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Turcotte CM, Choi AM, Spear JK, Hernandez-Janer EM, Taboada HG, Stock MK, Villamil CI, Bauman SE, Martinez MI, Brent LJN, Snyder-Mackler N, Montague MJ, Platt ML, Williams SA, Higham JP, Antón SC. Quantifying the relationship between bone and soft tissue measures within the rhesus macaques of Cayo Santiago. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2024; 184:e24920. [PMID: 38447005 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Interpretations of the primate and human fossil record often rely on the estimation of somatic dimensions from bony measures. Both somatic and skeletal variation have been used to assess how primates respond to environmental change. However, it is unclear how well skeletal variation matches and predicts soft tissue. Here, we empirically test the relationship between tissues by comparing somatic and skeletal measures using paired measures of pre- and post-mortem rhesus macaques from Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico. MATERIALS AND METHODS Somatic measurements were matched with skeletal dimensions from 105 rhesus macaque individuals to investigate paired signals of variation (i.e., coefficients of variation, sexual dimorphism) and bivariate codependence (reduced major axis regression) in measures of: (1) limb length; (2) joint breadth; and (3) limb circumference. Predictive models for the estimation of soft tissue dimensions from skeletons were built from Ordinary Least Squares regressions. RESULTS Somatic and skeletal measurements showed statistically equivalent coefficients of variation and sexual dimorphism as well as high epiphyses-present ordinary least square (OLS) correlations in limb lengths (R2 >0.78, 0.82), joint breadths (R2 >0.74, 0.83) and, to a lesser extent, limb circumference (R2 >0.53, 0.68). CONCLUSION Skeletal measurements are good substitutions for somatic values based on population signals of variation. OLS regressions indicate that skeletal correlates are highly predictive of somatic dimensions. The protocols and regression equations established here provide a basis for reliable reconstruction of somatic dimension from catarrhine fossils and validate our ability to compare or combine results of studies based on population data of either hard or soft tissue proxies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra M Turcotte
- Department of Anthropology, Center for the Study of Human Origins, New York University, New York, New York, USA
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Anatomy, New York Institute of Technology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York, USA
| | - Audrey M Choi
- Department of Anthropology, Center for the Study of Human Origins, New York University, New York, New York, USA
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jeffrey K Spear
- Department of Anthropology, Center for the Study of Human Origins, New York University, New York, New York, USA
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, New York, USA
| | - Eva M Hernandez-Janer
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Hannah G Taboada
- Department of Anthropology, Center for the Study of Human Origins, New York University, New York, New York, USA
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michala K Stock
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Metropolitan State University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Catalina I Villamil
- Doctor of Chiropractic Program, School of Health Sciences and Technologies, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - Samuel E Bauman
- Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - Melween I Martinez
- Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA
| | | | - Noah Snyder-Mackler
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- School for Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Michael J Montague
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael L Platt
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Scott A Williams
- Department of Anthropology, Center for the Study of Human Origins, New York University, New York, New York, USA
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, New York, USA
| | - James P Higham
- Department of Anthropology, Center for the Study of Human Origins, New York University, New York, New York, USA
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, New York, USA
| | - Susan C Antón
- Department of Anthropology, Center for the Study of Human Origins, New York University, New York, New York, USA
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, New York, USA
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2
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Price EC, Roberts A, Bennett L, Glendewar G, Wormell D. Weight as an indicator of enclosure suitability in Livingstone's fruit bats (Pteropus livingstonii). Zoo Biol 2024; 43:295-305. [PMID: 38529876 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Obesity is common in zoo animals, and both dietary management and the provision of adequate opportunities for exercise are needed to tackle it. We used 30 years of records from Jersey Zoo to compare the weight and forearm length of wild and captive-born Livingstone's fruit bats (Pteropus livingstonii), and to assess the impact on weight of enclosure space. The mean capture weight of wild-caught male Livingstone's bats was 657 g, significantly higher than that of females (544 g). In both wild and captive-born bats, males had significantly longer forearms than females, but there was no effect of birth location. Males weighed more in the mating season than at other times of year. Both sexes gained more weight during development if born in enclosures that restricted flight rather than a large aviary; this was particularly noticeable in females. After reaching maturity at 3 years, weights of bats born in restricted enclosures continued to increase, reached a peak of over 1000 g at 8-10 years, and then declined in both sexes. The weight of bats born in the aviary remained more stable after the age of three. Like wild bats, adult females born in the aviary weighed less than males. However, females born in restricted enclosures weighed more than males born in the same enclosures. Enclosure designs that maximize opportunities for flight can limit excessive weight gain in captive fruit bats and may therefore improve fitness and health, essential in planning for future reintroduction programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alex Roberts
- Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Trinity, Jersey
| | - Laura Bennett
- Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Trinity, Jersey
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3
