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Dias JS, Beltrão-Mendes R, Bezerra TL, La Corte R. Parasites and Viruses in Callithrix in Brazil. Acta Parasitol 2024; 69:152-163. [PMID: 38184509 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-023-00766-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE As a result of environmental imbalances of anthropogenic origin, the potential for transmission of parasites and viruses between different primates, including humans, might increase. Thus, parasitic studies have great relevance to primatology, which motivated us to conduct a literature review to synthesize the information available in American primates of the Callithrix genus. METHODS We carried out the bibliographic search on the main groups of parasites (protozoa, helminths, arthropods, ectoparasites) and viruses found in Callithrix in Brazil in search platforms and consider all manuscript that appeared in search engines, published between the years 1910 and December 2022. In each selected article, the following information was recorded: the host species; parasite taxa; scientific classification of the parasite; host habitat (free-living, captive); diagnostic technique; state; and bibliographic reference. Data were tabulated and arranged in a parasite-host table. RESULTS Some endemic genera, such as Callithrix, are widely distributed geographically across Brazil and have characteristics of adaptation to different habitats due to their flexibility in diet and behavior. These factors can make them subject to a greater diversity of parasites and viruses in the country. Here, we identified 68 parasitic taxa, belonging to the clades protozoa (n = 22), helminths (n = 34), ectoparasites (n = 7), and viruses (n = 5). Out of this total, 19 have zoonotic potential. Of the six existing marmoset species, Callithrix jacchus was the most frequent in studies, and Callithrix flaviceps did not have reports. All regions of the country had occurrences, mainly the Southeast, where 54% of the cases were reported. In 46% of the reported parasites and viruses, it was not possible to identify the corresponding species. CONCLUSION We conclude that in part of the works the identification methods are not being specific, which makes it difficult to identify the species that affects Callithrix spp. Furthermore, the studies present geographic disparities, being concentrated in the southeast of the country, making it impossible to have a more uniform analysis of the findings. Thus, it is observed that information about parasites and viruses is incipient in the genus Callithrix in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Souza Dias
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Tropical Entomology and Parasitology, Federal University of Sergipe, Avenue Marechal Rondon, S/N, Jardim Rosa Elze, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, 49100-000, Brazil.
| | - Raone Beltrão-Mendes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - Taynar Lima Bezerra
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal nos Trópicos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Roseli La Corte
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
- Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
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Callout analysis in relation to wild birds in a tropical city: implications for urban species management. Urban Ecosyst 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-022-01256-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractUrbanisation is changing landscapes at an unprecedented rate, which consequently changes species compositions. We investigate problems faced by urban birds in a neotropical city by analysing the responses made to callouts by the environmental police of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil from 2002 to 2008. The environment police responded to two types of callouts: solicitation, where a person called to report an issue (n = 560); and reports of hurt or injured birds (n = 399). On average, three callouts per week were made relating to urban birds, with more than half concerning birds of prey. There were significantly more callouts in the wet season, coinciding with peak breeding times for most endemic Brazilian avifauna. We found no effect of caller gender, age or associated socioeconomic factors. Most callouts resulted in birds being forwarded on to Government-managed institute for processing wildlife (n = 584). Only a relatively small number of cases resulted in the birds being released into forested areas within the city (n = 152). Sick birds were sent to veterinary clinics (n = 136) and be released if successfully treated. We suggest how this information could be used to improve urban bird species management in neotropical cities. Our data evidences different guilds to have different relationships with people and birds of prey are less well-understood. The rise in callouts during breeding supports the need for better informed species management, and avoidance of a “one size fits all” approach.
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Yi Y, Ham S, Oktaviani R, Dewi MC, Nur M, Mardiastuti A, Choe JC. Cases of fatal electrocution of the endangered Javan Gibbons (Mammalia: Primates: Hylobatidae) by power lines. JOURNAL OF THREATENED TAXA 2022. [DOI: 10.11609/jott.7758.14.5.20964-20969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human-made structures are often deadly to wildlife. Power lines from electric poles can cause serious injury and even death of wildlife via electrocution, especially of arboreal primate species that can easily access power lines. Here, we reported three cases of wild ‘Endangered’ Javan Gibbons Hylobates moloch electrocuted by power lines along a road between a tea plantation and a village adjacent to Gunung Halimun-Salak National Park area, West Java, Indonesia. In all cases, the adult male Javan Gibbons jumped and grabbed a power line hanging at the edge of the forests and immediately died. Our case reports highlight that power lines can have a critically adverse effect on the survival of wild animals, particularly on highly arboreal species such as Javan Gibbons. We argue the need for mitigation plans (e.g., cable insulation) for power lines in areas at risk. Such areas should be determined based on wildlife habitat monitoring and the study of ranging behaviors, focusing on areas with high risks of electrocution.
