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Antos Z, Zackiewicz K, Tomaszek N, Modzelewski S, Waszkiewicz N. Beyond Pharmacology: A Narrative Review of Alternative Therapies for Anxiety Disorders. Diseases 2024; 12:216. [PMID: 39329885 PMCID: PMC11431799 DOI: 10.3390/diseases12090216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2024] [Revised: 09/01/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anxiety disorders significantly reduce patients' quality of life. Current pharmacological treatments, primarily benzodiazepines and antidepressants, are associated with numerous side effects. Consequently, there is a continual search for alternative methods to traditional therapies that are less burdensome for patients and broaden their therapeutic options. Our objective was to determine the role of selected alternative methods in the treatment of anxiety disorders. METHODS In this review, we examined recent evidence on alternative treatments for anxiety disorders, including physical activity, mindfulness, virtual reality (VR) technology, biofeedback, herbal remedies, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), cryotherapy, hyperbaric therapy, vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy. For this purpose we reviewed PubMed and after initial search, we excluded works unrelated to our aim, non-orginal data and animal studies. We conducted second search to cover all minor methods. RESULTS We included 116 studies, which data is presented in Tables. We have investigated which methods can support treatment and which can be used as a stand-alone treatment. We assessed the risks to benefits of using alternative treatments. CONCLUSION Alternative treatments significantly expand the options available to patients and clinicians, with many serving as adjuncts to traditional therapies. Among the methods presented, mindfulness has the most significant therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzanna Antos
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Bialystok, pl. Wołodyjowskiego 2, 15-272 Białystok, Poland
| | - Klaudia Zackiewicz
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Bialystok, pl. Wołodyjowskiego 2, 15-272 Białystok, Poland
| | - Natalia Tomaszek
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Bialystok, pl. Wołodyjowskiego 2, 15-272 Białystok, Poland
| | - Stefan Modzelewski
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Bialystok, pl. Wołodyjowskiego 2, 15-272 Białystok, Poland
| | - Napoleon Waszkiewicz
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Bialystok, pl. Wołodyjowskiego 2, 15-272 Białystok, Poland
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Lin J, Sun X, Yang L. Effects and safety of Ginkgo biloba on depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1364030. [PMID: 38562465 PMCID: PMC10982363 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1364030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Because depression is a major factor contributing to the global disease burden, we tried to analyze the effects and safety of Ginkgo biloba (GKB) on patients with depression. Methods: We conducted a literature search for articles published between January 2002 and May 2022 in seven online databases (PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Google Scholar, Web of Sciences, Cochrane Library, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure). A systematic literature review and meta-analysis were performed to compare the effects and safety of GKB on patients with depression, including subjective and objective indicators of depression evaluation. Results: In total, 21 eligible articles with nine indicators among 2074 patients were included. Several outcomes showed a difference, and the GKB group had better results than the control group, including the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD), after taking GKB for 4 weeks (MD = -2.86, 95%CI [-4.27, -1.46], p < 0.01), 6 weeks (mean difference (MD) = -3.36, 95%CI [-4.05, -2.67], p < 0.01), and 8 weeks (MD = -4.58, 95% CI [-6.11, -3.05], p < 0.01), modified Barthel index (MBI) (MD = 14.86, 95%CI [12.07, 17.64], p < 0.01), modified Edinburgh-Scandinavian stroke scale (MESSS) (MD = -4.57, 95%CI [-6.34, -2.79], p < 0.01), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) (MD = 16.35, 95%CI [7.34, 25.36], p < 0.01), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) (MD = 4.57, 95%CI [3.08, 6.05], p < 0.01), and clinical efficacy (risk ratio, RR = 1.24, 95%CI [1.17, 1.32], p < 0.01). However, there were no differences in adverse events between GKB and controls. Conclusion: In conclusion, the main finding was that patients treated with GKB had better MBI, MESSS, BDNF, 5-HT, and HAMD values after 4 weeks, 6 weeks, and 8 weeks than the control group. GKB might reduce the risk of depression or depressive symptoms with safe clinical efficacy. Systematic Review Registration: identifier (INPLASY2023100052).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lingli Yang