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Hanegraef H, Spoor F. Maxillary morphology of chimpanzees: Captive versus wild environments. J Anat 2024; 244:977-994. [PMID: 38293709 PMCID: PMC11095307 DOI: 10.1111/joa.14016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Morphological studies typically avoid using osteological samples that derive from captive animals because it is assumed that their morphology is not representative of wild populations. Rearing environments indeed differ between wild and captive individuals. For example, mechanical properties of the diets provided to captive animals can be drastically different from the food present in their natural habitats, which could impact cranial morphology and dental health. Here, we examine morphological differences in the maxillae of wild versus captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) given the prominence of this species in comparative samples used in human evolution research and the key role of the maxilla in such studies. Size and shape were analysed using three-dimensional geometric morphometric methods based on computed tomography scans of 94 wild and 30 captive specimens. Captive individuals have on average larger and more asymmetrical maxillae than wild chimpanzees, and significant differences are present in their maxillary shapes. A large proportion of these shape differences are attributable to static allometry, but wild and captive specimens still differ significantly from each other after allometric size adjustment of the shape data. Levels of shape variation are higher in the captive group, while the degree of size variation is likely similar in our two samples. Results are discussed in the context of ontogenetic growth trajectories, changes in dietary texture, an altered social environment, and generational differences. Additionally, sample simulations show that size and shape differences between chimpanzees and bonobos (Pan paniscus) are exaggerated when part of the wild sample is replaced with captive chimpanzees. Overall, this study confirms that maxillae of captive chimpanzees should not be included in morphological or taxonomic analyses when the objective is to characterise the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hester Hanegraef
- Centre for Human Evolution ResearchNatural History MuseumLondonUK
| | - Fred Spoor
- Centre for Human Evolution ResearchNatural History MuseumLondonUK
- Department of Human OriginsMax Planck Institute for Evolutionary AnthropologyLeipzigGermany
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4
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Huijsmans TERG, Courtiol A, Van Soom A, Smits K, Rousset F, Wauters J, Hildebrandt TB. Quantifying maternal investment in mammals using allometry. Commun Biol 2024; 7:475. [PMID: 38637653 PMCID: PMC11026411 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06165-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Maternal investment influences the survival and reproduction of both mothers and their progeny and plays a crucial role in understanding individuals' life-history and population ecology. To reveal the complex mechanisms associated with reproduction and investment, it is necessary to examine variations in maternal investment across species. Comparisons across species call for a standardised method to quantify maternal investment, which remained to be developed. This paper addresses this limitation by introducing the maternal investment metric - MI - for mammalian species, established through the allometric scaling of the litter mass at weaning age by the adult mass and investment duration (i.e. gestation + lactation duration) of a species. Using a database encompassing hundreds of mammalian species, we show that the metric is not highly sensitive to the regression method used to fit the allometric relationship or to the proxy used for adult body mass. The comparison of the maternal investment metric between mammalian subclasses and orders reveals strong differences across taxa. For example, our metric confirms that Eutheria have a higher maternal investment than Metatheria. We discuss how further research could use the maternal investment metric as a valuable tool to understand variation in reproductive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim E R G Huijsmans
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Alexandre Courtiol
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Leibniz Institute for Zoo & Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ann Van Soom
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Katrien Smits
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - François Rousset
- Institute of Evolutionary Science of Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, campus Triolet, 34095, Montpellier cedex 05, France
| | - Jella Wauters
- Department of Reproduction Biology, Leibniz Institute for Zoo & Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany
- Laboratory of Integrative Metabolomics, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Thomas B Hildebrandt
- Department of Reproduction Management, Leibniz Institute for Zoo & Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany
- Freie Universität Berlin, Kaiserswerther Str. 16-18, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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5
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Martonos CO, Gudea AI, Ratiu IA, Stan FG, Bolfă P, Little WB, Dezdrobitu CC. Anatomical, Histological, and Morphometrical Investigations of the Auditory Ossicles in Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus from Saint Kitts Island. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12040631. [PMID: 37106831 PMCID: PMC10135957 DOI: 10.3390/biology12040631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Otological studies rely on a lot of data drawn from animal studies. A lot of pathological or evolutionary questions may find answers in studies on primates, providing insights into the morphological, pathological, and physiological aspects of systematic biological studies. Our study on auditory ossicles moves from a pure morphological (macroscopic and microscopic) investigation of auditory ossicles to the morphometrical evaluation of several individuals as well as to some interpretative data regarding some functional aspects drawn from these investigations. Particularities from this perspective blend with metric data and point toward comparative elements that might also serve as an important reference in further morphologic and comparative studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Olimpiu Martonos
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Ross University, Basseterre P.O. Box 334, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Alexandru Ion Gudea
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioana A Ratiu
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania
| | - Florin Gheorghe Stan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Pompei Bolfă
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Ross University, Basseterre P.O. Box 334, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - William Brady Little
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Ross University, Basseterre P.O. Box 334, Saint Kitts and Nevis
