was maintained at a relatively high level, the yield of BD increased from 17% (in MNR M3M-ayr1S.c) to 78% (in MNR M3M-ayr1&g6p with glucose supplementation), and the productivity was increased by 6.5-fold. Furthermore, under optimal glucose supplementation conditions, the yield of BD reached 82%, which is the highest yield reported for transformation from PS in one step. This study demonstrated an excellent strategy for the production of many other valuable carbonyl reduction steroidal products from natural inexpensive raw materials. IMPORTANCE Steroid C-17-carbonyl reduction is one of the important transformations for the production of valuable steroidal medicines or intermediates for the further synthesis of steroidal medicines, but it remains a challenge through either chemical or biological synthesis. Phytosterol can be obtained from low-cost residues of waste natural materials, and it is preferred as the economical and applicable substrate for steroid medicine production by Mycobacterium. This study explored a green and efficient one-step biocatalytic carbonyl reduction strategy for the direct conversion of phytosterol to C-17-hydroxylated steroids by bridging 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase with a cofactor regeneration strategy in Mycobacterium neoaurum. This work has practical value for the production of many valuable hydroxylated steroids from natural inexpensive raw materials.
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Mycolicibacterium cell factory for the production of steroid-based drug intermediates. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 53:107860. [PMID: 34710554 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Steroid-based drugs have been developed as the second largest medical category in pharmaceutics. The well-established route of steroid industry includes two steps: the conversion of natural products with a steroid framework to steroid-based drug intermediates and the synthesis of varied steroid-based drugs from steroid-based drug intermediates. The biosynthesis of steroid-based drug intermediates from phytosterols by Mycolicibacterium cell factories bypasses the potential undersupply of diosgenin in the traditional steroid chemical industry. Moreover, the biosynthesis route shows advantages on multiple steroid-based drug intermediate products, more ecofriendly processes, and consecutive reactions carried out in one operation step and in one pot. Androsta-4-ene-3,17-dione (AD), androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione (ADD) and 9-hydroxyandrostra-4-ene-3,17-dione (9-OH-AD) are the representative steroid-based drug intermediates synthesized by mycolicibacteria. Other steroid metabolites of mycolicibacteria, like 4-androstene-17β-ol-3-one (TS), 22-hydroxy-23,24-bisnorchol-4-ene-3-one (4-HBC), 22-hydroxy-23,24-bisnorchol-1,4-diene-3-one (1,4-HBC), 9,22-dihydroxy-23,24-bisnorchol-4-ene-3-one (9-OH-HBC), 3aα-H-4α-(3'-propionic acid)-7aβ-methylhexahydro-1,5-indanedione (HIP) and 3aα-H-4α-(3'-propionic acid)-5α-hydroxy-7aβ-methylhexahydro-1-indanone-δ-lactone (HIL), also show values as steroid-based drug intermediates. To improve the bio-production efficiency of the steroid-based drug intermediates, mycolicibacterial strains and biotransformation processes have been continuously studied in the past decades. Many mycolicibacteria that accumulate steroid drug intermediates have been isolated, and subsequently optimized by conventional mutagenesis and genetic engineering. Especially, with the clarification of the mycolicibacterial steroid metabolic pathway and the developments on gene editing technologies, rational design is becoming an important measure for the construction and optimization of engineered mycolicibacteria strains that produce steroid-based drug intermediates. Hence, by reviewing researches in the past two decades, this article updates the overall process of steroid metabolism in mycolicibacteria and provides comprehensive schemes for the rational construction of mycolicibacterial strains that accumulate steroid-based drug intermediates. In addition, the special strategies for the bioconversion of highly hydrophobic steroid in aqueous media are discussed as well.
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Xiong L, Kong X, Liu H, Wang P. Efficient biosynthesis of (S)-1-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethanol by a novel isolate Geotrichum silvicola ZJPH1811 in deep eutectic solvent/cyclodextrin-containing system. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 329:124832. [PMID: 33631450 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.124832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to develop a biotransformation process for the production of (S)-1-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethanol, a key chiral intermediate of Plk1 inhibitor, and increase its productivity through medium engineering strategy. A fungus isolate Geotrichum silvicola ZJPH1811 was adopted as biocatalyst for 2'-(trifluoromethyl)acetophenone reduction, and gave the best performance with > 99.2% product ee. To improve the yield, choline acetate/cysteine (ChAc/Cys) was introduced as co-solvent in reaction system, which accelerated mass transfer and protected cells from substrate inhibition. Moreover, a synergistic effect of methylated-β-cyclodextrin (MCD) and ChAc/Cys was found in the bioreduction, with further enhancement in substrate concentration and cell membrane permeability. Compared with buffer system, in the developed ChAc/Cys-MCD-containing system, substrate loading and product yield were increased by 6.7-fold and 2.4-fold respectively. This is the first report on (S)-1-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethanol production with G. silvicola, and provides valuable insight into the synergistic effect of DES and CDs in biocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilu Xiong
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangxin Kong
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanyu Liu
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Pu Wang
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China.
