Recent Applications of Magnetic Solid-phase Extraction for Sample Preparation

Extraction and preconcentration of lead (II) in various water and food samples by orbital shaker-assisted magnetic solid phase extraction method using a new magnetic poly linoleic acid-polystyrene-PDMS block copolymer

The aim of this study was to develop a practical orbital shaker-assisted magnetic solid phase extraction (OSA-MSPE) method for the determination of lead by FAAS. A new magnetic poly linoleic acid-polystyrene-polydimethylsiloxane (PSt-PLina-PDMS) hydrophobic graft copolymer was synthesized and characterized by NMR, FT-IR, SEM-EDX, DSC, TGA, BET and used as adsorbent for the extraction of Pb (II). This adsorbent can be used at least 50 times without any decrease of its adsorption properties for the adsorption and elution of analyte ions. Several analytical parameters including pH, adsorbent amount, sample volume, shaking time, etc. were optimized. Multivariate optimization was used for the investigation of different parameters. The linear range at optimum operating condition was 1.7-84 μg L-1. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.5 μg L-1, 1.7 μg L-1, respectively. Intraday and interday relative standard deviation (RSD %), enhancement factor (EF) and adsorbent capacity were found as 1.9%, 3.3%, 166.7, 50 mg g-1, respectively. OSA-MSPE method was tested with certified reference materials including LGC-6010 (Hard Drinking Water), NCS ZC73032 Celery and CS-M-3 Control Sample Microelements in Mushroom Powder for the accuracy. Experimental results for lead were confirmed with certified values. Present method was successfully applied to various liquid and solid food samples. The OSA-MSPE method has some important features such as selective, sensitive, low LOD, LOQ and RSD, pre-concentration factor (PF) and high enhancement factor (EF). High tolerance limits against matrix ions were achieved.

Nitrophenols in the environment: An update on pretreatment and analysis techniques since 2017

Nitrophenols, a versatile intermediate, have been widely used in leather, medicine, chemical synthesis, and other fields. Because these components are widely applied, they can enter the environment through various routes, leading to many hazards and toxicities. There has been a recent surge in the development of simple, rapid, environmentally friendly, and effective techniques for determining these environmental pollutants. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest research progress on the pretreatment and analysis methods of nitrophenols since 2017, with a focus on environmental samples. Pretreatment methods include liquid-liquid extraction, solid-phase extraction, dispersive extraction, and microextraction methods. Analysis methods mainly include liquid chromatography-based methods, gas chromatography-based methods, supercritical fluid chromatography. In addition, this review also discusses and compares the advantages/disadvantages and development prospects of different pretreatment and analysis methods to provide a reference for further research.

Innovative Solid-Phase Extraction Strategies for Improving the Advanced Chromatographic Determination of Drugs in Challenging Biological Samples

In the past few decades, considerable scientific strides have been made in the subject of drug analysis in human biological samples. However, the risk caused by incorrect drug plasma levels in patients still remains an important concern. This review paper attempts to investigate the advances made over the last ten years in common sample preparation techniques (SPT) for biological samples based on solid sorbents, including solid-phase extraction (SPE) and solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME), and in particular in the field of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), including non-stimuli-responsive and stimuli-responsive adsorbents. This class of materials is known as 'smart adsorbents', exhibiting tailored responses to various stimuli such as magnetic fields, pH, temperature, and light. Details are provided on how these advanced SPT are changing the landscape of modern drug analysis in their coupling with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analytical techniques, a general term that includes high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC), as well as any variation of MS, such as tandem (MS/MS), multiple-stage (MSn), and high-resolution (HRMS) mass spectrometry. Some notes are also provided on coupling with less-performing techniques, such as high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet (HPLC-UV) and diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) detection. Finally, we provide a general review of the difficulties and benefits of the proposed approaches and the future prospects of this research area.

Advancements in magnetic nanoparticle-based biosensors for point-of-care testing

The significance of point-of-care testing (POCT) in early clinical diagnosis and personalized patient care is increasingly recognized as a crucial tool in reducing disease outbreaks and improving patient survival rates. Within the realm of POCT, biosensors utilizing magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have emerged as a subject of substantial interest. This review aims to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the current landscape of POCT, emphasizing its growing significance within clinical practice. Subsequently, the current status of the combination of MNPs in the Biological detection has been presented. Furthermore, it delves into the specific domain of MNP-based biosensors, assessing their potential impact on POCT. By combining existing research and spotlighting pivotal discoveries, this review enhances our comprehension of the advancements and promising prospects offered by MNP-based biosensors in the context of POCT. It seeks to facilitate informed decision-making among healthcare professionals and researchers while also promoting further exploration in this promising field of study.

Transient isotachophoresis-Capillary zone electrophoresis-Mass spectrometry method with off-line microscale solid phase extraction pretreatment for quantitation of intact low molecular mass proteins in various biological fluids

Quantification of proteins is still predominantly done by the traditional bottom-up approach. Targeting of intact proteins in complex biological matrices is connected with multiple challenges during the sample pretreatment, separation, and detection step of the analytical workflow. In this work, we focused on the development of an on-line hyphenated capillary zone electrophoresis-mass spectrometry method employing off-line microscale solid-phase extraction based on hydrophilic lipophilic balance (HLB) sorbent as a sample pretreatment step for the analysis of low molecular mass intact proteins (<20 kDa) spiked in various biological fluids (human serum, plasma, urine, and saliva). A detailed optimization process involved the selection of a suitable capillary surface, background electrolyte (BGE), and comparison of two in-capillary preconcentration methods, namely transient isotachophoresis (tITP) and dynamic pH junction (DPJ), to enhance the sensitivity of the method. Optimum separation of the analytes was achieved using uncoated bare fused silica capillary employing 500 mM formic acid (pH 1.96) + 5 % (v/v) acetonitrile as BGE. tITP was utilized as an optimum preconcentration technique, achieving a 19- to 127-fold increase in the signal intensity when using 200 mM ammonium formate (adjusted to pH 4.00) as the leading electrolyte and BGE as the terminating electrolyte. Off-line microscale solid-phase extraction with various eluate treatment procedures was evaluated to ensure the compatibility of the sample pretreatment method with the selected in-capillary preconcentration, separation, and detection process. Achieved extraction recoveries of spiked proteins were in the range of 76-100 % for urine, 12-54 % for serum, 21-106 % for plasma, and 25-98 % for saliva when the eluate was evaporated and reconstituted in the solution of the leading electrolyte to achieve the tITP process. The optimum method was validated across different biological matrices, offering good linearity, accuracy, and precision, and making it suitable for proteomic studies (e.g., therapeutic drug monitoring, biomarker research) in different biological samples.