- Department of Neurology, TongRen Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Dold M, Bartova L, Volz HP, Seifritz E, Möller HJ, Schläfke S, Kasper S. Efficacy of Silexan in patients with anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2023; 273:1615-1628. [PMID: 36717399 PMCID: PMC10465640 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-022-01547-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We report on a meta-analysis of Silexan, a proprietary active substance produced from Lavandula angustifolia, in subthreshold anxiety, mixed anxiety and depressive disorder (MADD), and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). METHODS The present analyses are based on all currently completed 5 double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trials investigating Silexan in adult out-patients who received Silexan 1 × 80 mg/day or placebo for ten weeks according to random assignment (n = 1213). Efficacy was assessed based on the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA), several anxiety self-rating scales, the Clinical Global Impression (CGI) scale, and the Short Form-36 (SF-36) health status questionnaire. RESULTS After ten weeks' treatment, Silexan was significantly superior to placebo in reducing the HAMA total score (including the psychic and somatic anxiety sub-scores) and self-rated anxiety. Based on a ≥ 50% HAMA total score reduction, the responder rate ratio was 1.34 favoring Silexan, and the rate ratio of subjects much or very much improved according to the CGI was 1.51. Silexan was also significantly superior in improving the physical and mental health summary scores of the SF-36. There were no significant between-group differences concerning the occurrence of adverse events (AEs), serious AEs, and premature withdrawal due to AEs. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis demonstrates that Silexan exerts significant anxiolytic effects in subthreshold anxiety, GAD and MADD that were consistently reflected in investigator ratings and patient-reported outcomes, including improvement of health-related life-quality, while showing favorable tolerability and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Dold
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lucie Bartova
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hans-Peter Volz
- Hospital for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine Schloss Werneck, Balthasar-Neumann-Platz 1, 97440, Werneck, Germany
| | - Erich Seifritz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Jürgen Möller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Nußbaumstraße 7, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Sandra Schläfke
- Dr. Willmar Schwabe GmbH & Co. KG, Willmar-Schwabe-Straße 4, 76227, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Siegfried Kasper
- Center of Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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A Review on Phyto-Therapeutic Approaches in Alzheimer's Disease. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:jfb14010050. [PMID: 36662097 PMCID: PMC9861153 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases occur due to progressive and sometimes irreversible loss of function and death of nerve cells. A great deal of effort is being made to understand the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. In particular, the prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is quite high, and only symptomatic therapy is available due to the absence of radical treatment. The aim of this review is to try to elucidate the general pathogenesis of AD, to provide information about the limit points of symptomatic treatment approaches, and to emphasize the potential neurologic effects of phytocompounds as new tools as therapeutic agents for disease prevention, retardation, and therapy. This survey also covers the notable properties of herbal compounds such as their effects on the inhibition of an enzyme called acetylcholinesterase, which has significant value in the treatment of AD. It has been proven that phytopharmaceuticals have long-term effects that could protect nervous system health, eliminate inflammatory responses, improve cognitive damage, provide anti-aging effects in the natural aging process, and alleviate dementia sequelae. Herbal-based therapeutic agents can afford many advantages and can be used as potentially as new-generation therapeutics or complementary agents with high compliance, fewer adverse effects, and lower cost in comparison to the traditional pharmaceutical agents in the fight against AD.