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Enhanced conversion of biomass to furfurylamine with high productivity by tandem catalysis with sulfonated perlite and ω-transaminase whole-cell biocatalyst. J Biotechnol 2021; 334:26-34. [PMID: 34019962 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Production of bio-based chemicals from renewable bioresource is a key driver for moving towards sustainable industry. Furfurylamine is known as an important furfural-upgrading product in organic synthesis, as well as monolithic synthetic pharmaceuticals, fibers, additives and polymers. In one-pot manner, biomass was tandemly catalyzed to furfurylamine with sulfonated Sn-PL catalyst and recombinant ω-transaminase biocatalyst. Sn-PL (2.4 wt%) catalyzed bamboo shoot shell, corncob and rice straw (75.0 g/L) to 76.5-113.0 mM furfural at 44.7-58.5 % yield in γ-valerolactone-water (2:8, v:v) at 170 ℃. The obtained biomass slurries containing furfural were biotransformed to furfurylamine at high yield (0.39-0.42 g furfurylamine/g xylan in biomass) with ω-transaminase biocatalyst using isopropylamine (3.0 mol isopropylamine/mol furfural) as amine donor at 35 ℃. Such a chemoenzymatic one-pot process combined the advantages of both solid acids and whole-cells catalysts, which provided an efficient and sustainable approach for preparing an important bio-based furan chemical furfurylamine.
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Rohman A, Dijkstra BW. Application of microbial 3-ketosteroid Δ 1-dehydrogenases in biotechnology. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 49:107751. [PMID: 33823268 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
3-Ketosteroid Δ1-dehydrogenase catalyzes the 1(2)-dehydrogenation of 3-ketosteroid substrates using flavin adenine dinucleotide as a cofactor. The enzyme plays a crucial role in microbial steroid degradation, both under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, by initiating the opening of the steroid nucleus. Indeed, many microorganisms are known to possess one or more 3-ketosteroid Δ1-dehydrogenases. In the pharmaceutical industry, 3-ketosteroid Δ1-dehydrogenase activity is exploited to produce Δ1-3-ketosteroids, a class of steroids that display various biological activities. Many of them are used as active pharmaceutical ingredients in drug products, or as key precursors to produce pharmaceutically important steroids. Since 3-ketosteroid Δ1-dehydrogenase activity requires electron acceptors, among other considerations, Δ1-3-ketosteroid production has been industrially implemented using whole-cell fermentation with growing or metabolically active resting cells, in which the electron acceptors are available, rather than using the isolated enzyme. In this review we discuss biotechnological applications of microbial 3-ketosteroid Δ1-dehydrogenases, covering commonly used steroid-1(2)-dehydrogenating microorganisms, the bioprocess for preparing Δ1-3-ketosteroids, genetic engineering of 3-ketosteroid Δ1-dehydrogenases and related genes for constructing new, productive industrial strains, and microbial fermentation strategies for enhancing the product yield. Furthermore, we also highlight the recent development in the use of isolated 3-ketosteroid Δ1-dehydrogenases combined with a FAD cofactor regeneration system. Finally, in a somewhat different context, we summarize the role of 3-ketosteroid Δ1-dehydrogenase in cholesterol degradation by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other mycobacteria. Because the enzyme is essential for the pathogenicity of these organisms, it may be a potential target for drug development to combat mycobacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Rohman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia; Laboratory of Proteomics, Research Center for Bio-Molecule Engineering (BIOME), Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia; Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Bauke W Dijkstra
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands.