Greenness assessment of microextraction techniques in therapeutic drug monitoring

Aim: In this study, we evaluated the greenness and whiteness scores for microextraction techniques used in therapeutic drug monitoring. Additionally, the cons and pros of each evaluated method and their impacts on the provided scores are also discussed. Materials & methods: The Analytical Greenness Sample Preparation metric tool and white analytical chemistry principles are used for related published works (2007-2023). Results & conclusion: This study provided valuable insights for developing methods based on microextraction techniques with a balance in greenness and whiteness areas. Some methods based on a specific technique recorded higher scores, making them suitable candidates as green analytical approaches, and some others achieved high scores both in green and white areas with a satisfactory balance between principles.

The application progress of magnetic solid-phase extraction for heavy metal analysis in food: a mini review

The emerging sample pretreatment technique of magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) has drawn the attention of researchers owing to its advantages of less reagent consumption, fast separation/enrichment process, high adsorption capacity, and simple operation. This paper presents a review of synthesis techniques, classification, and analysis procedures for MSPE in the detection of heavy metals in food. Magnetic adsorbents derived from silica, metal oxides, carbon, polymers, etc., are applied for the detection of heavy metals in food. Then, the recent development of the technology of MSPE for the analysis of heavy metal extraction in food is summarized in detail. Finally, the future outlook for the improvement of MSPE is also discussed.

In situ growth of ZIF-67 to construct core-shell mosaic structural composites for efficient extraction of benzoylurea insecticides

A novel mosaic structure Silica@C/Co@ZIF-67 composite was synthesized by successfully embedding Co nanoparticles on the surface of silica spheres with the help of thermoplastic polyethyleneimine by carbon-reduction. The ZIF-67 half-shell layer structure was synthesized by the in-situ growth of ZIF-67 on the surface of silica spheres through the coordination of 2-methylimidazole with Co metal nodes. The composite was used as a magnetic solid-phase extraction adsorbent combined with high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detector (HPLC-UV) for the extraction and determination of benzoylurea insecticides (BUs) in vegetables and tea. Based on the presence of π-π, hydrophobic and hydrogen bonding interactions between Silica@C/Co@ZIF-67 and BUs, the BUs were rapidly captured by the composites resulting in high adsorption performance. Under the optimal extraction parameters, the linear ranges were 0.3-200 µg L-1 for diflubenzuron, 0.6-200 µg L-1 for chlorbenzuron, and 1.0-200 µg L-1 for triflumuron, teflubenzuron, and flufenoxuron, with correlation coefficients (R2) greater than 0.9991. The limits of detection (LODs) of the method were 0.1-0.3 μg L-1, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were 1.2-3.0% for intra-day and 2.6-4.6% for inter-day. In the spiked recovery experiments of vegetables and tea, the recoveries of the five kinds of BUs ranged from 75.8 to 112.9%. In addition, after 10 repetitions using Silica@C/Co@ZIF-67, the recoveries of the five kinds of BUs were still as high as 78.4 to 83.9%.

Rapid multi-residue LC-MS/MS determination of nitrofuran metabolites, nitroimidazoles, amphenicols, and quinolones in honey with ultrasonic-assisted derivatization - magnetic solid-phase extraction

A rapid multi-residue LC-MS/MS method for the identification and determination of banned veterinary drugs in honey was developed. A total of 31 investigated veterinary drugs belonging to 4 classes including nitrofurans metabolites, nitroimidazoles, amphenicols, and quinolones were quantified by LC-MS/MS with ESI using one single injection. The sample preparation included treatment with 5-nitro-2-furaldehyde (5-NFA) in a thermostated ultrasonic bath (80 °C, 0.5М НСl, 20 min) to liberate matrix-bound residues of nitrofurans. Magnetic hypercrosslinked polystyrene (HCP/Fe3O4) was proposed for the solid-phase extraction and clean-up of target analytes prior to LC-MS/MS analysis. To evaluate and validate the performance of method, the criteria of the Decision (EC) no 2002/657 were applied. The LOQs of the examined analytes range from 0.3 to 1 μg kg-1, which indicates good sensitivity to quantify the target compounds in honey. The recoveries of veterinary drugs from 1 g of honey with 50 mg of the sorbent are 97-109% for nitrofuran metabolites, 84-115% for nitroimidazoles, 86-103% for amphenicols, and 97-118% for quinolones. The relative standard deviations of intra-day and inter-day precision analyses (RSD) are less than 16%. This methodology was applied to real honey samples and trace levels of some veterinary drugs were detected.

Mycotoxins in Vegetable Oils: A Review of Recent Developments, Current Challenges and Future Perspectives in Sample Preparation, Chromatographic Determination, and Analysis of Real Samples

Mycotoxins are toxic compounds that are formed as secondary metabolites by some fungal species that contaminate crops during pre- and postharvest stages. Exposure to mycotoxins can lead to adverse health effects in humans, such as carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and teratogenicity. Hence, there is a need to develop analytical methods for their determination in vegetable oils that possess high sensitivity and selectivity. In the current review (116 references), the recent developments, current challenges, and perspectives in sample preparation techniques and chromatographic determination are summarized. It is impressive that current sample preparation techniques such as dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME), quick, easy, cheap, rugged, and safe method (QuEChERS) and solid phase extraction (SPE) have exhibited high extraction recoveries and minimal matrix effects. However, a few studies have reported signal suppression or enhancement. Regarding chromatographic techniques, high sensitivity and selectivity have been reported by liquid chromatography coupled to fluorescence detection, tandem mass spectrometry, or high-resolution mass spectrometry. Furthermore, current challenges and perspectives in this field are tentatively proposed.

