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Adekunle A, Ukaigwe S, Bezerra Dos Santos A, Iorhemen OT. Potential for curdlan recovery from aerobic granular sludge wastewater treatment systems - A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 362:142504. [PMID: 38825243 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
The aerobic granular sludge (AGS) biotechnology has been explored for wastewater treatment for over two decades. AGS is gaining increased interest due to its enhanced treatment performance ability and the potential for resource recovery from AGS-based wastewater treatment systems. Resource recovery from AGS is a promising approach to sustainable wastewater treatment and attaining a circular economy in the wastewater management industry. Currently, research is at an advanced stage on recovering value-added resources such as phosphorus, polyhydroxyalkanoates, alginate-like exopolysaccharides, and tryptophan from waste aerobic granules. Recently, other value-added resources, including curdlan, have been identified in the aerobic granule matrix, and this may increase the sustainability of biotechnology in the wastewater industry. This paper provides an overview of AGS resource recovery potential. In particular, the potential for enhanced curdlan biosynthesis in the granule matrix and its recovery from AGS wastewater treatment systems is outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adedoyin Adekunle
- School of Engineering, University of Northern British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Prince George, BC, V2N 4Z9, Canada
| | - Sandra Ukaigwe
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - André Bezerra Dos Santos
- Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Oliver Terna Iorhemen
- School of Engineering, University of Northern British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Prince George, BC, V2N 4Z9, Canada.
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McIntosh M. Genetic Engineering of Agrobacterium Increases Curdlan Production through Increased Expression of the crdASC Genes. Microorganisms 2023; 12:55. [PMID: 38257882 PMCID: PMC10819609 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Curdlan is a water-insoluble polymer that has structure and gelling properties that are useful in a wide variety of applications such as in medicine, cosmetics, packaging and the food and building industries. The capacity to produce curdlan has been detected in certain soil-dwelling bacteria of various phyla, although the role of curdlan in their survival remains unclear. One of the major limitations of the extensive use of curdlan in industry is the high cost of production during fermentation, partly because production involves specific nutritional requirements such as nitrogen limitation. Engineering of the industrially relevant curdlan-producing strain Agrobacterium sp. ATTC31749 is a promising approach that could decrease the cost of production. Here, during investigations on curdlan production, it was found that curdlan was deposited as a capsule. Curiously, only a part of the bacterial population produced a curdlan capsule. This heterogeneous distribution appeared to be due to the activity of Pcrd, the native promoter responsible for the expression of the crdASC biosynthetic gene cluster. To improve curdlan production, Pcrd was replaced by a promoter (PphaP) from another Alphaproteobacterium, Rhodobacter sphaeroides. Compared to Pcrd, PphaP was stronger and only mildly affected by nitrogen levels. Consequently, PphaP dramatically boosted crdASC gene expression and curdlan production. Importantly, the genetic modification overrode the strict nitrogen depletion regulation that presents a hindrance for maximal curdlan production and from nitrogen rich, complex media, demonstrating excellent commercial potential for achieving high yields using cheap substrates under relaxed fermentation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew McIntosh
- Institute of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, IFZ, Justus-Liebig-Universität, 35292 Giessen, Germany
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Young ES, Butler JD, Molesworth-Kenyon SJ, Kenyon WJ. Biofilm-Mediated Fragmentation and Degradation of Microcrystalline Cellulose by Cellulomonas flavigena KU (ATCC 53703). Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:200. [PMID: 37129770 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03309-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cellulomonas flavigena KU (ATCC 53703) produces an extracellular matrix involved in the degradation of microcrystalline cellulose. This extracellular material is primarily composed of the gel-forming, β-1,3-glucan known as curdlan and associated, cellulose-degrading enzymes. In this study, the effects of various forms of nutrient limitation on cellulose attachment, cellular aggregation, curdlan production, and biofilm formation were investigated throughout a 7-day incubation period by using phase-contrast microscopy. Compared to cultures grown in non-limiting media, nitrogen-limitation promoted early attachment of C. flavigena KU cells