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The Inhibitory Effect of Cyclodextrin on Oxygen Bioavailability Is a Key Factor for the Metabolic Flux Redistribution Toward Steroid Alcohols in Phytosterol Resting Cells Bioconversion. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 193:2443-2454. [PMID: 33713271 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03540-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, we tried to identify the mechanism why by which the steroid alcohols accumulated when hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) was present to enhance the sterol conversion rate. Compared with the bioconversion system without HP-β-CD, the reaction rate was greatly improved in presence of HP-β-CD, but the steroid alcohols largely accumulated concurrently. In a reaction system with an enhanced reaction rate, the higher intracellular NADH/NAD+ level was detected, and the production of steroid alcohols increased also. Mycobacterium neoaurum mutants with higher KshA activity (3-ketosteroid 9α-hydrolase, a monooxygenase hydroxylating the nucleus at C-9 at the expense of NAD(P)H consumption) reduced the steroid alcohol production, and in the meantime, the NADH/NAD+ level was decreased consequently. Further research found that oxygen availability was seriously inhibited by the cyclodextrin in a reaction system. These results indicated that NADH formed in the bioconversion was not properly regenerated via the respiratory chain because of the poor oxygen bioavailability. The inhibitory effect of cyclodextrin on oxygen bioavailability is a key factor for the metabolic flux redistribution toward steroid alcohols in phytosterol resting cells bioconversion.
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Xiong LB, Liu HH, Song XW, Meng XG, Liu XZ, Ji YQ, Wang FQ, Wei DZ. Improving the biotransformation of phytosterols to 9α-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione by deleting embC associated with the assembly of cell envelope in Mycobacterium neoaurum. J Biotechnol 2020; 323:341-346. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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The Sterol Carrier Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin Enhances the Metabolism of Phytosterols by Mycobacterium neoaurum. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.00441-20. [PMID: 32414803 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00441-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Androst-4-ene-3,17-dione (AD) and androst-1,4-diene-3,17-dione (ADD) are valuable steroid pharmaceutical intermediates obtained by soybean phytosterol biotransformation by Mycobacterium Cyclodextrins (CDs) are generally believed to be carriers for phytosterol delivery and can improve the production of AD and ADD due to their effects on steroid solubilization and alteration in cell wall permeability for steroids. To better understand the mechanisms of CD promotion, we performed proteomic quantification of the effects of hydroxypropyl-β-CD (HP-β-CD) on phytosterol metabolism in Mycobacterium neoaurum TCCC 11978 C2. Perturbations are observed in steroid catabolism and glucose metabolism by adding HP-β-CD in a phytosterol bioconversion system. AD and ADD, as metabolic products of phytosterol, are toxic to cells, with inhibited cell growth and biocatalytic activity. Treatment of mycobacteria with HP-β-CD relieves the inhibitory effect of AD(D) on the electron transfer chain and cell growth. These results demonstrate the positive relationship between HP-β-CD and phytosterol metabolism and give insight into the complex functions of CDs as mediators of the regulation of sterol metabolism.IMPORTANCE Phytosterols from soybean are low-cost by-products of soybean oil production and, owing to their good bioavailability in mycobacteria, are preferred as the substrates for steroid drug production via biotransformation by Mycobacterium However, the low level of production of steroid hormone drugs due to the low aqueous solubility (below 0.1 mmol/liter) of phytosterols limits the commercial use of sterol-transformed strains. To improve the bioconversion of steroids, cyclodextrins (CDs) are generally used as an effective carrier for the delivery of hydrophobic steroids to the bacterium. CDs improve the biotransformation of steroids due to their effects on steroid solubilization and alterations in cell wall permeability for steroids. However, studies have rarely reported the effects of CDs on cell metabolic pathways related to sterols. In this study, the effects of hydroxypropyl-β-CD (HP-β-CD) on the expression of enzymes related to steroid catabolic pathways in Mycobacterium neoaurum were systematically investigated. These findings will improve our understanding of the complex functions of CDs in the regulation of sterol metabolism and guide the application of CDs to sterol production.