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Crates R, Stojanovic D, Heinsohn R. The phenotypic costs of captivity. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:434-449. [PMID: 36341701 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The breeding of threatened species in captivity for release is a central tool in conservation biology. Given gloomy predictions for biodiversity trends in the Anthropocene, captive breeding will play an increasingly important role in preventing future extinctions. Relative to the wild, captive environments drastically alter selection pressures on animals. Phenotypic change in captive animals in response to these altered selection pressures can incur fitness costs post-release, jeopardising their potential contribution to population recovery. We explore the ways in which captive environments can hinder the expression of wild phenotypes. We also stress that the phenotypes of captive-bred animals differ from their wild counterparts in multiple ways that remain poorly understood. We propose five new research questions relating to the impact of captive phenotypes on reintroduction biology. With better use of monitoring and experimental reintroductions, a more robust evidence base should help inform adaptive management and minimise the phenotypic costs of captivity, improving the success of animal reintroductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Crates
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Linnaeus Way, Acton, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Dejan Stojanovic
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Linnaeus Way, Acton, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Robert Heinsohn
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Linnaeus Way, Acton, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
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7
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Neaux D, Harbers H, Blanc B, Ortiz K, Locatelli Y, Herrel A, Debat V, Cucchi T. The effect of captivity on craniomandibular and calcaneal ontogenetic trajectories in wild boar. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART B, MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2022; 338:575-585. [PMID: 35286754 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.23130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Deciphering the plastic (i.e., nonheritable) changes induced by human control over wild animals in the archeological record is challenging. Previous studies detected morphological markers associated with captivity in the cranium, mandible, and calcaneus of adult wild boar (Sus scrofa) but the developmental trajectories leading up to these changes during ontogeny remain unknown. To assess the impact of growth in a captive environment on morphological structures during postnatal ontogeny, we used an experimental approach focusing on the same three structures and taxon. We investigated the form and size differences of captive-reared and wild-caught wild boar during growth using three-dimensional landmark-based geometric morphometrics. Our results provide evidence of an influence of captivity on the morphology of craniomandibular structures, as wild specimens are smaller than captive individuals at similar ages. The food resources inherent to anthropogenic environments may explain some of the observed differences between captive-reared and wild specimens. The calcaneus presents a different contrasted pattern of plasticity as captive and wild individuals differ in terms of form but not in terms of size. The physically more constrained nature of the calcaneus and the direct influence of mobility reduction on this bone may explain these discrepancies. These results provide new methodological perspectives for bioarchaeological approaches as they imply that the plastic mark of captivity can be observed in juvenile specimens in the same way it has been previously described in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Neaux
- Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique: Sociétés, Pratiques et Environnements, UMR 7209, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle CNRS, Paris, France
- Laboratoire Paléontologie Evolution Paléoécosystèmes Paléoprimatologie, UMR 7262, Université de Poitiers CNRS, Poitiers, France
| | - Hugo Harbers
- Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique: Sociétés, Pratiques et Environnements, UMR 7209, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Barbara Blanc
- Réserve Zoologique de la Haute-Touche, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Obterre, France
| | - Katia Ortiz
- Réserve Zoologique de la Haute-Touche, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Obterre, France
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, UMR 7205, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle CNRS UPMC EPHE, UA, Paris, France
| | - Yann Locatelli
- Réserve Zoologique de la Haute-Touche, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Obterre, France
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, UMR 7247, INRAE CNRS Université de Tours IFCE, Nouzilly, France
| | - Anthony Herrel
- Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution, UMR 7179, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Debat
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, UMR 7205, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle CNRS UPMC EPHE, UA, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Cucchi
- Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique: Sociétés, Pratiques et Environnements, UMR 7209, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle CNRS, Paris, France
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8
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Francis G, Eller AR. Anthropogenic effects on body size and growth in lab-reared and free-ranging Macaca mulatta. Am J Primatol 2022; 84:e23368. [PMID: 35255167 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The impact of anthropogenic pressures upon primates is increasingly prevalent, and yet the phenotypic aspects of these impacts remain understudied. Captive environments can pose unique pressures based on factors like physical activity levels and caloric availability; thus, maturation patterns should vary under differing captive conditions. Here, we evaluate the development and growth of two Macaca mulatta populations (N = 510) with known chronological ages between 9 months and 16 years, under different levels of captive management, to assess the impact of varying anthropogenic environments on primates. To track growth, we scored 13 epiphyseal fusion locales across long bones in a skeletal sample of lab-reared M. mulatta (n = 111), including the right tibia, femur, humerus, ulna, and radius. We employed a three-tier scoring system, consisting of "0" (unfused to diaphysis), "1" (fusing), and "2" (fused). To record body size, we collected five linear measures of these long bones, from the proximal and distal ends, and total lengths. Means and standard deviations were generated to compare samples; t-tests were used to determine significant differences between means. These values were compared to available data on the free-ranging, provisioned M. mulatta population of Cayo Santiago. The free-ranging monkeys (n = 274) were found to exhibit larger linear skeletal lengths (p < 0.05) than lab-reared specimens. Generally, the free-ranging macaques reached fusion at earlier chronological ages and exhibited an extended duration of the fusing growth stage. These observations may reflect the protein-rich diet provided to free-ranging monkeys and conversely, restricted movement and relaxed natural selection experienced by lab-reared monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Francis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Andrea R Eller