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Seifritz E, Kasper S, Möller HJ, Volz HP, Müller WE, Eckert A, Hatzinger M. Effect of anxiolytic drug silexan on sleep - a narrative review. World J Biol Psychiatry 2022; 23:493-500. [PMID: 36259937 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2021.2013092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Silexan is an orally administered, proprietary essential oil from Lavandula angustifolia with significant anxiolytic and sleep improving properties. Here we present a narrative review that provides an overview of the available evidence of the effects of silexan on sleep. METHODS We start with a summary of the pharmacological background and continue with presenting sleep-related results from controlled clinical trials with silexan. Then we report on a meta-analysis of item 'insomnia' from the Hamilton Anxiety Scale, which includes data from all randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trials with silexan in which the scale was administered. Finally, we summarise the results of a mediation analysis that was performed to elucidate the pathway of the effect of silexan on sleep. RESULTS In randomised, placebo-controlled trials in patients suffering from anxiety disorders silexan had a significant anxiolytic effect and improved sleep along with recovery from anxiety. Mediation analysis demonstrates that more than 98% of the effect of silexan on sleep was mediated by its anxiolytic effect while the direct effect on sleep was marginal. CONCLUSIONS Silexan improves sleep as a result of its anxiolytic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich Seifritz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Siegfried Kasper
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Center of Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hans-Jürgen Möller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Volz
- Hospital for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine Schloss Werneck, Werneck, Germany
| | - Walter E Müller
- Department of Pharmacology Biocenter, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Anne Eckert
- Transfaculty Research Platform MCN & Psychiatric University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland
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Potential Novel Therapies for Neurodevelopmental Diseases Targeting Oxidative Stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6640206. [PMID: 34336109 PMCID: PMC8321748 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6640206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders are a category of diseases that is not yet fully understood. Due to their common traits and pathways, often it is difficult to differentiate between them based on their symptoms only. A series of hypotheses are trying to define their etiology, such as neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and immunology, but none have managed to explain their multifactorial manifestation. One feature that may link all theories is that of oxidative stress, with a redox imbalance as well as several other markers of oxidative damage (on lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids) being observed in both postmortem samples of the brain of patients with schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders. However, the implication of oxidative stress in pathology is still distrustfully looked upon. For this purpose, in the current paper, we were interested in reviewing the implications of oxidative stress in these disorders as well as the impact of N-acetylcysteine on the oxidative status with a focus on the glutathione level and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor. We were also interested in finding papers targeting the use of antioxidant properties of different plant extracts.
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Chopade AR, Somade PM, Somade PP, Mali SN. Identification of Anxiolytic Potential of Niranthin: In-vivo and Computational Investigations. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2021; 11:223-233. [PMID: 33175328 PMCID: PMC7981351 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-020-00284-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Anxiety is an unpleasant state, which can critically decrease the quality of life is often accompanied by nervous behaviour and rumination. Niranthin is a lignan isolated from various Phyllanthus sources. The literature survey on niranthin highlights wide ranges of the therapeutic potentials. In a present study, based on our previous investigations, we evaluated pure, isolated and characterized niranthin as an anxiolytic agent. The niranthin [6-[(2R,3R)-3-[(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)methyl]-4-methoxy-2-(methoxymethyl)butyl]-4-methoxy-1,3-benzodioxole] was purchased from commercial source and further subjected for assessment of its anxiolytic potentials using popular animal models including Elevated plus-maze model/test (EPM) and Light & Dark Exploration test (L&D). GABA-A receptor mediation was evaluated by pretreating the mice with the GABA-A receptor antagonist Flumazenil before the EPM task. Molecular docking simulation studies (pdb id: 4COF) carried out by Vlife QSAR software showed that niranthin (docking score: - 62.1714 kcal/mol) have shown comparatively best docking score compared to the standard drug Diazepam (docking score: - 63.1568 kcal/mol). To conclude, Niranthin has probable potential in the management of anxiety disorder. Our in-silico and in-vivo analysis (indirectly) indicated the plausible role of GABA mediation for anxiolytic activity. Although, these studies are preliminary, future in depth experimental explorations will be required to use Niranthin as anti-anxiety drug in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul R Chopade
- Department of Pharmacology, Rajarambapu College of Pharmacy, Kasegaon, Sangli, Maharashtra, 415404, India.