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Xiong LB, Liu HH, Zhao M, Liu YJ, Song L, Xie ZY, Xu YX, Wang FQ, Wei DZ. Enhancing the bioconversion of phytosterols to steroidal intermediates by the deficiency of kasB in the cell wall synthesis of Mycobacterium neoaurum. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:80. [PMID: 32228591 PMCID: PMC7106593 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01335-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The bioconversion of phytosterols into high value-added steroidal intermediates, including the 9α-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione (9-OHAD) and 22-hydroxy-23,24-bisnorchol-4-ene-3-one (4-HBC), is the cornerstone in steroid pharmaceutical industry. However, the low transportation efficiency of hydrophobic substrates into mycobacterial cells severely limits the transformation. In this study, a robust and stable modification of the cell wall in M. neoaurum strain strikingly enhanced the cell permeability for the high production of steroids. Results The deletion of the nonessential kasB, encoding a β-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase, led to a disturbed proportion of mycolic acids (MAs), which is one of the most important components in the cell wall of Mycobacterium neoaurum ATCC 25795. The determination of cell permeability displayed about two times improvement in the kasB-deficient strain than that of the wild type M. neoaurum. Thus, the deficiency of kasB in the 9-OHAD-producing strain resulted in a significant increase of 137.7% in the yield of 9α-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione (9-OHAD). Ultimately, the 9-OHAD productivity in an industrial used resting cell system was reached 0.1135 g/L/h (10.9 g/L 9-OHAD from 20 g/L phytosterol) and the conversion time was shortened by 33%. In addition, a similar self-enhancement effect (34.5%) was realized in the 22-hydroxy-23,24-bisnorchol-4-ene-3-one (4-HBC) producing strain. Conclusions The modification of kasB resulted in a meaningful change in the cell wall mycolic acids. Deletion of the kasB gene remarkably improved the cell permeability, leading to a self-enhancement of the steroidal intermediate conversion. The results showed a high efficiency and feasibility of this construction strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Bin Xiong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao-Hao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Song
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Xin Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng-Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
| | - Dong-Zhi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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Tang R, Shen Y, Xia M, Tu L, Luo J, Geng Y, Gao T, Zhou H, Zhao Y, Wang M. A highly efficient step-wise biotransformation strategy for direct conversion of phytosterol to boldenone. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 283:242-250. [PMID: 30913432 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Collaborative microbial communities are ubiquitous in nature and exhibit appealing functions for enhanced production of natural products, which provides new possibility for biotechnology development. In this study, we bridged Mycobacterium neoaurum with Pichia pastoris to establish a step-wise biotransformation strategy for efficient biosynthesis of boldenone (BD) from phytosterol (PS). Firstly, the producing strains were rationally designed with overexpression of 3-ketosteroid-Δ1-dehydrogenase (KsdD) and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17βHSD) in M. neoaurum and P. pastoris, respectively. Then, to shorten the total biotransformation process and provide reducing power, semi-batch fermentation strategy and glucose supplementation strategy were introduced at side-chain degradation stage and carbonyl reduction stage, respectively. Under the optimal transformation conditions, the productivity of BD was increased from 10% to 76% and the total biotransformation process was shortened by 41.7%, which is the shortest among the ever reported. Our results demonstrated an excellent biological strategy for production of many other valuable microbial products from bioresources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Tang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yanbing Shen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Microbial Metabolism and Fermentation Process Control, 300457 Tianjin, China
| | - Menglei Xia
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Linna Tu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Jianmei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yuhan Geng
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Tian Gao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Haijie Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yunqiu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Microbial Metabolism and Fermentation Process Control, 300457 Tianjin, China.
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16
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Zhou X, Zhang Y, Shen Y, Zhang X, Xu S, Shang Z, Xia M, Wang M. Efficient production of androstenedione by repeated batch fermentation in waste cooking oil media through regulating NAD +/NADH ratio and strengthening cell vitality of Mycobacterium neoaurum. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 279:209-217. [PMID: 30735930 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.01.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The bioprocess for producing androstenedione (AD) from phytosterols by using Mycobacterium neoaurum is hindered by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides (NAD+ and NADH) ratio imbalance, insoluble substrate, and lengthy biotransformation period. This study aims to improve the efficiency of AD production through a combined application of cofactor, solvent, and fermentation engineering technologies. Through the enhanced type II NADH dehydrogenase (NDH-II), the NAD+/NADH ratio and ATP levels increased; the release of reactive oxygen species decreased by 42.32%, and the cell viability improved by 54.17%. In surfactant-waste cooking oil-water media, the conversion of phytosterol increased from 23.92% to 94.98%. Repeated batch culture successfully reduced the biotransformation period from 30 to 17 days, the productivity was 13.75 times more than the parent strain. This study is the first to improve the productivity of AD by enhancing NDH-II and provides a new strategy to increase the accumulation of NAD+-dependent metabolites during biotransformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuling Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; College of Life Science, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, China
| | - Yanbing Shen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Microbial Metabolism and Fermentation Process Control, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Shuangping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Zhihua Shang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Menglei Xia
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Microbial Metabolism and Fermentation Process Control, Tianjin 300457, China.