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Rodrigues Oliveira A, Oliveira Dos Santos D, Pizzolato de Lucena F, Aquino de Mattos S, Parente de Carvalho T, Barroso Costa F, Giannini Alves Moreira L, Magalhães Arthuso Vasconcelos I, Alves da Paixão T, Lima Santos R. Non-thrombotic pulmonary embolism of brain, liver, or bone marrow tissues associated with traumatic injuries in free-ranging neotropical primates. Vet Pathol 2022; 59:482-488. [PMID: 35130802 DOI: 10.1177/03009858221075595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
From 2016 to 2019, Southeastern Brazil faced an outbreak of yellow fever (YF) affecting both humans and New World primates (NWP). The outbreak was associated with a marked increase in traumatic lesions in NWP in the affected regions. Non-thrombotic pulmonary embolization (NTPE) can be a consequence of massive traumatic events, and it is rarely reported in human and veterinary medicine. Here, we describe NTPE of the brain, liver, and bone marrow in free-ranging NWP, highlighting the epidemiological aspects of these findings and the lesions associated with this condition, including data on traumatic injuries in wild NWP populations during the course of a recent YF outbreak. A total of 1078 NWP were necropsied from January 2017 to July 2019. Gross traumatic injuries were observed in 444 marmosets (44.3%), 10 howler monkeys (23.2%), 9 capuchins (31.0%), 1 titi-monkey (50.0%), and 1 golden lion tamarin (33.3%). NTPE was observed in 10 animals, including 9 marmosets (2.0%) and 1 howler monkey (10.0%). NTPE was identified in the lung and comprised hepatic tissue in 1 case, brain tissue in 1 case, and bone marrow tissue in 8 cases. Although uncommon, it is important to consider NTPE with pulmonary vascular occlusion during the critical care of traumatized NWP. In addition, this study highlights the importance of conservational strategies and environmental education focusing on One Health, not only to protect these free-ranging NWP populations but also to maintain the efficacy of epidemiological surveillance programs.
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Malukiewicz J, Boere V, de Oliveira MAB, D'arc M, Ferreira JVA, French J, Housman G, de Souza CI, Jerusalinsky L, R de Melo F, M Valença-Montenegro M, Moreira SB, de Oliveira E Silva I, Pacheco FS, Rogers J, Pissinatti A, Del Rosario RCH, Ross C, Ruiz-Miranda CR, Pereira LCM, Schiel N, de Fátima Rodrigues da Silva F, Souto A, Šlipogor V, Tardif S. An Introduction to the Callithrix Genus and Overview of Recent Advances in Marmoset Research. ILAR J 2021; 61:110-138. [PMID: 34933341 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilab027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We provide here a current overview of marmoset (Callithrix) evolution, hybridization, species biology, basic/biomedical research, and conservation initiatives. Composed of 2 subgroups, the aurita group (C aurita and C flaviceps) and the jacchus group (C geoffroyi, C jacchus, C kuhlii, and C penicillata), this relatively young primate radiation is endemic to the Brazilian Cerrado, Caatinga, and Atlantic Forest biomes. Significant impacts on Callithrix within these biomes resulting from anthropogenic activity include (1) population declines, particularly for the aurita group; (2) widespread geographic displacement, biological invasions, and range expansions of C jacchus and C penicillata; (3) anthropogenic hybridization; and (4) epizootic Yellow Fever and Zika viral outbreaks. A number of Brazilian legal and conservation initiatives are now in place to protect the threatened aurita group and increase research about them. Due to their small size and rapid life history, marmosets are prized biomedical models. As a result, there are increasingly sophisticated genomic Callithrix resources available and burgeoning marmoset functional, immuno-, and epigenomic research. In both the laboratory and the wild, marmosets have given us insight into cognition, social group dynamics, human disease, and pregnancy. Callithrix jacchus and C penicillata are emerging neotropical primate models for arbovirus disease, including Dengue and Zika. Wild marmoset populations are helping us understand sylvatic transmission and human spillover of Zika and Yellow Fever viruses. All of these factors are positioning marmosets as preeminent models to facilitate understanding of facets of evolution, hybridization, conservation, human disease, and emerging infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Malukiewicz
- Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Centre, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Vanner Boere
- Institute of Humanities, Arts, and Sciences, Federal University of Southern Bahia, Itabuna, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Mirela D'arc
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jéssica V A Ferreira
- Centro de Conservação e Manejo de Fauna da Caatinga, UNIVASF, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Jeffrey French
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | | | | | - Leandro Jerusalinsky
- Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Primatas Brasileiros (ICMBio/CPB), Cabedelo, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Fabiano R de Melo
- Department of Forest Engineering, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Centro de Conservação dos Saguis-da-Serra, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mônica M Valença-Montenegro
- Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Primatas Brasileiros (ICMBio/CPB), Cabedelo, Paraíba, Brazil
| | | | - Ita de Oliveira E Silva
- Institute of Humanities, Arts, and Sciences, Federal University of Southern Bahia, Itabuna, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Felipe Santos Pacheco
- Centro de Conservação dos Saguis-da-Serra, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Post-Graduate Program in Animal Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jeffrey Rogers
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Alcides Pissinatti
- Centro de Primatologia do Rio de Janeiro, Guapimirim, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ricardo C H Del Rosario
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Corinna Ross
- Science and Mathematics, Texas A&M University San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Carlos R Ruiz-Miranda
- Laboratory of Environmental Sciences, Center for Biosciences and Biotechnology, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiz C M Pereira
- Centro de Conservação e Manejo de Fauna da Caatinga, UNIVASF, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Nicola Schiel
- Department of Biology, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | | | - Antonio Souto
- Department of Zoology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Vedrana Šlipogor
- Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Suzette Tardif
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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Wellian J, Smith RL. Risk awareness of black-and-gold howler monkeys living in an urban environment in south-west Paraguay. JOURNAL OF URBAN ECOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/jue/juab010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
As urbanisation increases, wild primates are exposed to urban environments which come with a distinct and often novel set of risks. Urban habitats can form a matrix of forest fragments and anthropogenic structures, including buildings, electric cables and roads, which can limit movement and force species to live in hazardous areas. We studied five groups of urban black and gold howler monkey (Alouatta caraya) in Pilar, Paraguay, to investigate whether the monkeys are aware of anthropogenic risks based on their patterns of self-scratching behaviour, an indicator of stress, and how they used the space available to them. Using a Risk Index created for the study, we ranked the level of risk attributed to different zones of their home range, awarding each zone with a hazard score. Using Quantum GIS and kernel density estimation, we determined the relationship between habitat use and hazard score. Using a Spearman’s rank correlation, we found nonsignificant relationships between the hazard score and self-scratching behaviour for four groups, suggesting a lack of awareness. However, there was a significant negative relationship between the hazard score and home range use for four groups, indicating that they spent more time in areas with lower levels of anthropogenic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Wellian
- Fundación Para La Tierra, Centro IDEAL, 321, Mariscal José Félix Estigarribia, c/Teniente Capurro, Pilar, Ñeembucú, Paraguay
| | - Rebecca L Smith
- Fundación Para La Tierra, Centro IDEAL, 321, Mariscal José Félix Estigarribia, c/Teniente Capurro, Pilar, Ñeembucú, Paraguay
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, Scotland