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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Geiger M. Pattern and pace of morphological change due to variable human impact: the case of Japanese macaques. Primates 2021; 62:955-970. [PMID: 34403015 PMCID: PMC8526449 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-021-00933-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human impact influences morphological variation in animals, as documented in many captive and domestic animal populations. However, there are different levels of human impact, and their influence on the pattern and rate of morphological variation remains unclear. This study contributes to the ongoing debate via the examination of cranial and mandibular shape and size variation and pace of change in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). This species is ideal for tackling such questions because different wild, wild-provisioned, and captive populations have been monitored and collected over seven decades. Linear measurements were taken on 70 skulls from five populations, grouped into three 'human impact groups' (wild, wild-provisioned, and captive). This made it possible to investigate the pattern and pace of skull form changes among the human impact groups as well as over time within the populations. It was found that the overall skull shape tends to differ among the human impact groups, with captive macaques having relatively longer rostra than wild ones. Whether these differences are a result of geographic variation or variable human impact, related to nutritional supply and mechanical properties of the diet, is unclear. However, this pattern of directed changes did not seem to hold when the single captive populations were examined in detail. Although environmental conditions have probably been similar for the two examined captive populations (same captive locality), skull shape changes over the first generations in captivity were mostly different. This varying pattern, together with a consistent decrease in body size in the captive populations over generations, points to genetic drift playing a role in shaping skull shape and body size in captivity. In the captive groups investigated here, the rates of change were found to be high compared to literature records from settings featuring different degrees of human impact in different species, although they still lie in the range of field studies in a natural context. This adds to the view that human impact might not necessarily lead to particularly fast rates of change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Geiger
- Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, CH-8006, Zurich, Switzerland.
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10
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Casado A, Avià Y, Llorente M, Riba D, Pastor JF, Potau JM. Effects of Captivity on the Morphology of the Insertion Sites of the Palmar Radiocarpal Ligaments in Hominoid Primates. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11071856. [PMID: 34206513 PMCID: PMC8300253 DOI: 10.3390/ani11071856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In this manuscript, we report the results of our 3D geometric morphometric analyses of the distal radial epiphysis in wild and captive gorillas, chimpanzees, and orangutans. We have identified significant differences in the insertion sites of the palmar radiocarpal ligaments between the wild and captive specimens of each species that are likely related to the locomotor behaviors developed in captivity. We believe that our study deals with a subject of great social impact in today’s world: the well-being of animals living in captivity, especially hominoid primates. Our findings provide novel information on the effect of captivity on the anatomy and locomotor behavior of hominoid primates. We trust that this information can be a basis for improving the artificial spaces where these captive primates live by increasing their available space and providing structures that more closely simulate their natural environment. Abstract The environmental conditions of captive hominoid primates can lead to modifications in several aspects of their behavior, including locomotion, which can then alter the morphological characteristics of certain anatomical regions, such as the knee or wrist. We have performed tridimensional geometric morphometrics (3D GM) analyses of the distal radial epiphysis in wild and captive gorillas, chimpanzees, and orangutans. Our objective was to study the morphology of the insertion sites of the palmar radiocarpal ligaments, since the anatomical characteristics of these insertion sites are closely related to the different types of locomotion of these hominoid primates. We have identified significant differences between the wild and captive specimens that are likely related to their different types of locomotion. Our results indicate that the habitat conditions of captive hominoid primates may cause them to modify their locomotor behavior, leading to a greater use of certain movements in captivity than in the wild and resulting in the anatomical changes we have observed. We suggest that creating more natural environments in zoological facilities could reduce the impact of these differences and also increase the well-being of primates raised in captive environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aroa Casado
- Unit of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
- Faculty of Geography and History, Institut d’Arqueologia de la Universitat de Barcelona, University of Barcelona, 08001 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Yasmina Avià
- Faculty of Geography and History, Institut d’Arqueologia de la Universitat de Barcelona, University of Barcelona, 08001 Barcelona, Spain;
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel Llorente
- Department of Psychology, Serra Húnter Fellow, University of Girona, 17004 Girona, Spain;
| | - David Riba
- Department of History and History of Art, University of Girona, 17004 Girona, Spain;
| | - Juan Francisco Pastor
- Department of Anatomy and Radiology, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain;
| | - Josep Maria Potau
- Unit of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
- Faculty of Geography and History, Institut d’Arqueologia de la Universitat de Barcelona, University of Barcelona, 08001 Barcelona, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-934-021-906