to the cellulose surface, and cellulose attachment was congruent with cellular aggregation and curdlan production. Over the course of the experiment, microcolonies of attached cells grew into curdlan-producing biofilms on the cellulose. By contrast, bacterial cells grown on cellulose in non-limiting media remained unattached and unaggregated throughout most of the incubation period. By 7 days of incubation, bacterial aggregation was ninefold greater in N-limited cultures compared to nutritionally complete cultures. In a similar way, phosphorus- and vitamin-limitation (i.e., yeast extract-limitation) also resulted in early cellulose attachment and biofilm formation. Furthermore, nutrient limitation promoted more rapid and efficient fragmentation and degradation of cellulose, with cellulose fragments in low-N media averaging half the size of those in high-N media after 7 days. Two modes of cellulose degradation are proposed for C. flavigena KU, a "planktonic mode" and a "biofilm mode". Similar observations have been reported for other curdlan-producing cellulomonads, and these differing cellulose degradation strategies may ultimately prove to reflect sequential stages of a multifaceted biofilm cycle important in the bioconversion of this abundant and renewable natural resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma S Young
- Biology Program, Department of Natural Sciences, University of West Georgia, Carrollton, GA, 30118, USA
| | - John D Butler
- Biology Program, Department of Natural Sciences, University of West Georgia, Carrollton, GA, 30118, USA
| | - Sara J Molesworth-Kenyon
- Biology Program, Department of Natural Sciences, University of West Georgia, Carrollton, GA, 30118, USA
| | - William J Kenyon
- Biology Program, Department of Natural Sciences, University of West Georgia, Carrollton, GA, 30118, USA.
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Biosynthesis and applications of curdlan. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 273:118597. [PMID: 34560997 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Curdlan is widely applied in the food and pharmaceutical industries. This review focuses on the biosynthetic pathways, regulatory mechanisms and metabolic engineering strategies for curdlan production. Firstly, curdlan biosynthesis is discussed. Furthermore, various strategies to increase curdlan production are summarized from four aspects, including the overexpression of genes for curdlan biosynthesis, weakening/knockdown of genes from competing pathways, increasing the supply of curdlan precursors, and optimization of fermentation conditions. Moreover, the emerging and advanced applications of curdlan are introduced. Finally, the challenges that are frequently encountered during curdlan biosynthesis are noted with a discussion of directions for curdlan production.
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Qian Y, Bian L, Wang K, Chia WY, Khoo KS, Zhang C, Chew KW. Preparation and characterization of curdlan/nanocellulose blended film and its application to chilled meat preservation. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 266:128948. [PMID: 33220979 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, to improve the mechanical and thermal properties of curdlan film, a curdlan/nanocellulose (NC) blended film was prepared and characterized for the first time. NC was successfully prepared from microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) with NaOH/urea treatment. The particle size of NC was observed to be 70-140 nm by cryo-electron microscope (cryo-EM). The blended film was prepared by adding the NC to curdlan solution. The tensile strength (TS) of the blended film reached the maximum value of 38.6 MPa, and the elongation at break (EB) was 40%. The DSC curve showed that the heat absorption peak of the film was 240 °C, indicating that the blended film has good temperature stability. Additionally, some other film properties were also improved, including gas barrier properties and transparency. Obvious morphological and molecular differences between the blended film and the pure curdlan film were discovered by SEM and FTIR analysis. Finally, the blended film was used for the preservation of chilled meat and extended the storage time of meat to 12 days. These results provided a theoretical basis for future application and development of biodegradable film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Qian
- Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China; R&D Center of Dongsheng Bio-TECH, Building #5, No.940, Jianchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 225411, PR China
| | - Luyao Bian
- Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Keqin Wang
- Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Wen Yi Chia
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Kuan Shiong Khoo
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Chong Zhang
- Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China.
| | - Kit Wayne Chew
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Jalan Sunsuria, Bandar Sunsuria, 43900, Sepang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China.