Synthesis of composite materials combining magnetic metal-organic frameworks and conjugated organic frameworks for selective extraction of carbendazim and thiabendazole residues from Chinese herbal medicine samples

A magnetic metal-organic framework MIL-68(Al) and a covalent organic framework were used as magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) adsorbents in combination with high-performance liquid chromatography ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) to detect carbendazim (CBZ) and thiabendazole (TBZ). The main parameters affecting the extraction in the MSPE process were studied and optimized. Fe3O4@MIL-68(Al) coated with 1,3,5-tris(4-aminophenyl)benzene and terephthaldehyde (Fe3O4@MIL-68(Al)@TAPB-PDA-COF) was analyzed and verified. The material was proven to be suitable for adsorbing CBZ and TBZ. Various adsorption models were used to study its adsorption mechanism. The adsorption results were in good agreement with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacities of Fe3O4@MIL-68(Al)@TAPB-PDA-COF over CBZ and TBZ were 54.24 and 67.87 mg g-1, respectively, and the equilibrium adsorption time was 200 min. Fe3O4@MIL-68(Al)@TAPB-PDA-COF with excellent recyclability showed higher adsorption capacity and selectivity. A method based on Fe3O4@MIL-68(Al)@TAPB-PDA-COF combined with HPLC-UV was established under the optimal extraction conditions and used to separate and detect trace imidazole drugs in Chinese herbal samples, achieving a low limit of detection (0.65-1.30 μg L-1) with excellent linear correlation (r > 0.999). The recovery rate and relative standard deviation were 86.05-99.78 % and 0.15-4.90 %, respectively. Therefore, the Fe3O4@MIL-68@TAPB-PDA-COF can be regarded as an effective adsorbent for the pretreatment of CBZ and TBZ drugs in Chinese herbal samples.

A magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer based on an eco-friendly deep eutectic solvent for the selective recognition of dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane and its degradation products in fruits and vegetables

A new magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer was successfully synthesized using a ternary deep eutectic solvent derived from caffeic acid-choline chloride-formic acid as a functional monomer, thymol-menthol deep eutectic solvent as a template, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as a cross-linker, potassium peroxodisulfate as an initiator, and aqueous ethanol solution (90% (v/v)) as a porogen. The synthesized material was characterized and applied for magnetic solid-phase extraction of dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane and its degradation products. Optimization of the extraction condition was carried out using the central composite design and response surface methodology. The good analytical performance of magnetic solid phase extraction/gas chromatography‒mass spectrometry using the proposed adsorbent shows a wide linear range of 0.07-500 ng g-1 with R2 greater than 0.992. Low detection limits and quantitation limits were observed in the ranges of 0.01-2.00 ng g-1 and 0.07-2.50 ng g-1, respectively. The precisions shown in terms of relative standard deviations were lower than 7.0% for intraday (n=5) and 8.6% for interday (n=5 × 3) experiments. The proposed method was applied for preconcentration and determination of dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane and its degradation products in fruit and vegetable samples. The satisfactory recoveries of the real samples at three spiked concentrations were obtained in the range of 79.1%-110.9% with RSDs lower than 7.5%. The findings highlight the importance of developing efficient sorbents for the enrichment of persistent organic pollutants in food matrices.

Strategies to control mycotoxins and toxigenic fungi contamination by nano-semiconductor in food and agro-food: a review

Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites generated from toxigenic fungi in the contaminated food and agro-food, which have been regarded as a serious threat to the food safety and human health. Therefore, the control of mycotoxins and toxigenic fungi contamination is of great significance and has attracted the increasing attention of researchers. As we know, nano-semiconductors have many unique properties such as large surface area, structural stability, good biocompatibility, excellent photoelectrical properties, and low cost, which have been developed and applied in many research fields. Recently, nano-semiconductors have also been promisingly applied in mitigating or controlling mycotoxins and toxigenic fungi contaminations in food and agro-food. In this review, the type, occurrence, and toxicity of main mycotoxins in food and agro-food were introduced. Then, a variety of strategies to mitigate the mycotoxin contamination based on nano-semiconductors involving mycotoxins detection, inhibition of toxigenic fungi, and mycotoxins degradation were summarized. Finally, the outlook, opportunities, and challenges have prospected in the future for the mitigation of mycotoxins and toxigenic fungi based on nano-semiconductors.

State of the art on the separation and purification of proteins by magnetic nanoparticles

The need for excellent, affordable, rapid, reusable and biocompatible protein purification techniques is justified based on the roles of proteins as key biomacromolecules. Magnetic nanomaterials nowadays have become the subject of discussion in proteomics, drug delivery, and gene sensing due to their various abilities including rapid separation, superparamagnetism, and biocompatibility. These nanomaterials also referred to as magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) serve as excellent options for traditional protein separation and analytical methods because they have a larger surface area per volume. From ionic metals to carbon-based materials, MNPs are easily functionalized by modifying their surface to precisely recognize and bind proteins. This review excavates state-of-the-art MNPs and their functionalizing agents, as efficient protein separation and purification techniques, including ionic metals, polymers, biomolecules, antibodies, and graphene. The MNPs could be reused and efficaciously manipulated with these nanomaterials leading to highly improved efficiency, adsorption, desorption, and purity rate. We also discuss the binding and selectivity parameters of the MNPs, as well as their future outlook. It is concluded that parameters like charge, size, core-shell, lipophilicity, lipophobicity, and surface energy of the MNPs are crucial when considering protein selectivity, chelation, separation, and purity.

A Review of the Analysis of Phthalates by Gas Chromatography in Aqueous and Food Matrices

As a commonly well-known industrial chemical, phthalates are produced in high volumes to be used in various consumer products (e.g., plasticizers, medical devices, construction materials, and toys) to enhance softness, durability, transparency, and flexibility. Phthalates are generally not chemically bonded to the polymer chain of the plastic in which they are mixed. Thus, they may leach, migrate, or evaporate into indoor/outdoor air, and foodstuffs. In this review, a comprehensive overview of several sample preparation methods coupled with gas chromatography for the analysis of phthalates in various kinds of complex matrices, with a focus on the last 20 years' worth of papers. The review begins by highlighting the environmental significance of phthalate pollution along with the various routes to their exposure to general population. Then, the discussion is extended to cover the pretreatment and extraction techniques for phthalates for their quantitation based on gas chromatographic approach. Finally, the present and future challenges for the detection of phthalates in aqueous and food matrices are discussed.