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Cunneyworth PMK, Slade AM. Impact of Electric Shock and Electrocution on Populations of Four Monkey Species in the Suburban Town of Diani, Kenya. INT J PRIMATOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-020-00194-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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8
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Bustamante-Manrique S, Botero-Henao N, Castaño JH, Link A. Activity budget, home range and diet of the Colombian night monkey (Aotus lemurinus) in peri-urban forest fragments. Primates 2021; 62:529-536. [PMID: 33599820 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-021-00895-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Forest fragmentation and deforestation are major threats to primates at a global scale. The survival of primates in forest fragments largely depends on their behavioral and dietary flexibility, as well as their ability to use a modified matrix in anthropogenic landscapes, hence the importance of determining these ecological parameters in habitats with strong anthropic interventions. This paper aims to describe the activity budget and diet of two groups of the Colombian night monkey (Aotus lemurinus) and to estimate their home range in two peri-urban forest fragments in the city of Manizales, Colombia. We combined scan sampling and handheld GPS fixes in order to determine the behavioral, dietary and spatial patterns of the study groups. Night monkeys spent most of their time resting and traveling and were mainly frugivorous relying on at least 26 plant species in their diet. The most consumed plants included Persea americana, Cecropia angustifolia, Musa x paradisiaca, Cecropia telenitida, and Croton cf. mutisianus. Two of these plants are cultivated species and can provide important resources for populations in small forest fragments. Home range sizes were estimated at 1.7 to 1.8 hectares, using a grid count method. Our results suggest the potential adaptability that these primates have when exposed to anthropogenic habitat disturbances and habitat degradation. Nonetheless, future studies should evaluate the influence of demographic factors and resource availability on the behavioral, dietary and spatial patterns of A. lemurinus in peri-urban forests, in order to further understand their ability to cope with the pervasive processes of habitat fragmentation in the northern Andes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Bustamante-Manrique
- Semillero de Investigación en Primatología y Conservación de sus Ecosistemas, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Colombia. .,Laboratório de Primatologia, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil.
| | - Nicolás Botero-Henao
- Semillero de Investigación en Primatología y Conservación de sus Ecosistemas, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Colombia
| | - John Harold Castaño
- Grupo de Investigación en Biología de la Conservación y Biotecnología, Corporación Universitaria Santa Rosa de Cabal-UNISARC, Km 4 vía Santa Rosa de Cabal, Risaralda, Colombia
| | - Andrés Link
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
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Montilla SO, Rios-Soto JA, Mantilla-Castaño JC, Patiño-Siro D, Bustamante-Manrique S, Botero-Henao N, Ruiz S, Arias-Monsalve HF, Link A, Ramírez-Chaves HE. Eventos de electrocución de Aotus lemurinus (Primates: Aotidae) en los Andes Centrales de Colombia. MAMMALOGY NOTES 2020. [DOI: 10.47603/mano.v6n2.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Los primates que habitan en los ecosistemas de montaña de la cordillera de Los Andes en Colombia están expuestos a fuertes amenazas como consecuencia del desarrollo de la infraestructura y la transformación del uso del suelo en lo que corresponde a la región más densamente poblada de Colombia. Para el género Aotus cuyos hábitos son principalmente nocturnos las amenazas sobre sus poblaciones no han sido bien documentadas hasta la fecha, aunque especies como el mono nocturno andino (Aotus lemurinus) ha sido catalogado como Vulnerable a nivel nacional y global. En este estudio, compilamos registros recientes de individuos de Aotus lemurinus muertos por electrocución accidental en cuatro departamentos de los Andes Centrales de Colombia. Estos registros contribuyen al conocimiento previo sobre esta problemática a nivel nacional y resaltan la necesidad de formular e implementar estrategias de mitigación del riesgo de electrocución para esta y otras especies.