| | - Prakash M Somade
- Dept. of Physiology, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Karad, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Pratik P Somade
- Dept. of Physiology, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Karad, Maharashtra, India
| | - Suraj N Mali
- Government College of Pharmacy, Karad, Maharashtra, India
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von Känel R, Kasper S, Bondolfi G, Holsboer-Trachsler E, Hättenschwiler J, Hatzinger M, Imboden C, Heitlinger E, Seifritz E. Therapeutic effects of Silexan on somatic symptoms and physical health in patients with anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e01997. [PMID: 33638614 PMCID: PMC8035468 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A meta-analysis was performed to examine therapeutic effects of Silexan on somatic symptoms, including insomnia/fatigue, and physical health in patients with anxiety disorders. Five randomized, placebo-controlled trials were included in this analysis: The efficacy of Silexan (80 mg/day) was investigated in patients with subthreshold anxiety disorders (three trials) and in patients with generalized anxiety disorder (two trials). Silexan was superior to placebo in terms of the mean change from baseline in the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA) subscore somatic anxiety at week 10 with a standardized mean difference of -0.31 [95% Cl: -0.52 to -0.10, p = .004]. Treatment effects of silexan on somatic anxiety were independent of gender and age. Statistically significant differences were also shown for single HAMA items somatic muscular, cardiovascular, respiratory, and genitourinary symptoms, indicating clinical relevance with small to medium effects of Silexan. Similar clinically meaningful effects of Silexan on SF-36 physical health, including reduced bodily pain and improved general health, and on insomnia complaints and fatigue, were demonstrated. In this meta-analysis including all placebo-controlled clinical trials in patients with anxiety disorders to date, statistically significant and clinically meaningful advantages of Silexan over placebo treatment were found in improving somatic symptoms and physical health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland von Känel
- Department of Consultation-Liaison-Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Siegfried Kasper
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Guido Bondolfi
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Centre, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Martin Hatzinger
- Psychiatric Services Solothurn and University of Basel, Solothurn, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Erich Seifritz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Friedland K, Silani G, Schuwald A, Stockburger C, Koch E, Nöldner M, Müller WE. Neurotrophic Properties of Silexan, an Essential Oil from the Flowers of Lavender-Preclinical Evidence for Antidepressant-Like Properties. PHARMACOPSYCHIATRY 2020; 54:37-46. [PMID: 33254260 DOI: 10.1055/a-1293-8585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Silexan, a special essential oil from flowering tops of lavandula angustifolia, is used to treat subsyndromal anxiety disorders. In a recent clinical trial, Silexan also showed antidepressant effects in patients suffering from mixed anxiety-depression (ICD-10 F41.2). Since preclinical data explaining antidepressant properties of Silexan are missing, we decided to investigate if Silexan also shows antidepressant-like effects in vitro as well as in vivo models. METHODS We used the forced swimming test (FST) in rats as a simple behavioral test indicative of antidepressant activity in vivo. As environmental events and other risk factors contribute to depression through converging molecular and cellular mechanisms that disrupt neuronal function and morphology-resulting in dysfunction of the circuitry that is essential for mood regulation and cognitive function-we investigated the neurotrophic properties of Silexan in neuronal cell lines and primary hippocampal neurons. RESULTS The antidepressant activity of Silexan (30 mg/kg BW) in the FST was comparable to the tricyclic antidepressant imipramine (20 mg/kg BW) after 9-day treatment. Silexan triggered neurite outgrowth and synaptogenesis in 2 different neuronal cell models and led to a significant increase in synaptogenesis in primary hippocampal neurons. Silexan led to a significant phosphorylation of protein kinase A and subsequent CREB phosphorylation. CONCLUSION Taken together, Silexan demonstrates antidepressant-like effects in cellular as well as animal models for antidepressant activity. Therefore, our data provides preclinical evidence for the clinical antidepressant effects of Silexan in patients with mixed depression and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Friedland
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute for Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany
| | - Giacomo Silani
- Department of Pharmacology, Biocenter, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Anita Schuwald
- Department of Pharmacology, Biocenter, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Carola Stockburger
- Department of Pharmacology, Biocenter, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Egon Koch
- Preclinical Research, Dr. Willmar Schwabe Pharmaceuticals, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Michael Nöldner
- Preclinical Research, Dr. Willmar Schwabe Pharmaceuticals, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Walter E Müller
- Department of Pharmacology, Biocenter, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