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17
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Gu B, Xie H, Zhang X, Wang Z. Merging of a chemical reaction with microbial metabolism viainverse phase transfer catalysis for efficient production of red Monascuspigments. REACT CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00179d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cascade reactions,i.e., biosynthesis of OMPs and chemical modification of hydrophobic OMPs with water-soluble MSG, are carried out successfully by IPTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism
- and Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody
- Ministry of Education
- School of Pharmacy
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
| | - Haisheng Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism
- and Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody
- Ministry of Education
- School of Pharmacy
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
- China
| | - Zhilong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism
- and Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody
- Ministry of Education
- School of Pharmacy
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
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18
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Overexpression of cytochrome p450 125 in Mycobacterium: a rational strategy in the promotion of phytosterol biotransformation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 45:857-867. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-018-2063-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Androst-4-ene-3, 17-dione (AD) and androst-1, 4-diene-3, 17-dione (ADD) are generally produced by the biotransformation of phytosterols in Mycobacterium. The AD (D) production increases when the strain has high NAD+/NADH ratio. To enhance the AD (D) production in Mycobacterium neoaurum TCCC 11978 (MNR M3), a rational strategy was developed through overexpression of a gene involved in the phytosterol degradation pathway; NAD+ was generated as well. Proteomic analysis of MNR cultured with and without phytosterols showed that the steroid C27-monooxygenase (Cyp125-3), which performs sequential oxidations of the sterol side chain at the C27 position and has the oxidative cofactor of NAD+ generated, played an important role in the phytosterol biotransformation process of MNR M3. To improve the productivity of AD (D), the cyp125-3 gene was overexpressed in MNR M3. The specific activity of Cyp125-3 in the recombinant strain MNR M3C3 was improved by 22% than that in MNR M3. The NAD+/NADH ratio in MNR M3C3 was 131% higher than that in the parent strain. During phytosterol biotransformation, the conversion of sterols increased from 84 to 96%, and the yield of AD (D) by MNR M3C3 was increased by approximately 18% for 96 h fermentation. This rational strain modification strategy may also be applied to develop strains with important application values for efficient production of cofactor-dependent metabolites.
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19
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A streamlined high throughput screening method for the Mycobacterium neoaurum mutants with expected yield of biotransformation derivatives from sterols. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2018.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Calcagnile M, Bettini S, Damiano F, Talà A, Tredici SM, Pagano R, Di Salvo M, Siculella L, Fico D, De Benedetto GE, Valli L, Alifano P. Stimulatory Effects of Methyl-β-cyclodextrin on Spiramycin Production and Physical-Chemical Characterization of Nonhost@Guest Complexes. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:2470-2478. [PMID: 30221219 PMCID: PMC6130790 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Spiramycin is a macrolide antibiotic and antiparasitic that is used to treat toxoplasmosis and various other infections of soft tissues. In the current study, we evaluated the effects of α-cyclodextrin, β-cyclodextrin, or methyl-β-cyclodextrin supplementation to a synthetic culture medium on biomass and spiramycin production by Streptomyces ambofaciens ATCC 23877. We found a high stimulatory effect on spiramycin production when the culture medium was supplemented with 0.5% (w/v) methyl-β-cyclodextrin, whereas α-cyclodextrin or β-cyclodextrin weakly enhanced antibiotic yields. As the stimulation of antibiotic production could be because of spiramycin complexation with cyclodextrins with effects on antibiotic stability and/or efflux, we analyzed the possible formation of complexes by physical-chemical methods. The results of Job plot experiment highlighted the formation of a nonhost@guest complex methyl-β-cyclodextrin@spiramycin I in the stoichiometric ratio of 3:1 while they excluded the formation of complex between spiramycin I and α- or β-cyclodextrin. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy measurements were then carried out to characterize the methyl-β-cyclodextrin@spiramycin I complex and individuate the chemical groups involved in the binding mechanism. These findings may help to improve the spiramycin fermentation process, providing at the same time a new device for better delivery of the antibiotic at the site of infection by methyl-β-cyclodextrin complexation, as it has been well-documented for other bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Calcagnile
- Department of Biological
and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Department of Engineering
for Innovation, and Department of Cultural Heritage, University
of Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Simona Bettini
- Department of Biological
and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Department of Engineering
for Innovation, and Department of Cultural Heritage, University
of Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Damiano
- Department of Biological
and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Department of Engineering
for Innovation, and Department of Cultural Heritage, University
of Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Adelfia Talà
- Department of Biological
and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Department of Engineering
for Innovation, and Department of Cultural Heritage, University
of Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Salvatore M. Tredici
- Department of Biological
and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Department of Engineering
for Innovation, and Department of Cultural Heritage, University
of Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Rosanna Pagano
