Lipid Raft Stationary Phase Chromatography for Screening Anti-tumor Components from Galla chinensis

In-depth analysis of active compounds targeting tropomyosin-related kinase A via constructed lipid raft @capillary monolith affinity chromatography

In order to enrich the selection of biological ligands, realize the miniaturization analysis, and broaden the application of monolith materials for active ingredients screening and separating, we sough to construct a lipid raft @capillary monolith microcolumn affinity chromatography model. Single factor experiments and various characterization methods, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric analysis, were employed to investigate the polymerization of the monolith column under different material ratios to determine optimal preparation conditions. Subsequently, the lipid raft from U251 cells was integrated with the monolith materials based on epoxy-based covalent crosslinking principle and characterized through SEM and immunofluorescence methods. Afterwards, the retention of positive drug gefitinib, negative drug gemcitabine and four licorice standards solution on the prepared lipid raft monolith microcolumn was then detected via electrochemical detection. The results exhibited that there was no specific adsorption for any active compounds on the blank monolith materials. Significantly, the lipid raft monolith microcolumn packed with TrkA-target proteins could be successfully validated for positive drug gefitinib with a high affinity sorption efficiency of 51.2%. This work expands the range of the utilization of affinity chromatography carriers and the selection of biological ligands, providing a new idea for the screening of active ingredients.

Construction of lipid raft-coupled agarose gels as bioaffinity chromatography materials and validation with tropomyosin-related kinase A-targeted drugs

In order to improve the separation process of affinity chromatography that has silica as the main carrier material, we sought to construct Lipid Rafts@CNBr-Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography model. We extracted the lipid rafts from U251 cells with a descaler method and sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Afterwards, it was discovered via immunofluorescence that the lipid rafts contain a large amount of tropomyosin-related kinase A (TrkA) protein. Also, agarose powder in the lyophilised state was pretreated, before the lipid rafts were coupled to the agarose gel in a coupling buffer of alkaline pH. CNBr-Sepharose 4B affinity gel packing was characterised using UV spectrophotometric, immunofluorescence and scanning electron microscopic techniques, wherein and the results showed that the lipid rafts were successfully coupled to the agarose gels. Three compounds were used to verify the specific sorption of Sepharose 4B and CNBr-Sepharose 4B, which showed no specific sorption on the materials. Of note, the prepared Lipid Rafts@CNBr-Sepharose 4B agarose gels packed with TrkA-rich target proteins could be successfully validated for the active drug gefitinib with high affinity sorption efficiency and eluted with good recovery and reproducibility. This study broadens the range of affinity chromatography carrier materials and provides a reference for research in active drug screening.

LBO-EMSC Hydrogel Serves a Dual Function in Spinal Cord Injury Restoration via the PI3K-Akt-mTOR Pathway

It is critical to obtain an anti-inflammatory microenvironment when curing spinal cord injury (SCI). On the basis of this, we prepared Lycium barbarum oligosaccharide (LBO)-nasal mucosa-derived mesenchymal stem cells (EMSCs) fibronectin hydrogel for SCI restoration via inflammatory license effect and M2 polarization of microglias. LBO exhibited remarkable M2 polarization potential for microglia. However, EMSCs primed by LBO generated enhanced paracrine effects through the inflammatory license-like process. The observed dual function is likely based on the TNFR2 pathway. In addition, LBO-EMSC hydrogel possesses a synergistic effect on M2 polarization of microglia through the PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling pathway. The obtained findings provide a simple approach for MSC-based therapies for SCI and shed more light on the role of TNFR2 on bidirectional regulation in tissue regeneration.

Galla Chinensis, a Traditional Chinese Medicine: Comprehensive review of botany, traditional uses, chemical composition, pharmacology and toxicology

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Galla chinensis (GC), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), has a wide range of pharmacological properties which have been widely used for more than 1400 years. Based on shape, GC is divided into two groups: jiaobei and dubei. It is a bitter, sour, cold and astringent substance which is usually used for treating diarrhea, constipation, bleeding, cough, vomiting, sweating, hemorrhoids, and anal and uterine prolapse. It is distributed in Japan, North Korea, and all parts of China.

AIM OF STUDY

This study was aimed at carrying out a comprehensive overview of the current status of research on Galla chinensis (GC) for better understanding of it characteristics, while providing a clear direction for future studies. It has aroused the interest of researchers, leading to development of medicinal value, expansion of its application, and provision of wider and more effective drug choices. This study was focused on the traditional uses, botany, chemical composition, pharmacology and toxicology of GC. Finally, the study focused on possible future research directions for GC.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A comprehensive analysis was done based on academic papers, pharmaceutical monographs, ancient medicinal works, and drug standards of China. This review used Galla and Galla chinensis as keywords for retrieval of information on GC from online databases such as PubMed, Elsevier, CNKI, Web of Science, Google Scholar, SCI hub, and Baidu academic.