Solvent-assisted dispersive micro-solid phase extraction of bisphenols using iron(III) thenoyltrifluoroacetonate complex (Fe(TTA)3) as a new nanostructured sorbent: a proof of concept

In this work, we describe for the first time the use of iron(III) thenoyltrifluoroacetonate complex (Fe(TTA)₃) as a novel sorbent for solvent-assisted dispersive micro-solid phase extraction (SA-dμSPE) of bisphenols from water samples. The extraction procedure is based on the formation of nanoparticles in situ following the rapid injection of a methanolic solution of Fe(TTA)₃ into the stirred aqueous sample. Herein, the synthesis of Fe(TTA)₃ and study of the essential parameters of the preparative procedure are described. The optimized procedure allowed for efficient enrichment of bisphenols from various water samples, chosen as model contaminants and matrix, within 2.5 min. The sorbent was collected by centrifugation, dissolved in methanol, and injected to perform HPLC with spectrophotometric detection. The limits of detection and quantification obtained ranged from 1.0-3.1 and 3.1-7.5 μg L^-1, respectively. Intraday and interday precisions of <7% relative standard deviation (RSD) and <8% RSD with analyte recoveries ranging between 70-117% (103.8% on average) were obtained for the analysis of river water, wastewater treatment plant effluent, and bottled water.

Solid Phase-Based Microextraction Techniques in Therapeutic Drug Monitoring

Therapeutic drug monitoring is an established practice for a small group of drugs, particularly those presenting narrow therapeutic windows, for which there is a direct relationship between concentration and pharmacological effects at the site of action. Drug concentrations in biological fluids are used, in addition to other clinical observation measures, to assess the patient's status, since they are the support for therapy individualization and allow assessing adherence to therapy. Monitoring these drug classes is of great importance, as it minimizes the risk of medical interactions, as well as toxic effects. In addition, the quantification of these drugs through routine toxicological tests and the development of new monitoring methodologies are extremely relevant for public health and for the well-being of the patient, and it has implications in clinical and forensic situations. In this sense, the use of new extraction procedures that employ smaller volumes of sample and organic solvents, therefore considered miniaturized and green techniques, is of great interest in this field. From these, the use of fabric-phase extractions seems appealing. Noteworthy is the fact that SPME, which was the first of these miniaturized approaches to be used in the early '90s, is still the most used solventless procedure, providing solid and sound results. The main goal of this paper is to perform a critical review of sample preparation techniques based on solid-phase microextraction for drug detection in therapeutic monitoring situations.

Room temperature fabrication of magnetic covalent organic frameworks for efficient enrichment of parabens in water

A novel 4 + 2 covalent magnetic organic framework (COF) with core-shell structure was synthesized for the first time with N, N, N', N'-Tetrakis (4-aminophenyl)-1, 4- benzenediamine (TPDA) and 2, 6-Pyridinedicarboxaldehyde (PCBA) at room temperature. The synthesized magnetic TPDA-PCBA-COF has a large specific surface area and superparamagnetism, which makes it an ideal sorbent for trace analytes enrichment. To this end, we combined it with magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) to enrich trace parabens in environmental water. The parameters affecting the enrichment efficiency of magnetic solid phase extraction, such as the amount of Fe₃O₄@TPDA-PCBA-COF, extraction time, pH of samples, salt concentration, desorption solvent volume and desorption time, were optimized. A simple method for extraction and determination of parabens in water samples by MSPE combined with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was established under optimized conditions. The validation results revealed that the linear ranges were at 1.0-5.0 × 10² ng mL^-1 with R value between 0.9915 and 0.9999, the spiked recoveries were in the range of 82.8% to 99.9% and RSDs were lower than 10%. The method was further applied to the determination of parabens in water samples, with recoveries in the range of 82.2% to 110.0% and RSDs ≤ 7.7%. These results suggest that the magnetic TPDA-PCBA-COF could be used as a promising adsorbent for efficient extraction and quantitation of parabens in environmental water samples.

Magnetic solid-phase extraction based on GO/Fe3O4 coupled with UPLC-MS/MS for determining nitroimidazoles and their metabolites in honey

A magnetic graphene oxide (GO/Fe₃O₄) nanocomposite was synthesized in one step by a chemical coprecipitation method, which was further used for magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE). This study aimed to combine GO/Fe₃O₄ with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) to detect the nitroimidazoles (NDZs) and their three major metabolites in honey samples. GO/Fe₃O₄ was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and magnetic property measurement system (MPMS), and the influencing parameters such as adsorbent amount, pH of the dissolved sample solution, sample volume, type and volume of the eluent, shaking speed, and adsorption and desorption time were optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) of the method were 0.003-0.08 μg kg^-1 and 0.009-0.3 μg kg^-1, respectively, with good linearity reported in the range of 0.5-20 μg kg^-1 (R² ≥ 0.9991). The average recoveries of 10 analytes were in the range of 66.0%-90.8% with relative standard deviations (RSD) lower than 6.9% (n = 6). The preparation of GO/Fe₃O₄ and the extraction process were convenient and rapid, and consumed small amounts of organic solvents. The optimized method was successfully applied for extracting NDZs and their three major metabolites from honey samples with good accuracy.

Application of magnetic solid-phase extraction for sensitive determination of anticancer drugs in urine by means of diamino benzidine tetrachlorohydrate modified magnetic nanoparticles

BACKGROUND

The analysis of drug active molecules and residues in the treatment of cancer is important for the sustainability of human life and therapeutic effects. For this purpose, a new magnetic sorbent was developed to use in solid phase extraction prior to conventional high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of Paclitaxel (PAC) and Gemcitabine (GEM) molecules.