- Department of Biological
and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Department of Engineering
for Innovation, and Department of Cultural Heritage, University
of Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Marco Di Salvo
- Department of Biological
and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Department of Engineering
for Innovation, and Department of Cultural Heritage, University
of Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Luisa Siculella
- Department of Biological
and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Department of Engineering
for Innovation, and Department of Cultural Heritage, University
of Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Daniela Fico
- Department of Biological
and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Department of Engineering
for Innovation, and Department of Cultural Heritage, University
of Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Giuseppe E. De Benedetto
- Department of Biological
and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Department of Engineering
for Innovation, and Department of Cultural Heritage, University
of Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Ludovico Valli
- Department of Biological
and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Department of Engineering
for Innovation, and Department of Cultural Heritage, University
of Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Pietro Alifano
- Department of Biological
and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Department of Engineering
for Innovation, and Department of Cultural Heritage, University
of Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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Enantioselective synthesis of (R)-phenylephrine by Serratia marcescens BCRC10948 cells that homologously express SM_SDR. Enzyme Microb Technol 2018; 110:14-19. [PMID: 29310851 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase from Serratia marcescens BCRC10948, SM_SDR, has been cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli for the bioconversion of 1-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-2-(methylamino) ethanone (HPMAE) to (R)-phenylephrine[(R)-PE]. However, only 5.11mM (R)-PE was obtained from 10mM HPMAE after a 9h conversion in the previous report. To improve the biocatalytic efficiency, the homologous expression of the SM_SDR in S. marcescens BCRC10948 was achieved using the T5 promoter for expression. By using 2% glycerol as carbon source, we found that 8.00±0.15mM of (R)-PE with more than 99% enantiomeric excess was produced from 10mM HPMAE after 12h conversion at 30°C and pH 7.0. More importantly, by using 50mM HPMAE as the substrate, 23.78±0.84mM of (R)-PE was produced after a 12h conversion with the productivity and the conversion yield of 1.98mmol (R)-PE/lh and 47.50%, respectively. The recombinant S. marcescens cells could be recycled 6 times for the production of (R)-PE, and the bioconversion efficiency remained at 85% when compared to that at the first cycle. Our data indicated that a high conversion efficiency of HPMAE to (R)-PE could be achieved using S. marcescens BCRC10948 cells that homologously express the SM_SDR.
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Su L, Shen Y, Zhang W, Gao T, Shang Z, Wang M. Cofactor engineering to regulate NAD +/NADH ratio with its application to phytosterols biotransformation. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:182. [PMID: 29084539 PMCID: PMC5663084 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0796-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cofactor engineering is involved in the modification of enzymes related to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides (NADH and NAD+) metabolism, which results in a significantly altered spectrum of metabolic products. Cofactor engineering plays an important role in metabolic engineering but is rarely reported in the sterols biotransformation process owing to its use of multi-catabolic enzymes, which promote multiple consecutive reactions. Androst-4-ene-3, 17-dione (AD) and androst-1, 4-diene-3, 17-dione (ADD) are important steroid medicine intermediates that are obtained via the nucleus oxidation and the side chain degradation of phytosterols by Mycobacterium. Given that the biotransformation from phytosterols to AD (D) is supposed to be a NAD+-dependent process, this work utilized cofactor engineering in Mycobacterium neoaurum and investigated the effect on cofactor and phytosterols metabolism. RESULTS Through the addition of the coenzyme precursor of nicotinic acid in the phytosterols fermentation system, the intracellular NAD+/NADH ratio and the AD (D) production of M. neoaurum TCCC 11978 (MNR M3) were higher than in the control. Moreover, the NADH: flavin oxidoreductase was identified and was supposed to exert a positive effect on cofactor regulation and phytosterols metabolism pathways via comparative proteomic profiling of MNR cultured with and without phytosterols. In addition, the NADH: flavin oxidoreductase and a water-forming NADH oxidase from Lactobacillus brevis, were successfully overexpressed and heterologously expressed in MNR M3 to improve the intracellular ratio of NAD+/NADH. After 96 h of cultivation, the expression of these two enzymes in MNR M3 resulted in the decrease in intracellular NADH level (by 51 and 67%, respectively) and the increase in NAD+/NADH ratio (by 113 and 192%, respectively). Phytosterols bioconversion revealed that the conversion ratio of engineered stains was ultimately improved by 58 and 147%, respectively. The highest AD (D) conversion ratio by MNR M3N2 was 94% in the conversion system with soybean oil as reaction media to promote the solubility of phytosterols. CONCLUSIONS The ratio of NAD+/NADH is an important factor for the transformation of phytosterols. Expression of NADH: flavin oxidoreductase and water-forming NADH oxidase in MNR improved AD (D) production. Besides the manipulation of key enzyme activities, which included in phytosterols degradation pathways, maintenance the balance of redox also played an important role in promoting steroid biotransformation. The recombinant MNR strain may be useful in industrial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiu Su
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanbing Shen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenkai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Gao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihua Shang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China.