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11
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Siciliano-Martina L, Light JE, Lawing AM. Cranial morphology of captive mammals: a meta-analysis. Front Zool 2021; 18:4. [PMID: 33485360 PMCID: PMC7825229 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-021-00386-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Captive facilities such as zoos are uniquely instrumental in conservation efforts. To fulfill their potential as bastions for conservation, zoos must preserve captive populations as appropriate proxies for their wild conspecifics; doing so will help to promote successful reintroduction efforts. Morphological changes within captive populations may be detrimental to the fitness of individual animals because these changes can influence functionality; thus, it is imperative to understand the breadth and depth of morphological changes occurring in captive populations. Here, we conduct a meta-analysis of scientific literature reporting comparisons of cranial measures between captive and wild populations of mammals. We investigate the pervasiveness of cranial differences and whether cranial morphological changes are associated with ecological covariates specific to individual species, such as trophic level, dietary breadth, and home range size. RESULTS Cranial measures of skull length, skull width, and the ratio of skull length-to-width differed significantly between many captive and wild populations of mammals reported in the literature. Roughly half of captive populations differed from wild populations in at least one cranial measure, although the degree of changes varied. Carnivorous species with a limited dietary breadth displayed the most consistent changes associated with skull widening. Species with a more generalized diet displayed less morphological changes in captivity. CONCLUSIONS Wild and captive populations of mammals differed in cranial morphology, but the nature and magnitude of their cranial differences varied considerably across taxa. Although changes in cranial morphology occur in captivity, specific changes cannot be generalized for all captive mammal populations. The nature of cranial changes in captivity may be specific to particular taxonomic groups; thus, it may be possible to establish expectations across smaller taxonomic units, or even disparate groups that utilize their cranial morphology in a similar way. Given that morphological changes occurring in captive environments like zoos have the potential to limit reintroduction success, our results call for a critical evaluation of current captive husbandry practices to prevent unnecessary morphological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Siciliano-Martina
- Interdisciplinary Program in Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
- Department of Biology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA.
| | - Jessica E Light
- Interdisciplinary Program in Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- Department of Ecology and Conservation Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - A Michelle Lawing
- Interdisciplinary Program in Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- Department of Ecology and Conservation Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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12
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Santos FM, Risco D, Sano NY, de Macedo GC, Barreto WTG, Gonçalves P, Fernández-Llario P, Herrera HM. An alternative method for determining the body condition index of the free-living South American coati. NEOTROPICAL BIOLOGY AND CONSERVATION 2020. [DOI: 10.3897/neotropical.15.e56578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessing and monitoring the welfare of free-living mammals is not a usual process due to the logistical complications associated with their capture and sedation, collection and storage of biological samples and their release. In this context, non-invasive methods for monitoring wildlife constitute a good alternative approach for in situ conservation. Body condition index, as a measurement of health status, has been used in free-living mammals; its low value may be associated with negative effects on reproduction and survival. The present study aimed to generate an alternative and reliable non-invasive method and then determine the body condition index, based on previously-collected biometric measurements, without the need to capture and immobilise the animals. A total of 178 free-living Nasua nasua Linnaeus, 1766 were trapped, weighed and measured. Statistical methods were used, based on Boosted Regression Trees (BRT) using body mass, biometric measurements (body length, height and chest girth) and gender as explanatory variables. To assess the agreement between the real Body Condition Indices (BCIs) and the predicted values of BCIs, we explored the correlation between each model using the Bland-Altman method. This method showed a strong agreement between the predictive BRT models proposed (standardised residuals from a linear regression between body length and chest girth) and standardised residuals (linear regression between body mass and body length). The results obtained herein showed that BRT modelling, based on biometrical features, is an alternative way to verify the body conditions of coatis without the need to capture and immobilise the animals.
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13
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Kenyon-Flatt B, Conaway MA, Lycett SJ, von Cramon-Taubadel N. The relative efficacy of the cranium and os coxa for taxonomic assessment in macaques. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 173:350-367. [PMID: 32594518 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The cranium is generally considered more reliable than the postcranium for assessing primate taxonomy, although recent research suggests that pelvic shape may be equally reliable. However, little research has focused on intrageneric taxonomic discrimination. Here, we test the relative taxonomic efficacy of the cranium and os coxa for differentiating two macaque species, with and without considering sexual dimorphism. MATERIALS AND METHODS Geometric morphometric analyses were performed on cranial and os coxa landmarks for 119 adult Macaca fascicularis, M. mulatta, and Chlorocebus pygerythrus. Among-group shape variation was examined using canonical variates analyses. Cross-validated discriminant function analysis provided rates of correct group classification. Additionally, average morphological distances were compared with neutral genetic distances. RESULTS Macaque species were clearly differentiated, both cranially and pelvically, when sex was not considered. Males were more often correctly classified based on the os coxa, while female classification rates were high for both morphologies. Female crania and male os coxa were differentiated approximately the same as genetic distance, while male crania were more similar (convergent), and female os coxa were more divergent than expected based on genetic distance. DISCUSSION The hypothesis that cranial and os coxal shape can be used to discriminate among macaque species was supported. The cranium was better at differentiating females, while the os coxa was better at differentiating male macaques. Hence, there is no a priori reason for preferring the cranium when assessing intragenetic taxonomic relationships, but the effects of high levels of sexual dimorphism must be corrected for to accurately assess taxonomic signatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Kenyon-Flatt