METHODS

In this study, a separation and pre-concentration approach based on magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) was proposed for PAC and GEM by means of using a newly synthesized magnetic sorbent. After the MSPE procedure, an HPLC system with a diode array detector (DAD) was used to analyze trace amounts of PAC and GEM anticarcinogenic drugs in urine samples. Surface modification of magnetic Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles was carried out by diaminobenzidinetetrachloro hydrate (DABTC) for the first time and a useful sorbent was obtained for MSPE experiments.

RESULTS

In the proposed method, PAC and GEM molecules were retained on the c in the presence of a pH 5.0 medium and desorbed to 300 μL of acetonitrile: methyl alcohol (1:1) eluent phase before HPLC-DAD analysis. Under the optimized conditions, the limit of detection (LOD) values for PAC and GEM were 1.38 and 1.44 ng mL^-1 while the enhancement factor for PAC and GEM were 139.5 and 145.3, respectively. The relative standard deviations (RSD %) for PAC and GEM were below 3.50% in inter-day repeated experiments by means of model solutions containing 100 ng mL^-1 drug active ingredients.

CONCLUSIONS

Synthesis and characterization of DABTC-Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles were performed using suitable methodologies. Optimization of MSPE was done step by step. And finally, the developed method was successfully applied to urine samples with quantitative recoveries in the range of 99.0% and 105.0%.

Advances on Hormones in Cosmetics: Illegal Addition Status, Sample Preparation, and Detection Technology

Owing to the rapid development of the cosmetic industry, cosmetic safety has become the focus of consumers' attention. However, in order to achieve the desired effects in the short term, the illegal addition of hormones in cosmetics has emerged frequently, which could induce skin problems and even skin cancer after long-term use. Therefore, it is of great significance to master the illegal addition in cosmetics and effectively detect the hormones that may exist in cosmetics. In this review, we analyze the illegally added hormone types, detection values, and cosmetic types, as well as discuss the hormone risks in cosmetics for human beings, according to the data in unqualified cosmetics in China from 2017 to 2022. Results showed that although the frequency of adding hormones in cosmetics has declined, hormones are still the main prohibited substances in illegal cosmetics, especially facial masks. Because of the complex composition and the low concentration of hormones in cosmetics, it is necessary to combine efficient sample preparation technology with instrumental analysis. In order to give the readers a comprehensive overview of hormone analytical technologies in cosmetics, we summarize the advanced sample preparation techniques and commonly used detection techniques of hormones in cosmetics in the last decade (2012-2022). We found that ultrasound-assisted extraction, solid phase extraction, and microextraction coupled with chromatographic analysis are still the most widely used analytical technologies for hormones in cosmetics. Through the investigation of market status, the summary of sample pretreatment and detection technologies, as well as the discussion of their development trends in the future, our purpose is to provide a reference for the supervision of illegal hormone residues in cosmetics.

Recent Advances in Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Antibiotic Analysis

The abuse and residues of antibiotics have a great impact on the environment and organisms, and their determination has become very important. Due to their low contents, varieties and complex matrices, effective recognition, separation and enrichment are usually required prior to determination. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), a kind of highly selective polymer prepared via molecular imprinting technology (MIT), are used widely in the analytical detection of antibiotics, as adsorbents of solid-phase extraction (SPE) and as recognition elements of sensors. Herein, recent advances in MIPs for antibiotic residue analysis are reviewed. Firstly, several new preparation techniques of MIPs for detecting antibiotics are briefly introduced, including surface imprinting, nanoimprinting, living/controlled radical polymerization, and multi-template imprinting, multi-functional monomer imprinting and dummy template imprinting. Secondly, several SPE modes based on MIPs are summarized, namely packed SPE, magnetic SPE, dispersive SPE, matrix solid-phase dispersive extraction, solid-phase microextraction, stir-bar sorptive extraction and pipette-tip SPE. Thirdly, the basic principles of MIP-based sensors and three sensing modes, including electrochemical sensing, optical sensing and mass sensing, are also outlined. Fourthly, the research progress on molecularly imprinted SPEs (MISPEs) and MIP-based electrochemical/optical/mass sensors for the detection of various antibiotic residues in environmental and food samples since 2018 are comprehensively reviewed, including sulfonamides, quinolones, β-lactams and so on. Finally, the preparation and application prospects of MIPs for detecting antibiotics are outlined.

Potential of sodium dodecyl sulfate micellar solutions as eluents in magnetic dispersive micro-solid phase extraction with polydopamine-coated magnetite nanoparticles. Application to antidepressant drugs

In this paper, the potential of micellar solutions of the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as eluents in dispersive micro-solid phase extraction (D-μSPE) using polydopamine-coated magnetite nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄@PDA NPs) for the extraction and preconcentration of seven basic drugs (bupropion, citalopram, fluoxetine, mianserin, nomifensine, trimipramine, and viloxazine) is explored for the first time (to the best to our knowledge) and compared with conventional hydro-organic eluents. The impact of the sample solution pH, Fe₃O₄@PDA NPs and PDA coating amounts and extraction time on the extraction efficiency (EE), as well as the composition of the eluent on the overall efficiency (OE) are studied. Under the selected experimental conditions (50 mg of Fe₃O₄@PDA NPs, 100 μL of 1 M NH₃, 5 min of extraction time and 0.15 M SDS at pH 2.6 as eluent), EE and OE values were higher than 90% for all compounds and for the most hydrophobic compounds (trimipramine, fluoxetine and mianserin), respectively. The results shown in this paper demonstrate the suitability of Fe₃O₄@PDA NPs as a sorbent for the extraction of antidepressants as well as the advantages of using SDS micellar solutions over classic hydro-organic eluents containing methanol, acetonitrile or tetrahydrofuran. Finally, the stability and reusability of the Fe₃O₄@PDA NPs is proven.