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Site-directed mutagenesis under the direction of in silico protein docking modeling reveals the active site residues of 3-ketosteroid-Δ1-dehydrogenase from Mycobacterium neoaurum. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-017-2310-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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24
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Effect of methyl-β-cyclodextrin on gene expression in microbial conversion of phytosterol. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:4659-4667. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8288-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Su L, Shen Y, Gao T, Luo J, Wang M. Improvement of AD Biosynthesis Response to Enhanced Oxygen Transfer by Oxygen Vectors in Mycobacterium neoaurum TCCC 11979. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 182:1564-1574. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-017-2418-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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A mutant form of 3-ketosteroid-Δ1-dehydrogenase gives altered androst-1,4-diene-3, 17-dione/androst-4-ene-3,17-dione molar ratios in steroid biotransformations by Mycobacterium neoaurum ST-095. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 43:691-701. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-016-1743-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Mycobacterium neoaurum ST-095 and its mutant M. neoaurum JC-12, capable of transforming phytosterol to androst-1,4-diene-3,17-dione (ADD) and androst-4-ene-3,17-dione (AD), produce very different molar ratios of ADD/AD. The distinct differences were related to the enzyme activity of 3-ketosteroid-Δ1-dehydrogenase (KSDD), which catalyzes the C1,2 dehydrogenation of AD to ADD specifically. In this study, by analyzing the primary structure of KSDDI (from M. neoaurum ST-095) and KSDDII (from M. neoaurum JC-12), we found the only difference between KSDDI and KSDDII was the mutation of Val366 to Ser366. This mutation directly affected KSDD enzyme activity, and this result was confirmed by heterologous expression of these two enzymes in Bacillus subtilis. Assay of the purified recombinant enzymes showed that KSDDII has a higher C1,2 dehydrogenation activity than KSDDI. The functional difference between KSDDI and KSDDII in phytosterol biotransformation was revealed by gene disruption and complementation. Phytosterol transformation results demonstrated that ksdd I and ksdd II gene disrupted strains showed similar ADD/AD molar ratios, while the ADD/AD molar ratios of the ksdd I and ksdd II complemented strains were restored to their original levels. These results proved that the different ADD/AD molar ratios of these two M. neoaurum strains were due to the differences in KSDD. Finally, KSDD structure analysis revealed that the Val366Ser mutation could possibly play an important role in stabilizing the active center and enhancing the interaction of AD and KSDD. This study provides a reliable theoretical basis for understanding the structure and catalytic mechanism of the Mycobacteria KSDD enzyme.
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Liu C, Zhang X, Rao ZM, Shao ML, Zhang LL, Wu D, Xu ZH, Li H. Mutation breeding of high 4-androstene-3,17-dione-producing Mycobacterium neoaurum ZADF-4 by atmospheric and room temperature plasma treatment. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2015; 16:286-95. [PMID: 25845362 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1400274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Steroid medication is used extensively in clinical applications and comprises a large and vital part of the pharmaceutical industry. However, the difficulty of separating 4-androstene-3,17-dione (AD) from 1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione (ADD) restricts the application of the microbial transformation of phytosterols in the industry. A novel atmospheric and room temperature plasma (ARTP) treatment, which employs helium as the working gas, was used to generate Mycobacterium neoaurum mutants producing large amounts of AD. After treatment of cultures with ARTP, four mutants were selected using a novel screening method with a color assay. Among the mutants, M. neoaurum ZADF-4 was considered the best candidate for industrial application. When the fermentation medium contained 15 g/L phytosterols and was cultivated on a rotary shaker at 160 r/min at 30 °C for 7 d, (6.28±0.11) g/L of AD and (0.82±0.05) g/L of ADD were produced by the ZADF-4 mutant, compared with (4.83±0.13) g/L of AD and (2.34±0.06) g/L of ADD by the original strain, M. neoaurum ZAD. Compared with ZAD, the molar yield of AD increased from 48.3% to 60.3% in the ZADF-4 mutant. This result indicates that ZADF-4 may have potential for industrial production of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Laboratory of Applied Microorganisms and Metabolic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Shao M, Zhang X, Rao Z, Xu M, Yang T, Li H, Xu Z. Enhanced Production of Androst-1,4-Diene-3,17-Dione by Mycobacterium neoaurum JC-12 Using Three-Stage Fermentation Strategy. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137658. [PMID: 26352898 PMCID: PMC4564235 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve the androst-1,4-diene-3,17-dione (ADD) production from phytosterol by Mycobacterium neoaurum JC-12, fructose was firstly found favorable as the initial carbon source to increase the biomass and eliminate the lag phase of M. neoaurum JC-12 in the phytosterol transformation process. Based on this phenomenon, two-stage fermentation by using fructose as the initial carbon source and feeding glucose to maintain strain metabolism was designed. By applying this strategy, the fermentation duration was decreased from 168 h to 120 h with the ADD productivity increased from 0.071 g/(L·h) to 0.108 g/(L·h). Further, three-stage fermentation by adding phytosterol to improve ADD production at the end of the two-stage fermentation was carried out and the final ADD production reached 18.6 g/L, which is the highest reported ADD production using phytosterol as substrate. Thus, this strategy provides a possible way in enhancing the ADD production in pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minglong Shao