- Buffalo Human Evolutionary Morphology Lab, Department of Anthropology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Mark A Conaway
- Buffalo Human Evolutionary Morphology Lab, Department of Anthropology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Stephen J Lycett
- Department of Anthropology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Noreen von Cramon-Taubadel
- Buffalo Human Evolutionary Morphology Lab, Department of Anthropology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
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14
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Lewton KL, Brankovic R, Byrd WA, Cruz D, Morales J, Shin S. The effects of phylogeny, body size, and locomotor behavior on the three-dimensional shape of the pelvis in extant carnivorans. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8574. [PMID: 32117630 PMCID: PMC7036272 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian pelvis is thought to exhibit adaptations to the functional demands of locomotor behaviors. Previous work in primates has identified form-function relationships between pelvic shape and locomotor behavior; few studies have documented such relationships in carnivorans, instead focusing on long bones. Most work on the functional morphology of the carnivoran pelvis, in particular, has used univariate measures, with only a few previous studies incorporating a three-dimensional (3D) analysis. Here we test the hypothesis that carnivoran taxa that are characterized by different locomotor modes also differ in 3D shape of the os coxae. Using 3D geometric morphometrics and phylogenetic comparative methods, we evaluate the phylogenetic, functional, and size-related effects on 3D pelvis shape in a sample of 33 species of carnivorans. Using surface models derived from laser scans, we collected a suite of landmarks (N = 24) and curve semilandmarks (N = 147). Principal component analysis on Procrustes coordinates demonstrates patterns of shape change in the ischiopubis and ilium likely related to allometry. Phylogenetic generalized least squares analysis on principal component scores demonstrates that phylogeny and body size have greater effects on pelvic shape than locomotor function. Our results corroborate recent research finding little evidence of locomotor specialization in the pelvis of carnivorans. More research on pelvic morphological integration and evolvability is necessary to understand the factors driving pelvic evolution in carnivorans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi L Lewton
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America.,Department of Mammalogy, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Ryan Brankovic
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - William A Byrd
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America.,Department of Life Sciences, Santa Monica College, Santa Monica, CA, United States of America
| | - Daniela Cruz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Jocelyn Morales
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Serin Shin
- North Hollywood High School, North Hollywood, CA, United States of America
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15
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Jarrett JD, Bonnell T, Jorgensen MJ, Schmitt CA, Young C, Dostie M, Barrett L, Henzi SP. Modeling variation in the growth of wild and captive juvenile vervet monkeys in relation to diet and resource availability. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 171:89-99. [PMID: 31675103 PMCID: PMC7449506 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare longitudinal weight gain in captive and wild juvenile vervet monkeys and conduct an empirical assessment of different mechanistic growth models. METHODS Weights were collected from two groups of captive monkeys and two consecutive cohorts of wild monkeys until the end of the juvenile period (~800 days). The captive groups were each fed different diets, while the wild groups experienced different ecological conditions. Three different growth curve models were compared. RESULTS By 800 days, the wild juveniles were lighter, with a slower maximum growth rate, and reached asymptote earlier than their captive counterparts. There were overall differences in weight and growth rate across the two wild cohorts. This corresponded to differences in resource availability. There was considerable overlap in growth rate and predicted adult weight of male and females in the first, but not the second, wild cohort. Maternal parity was not influential. While the von Bertalanffy curve provided the best fit to the data sets modeled together, the Logistic curve best described growth in the wild cohorts when considered separately. CONCLUSIONS The growth curves of the two captive cohorts are likely to lie near the maximum attainable by juvenile vervets. It may be helpful to include deviations from these rates when assessing the performance of wild vervet monkeys. The comparison of wild and captive juveniles confirmed the value of comparing different growth curve models, and an appreciation that the best models may well differ for different populations. Choice of mechanistic growth model can, therefore, be empirically justified, rather than theoretically predetermined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D. Jarrett
- Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
- Applied Behavioural Ecology and Ecosystems Research Unit, University of South Africa, Florida, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Tyler Bonnell
- Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
- Applied Behavioural Ecology and Ecosystems Research Unit, University of South Africa, Florida, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Matthew J. Jorgensen
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | | | - Christopher Young
- Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
- Department of STET, Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Marcus Dostie
- Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
- Applied Behavioural Ecology and Ecosystems Research Unit, University of South Africa, Florida, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Louise Barrett
- Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
- Applied Behavioural Ecology and Ecosystems Research Unit, University of South Africa, Florida, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Stephanus Peter Henzi
- Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