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Chemistry and microbial sources of curdlan with potential application and safety regulations as prebiotic in food and health. Food Res Int 2020; 133:109136. [PMID: 32466929 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Curdlan - a homopolysaccharide is comprised of glucose using β-1,3-glycosidic bond and produced by different types of microorganisms as exopolysaccharide. Curdlan gel is stable during freezing and thawing processes which find several applications in food and pharmaceutical industries. It acts as a prebiotic, stabilizer and water-holding, viscosifying and texturing agent. Additionally, curdlan gel is used as a food factor to develop the new products e.g. milk fat substitute, non-fat whipped cream, retorting (freeze-drying) process of Tofu, low-fat sausage, and low-fat hamburger. However, a great variation exists among different countries regarding the regulatory aspects of curdlan as food additives, dietary components or prebiotic substances. Therefore, the present review paper aims to discuss safety issues and the establishment of common guidelines and legislation globally, focusing on the use the applications of curdlan in the food sector including the development of noodles, meat-based products, and fat-free dairy products. This review analyzes and describes in detail the potential of curdlan as a sustainable alternative additive in health and food industries, emphasizing on the chemical composition, production, properties, and potential applications.
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Production of the Polysaccharide Curdlan by Agrobacterium species on Processing Coproducts and Plant Lignocellulosic Hydrolysates. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation6010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review examines the production of the biopolymer curdlan, synthesized by Agrobacterium species (sp.), on processing coproducts and plant lignocellulosic hydrolysates. Curdlan is a β-(1→3)-D-glucan that has various food, non-food and biomedical applications. A number of carbon sources support bacterial curdlan production upon depletion of nitrogen in the culture medium. The influence of culture medium pH is critical to the synthesis of curdlan. The biosynthesis of the β-(1→3)-D-glucan is likely controlled by a regulatory protein that controls the genes involved in the bacterial production of curdlan. Curdlan overproducer mutant strains have been isolated from Agrobacterium sp. ATCC 31749 and ATCC 31750 by chemical mutagenesis and different selection procedures. Several processing coproducts of crops have been utilized to support the production of curdlan. Of the processing coproducts investigated, cassava starch waste hydrolysate as a carbon source or wheat bran as a nitrogen source supported the highest curdlan production by ATCC 31749 grown at 30 °C. To a lesser extent, plant biomass hydrolysates have been explored as possible substrates for curdlan production by ATCC 31749. Prairie cordgrass hydrolysates have been shown to support curdlan production by ATCC 31749 although a curdlan overproducer mutant strain, derived from ATCC 31749, was shown to support nearly double the level of ATCC 31749 curdlan production under the same growth conditions.