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Trkulja V, Barić H. Current Research on Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) in the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders: An Evidence-Based Review. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1191:415-449. [PMID: 32002940 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9705-0_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) encompasses a wide range of different nonmainstream therapies that have been increasingly used for treatment or adjunctive treatment of various ailments with anxiety/anxiety disorders being one of the commonly CAM (self)-medicated conditions. Thousands of published papers refer to use of CAM in various psychiatric disorders or in healthy or medically ill patients with mood or anxiety difficulties. In this chapter we focus specifically on clinically diagnosed (in line with the standard criteria) anxiety disorders and overview evidence of efficacy/safety of a range of CAM modalities: biologically based therapies (typically herbal preparations and less so nutraceuticals); manipulative and body-based therapies (acupuncture, aerobic exercise, massage, therapeutic touch, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, balneotherapy, and others); mind-body therapies (yoga, Morita therapy, Tai Chi, reiki, Chinese cognitive therapy, religious and spiritual interventions, relaxation, mediation, and mindfulness-based interventions); and alternative medical systems (Ayurveda, homeopathy). We focus exclusively on randomized controlled trials and attempt to evaluate the existing body of evidence in the same manner that is applied to mainstream treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Trkulja
- Department of Pharmacology, Zagreb University School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Hrvoje Barić
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Abstract
Traditional medicines in the form of health food and supplements are highly popular nowadays. They are often aggressively promoted with unsubstantiated health benefit claims. Patients suffering from chronic illness, such as psychiatric disorders may be attracted to these products and use them concurrently with their prescribed drugs. The potential danger of these health supplements and traditional medicines containing products have prompted repeated warnings by the US Food and Drug Administration in recent years. A new initiative by the Food and Drug Administration in 2019 was also implemented to strengthen the oversight of these supplements. The WHO global compendium will include traditional medicines in 2019, which has generated much debate about their safety. Many practising psychiatrists are not familiar with traditional medicines, and clinically useful information is also not easily available. In this review, we examine the nature and safety of commonly encountered traditional medicine in these health food products and supplements.
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Tang SW, Tang WH, Leonard BE. Herbal medicine for psychiatric disorders: Psychopharmacology and neuroscience-based nomenclature. World J Biol Psychiatry 2019. [PMID: 28649903 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2017.1346279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: Herbs are frequently and concurrently used with prescribed drugs by patients worldwide. While clinical trials have found some herbs to be as useful as standard psychiatric drugs, most clinicians are unaware of their pharmacological mechanisms.Methods: We searched English language and other language literature with English abstracts listed in PubMed website, supplemented by additional through Google Scholar's free academic paper abstract website for publications on herbs, focussing on their clinical use in mental disorders, their neurobiology and their pharmacology.Results: A major reason for herbs remaining outside of mainstream psychiatry is that the terminology and concepts in herbal medicine are not familiar to psychiatrists in general. Many publications regarding the use of herbal medicine for psychiatric disorders are deficient in details regarding diagnosis, criteria for response and the neurobiology details compared with publications on standard psychotropic drugs. Nomenclature for herbal medicine is usually confusing and is not conducive to an easy understanding of their mode of action in psychiatric disorders.Conclusions: The recent neuroscience-based nomenclature (NbN) for psychotropics methodology would be a logical application to herbal medicine in facilitating a better understanding of the use of herbal medicine in psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siu W Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,Institute of Brain Medicine, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Wayne H Tang
- Institute of Brain Medicine, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Brian E Leonard
- Institute of Brain Medicine, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Department of Pharmacology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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Seifritz E, Schläfke S, Holsboer-Trachsler E. Beneficial effects of Silexan on sleep are mediated by its anxiolytic effect. J Psychiatr Res 2019; 115:69-74. [PMID: 31121394 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Disturbed sleep is among the most prevalent hyperarousal symptoms in anxiety disorders. Most drugs recommended for anxiety and insomnia have a sedating effect which is related to their beneficial effect on disturbed sleep. Silexan is a proprietary essential oil from Lavandula angustifolia. This drug has significant anxiolytic and sleep improving properties. Interestingly, these effects are not associated with sedation. Here we asked whether the positive effects on sleep are due to primary pharmacodynamic or secondary, disease related effects. We used the data from a double-blind, randomized study in which 212 patients were analyzed for efficacy after ten weeks' treatment with 80 mg/day Silexan or placebo. Anxiety and disturbed sleep were assessed using the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA) and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), respectively. Regression-based mediation analysis