Integrated ultrasound-assisted magnetic solid-phase extraction for efficient determination and pre-concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from high-consumption soft drinks and non-alcoholic beers in Iran

In the present research, an ultrasound-assisted magnetic solid-phase extraction coupled with a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry hybrid system was developed for extraction/determination of trace amounts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in high-consumption soft drinks and non-alcoholic beers in Iran using magnetite graphene oxide adsorbent. The magnetite graphene oxide was characterized by scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and vibrating-sample magnetometer techniques. The highest extraction recovery (73.05 to 95.56%) and enrichment factor (90.65 to 106.38) were obtained at adsorbent mass: 10 mg, adsorption time: 30 min, salt addition: sodium chloride 10% w/v, desorption time: 20 min, eluent type: hexane: acetone (1:1, v/v), and desorption solvent volumes: 200 μL. Under optimum conditions, the linearity range for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons determination was 0.2-200 ng mL^-1  with coefficient of determination> 0.993, limit of detection = 0.09-0.21 ng mL^-1 , limit of quantitation = 0.3-0.7 ng mL^-1 , and relative standard deviation < 8.1%, respectively. Relative recoveries in spiked real samples ranged from 94.67 to 109.45 % with standard deviation < 6.05%. The proposed method is effective, sensitive, reusable and it is promising for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons residues in environmental samples. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Simple Synthesis of Fe3O4@-Activated Carbon from Wastepaper for Dispersive Magnetic Solid-Phase Extraction of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Their UHPLC–PDA Determination in Human Plasma

In the present society, the recycling and reuse of valuable substances are of utmost importance for economic and environmental purposes. At the same time, there is a pressing need to develop new methods to protect the ecosystem from many human activities, including those that have contributed to an ever-increasing presence of pharmaceutical pollutants. In this study, a straightforward approach that applies a magnetic carbon composite for the effective removal of NSAIDs from biological fluids is reported. The composite was produced by recycling wasted handkerchiefs, to provide cellulose to the reactive system and then transformed into carbon via calcination at high temperature. The morphological and structural features of the prepared “Fe3O4@-activated carbon” samples were investigated via thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Magnetic solid-state extraction was carried out to reveal the adsorption capabilities of the magnetic carbon composite and then combined with UHPLC–PDA for the determination and quantification of five NSAIDs (furprofen, indoprofen, ketoprofen, flurbiprofen, and indomethacin). The method developed herein proved to be fast and accurate. The adsorbent could be reused for up to 10 cycles, without any decrease in performance; thus, it contributes to an intelligent and sustainable economic strategy projected toward minimal waste generation.

New Validated Method for the Determination of Six Opium Alkaloids in Poppy Seed-Containing Bakery Products by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry after Magnetic Solid-Phase Extraction

Bakery products containing poppy seeds are increasingly being commercialized. These seeds may be contaminated with latex from the Papaver somniferum L. plant rich in opium alkaloids (OAs). Therefore, health authorities demand the development of analytical methods to control them. In this study, an efficient and simple method was developed and validated for the first time to analyze six OAs in bakery products by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. For this purpose, a solid-liquid extraction was optimized, and then a magnetic material [magnetite surface-modified with Fe(III) terephthalate, denoted as Fe₃O₄@TPA-Fe] was used for a fast magnetic solid-phase extraction. The method has been validated with adequate recoveries (70-110%) and relative standard deviations (<20%) and without matrix effects. Nine bakery samples (five breadsticks and four sliced bread) were analyzed; breadsticks showed low amounts of OAs, but two sliced bread showed higher amounts of OAs than the new amount (1.5 mg/kg) set by the Commission Regulation (EU) 2021/2142.

Solid-phase extraction techniques based on nanomaterials for mycotoxin analysis: An overview for food and agricultural products

Mycotoxin contamination is a globally concerned problem for food and agricultural products since it may directly or indirectly induce severe threats to human health. Sensitive and selective screening is an efficient strategy to prevent or reduce human and animal exposure to mycotoxins. However, enormous challenges exist in the determination of mycotoxins, arising from complex sample matrices, trace-level analytes, and the co-occurrence of diverse mycotoxins. Appropriate sample preparation is essential to isolate, purify, and enrich mycotoxins from complicated matrices, thus decreasing sample matrix effects and lowering detection limits. With the cross-disciplinary development, new solid-phase extraction strategies have been exploited and integrated with nanotechnology to meet the challenges of mycotoxin analysis. This review summarizes the advance and progress of solid-phase extraction techniques as the methodological solutions for mycotoxin analysis. Emphases are paid on nanomaterials fabricated as trapping media of SPE techniques, including carbonaceous nanoparticles, metal/metal oxide-based nanoparticles, and nanoporous materials. Advantages and limitations are discussed, along with the potential prospects. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Multi-class, multi-residue determination of 132 veterinary drugs in milk by magnetic solid-phase extraction based on magnetic hypercrosslinked polystyrene prior to their determination by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

A quantitative multi-class multi-residue analytical method was developed for the determination of veterinary drugs in milk by high-performance liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). A total of 132 veterinary drugs investigated belonged to almost 15 classes including sulfonamides, β-lactams, tetracyclines, quinolones, macrolides, nitrofurans, nitroimidazoles, phenicols, lincosamides, pleuromutilins, macrocyclic lactones, quinoxaline antibiotics, benzimidazoles, anthelmintics, coccidiostats and some others. A magnetic solid-phase extraction procedure was developed using magnetic hypercrosslinked polystyrene (HCP/Fe₃O₄) for the sample preparation prior to HPLC-MS/MS without deproteinization step. The results indicated recoveries of 85-107% for 14 sulfonamides, 85-120% for 13 β-lactams, 89-115% for 4 tetracyclines, 82-119% for 14 quinolones, 82-115% for 8 macrolides, 97-109% for 4 nitrofurans, 84-115% for 10 nitroimidazoles, 89-114% for 3 phenicols, 86-111% for 3 lincosamides, 97-102% for 2 pleuromutilins, 72-88% for 4 macrocyclic lactones, 87-104% for 4 quinoxaline antibiotics, 76-119% for 21 benzimidazoles, 79-115% for 12 anthelmintics, 81-118% for 12 coccidiostats and 75-119 % for 5 unclassified drugs, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of less than 20%, and the LOQs ranged from 0.05 to 1 μg kg^-1. This methodology was then applied to field-collected real milk samples and trace levels of some veterinary drugs were detected.