- Applied Behavioural Ecology and Ecosystems Research Unit, University of South Africa, Florida, Gauteng, South Africa
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16
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Tarugara A, Clegg BW, Gandiwa E, Muposhi VK, Wenham CM. Measuring body dimensions of leopards ( Panthera pardus) from camera trap photographs. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7630. [PMID: 31579582 PMCID: PMC6754725 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Measurement of body dimensions of carnivores usually requires the chemical immobilization of subjects. This process can be dangerous, costly and potentially harmful to the target individuals. Development of an alternative, inexpensive, and non-invasive method therefore warrants attention. The objective of this study was to test whether it is possible to obtain accurate measurements of body dimensions of leopards from camera trap photographs. A total of 10 leopards (Panthera pardus) were captured and collared at Malilangwe Wildlife Reserve, Zimbabwe from May 7 to June 20, 2017 and four body measurements namely shoulder height, head-to-tail, body, and tail length were recorded. The same measurements were taken from 101 scaled photographs of the leopards recorded during a baited-camera trapping (BCT) survey conducted from July 1 to October 22, 2017 and differences from the actual measurements calculated. Generalized Linear Mixed Effects Models were used to determine the effect of type of body measurement, photographic scale, posture, and sex on the accuracy of the photograph-based measurements. Type of body measurement and posture had a significant influence on accuracy. Least squares means of absolute differences between actual and photographic measurements showed that body length in the level back-straight forelimb-parallel tail posture was measured most accurately from photographs (2.0 cm, 95% CI [1.5–2.7 cm]), while head-to-tail dimensions in the arched back-bent forelimb-parallel tail posture were least accurate (8.3 cm, 95% CI [6.1–11.2 cm]). Using the BCT design, we conclude that it is possible to collect accurate morphometric data of leopards from camera trap photographs. Repeat measurements over time can provide researchers with vital body size and growth rate information which may help improve the monitoring and management of species of conservation concern, such as leopards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Tarugara
- Malilangwe Wildlife Reserve, Chiredzi, Masvingo, Zimbabwe.,School of Wildlife, Ecology and Conservation, Chinhoyi University of Technology, Chinhoyi, Mashonaland West, Zimbabwe
| | - Bruce W Clegg
- Malilangwe Wildlife Reserve, Chiredzi, Masvingo, Zimbabwe
| | - Edson Gandiwa
- School of Wildlife, Ecology and Conservation, Chinhoyi University of Technology, Chinhoyi, Mashonaland West, Zimbabwe
| | - Victor K Muposhi
- School of Wildlife, Ecology and Conservation, Chinhoyi University of Technology, Chinhoyi, Mashonaland West, Zimbabwe
| | - Colin M Wenham
- Malilangwe Wildlife Reserve, Chiredzi, Masvingo, Zimbabwe
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17
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Kamaluddin SN, Tanaka M, Wakamori H, Nishimura T, Ito T. Phenotypic plasticity in the mandibular morphology of Japanese macaques: captive-wild comparison. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:181382. [PMID: 31417687 PMCID: PMC6689643 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite the accumulating evidence suggesting the importance of phenotypic plasticity in diversification and adaptation, little is known about plastic variation in primate skulls. The present study evaluated the plastic variation of the mandible in Japanese macaques by comparing wild and captive specimens. The results showed that captive individuals are square-jawed with relatively longer tooth rows than wild individuals. We also found that this shape change resembles the sexual dimorphism, indicating that the mandibles of captive individuals are to some extent masculinized. By contrast, the mandible morphology was not clearly explained by ecogeographical factors. These findings suggest the possibility that perturbations in the social environment in captivity and resulting changes of androgenic hormones may have influenced the development of mandible shape. As the high plasticity of social properties is well known in wild primates, social environment may cause the inter- and intra-population diversity of skull morphology, even in the wild. The captive-wild morphological difference detected in this study, however, can also be possibly formed by other untested sources of variation (e.g. inter-population genetic variation), and therefore this hypothesis should be validated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Norsyuhada Kamaluddin
- School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mikiko Tanaka
- Department of Evolution and Phylogeny, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Hikaru Wakamori
- Department of Evolution and Phylogeny, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nishimura
- Department of Evolution and Phylogeny, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ito
- Department of Evolution and Phylogeny, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
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18
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Calderón T, DeMiguel D, Arnold W, Stalder G, Köhler M. Calibration of life history traits with epiphyseal closure, dental eruption and bone histology in captive and wild red deer. J Anat 2019; 235:205-216. [PMID: 31148188 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of skeletochronology and bone tissue as a record of information on ontogenetic stages and events is widely used for improving the knowledge about life histories (LHs) of extinct and extant vertebrates. Compared with dinosaurs and extant reptiles, mammalian bone histology has received little attention. Here, we calibrate for the first time bone and dental age with histological bone characteristics and LH stages in ontogenetic series of red deer. We rely on known LHs of different aged individuals of captive Cervus elaphus hippelaphus from Austria to correlate epiphyseal closure, dental eruption pattern, bone growth marks and bone tissue patterns in femora and tibiae, and of wild Cervus elaphus hispanicus from Spain. Our data show that females (of both subspecies) attain skeletal maturity earlier than males. At this moment, epiphyseal closure (in femora and tibiae) and dental eruption are complete and long bones start to deposit an external fundamental system. The results also show that the attainment of reproductive maturity in red deer occurs slightly before skeletal maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Calderón
- Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont (ICP), Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel DeMiguel
- Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont (ICP), Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Fundación ARAID, Zaragoza, Spain.,Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra, Área de Paleontología, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Walter Arnold