was employed to estimate direct treatment effects and indirect effects mediated by anxiety control separately for each study group. Sobel's test was used to investigate the extent to which the mediator (HAMA change) contributes to the total effect of the independent variable (treatment) on the dependent variable (PSQI change). Compared to placebo, Silexan significantly reduced the total scores of the HAMA (p < 0.001) and of the PSQI (p = 0.002) after ten weeks, with clinically meaningful treatment group differences that were observed already after two and six weeks for HAMA and PSQI, respectively. Silexan had a statistically meaningful indirect effect on sleep (mediated by the effect on anxiety; p < 0.001) but no appreciable direct effect (p = 0.958). The ratio between the indirect and the total effect was determined to be 0.984, i. e., 98.4% of the total effect of Silexan on disturbed sleep were explained by the effect of Silexan on the symptoms of anxiety whereas 1.6% were attributable to a direct effect. The results indicate that Silexan exerts a secondary sleep improving effect almost exclusively through its anxiolytic action rather than by sedation. Findings are consistent with the drug's assumed mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich Seifritz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich Lenggstrasse, 31/PO-Box 1931, 8032, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Sandra Schläfke
- Dr. Willmar Schwabe GmbH & Co. KG, Willmar-Schwabe-Straße 4, 76227, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Edith Holsboer-Trachsler
- University of Basel, Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders, Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, 4002, Basel, Switzerland.
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Lejri I, Agapouda A, Grimm A, Eckert A. Mitochondria- and Oxidative Stress-Targeting Substances in Cognitive Decline-Related Disorders: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Evidence. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:9695412. [PMID: 31214285 PMCID: PMC6535827 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9695412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia affecting people mainly in their sixth decade of life and at a higher age. It is an extensively studied neurodegenerative disorder yet incurable to date. While its main postmortem brain hallmarks are the presence of amyloid-β plaques and hyperphosphorylated tau tangles, the onset of the disease seems to be largely correlated to mitochondrial dysfunction, an early event in the disease pathogenesis. AD is characterized by flawed energy metabolism in the brain and excessive oxidative stress, processes that involve less adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and more reactive oxygen species (ROS) production respectively. Mitochondria are at the center of both these processes as they are responsible for energy and ROS generation through mainly oxidative phosphorylation. Standardized Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE), resveratrol, and phytoestrogens as well as the neurosteroid allopregnanolone have shown not only some mitochondria-modulating properties but also significant antioxidant potential in in vitro and in vivo studies. According to our review of the literature, GBE, resveratrol, allopregnanolone, and phytoestrogens showed promising effects on mitochondria in a descending evidence order and, notably, this order pattern is in line with the existing clinical evidence level for each entity. In this review, the effects of these four entities are discussed with special focus on their mitochondria-modulating effects and their mitochondria-improving and antioxidant properties across the spectrum of cognitive decline-related disorders. Evidence from preclinical and clinical studies on their mechanisms of action are summarized and highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imane Lejri
- University of Basel, Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neuroscience, Basel, Switzerland
- Neurobiology Lab for Brain Aging and Mental Health, Psychiatric University Clinics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anastasia Agapouda
- University of Basel, Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neuroscience, Basel, Switzerland
- Neurobiology Lab for Brain Aging and Mental Health, Psychiatric University Clinics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Amandine Grimm
- University of Basel, Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neuroscience, Basel, Switzerland
- Neurobiology Lab for Brain Aging and Mental Health, Psychiatric University Clinics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anne Eckert
- University of Basel, Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neuroscience, Basel, Switzerland
- Neurobiology Lab for Brain Aging and Mental Health, Psychiatric University Clinics, Basel, Switzerland
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Urdaneta KE, Castillo MA, Montiel N, Semprún-Hernández N, Antonucci N, Siniscalco D. Autism Spectrum Disorders: Potential Neuro-Psychopharmacotherapeutic Plant-Based Drugs. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2018; 16:433-444. [PMID: 30427697 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2018.848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the years, scientific researches have validated the healing benefits of many psychopharmacotherapeutic plant-based drugs to ameliorate psychiatric disorders. In contrast, the use of chemical procedures to isolate and purify specific compounds from plants that have been used to treat autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and its clinical features may contribute to improve the quality of life of many patients. Also, herbal pharmacological treatments could improve the core symptoms of autism with fewer side effects. This review will focus on the uses and actions of phytopharmaceuticals in the behavioral conditions of ASDs. A large number of natural compound-based plant drugs have been tested in murine models of autism and in clinical trials with remarkable success in reversing the core and associated behaviors with autism such as flavonoids, cannabinoids, curcuminoids, piperine, resveratrol, and bacosides. This plant-based drug alternative is safer given that many psychiatric disorders and neurodegenerative pathologies do not often respond well to currently prescribed medications or have significant side effects. However, it is noteworthy to consider the need for large clinical trials to determine safety and efficacy. Many results are based on case reports or small size samples, and often the studies are open label. Standardization of procedures (i.e., purity and concentrations) and quality controls are strictly required to ensure the absence of side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nola Montiel
- Cátedra Libre de Autismo, Vicerrectorado Académico, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | | | - Nicola Antonucci
- Biomedical Centre for Autism Research and Treatment, Bari, Italy
| | - Dario Siniscalco
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania, Naples, Italy.,Italian Group for Studying Autism-GISA, Brescia, Italy
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Similar treatment outcomes with Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 and donepezil in Alzheimer's dementia in very old age: A retrospective observational study. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2018; 56:130-133. [PMID: 29319499 PMCID: PMC5822177 DOI: 10.5414/cp203103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To provide pilot data for the safety and efficacy of EGb 761 in the oldest-old patients (aged 80 or older). Materials and methods: In a retrospective analysis, we compared treatment outcomes with EGb 761 or donepezil over 12 months in 189 patients aged 80 years or older suffering from Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Results: Over 12 months, there was no significant difference in cognitive decline, measured with the mini-mental state examination (MMSE) score, between donepezil and EGb 761 (p = 0.31). We found more adverse events in the donepezil group. Conclusion: Results suggest similar effects on cognitive symptoms from the use of EGb 761 in the treatment of dementia in AD together with favorable safety compared to donepezil.
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Rahmati B, Kiasalari Z, Roghani M, Khalili M, Ansari F. Antidepressant and anxiolytic activity of Lavandula officinalis aerial parts hydroalcoholic extract in scopolamine-treated rats. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2017; 55:958-965. [PMID: 28166686 PMCID: PMC6130744 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2017.1285320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Anxiety and depression are common in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Despite some evidence, it is difficult to confirm Lavandula officinalis Chaix ex Vill (Lamiaceae) as an anxiolytic and antidepressant drug. OBJECTIVE The effects of L. officinalis extract were studied in scopolamine-induced memory impairment, anxiety and depression-like behaviour. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male NMRI rats were divided into control, scopolamine alone-treated group received scopolamine (0.1 mg/kg) intraperitoneally (i.p.), daily and 30 min prior to performing behavioural testing on test day, for 12 continuous days and extract pretreated groups received aerial parts hydro alcoholic extract (i.p.) (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg), 30 min before each scopolamine injection. Memory impairment was assessed by Y-maze task, while, elevated plus maze and forced swimming test were used to measure anxiolytic and antidepressive-like activity. RESULTS Spontaneous alternation percentage in Y maze is reduced by scopolamine (36.42 ± 2.60) (p ≤ 0.001), whereas lavender (200 and 400 mg/kg) enhanced it (83.12 ± 5.20 and 95 ± 11.08, respectively) (p ≤ 0.05). Also, lavender pretreatment in 200 and 400 mg/kg enhanced time spent on the open arms (15.4 ± 3.37 and 32.1 ± 3.46, respectively) (p ≤ 0.001). On the contrary, while immobility time was enhanced by scopolamine (296 ± 4.70), 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg lavender reduced it (193.88 ± 22.42, 73.3 ± 8.25 and 35.2 ± 4.22, respectively) in a dose-dependent manner (p ≤ 0.001). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Lavender extracts improved scopolamine-induced memory impairment and also reduced anxiety and depression-like behaviour in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batool Rahmati
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Kiasalari
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Roghani
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Khalili
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Ansari
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
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18
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Patients on psychotropic medications and herbal supplement combinations: clinical considerations. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2017; 32:63-71. [PMID: 27902536 DOI: 10.1097/yic.0000000000000158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Populations using herbs and herbal preparations are widespread and growing. As many herbal ingredients exert actions on psychotropic drug targets, psychiatrists should be well informed and aware of potential drug-drug interactions in clinical practice. Reliable and clinically useful information in this area, however, is fragmented, if not deficient. This paper reviewed the clinical aspects of herb-drug interactions, focusing in particular on the monoamine oxidase enzyme and P450 cytochrome enzyme-inhibitory properties of herbs and their potential interference with psychotropic drug actions and clinical judgement.