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do Vale CA, Sant'Anna AC, Júnior JGC, Prezoto F. Reflections on Potential Risk Factors of Callitrichidae Run Over in an Urban Area: A Case Report of Marmoset Deaths. J APPL ANIM WELF SCI 2020; 24:392-399. [PMID: 32627594 DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2020.1785883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Interest in the well being of wild animals in their natural habitats is still lower than that of domesticated animals and captive wild animals. Urban development is one of the events that has the greatest impact on fauna, as it affects the survival and well being of wild species in many ways. This study aimed to record death by being run over of two Callithrix penicillata (black-tufted) marmosets in a fragmented environment by urbanization and to discuss how anthropic intervention modifies species behavior and influences their well being, and to suggest measures which can reduce the occurrence of incidents, thereby contributing to maintaining the fauna and their well being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Almeida do Vale
- Laboratório de ecologia comportamental e bioacústica, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brasil
| | | | | | - Fábio Prezoto
- Laboratório de ecologia comportamental e bioacústica, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brasil
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Sousa DER, Wilson TM, Machado M, Pereira AABG, Costa GRT, Dutra V, Castro MB. Pulmonary actinomycosis in a free-living black-tufted marmoset (Callithrix penicillata). Primates 2019; 60:119-123. [PMID: 30635747 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-018-00713-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Actinomycosis is a very rare infection in wild animals with a few reports in captive non-human primates. Herein we report a case of pulmonary actinomycosis in a free-living black-tufted marmoset in the urban area of the Federal District, Brazil. The animal presented severe dyspnea and died in the garden of a residence. At necropsy, the left-pulmonary lobes showed multiple nodules filled with purulent content. A myriad of beaded, branching, filamentous Gram-positive and modified Ziehl-Neelsen-negative bacilli arranged in aggregates or star-like colonies, surrounded by macrophages, neutrophils, and Splendori-Hoepli phenomenon were observed in histological sections of the lungs. According to the pathological findings and characteristic morphotintorial pattern of the infectious agent, pulmonary actinomycosis was diagnosed. Until now, fatal pulmonary actinomycosis had never been reported in free-living Simiiformes. Knowledge about the diseases that affect commensal free-range simians in urban areas forms the basis for actions aimed at conservation of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davi E R Sousa
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, University of Brasília, Via L4 Norte, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Tais M Wilson
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, University of Brasília, Via L4 Norte, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Mizael Machado
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, University of Brasília, Via L4 Norte, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Alexandra A B G Pereira
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, University of Brasília, Via L4 Norte, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Gabriela R T Costa
- Environmental Health Surveillance Directorate of the Federal District (DIVAL), SAAN-Estrada do Contorno do Bosque, lote 04, Brasília, DF, 70790-060, Brazil
| | - Valéria Dutra
- Laboratory of Veterinary Molecular Biology, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Veterinary Hospital, Av. Fernando Corrêa da Costa 2367, Boa Esperança, Cuiabá, MT, 78060-900, Brazil
| | - Márcio B Castro
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, University of Brasília, Via L4 Norte, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil.
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Katsis L, Cunneyworth PMK, Turner KME, Presotto A. Spatial Patterns of Primate Electrocutions in Diani, Kenya. INT J PRIMATOL 2018; 39:493-510. [PMID: 30369684 PMCID: PMC6182719 DOI: 10.1007/s10764-018-0046-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Electrocution from power infrastructure threatens many primate species, yet knowledge of effective evidence-based mitigation strategies is limited. Mitigation planning requires an understanding of the spatial distribution of electrocutions to prioritize high-risk areas. In Diani, a coastal Kenyan town, electrocution is an important cause of death for five primate species. In this study we aim to describe the spatial patterns of electrocutions and electric shock incidents (collectively referred to as electrocutions hereafter) and identify electrocution hotspots to guide an effective primate conservation approach in Diani. Colobus Conservation, a not-for-profit organization, has recorded electrocutions and annual primate census data since 1998. We georeferenced 329 electrocution data points and analyzed them using QGIS. We identified and compared hotspots across species, seasons, and time using kernel density estimation and Getis-Ord-Gi*. We employed spatial regression models to test whether primate population density and power line density predicted the location of electrocution hotspots. Electrocutions occurred in hotspots that showed little variation in location between species and seasons. The limited variation in hotspot location over time likely occurred as a result of new building development in Diani and variability in primate detection rates by community members. Primate density and power line density were significant predictors of electrocution density for Angolan black-and-white colobus (Colobus angolensis palliatus) and Sykes monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis albogularis), but the relationship was weak, suggesting the presence of additional risk factors. This study provides a framework for systematic spatial prioritization of power lines that can be used to reduce primate electrocutions in Diani, and can be adopted in other areas of the world where primates are at risk from electrocution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Katsis
- 1Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TH UK