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Multi-enzyme systems and recombinant cells for synthesis of valuable saccharides: Advances and perspectives. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:107406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Barcelos MCS, Vespermann KAC, Pelissari FM, Molina G. Current status of biotechnological production and applications of microbial exopolysaccharides. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:1475-1495. [PMID: 30740985 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1575791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Microbial exopolysaccharides (EPS) are an abundant and important group of compounds that can be secreted by bacteria, fungi and algae. The biotechnological production of these substances represents a faster alternative when compared to chemical and plant-derived production with the possibility of using industrial wastes as substrates, a feasible strategy after a comprehensive study of factors that may affect the synthesis by the chosen microorganism and desirable final product. Another possible difficulty could be the extraction and purification methods, a crucial part of the production of microbial polysaccharides, since different methods should be adopted. In this sense, this review aims to present the biotechnological production of microbial exopolysaccharides, exploring the production steps, optimization processes and current applications of these relevant bioproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayara C S Barcelos
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology - Food Engineering, Institute of Science and Technology - UFVJM - Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Kele A C Vespermann
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology - Food Engineering, Institute of Science and Technology - UFVJM - Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Franciele M Pelissari
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology - Food Engineering, Institute of Science and Technology - UFVJM - Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Molina
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology - Food Engineering, Institute of Science and Technology - UFVJM - Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Parisutham V, Chandran SP, Mukhopadhyay A, Lee SK, Keasling JD. Intracellular cellobiose metabolism and its applications in lignocellulose-based biorefineries. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 239:496-506. [PMID: 28535986 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Complete hydrolysis of cellulose has been a key characteristic of biomass technology because of the limitation of industrial production hosts to use cellodextrin, the partial hydrolysis product of cellulose. Cellobiose, a β-1,4-linked glucose dimer, is a major cellodextrin of the enzymatic hydrolysis (via endoglucanase and exoglucanase) of cellulose. Conversion of cellobiose to glucose is executed by β-glucosidase. The complete extracellular hydrolysis of celluloses has several critical barriers in biomass technology. An alternative bioengineering strategy to make the bioprocessing less challenging is to engineer microbes with the abilities to hydrolyze and assimilate the cellulosic-hydrolysate cellodextrin. Microorganisms engineered to metabolize cellobiose rather than the monomeric glucose can provide several advantages for lignocellulose-based biorefineries. This review describes the recent advances and challenges in engineering efficient intracellular cellobiose metabolism in industrial hosts. This review also describes the limitations of and future prospectives in engineering intracellular cellobiose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinuselvi Parisutham
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sathesh-Prabu Chandran
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Aindrila Mukhopadhyay
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA; Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Sung Kuk Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea; School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jay D Keasling
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA; Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering & Department of Bioengineering, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, KogleAllé, DK2970 Hørsholm, Denmark; Synthetic Biology Engineering Research Center (Synberc), Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Mangolim CS, da Silva TT, Fenelon VC, Koga LN, Ferreira SBDS, Bruschi ML, Matioli G. Description of recovery method used for curdlan produced by Agrobacterium sp. IFO 13140 and its relation to the morphology and physicochemical and technological properties of the polysaccharide. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171469. [PMID: 28245244 PMCID: PMC5330454 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Curdlan is a linear polysaccharide considered a dietary fiber and with gelation properties. This study evaluated the structure, morphology and the physicochemical and technological properties of curdlan produced by Agrobacterium sp. IFO 13140 recovered by pre-gelation and precipitation methods. Commercial curdlan submitted or otherwise to the pre-gelation process was also evaluated. The data obtained from structural analysis revealed a similarity between the curdlan produced by Agrobacterium sp. IFO 13140 (recovered by both methods) and the commercial curdlans. The results showed that the curdlans evaluated differed significantly in terms of dispersibility and gelation, and only the pre-gelled ones had significant potential for food application, because this method influence on the size of the particles and in the presence of NaCl. In terms of technological properties, the curdlan produced by Agrobacterium sp. IFO 13140 (pre-gelation method) had a greater water and oil holding capacity (64% and 98% greater, respectively) and a greater thickening capacity than the pre-gelled commercial curdlan. The pre-gelled commercial curdlan displayed a greater gelling capacity at 95°C than the others. When applied to food, only the pre-gelled curdlans improved the texture parameters of yogurts and reduced syneresis. The curdlan gels, which are rigid and stable in structure, demonstrated potential for improving the texture of food products, with potential industrial use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Sampaio Mangolim
- Postgraduate Program in Food Science, State University of Maringá (UEM), Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Vanderson Carvalho Fenelon
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Science, State University of Maringá (UEM), Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Luciana Numata Koga
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Science, State University of Maringá (UEM), Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Marcos Luciano Bruschi
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Science, State University of Maringá (UEM), Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Graciette Matioli
- Postgraduate Program in Food Science, State University of Maringá (UEM), Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Science, State University of Maringá (UEM), Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Enhanced production of curdlan by coupled fermentation system of Agrobacterium sp. ATCC 31749 and Trichoderma harzianum GIM 3.442. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 157:1687-1694. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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