- Wildlife Medicine and Applied Ecology, Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine (Vetmeduni Wien), Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabrielle Stalder
- Wildlife Medicine and Applied Ecology, Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine (Vetmeduni Wien), Vienna, Austria
| | - Meike Köhler
- Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont (ICP), Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
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19
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Turner TR, Schmitt CA, Cramer JD, Lorenz J, Grobler JP, Jolly CJ, Freimer NB. Morphological variation in the genus Chlorocebus: Ecogeographic and anthropogenically mediated variation in body mass, postcranial morphology, and growth. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 166:682-707. [PMID: 29577231 PMCID: PMC6039265 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Direct comparative work in morphology and growth on widely dispersed wild primate taxa is rarely accomplished, yet critical to understanding ecogeographic variation, plastic local variation in response to human impacts, and variation in patterns of growth and sexual dimorphism. We investigated population variation in morphology and growth in response to geographic variables (i.e., latitude, altitude), climatic variables (i.e., temperature and rainfall), and human impacts in the vervet monkey (Chlorocebus spp.). METHODS We trapped over 1,600 wild vervets from across Sub-Saharan Africa and the Caribbean, and compared measurements of body mass, body length, and relative thigh, leg, and foot length in four well-represented geographic samples: Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa, and St. Kitts & Nevis. RESULTS We found significant variation in body mass and length consistent with Bergmann's Rule in adult females, and in adult males when excluding the St. Kitts & Nevis population, which was more sexually dimorphic. Contrary to Rensch's Rule, although the South African population had the largest average body size, it was the least dimorphic. There was significant, although very small, variation in all limb segments in support for Allen's Rule. Females in high human impact areas were heavier than those with moderate exposures, while those in low human impact areas were lighter; human impacts had no effect on males. CONCLUSIONS Vervet monkeys appear to have adapted to local climate as predicted by Bergmann's and, less consistently, Allen's Rule, while also responding in predicted ways to human impacts. To better understand deviations from predicted patterns will require further comparative work in vervets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trudy R. Turner
- Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin –
Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein,
FS, South Africa
| | - Christopher A. Schmitt
- Department of Anthropology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215,
USA
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California
– Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jennifer Danzy Cramer
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology and Women's Studies,
American Military University and American Public University, Charles Town, WV 25414,
USA
| | - Joseph Lorenz
- Department of Anthropology and Museum Studies, Central Washington
University, Ellensburg, WA 98926, USA
| | - J. Paul Grobler
- Department of Genetics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein,
FS, South Africa
| | - Clifford J. Jolly
- CSHO, Department of Anthropology, New York University, and NYCEP,
New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Nelson B. Freimer
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California
– Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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20
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Lewton KL. The effects of captive versus wild rearing environments on long bone articular surfaces in common chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes). PeerJ 2017; 5:e3668. [PMID: 28828263 PMCID: PMC5560229 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The physical environments of captive and wild animals frequently differ in substrate types and compliance. As a result, there is an assumption that differences in rearing environments between captive and wild individuals produce differences in skeletal morphology. Here, this hypothesis is tested using a sample of 42 captive and wild common chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Articular surface areas of the humerus, radius, ulna, femur, and tibia were calculated from linear breadth measurements, adjusted for size differences using Mosimann shape variables, and compared across sex and environmental groups using two-way ANOVA. Results indicate that the articular surfaces of the wrist and knee differ between captive and wild chimpanzees; captive individuals have significantly larger distal ulna and tibial plateau articular surfaces. In both captive and wild chimpanzees, males have significantly larger femoral condyles and distal radius surfaces than females. Finally, there is an interaction effect between sex and rearing in the articular surfaces of the femoral condyles and distal radius in which captive males have significantly larger surface areas than all other sex-rearing groups. These data suggest that long bone articular surfaces may be sensitive to differences experienced by captive and wild individuals, such as differences in diet, body mass, positional behaviors, and presumed loading environments. Importantly, these results only find differences due to rearing environment in some long bone articular surfaces. Thus, future work on skeletal morphology could cautiously incorporate data from captive individuals, but should first investigate potential intraspecific differences between captive and wild individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi L. Lewton
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
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21
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Anderson CJ, Hostetler ME, Johnson SA. History and Status of Introduced Non-Human PrimatePopulations in Florida. SOUTHEAST NAT 2017. [DOI: 10.1656/058.016.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Jane Anderson
- School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Florida, 110 Newins-Ziegler Hall PO Box 110430 Gainesville, FL 32611-0430
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, 110 Newins-Ziegler Hall, PO Box 110430, Gainesville, FL 32611-0430
| | - Mark E. Hostetler
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, 110 Newins-Ziegler Hall, PO Box 110430, Gainesville, FL 32611-0430
| | - Steve A. Johnson
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, 110 Newins-Ziegler Hall, PO Box 110430, Gainesville, FL 32611-0430
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