RESULTS

It was found that the chemical constituents of GC included tannins, phenolic acid, amino acids and fatty acid, with polyphenol compounds (especially tannins and gallic acid) as the distinct components. In vitro and in vivo studies revealed that GC exerted numerous biological effects such as anti-caries, antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer, and antioxidant effects. The therapeutic effect of GC was attributed mainly to the biological properties of its bioactive components.

CONCLUSIONS

GC is an important TCM which has potential benefit in the treatment of a variety of diseases. However, the relationship amongst the structure and biological activity of GC and its components, mechanism of action, toxicity, pharmacokinetics and target organs need to be further studied. Quality control and quality assurance programs for GC need to be further developed. There is need to study the dynamics associated with the accumulation of chemical compounds in GC as well as the original plants and aphid that form GC.

Chemical Composition and Attractant Activity of Volatiles from Rhus potaninii to The Spring Aphid Kaburagia rhusicola

Rhus potaninii Maxim, a type of sumac, is an economically important tree widely cultivated in mountainous areas of western and central China. A gall, called the bellied gallnut, induced by the aphid, Kaburagia rhusicola Takagi, is important in the food, medical, and chemical industries in China. Volatiles from R. potaninii were found to attract K. rhusicola, but little is known about them. The chemical composition of these volatiles was investigated using GC–MS analysis and Y-tube olfactometer methods. Twenty-five compounds accounting for 55.3% of the volatiles were identified, with the highest proportion of 1-(4-ethylphenyl)ethanone (11.8%), followed by 1-(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)ethanone (11.2%) and p-cymen-7-ol (7.1%). These findings provide a theoretical basis for the preparation of attractants and could eventually lead to increased bellied gallnut yield.

Gallnuts: A Potential Treasure in Anticancer Drug Discovery

Introduction. In the discovery of more potent and selective anticancer drugs, the research continually expands and explores new bioactive metabolites coming from different natural sources. Gallnuts are a group of very special natural products formed through parasitic interaction between plants and insects. Though it has been traditionally used as a source of drugs for the treatment of cancerous diseases in traditional and folk medicinal systems through centuries, the anticancer properties of gallnuts are barely systematically reviewed. Objective. To evidence the traditional uses and phytochemicals and pharmacological mechanisms in anticancer aspects of gallnuts, a literature review was performed. Materials and Methods. The systematic review approach consisted of searching web-based scientific databases including PubMed, Web of Science, and Science Direct. The keywords for searching include gallnut, Galla Chinensis, Rhus chinensis, Rhus potaninii, Rhus punjabensis, nutgall, gall oak, Quercus infectoria, Quercus lusitanica, and galla turcica. Two reviewers extracted papers independently to remove the papers unrelated to the anticancer properties of gallnuts. Patents, abstracts, case reports, and abstracts in symposium and congress were excluded. Results and Conclusion. As a result, 14 articles were eligible to be evaluated. It is primarily evident that gallnuts contain a number of bioactive metabolites, which account for anticancer activities. The phytochemical and pharmacological studies reviewed strongly underpin a fundamental understanding of anticancer properties for gallnuts (Galla Chinensis and Galla Turcica) and support their ongoing clinical uses in China. The further bioactive compounds screening and evaluation, pharmacological investigation, and clinical trials are expected to progress gallnut-based development to finally transform the wild medicinal gallnuts to the valuable authorized anticancer drugs.

Preparation of Galla Chinensis Oral Solution as well as Its Stability, Safety, and Antidiarrheal Activity Evaluation

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

As a widely used traditional medicine, Galla Chinensis is rich in tannins. However, there are few detailed studies about pharmaceutical preparations of Galla Chinensis tannin extract (GTE). In the present experiments, for better application and to investigate the possibility that Galla Chinensis tannin extract can be used as an antidiarrheal drug, we prepared Galla Chinensis oral solution (GOS).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

GOS was prepared with GTE, and its physicochemical and microbiological stability was evaluated. The oral acute toxicity of GOS was calculated by the 50% lethal dose (LD₅₀). The antidiarrheal activity was determined in a castor oil-induced diarrhea model in mice through diarrhea symptoms, fluid accumulation ratio, and percentage of distance moved by charcoal meal.

RESULTS

The tannin content of GTE was 47.75%. GOS could endure a high temperature without a significant decrease of tannin content. After storage for six months, the tannin content of GOS was still more than 90%. GOS was determined to be nontoxic. Meanwhile, GOS showed significant antidiarrheal activity in a castor oil-induced diarrhea model in mice (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSION

The results suggested that GOS is an effective and stable antidiarrheal drug that can be used to complement other therapies.

Prospects for multitarget lipid-raft-coated silica beads: a remarkable online biomaterial for discovering multitarget antitumor lead compounds

Application of lipid raft biomaterial with multiple cancer-related receptors for screening novel multitarget antitumour lead compounds.