| | | | - Katy M E Turner
- 1Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TH UK
| | - Andrea Presotto
- 3Department of Geography and Geosciences, Salisbury University, Salisbury, MD 21801 USA
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Urban Sloths: Public Knowledge, Opinions, and Interactions. Animals (Basel) 2018; 8:ani8060090. [PMID: 29890623 PMCID: PMC6025583 DOI: 10.3390/ani8060090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Free-range sloths living in an urban environment are rare. In this study, opinions, attitudes, and interactions with a population of Bradypus variegatus were investigated through short, structured interviews and informal, opportunistic observations of people in the pubic square where the sloths live. A questionnaire was applied to people in the square where the sloths live. Opinions about population size differed greatly and younger people were concerned as to whether the square was an appropriate place for them. Some human-sloth interactions showed the consequences of a lack of biological knowledge. Sloths are strictly folivorous and are independent of human sources of food. Apparently, sloths are indifferent to humans. Despite the good intentions of people, there are many misconceptions about the behaviour and needs of sloths, which causes low wellbeing for the animals. These results demonstrate that actions in environmental education of the public could be beneficial for sloths. Abstract Free-range sloths living in an urban environment are rare. In this study, the opinions, attitudes, and interactions with a population of Bradypus variegatus were investigated through short, structured interviews of people in the pubic square where the sloths live, in addition to informal, opportunistic observations of human-sloth interactions. A questionnaire was applied to people in the square where the sloths reside, and informal, opportunistic observations of human-sloth interactions were made. 95% of respondents knew of the sloths’ existence in the square and 87.8% liked their presence. Opinions about population size differed greatly and younger people were concerned as to whether the square was an appropriate place for them. Some human-sloth interactions showed the consequences of a lack of biological knowledge. People initiated all sloth-human interactions. The fact that sloths are strictly folivorous has avoided interactions with humans and, consequently, mitigated any negative impacts of the human-animal interaction on their wellbeing. These results demonstrate that, while there is a harmonious relationship between people and sloths, actions in environmental education of the square’s public could be beneficial for the sloths.
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Dubois S, Fenwick N, Ryan EA, Baker L, Baker SE, Beausoleil NJ, Carter S, Cartwright B, Costa F, Draper C, Griffin J, Grogan A, Howald G, Jones B, Littin KE, Lombard AT, Mellor DJ, Ramp D, Schuppli CA, Fraser D. International consensus principles for ethical wildlife control. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2017; 31:753-760. [PMID: 28092422 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Human-wildlife conflicts are commonly addressed by excluding, relocating, or lethally controlling animals with the goal of preserving public health and safety, protecting property, or conserving other valued wildlife. However, declining wildlife populations, a lack of efficacy of control methods in achieving desired outcomes, and changes in how people value animals have triggered widespread acknowledgment of the need for ethical and evidence-based approaches to managing such conflicts. We explored international perspectives on and experiences with human-wildlife conflicts to develop principles for ethical wildlife control. A diverse panel of 20 experts convened at a 2-day workshop and developed the principles through a facilitated engagement process and discussion. They determined that efforts to control wildlife should begin wherever possible by altering the human practices that cause human-wildlife conflict and by developing a culture of coexistence; be justified by evidence that significant harms are being caused to people, property, livelihoods, ecosystems, and/or other animals; have measurable outcome-based objectives that are clear, achievable, monitored, and adaptive; predictably minimize animal welfare harms to the fewest number of animals; be informed by community values as well as scientific, technical, and practical information; be integrated into plans for systematic long-term management; and be based on the specifics of the situation rather than negative labels (pest, overabundant) applied to the target species. We recommend that these principles guide development of international, national, and local standards and control decisions and implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Dubois
- British Columbia Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, 1245 East 7th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5T 1R1, Canada
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Nicole Fenwick
- British Columbia Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, 1245 East 7th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5T 1R1, Canada
| | - Erin A Ryan
- British Columbia Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, 1245 East 7th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5T 1R1, Canada
| | - Liv Baker
- College of the Environment, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, 06457, U.S.A
- Centre for Compassionate Conservation, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Sandra E Baker
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Abingdon Road, Tubney, Oxfordshire, OX13 5QL, U.K
| | - Ngaio J Beausoleil
- Animal Welfare Science and Bioethics Centre, Institute of Veterinary Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Scott Carter
- Detroit Zoological Society, 8450 W 10 Mile Road, Royal Oak, MI, 48067, U.S.A
| | - Barbara Cartwright
- Canadian Federation of Humane Societies, 30 Concourse Gate, Nepean, ON, K2E 7V7, Canada
| | | | - Chris Draper
- Born Free Foundation, Broadlands Business Campus, Langhurstwood Road, Horsham, RH12 4QP, U.K
- University of Bristol, Bristol, City of Bristol, BS8 1TH, U.K
| | - John Griffin
- Wildlife Protection Department, Humane Society of the United States, 1255 23rd St NW, Washington, D.C., 20037, U.S.A
| | - Adam Grogan