Fe 3 O 4 @PDA/MIL‐101(Cr) as magnetic solid‐phase extraction sorbent for mycotoxins in licorice prior to ultrahigh‐performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry analysis

Magnetic solid‐phase extraction (MSPE) strategy based on the Fe₃O₄@PDA/MIL‐101(Cr) has been proposed to separate and purify five common mycotoxins in licorice, including aflatoxin B₁, aflatoxin G₁, sterigmatocystin, zearalenone, and ochratoxin A. Integrating the MSPE and solid–liquid extraction/partitioning, a modified QuEChERS was established to adapt to the complex licorice samples. The Fe₃O₄@PDA/MIL‐101(Cr) was successfully synthesized and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms. Sorbents with superior advantages for exclusion of matrix interference and extraction of target analytes in a short time were obtained, according to their ability of magnetic separation, high surface area (287.75 m²/g), large pore volume (0.61 cm³/g), and nanosized structure with mesopores. Prior to analysis with ultrahigh‐performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC‐MS/MS), several key parameters that would affect the sorbents’ extraction efficiency were extensively investigated. Under the optimized conditions, the practicality of the developed method for analysis of mycotoxins in licorice samples was confirmed by adequate linearity (R² ≥ 0.9967), high sensitivity (LODs and LOQs, respectively, in the ranges 0.01–0.09 and 0.02–0.30 μg/kg), acceptable recovery (78.53%–116.28%), satisfactory reusability, and good interbatch precision of the sorbents (RSDs in the ranges 6.70%–11.20% and 6.02%–10.35%, respectively). The results indicated that the established method was feasible and reliable for the environment‐friendly and rapid screening of mycotoxins in complex licorice samples.

Quantification of tumor heterogeneity: from data acquisition to metric generation

Tumors are unique and complex ecosystems, in which heterogeneous cell subpopulations with variable molecular profiles, aggressiveness, and proliferation potential coexist and interact. Understanding how heterogeneity influences tumor progression has important clinical implications for improving diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment response prediction. Several recent innovations in data acquisition methods and computational metrics have enabled the quantification of spatiotemporal heterogeneity across different scales of tumor organization. Here, we summarize the most promising efforts from a common experimental and computational perspective, discussing their advantages, shortcomings, and challenges. With personalized medicine entering a new era of unprecedented opportunities, our vision is that of future workflows integrating across modalities, scales, and dimensions to capture intricate aspects of the tumor ecosystem and to open new avenues for improved patient care.

Amphiphilic copolymers grafted on monodisperse magnetic microspheres as an efficient adsorbent for the extraction of safrole in the plasma

Polystyrene (PS) microsphere is a kind of attractive extracting medium due to its high stability in different matrices and its particle size can be controlled. The attachment of amphiphilic copolymers to the PS microsphere surface can overcome the drawback of PS relevant to its hydrophobic nature and low wettability. In our previous work, the magnetic composite based on PS microsphere (5 µm) and poly (divinylbenzene-co-N-vinylpyrrolidone, DVB-co-NVP) shell was successfully fabricated and applied for the extraction of safrole in cola drinks. However, the large size and ease of sedimentation limited its application in the enrichment of safrole from blood samples. Considering the adjustability of PS microsphere size, we synthesized the porous PS microspheres with the uniform size of 3 µm and then functionalized with Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles and poly (DVB-co-NVP) layer in this work. Using the proposed material as extraction sorbent, a simple and fast magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) method coupled with HPLC was developed for quantification of safrole in the plasma. Under the optimized conditions, the response to safrole was linear in the range of 0.02-12 µg mL^-1, and the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.006 µg mL^-1. Satisfactory recoveries were obtained between 85.67% and 97.74% (spiked at 0.05, 0.2, 2 µg mL^-1) and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) for the above spiked levels of the analyte were below 3.9% (n = 6). The adsorbent can be reused for 6 cycles without a significant loss of extraction capability.

Analysis of aristolochic acid I in mouse serum and tissues by using magnetic solid-phase extraction and UHPLC-MS/MS

A method combining magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) and ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) was developed for the analysis of aristolochic acids I (AAI) in mouse serum and tissues. The magnetic covalent organic frameworks (MNP@COF)-based MSPE exhibited high adsorption capacity towards AAI (93.1 mg/g) in optimal conditions. After MSPE extraction, AAI was separated with C18 column using gradient elution and quantified (m/z 342.21 → 298.13) by UHPLC-MS/MS with monitor reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. This MSPE-based UHPLC-MS/MS method was validated with respected to lower limit of quantification (LLOQ), linearity, recovery, precision and accuracy of intra- and inter-day, and matrix effect. Good calibration linearities at the range of 1-500 ng/L for AAI in biological matrices (serum, kidney, and liver) with high correlation coefficient (R²) > 0.9970, and high enrichment factors (mean values from 1038 to 1045) were obtained. This method was highly sensitive to determine AAI with LLOQ within the range of 4.62-5.24 ng/L in extracted serum, kidney, and liver samples. Recoveries at 5, 50, 100 and 300 ng/L in biological samples ranged from 93.2 to 104.0%, and intra- and inter day accuracy and precision (defined as bias and coefficient of variation, respectively) were below ± 15%. The method was successfully applied in the analysis of biological samples collected from mice exposed with AAI with concentrations range of 0.007-0.041 μg/L for consecutive four days. The established method might be applied for the investigation of risk assessment and toxicity induced by long-time use of AAI-containing herbs or dietary supplements.

Multivariate Assessment of Procedures for Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Synthesis for Pesticides Determination in Environmental and Agricultural Samples

In the case of quantitative and qualitative analysis of pesticides in environmental and food samples, it is required to perform a sample pre-treatment process. It allows to minimalize the impact of interferences on the final results, as well as increase the recovery rate. Nowadays, apart from routinely employed sample preparation techniques such as solid-phase extraction (SPE) or solid-phase microextraction (SPME), the application of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) is gaining greater popularity. It is mainly related to their physicochemical properties, sorption capacity and selectivity, thermo-mechanical resistance, as well as a wide range of polymerization techniques allowing to obtain the desired type of sorption materials, adequate to a specific type of pesticide. This paper targets to summarize the most popular and innovative strategies since 2010, associated with the MIPs synthesis and analytical procedures for pesticides determination in environmental and food samples. Application of multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) allows for visualization of the most beneficial analytical procedures in case of changing the priority of each step of analysis (MIPs synthesis, sample preparation process—pesticides extraction, chromatographic analysis) bearing in mind metrological and environmental issues.