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Applied Microorganisms and Metabolic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Xian Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Applied Microorganisms and Metabolic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Zhiming Rao
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Applied Microorganisms and Metabolic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
| | - Meijuan Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Applied Microorganisms and Metabolic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Taowei Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Applied Microorganisms and Metabolic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Hui Li
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Zhenghong Xu
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, P. R. China
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Xu XW, Gao XQ, Feng JX, Wang XD, Wei DZ. Influence of temperature on nucleus degradation of 4-androstene-3, 17-dione in phytosterol biotransformation by Mycobacterium sp. Lett Appl Microbiol 2015; 61:63-8. [PMID: 25868395 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED One of the steroid intermediates, 4-androstene-3, 17-dione (AD), in the biotransformation of phytosterols is valuable for the production of steroid medicaments. However, its degradation during the conversion process is one of the main obstacles to obtain high yields. In this study, the effect of temperature on nucleus degradation during microbial biotransformation of phytosterol was investigated. The results indicated that microbial degradation of phytosterol followed the AD-ADD-'9-OH-ADD' pathway, and that two important reactions involved in nucleus degradation, conversions of AD to ADD and ADD to 9-OH-ADD, were inhibited at 37°C. With a change in the culture temperature from 30 to 37°C, nucleus degradation was reduced from 39·9% to 17·6%, due to inhibition of the putative KstD and Ksh. These results suggested a simple way to decrease the nucleus degradation in phytosterol biotransformation and a new perspective on the possibilities of modifying the metabolism of strains used in industrial applications. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Nucleus degradation of products is one of the main problems encountered during phytosterol biotransformation. To solve this problem, the effect of temperature on nucleus degradation was investigated in the industrial production of steroid intermediates. The results are also helpful to the genetic modification of sterol-producing strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- X W Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - X Q Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - J X Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - X D Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - D Z Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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Genetic differences in ksdD influence on the ADD/AD ratio of Mycobacterium neoaurum. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 42:507-13. [PMID: 25572208 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-014-1577-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium neoaurum TCCC 11028 (MNR) and M. neoaurum TCCC 11028 M3 (MNR M3) significantly differ in the ratio of androst-1,4-diene-3,17-dione (ADD) to androst-4-ene-3,17-dione (AD) produced. The large fluctuations are related to the dehydrogenation activity of 3-ketosteroid-Δ(1)-dehydrogenase (KsdD). Analysis of the primary structure of KsdD showed that the Ser-138 of KsdD-MNR changed to Leu-138 of KsdD-MNR M3 because of C413T in the ksdD gene. This phenomenon directly affected KsdD activity. The effect of the primary structure of KsdD on dehydrogenation activity was confirmed through exogenous expression. Whole-cell transformation initially revealed that KsdD-MNR showed a higher dehydrogenation activity than KsdD-MNR M3. Then, ksdD gene replacement strain was constructed by homologous recombination. The results of steroid transformation experiments showed that the ability of the MNR M3ΔksdD::ksdD-MNR strain to produce ADD was improved and it returned to the similar level of the MNR strain. This result indicated that the ADD/AD ratio of the two M. neoaurum strains was influenced by the difference in ksdD. The mechanism by which residue mutations alter enzyme activity may be connected with the crystal structure of KsdD from Rhodococcus erythropolis SQ1. As a key amino acid residue in the active center position, Ser-138 played an important role in maintaining the active center in the hydrophobic environment of KsdD. This study may serve as a basis for future studies on the structural analysis and catalytic mechanism of dehydrogenase.
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Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin-mediated alterations in cell permeability, lipid and protein profiles of steroid-transforming Arthrobacter simplex. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 99:387-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6089-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Mohamed SS, El-Refai AMH, Hashem AGM, Ali HA. Approaches to improve the solubility and availability of progesterone biotransformation byMucor racemosus. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2014. [DOI: 10.3109/10242422.2014.894983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Enantioselective synthesis of (S)-phenylephrine by recombinant Escherichia coli cells expressing the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase gene from Serratia quinivorans BCRC 14811. Process Biochem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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