- RSPCA UK Wildlife Department, Wilberforce Way, Southwater, West Sussex, RH13 9RS, U.K
| | - Gregg Howald
- Island Conservation, 2161 Delaware Avenue Suite A, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, U.S.A
| | - Bidda Jones
- RSPCA Australia, P.O. Box 265, Deakin West, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Kate E Littin
- Regulation & Assurance Branch, Ministry for Primary Industries, P.O. Box 2526, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Amanda T Lombard
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7700, South Africa
| | - David J Mellor
- Animal Welfare Science and Bioethics Centre, Institute of Veterinary Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Daniel Ramp
- Centre for Compassionate Conservation, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Catherine A Schuppli
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - David Fraser
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Crop Feeding by Brown Howlers (Alouatta guariba clamitans) in Forest Fragments: The Conservation Value of Cultivated Species. INT J PRIMATOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-016-9927-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Soto-Calderón ID, Acevedo-Garcés YA, Álvarez-Cardona J, Hernández-Castro C, García-Montoya GM. Physiological and parasitological implications of living in a city: the case of the white-footed tamarin (Saguinus leucopus). Am J Primatol 2016; 78:1272-1281. [PMID: 27404890 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Among primates, the Neotropical Callitrichid monkeys (tamarins and marmosets) exhibit a particular ability to adapt to disturbed and urbanized environments. However, little is known about physiological and health status in contrasting ecological contexts. An example of adaptation to urban environments is the white-footed tamarin (Saguinus leucopus), an endangered species endemic to the central Andes in North West Colombia. This species was used as a model to contrast physical condition, physiological parameters and the parasite community of wild populations in rural and urban settings. Overall, the tamarins seemed to be in good body condition in both environments; however, urban tamarins exhibited overweight, elevated body mass, and higher cholesterol levels, while rural tamarins showed larger diversity and prevalence of parasites. Variation in several hematological parameters associated with altitude was also observed. Our data provide preliminary evidence of differential physiological responses to urban and rural environments in tamarins. These results may be attributed to nutritional factors, physical activity, and specific parasite-host ecological interactions in these two environments. Also, abundance and diversity of the parasite community in urban environments may be potentially constrained by habitat fragmentation and relatively fewer reservoirs. Finally, significant physiological and ecological disparities between white-footed tamarins occurring in urban and rural habitats as well as physiological response to hypoxia at higher altitudes were evidenced here. This study provides important preliminary information that will be useful to determine the ability of New World primate populations to cope with urban development and rapidly changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Darío Soto-Calderón
- Grupo de Genética y Mejoramiento Animal (GaMMA), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia. .,Laboratorio de Genética Molecular (GENMOL), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia.
| | - Yuliet Andrea Acevedo-Garcés
- Grupo de Genética y Mejoramiento Animal (GaMMA), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia.,Laboratorio de Genética Molecular (GENMOL), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Jóhnatan Álvarez-Cardona
- Grupo de Genética y Mejoramiento Animal (GaMMA), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia
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Teixeira B, Hirsch A, Goulart VDLR, Passos L, Teixeira CP, James P, Young R. Good neighbours: distribution of black-tufted marmoset (Callithrix penicillata) in an urban environment. WILDLIFE RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/wr14148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Context Primates are one of the most charismatic and widely studied vertebrate groups. However, the study of new world primates in green patches within urban areas has been neglected. Such primates have been viewed as a source of human–animal conflict; however, their ecological importance to urban ecosystems and their role in human well being is poorly understood. Aims To increase understanding of both ecological and socioeconomical factors affecting the distribution, density and group sizes of urban marmosets in a large Brazilian city (Belo Horizonte). Methods A map of vegetation cover and land use was produced and employed to investigate the distribution of marmosets. An online questionnaire was extensively publicised, which permitted the public to report the occurrence or not of marmosets near their residences. For sites with low salary levels and low internet availability, face-to-face interviews were conducted. Additionally, field surveys were conducted in 120 green areas identified by spatial analysis as potential areas of occurrence. The human population density, salary levels and green areas were posteriorly correlated with marmoset distribution. Key results Despite the urbanisation and high human population density, green fragments within the city still housed marmoset groups. However, the presence of green areas did not always indicate primate presence. Group presence was significantly related to the size of parks or green areas and negatively related to built-up areas, and human density. Salary levels were related to more forested streets and possibly tolerance. Marmosets were classified as urban utilisers. Conclusions The human–wildlife conflict with marmoset species was relatively low, owing to marmoset avoidance of built-up areas. The interaction of marmoset species and city dwellers was mainly limited to borders of forest fragments and inside city parks, and appeared to be human motivated. Implications This study showed the importance of public involvement in wildlife studies in urban environments; clarifying the interaction between city dwellers and wild species is essential to mitigate negative interactions.