Recent advances in analysis of bisphenols and their derivatives in biological matrices

Biomonitoring is a very useful tool to evaluate human exposure to endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs), like bisphenols (BPs), which are widely used in the manufacture of plastics. The development of reliable analytical methods is key in the field of public health surveillance to obtain biomonitoring data to determine what BPs are reaching people's bodies. This review discusses recent methods for the quantitative measurement of bisphenols and their derivatives in biological samples like urine, blood, breast milk, saliva, and hair, among others. We also discuss the different procedures commonly used for sample treatment, which includes extraction and clean-up, and instrumental techniques currently used to determine these compounds. Sample preparation techniques continue to play an important role in the analysis of complex matrices, for liquid matrices the most commonly employed is solid-phase extraction, although microextraction techniques are gaining importance in this field, and for solid samples ultrasound-assisted extraction. The main instrumental techniques used are liquid and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Finally, we present data on the main parameters obtained in the validation of the revised methods. This review focuses on various methods developed and applied for trace analysis of bisphenols, their conjugates, halogenated derivatives, and diglycidyl ethers in biological samples to enable the required selectivity and sensitivity. For this purpose, a review is carried out of the most recent relevant publications from 2016 up to present.

Assessment of trace levels of aflatoxins AFB1 and AFB2 in non-dairy beverages by molecularly imprinted polymer based micro solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

A selective molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) adsorbent was synthesised and used in a batch micro-solid phase extraction format for isolating aflatoxins (AFB1, and AFB2) from non-dairy beverages before liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry determination. MIP synthesis (precipitation polymerization in 3 : 1 acetonitrile/toluene as a porogen) was performed with 5,7-dimethoxycoumarin (DMC), methacrylic acid (MAA) and divinylbenzene-80 (DVB) as a dummy template, functional monomer and cross-linker, respectively (1 : 4 : 20 molar ratio). 2,2'-Azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) was used as a polymerization initiator. The adsorbent MIP (50 mg) was enclosed in a cone-shaped polypropylene membrane (porous membrane protected molecularly imprinted micro-solid phase extraction), and parameters such as sample pH, mechanical (orbital-horizontal) shaking, the extraction time (loading stage), the composition of the eluting solution, and the desorption time were optimised. The highest extraction yields were obtained by using 5 mL of non-dairy beverages (pH adjusted at 6.0), and mechanical shaking (150 rpm) for 15 min. Elution was performed with 5 mL of an acetonitrile/formic acid (97.5 : 2.5) mixture under ultrasound (325 W, 35 kHz) for 15 min. After eluate evaporation to dryness and re-dissolution in 150 μL of the mobile phase, the pre-concentration factor of the method was 33.3, which yields limits of detection within the 0.085-0.207 μg L^-1 range. In addition, the current proposal was shown to be an accurate and precise method through relative standard deviation of intraday and inter-day assays below 18% and analytical recoveries in the range of 91-104%. However, the method was found to suffer from matrix effects.

Mesostructured Silica-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles to Extract Six Opium Alkaloids in Poppy Seeds Prior to Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analysis

In recent years, health authorities have become increasingly concerned about preventing consumer exposure to opium alkaloids present in Papaver somniferum L. poppy seeds. In this study, a simple, rapid and efficient method has been optimised to determine all main opioids in poppy seeds (morphine, codeine, thebaine, papaverine, noscapine and oripavine) by UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS. For this purpose, solid-liquid extraction (SLE) of samples was optimised and six magnetic adsorbent materials with a core of Fe3O4 coated with amorphous and mesostructured silica, both functionalised with octadecyl-silane or octyl-silane were characterised and evaluated for magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE). The material with the best results was non-functionalised mesostructured silica and, with it, the MSPE procedure was optimised. This method was validated and used to quantify six opioids in 14 edible seed samples (eleven poppy seeds and three seed mixes). Considerable amounts were found (1.5-249.0 mg/kg morphine, <0.2 µg/kg-45.8 mg/kg codeine, <2.4 µg/kg-136.2 mg/kg thebaine, <0.2 µg/kg-27.1 mg/kg papaverine, <0.2 µg/kg-108.7 mg/kg noscapine and <240 µg/kg-33.4 mg/kg oripavine), exceeding maximum limits established in some EU countries and the reference level of morphine in the EU. Furthermore, in some commercial samples for human consumption, inadequate labelling was found because significant amounts of alkaloids were detected even though Papaver rhoeas L. seeds were declared on the product label.

Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Dispersive (Micro)Solid Phase Extraction: A Review

The review describes the development of batch solid phase extraction procedures based on dispersive (micro)solid phase extraction with molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) and magnetic MIPs (MMIPs). Advantages and disadvantages of the various MIPs for dispersive solid phase extraction and dispersive (micro)solid phase extraction are discussed. In addition, an effort has also been made to condense the information regarding MMIPs since there are a great variety of supports (magnetite and magnetite composites with carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide, or organic metal framework) and magnetite surface functionalization mechanisms for enhancing MIP synthesis, including reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Finally, drawbacks and future prospects for improving molecularly imprinted (micro)solid phase extraction (MIMSPE) are also appraised.

Recent advances and applications of cyclodextrins in magnetic solid phase extraction

Cyclodextrins (CDs) as a family of cyclic oligosaccharides are toroidal with a hydrophobic interior and a hydrophilic exterior. They are well-known for their ability to form host-guest inclusion complexes with different compounds. They are used as chiral stationary phases in high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC) or as chiral reagents in the background electrolyte of capillary electrophoresis (CE). In recent years, they have been used for modification of sorbents or as sorbents in solid phase extraction (SPE) procedures. Magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE), as a new type of SPE procedure, has received considerable attention due to its rapid phase separation process as compared to traditional extraction mode. This review covers the synthesis of CD-based magnetic sorbents (such as immobilization of CDs onto the different supports, production of nanosponges, and making hybrid substances with nanomaterials) and the use of these compounds in MSPE of different analytes from biological, environmental, and food samples. Also, prospects of CD-based sorbents for sample pre-treatment are also proposed.