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Soulsbury CD, White PCL. Human–wildlife interactions in urban areas: a review of conflicts, benefits and opportunities. WILDLIFE RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/wr14229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Wildlife has existed in urban areas since records began. However, the discipline of urban ecology is relatively new and one that is undergoing rapid growth. All wildlife in urban areas will interact with humans to some degree. With rates of urbanisation increasing globally, there is a pressing need to understand the type and nature of human–wildlife interactions within urban environments, to help manage, mitigate or even promote these interactions. Much research attention has focussed on the core topic of human–wildlife conflict. This inherent bias in the literature is probably driven by the ease with which it can be quantified and assessed. Human–wildlife conflicts in terms of disease transmission, physical attack and property damage are important topics to understand. Equally, the benefits of human–wildlife interactions are becoming increasingly recognised, despite being harder to quantify and generalise. Wildlife may contribute to the provision of ecosystem services in urban areas, and some recent work has shown how interactions with wildlife can provide a range of benefits to health and wellbeing. More research is needed to improve understanding in this area, requiring wildlife biologists to work with other disciplines including economics, public health, sociology, ethics, psychology and planning. There will always be a need to control wildlife populations in certain urban situations to reduce human–wildlife conflict. However, in an increasingly urbanised and resource-constrained world, we need to learn how to manage the risks from wildlife in new ways, and to understand how to maximise the diverse benefits that living with wildlife can bring.
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Teixeira CP, Passos L, Goulart VDLR, Hirsch A, Rodrigues M, Young RJ. Evaluating patterns of human–reptile conflicts in an urban environment. WILDLIFE RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/wr15143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Context
Reptiles, especially snakes, can cause a fear reaction in the public and are, therefore, a good model to examine human–wildlife conflicts. Human city dwellers often respond to the presence of snakes or other reptiles by calling out the responsible agency for animal control, which has to mediate the situation.
Aims
To determine how the temporal and spatial occurrence of human–reptile conflicts were associated with environmental conditions and socio-economic factors in a large Brazilian city (Belo Horizonte).
Methods
The callout reports of the Environmental Police of Belo Horizonte, Brazil, over a 7-year period from 2002 to 2008 to mediate reptile conflicts were analysed. Densities of callouts were determined by kernel-density estimator and matched with the vegetation cover and land use, to determine how the environment affected reptile callout distribution. The study area was divided into nine regions with different socio-economic and demographic characteristics to evaluate the possible effects of human factors in the conflict.
Key results
Reptile callouts were almost exclusively about snakes or freshwater turtles, despite a large population of wild lizards. In general, the difference in callout distribution of snakes and freshwater turtles was the result of different attitudes from city dwellers on the basis of socio-economic characteristics. Snakes were less frequent as urbanisation increased, whereas freshwater turtles were associated with water or open areas. Significantly, more conflicts occurred during the rainy season. People in areas of high per capita income used the Environmental Police as mediators more often than did those in poorer areas, but callouts were not related to human population density.
Conclusions
Habitat type and climate were significantly predictive of human–reptile conflicts. Human populations with higher salaries and education levels tended to resolve their conflicts with reptiles using official mediators whether the reptile was venomous or not.
Implications
The environmental and climatic data show that it is possible to predict when and where human–reptile conflicts are most likely. Thus, official mediators can use this information for targeted education programs. Such education programs should emphasise, at all levels of society, how to deal with such conflicts sensibly, so as to ensure the best outcomes for people and reptiles.
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Rodrigues NN, Martinez RA. Wildlife in our backyard: interactions between Wied's marmosetCallithrix kuhlii(Primates: Callithrichidae) and residents of Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil. WILDLIFE BIOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.2981/wlb.13057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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