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Hyde AJ, May BH, Dong L, Feng M, Liu S, Guo X, Zhang AL, Lu C, Xue CC. Herbal medicine for management of the behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD): A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychopharmacol 2017; 31:169-183. [PMID: 27899689 DOI: 10.1177/0269881116675515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Management of the behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia remains a challenge worldwide. Herbal medicines may play a role in the development of new interventions. To determine effects of herbal medicines for management of the behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia, meta-analysis was conducted of 31 controlled trials (3613 participants). Frequently tested herbal medicines were the Ginkgo biloba leaf extract EGb 761 (seven studies) and the multi-ingredient formula Yokukansan (eight studies). Sixteen studies tested other herbal medicines. Improvements were detected in Neuropsychiatric Inventory scores in EGb 761 groups compared to placebo (MD -3.46 [-5.94, -0.98]; I2 = 93%; n = 1757) and Yokukansan groups compared to no treatment (SMD -0.53 [-0.86, -0.21]; I2 = 0%; n = 150). Cognitive scores were improved in EGb 761 groups while Yokukansan did not appear to affect cognitive function. Of the other herbal medicines, there were improvements in the behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia and cognitive outcomes in two of four placebo-controlled studies. EGb 761 and Yokukansan appeared safe and well tolerated. Adverse effects and dropouts were not reported consistently for the other herbal medicines. Weaknesses of these included short durations, small sample sizes, lack of blinding and other risks of bias. Well-designed studies are needed to further investigate the reported effects of these interventions on the behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna J Hyde
- 1 The China-Australia International Research Centre for Chinese Medicine, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Brian H May
- 1 The China-Australia International Research Centre for Chinese Medicine, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Lin Dong
- 1 The China-Australia International Research Centre for Chinese Medicine, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Mei Feng
- 2 Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences & Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaonan Liu
- 2 Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences & Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinfeng Guo
- 2 Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences & Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Anthony Lin Zhang
- 1 The China-Australia International Research Centre for Chinese Medicine, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Chuanjian Lu
- 2 Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences & Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Charlie Changli Xue
- 1 The China-Australia International Research Centre for Chinese Medicine, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Australia.,2 Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences & Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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20
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Zhang HF, Huang LB, Zhong YB, Zhou QH, Wang HL, Zheng GQ, Lin Y. An Overview of Systematic Reviews of Ginkgo biloba Extracts for Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:276. [PMID: 27999539 PMCID: PMC5138224 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba extracts (GBEs) have been recommended to improve cognitive function and to prevent cognitive decline, but earlier evidence was inconclusive. Here, we evaluated all systematic reviews of GBEs for prevention of cognitive decline, and intervention of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia. Six databases from their inception to September 2015 were searched. Ten systematic reviews were identified, including reviews about Alzheimer's disease (n = 3), about vascular dementia (n = 1), about both Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia (n = 2), about Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia and mixed dementia (n = 3), and a review about MCI (n = 1). Based on the overview quality assessment questionnaire, eight studies were scored with at least 5 points, while the other two scored 4 points and 3 points, respectively. Medication with GBEs showed improvement in cognition, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and daily activities, and the effect was dose-dependent. Efficacy was convincingly demonstrated only when high daily dose (240 mg) was applied. Compared with placebo, overall adverse events and serious adverse events were at the same level as placebo, with less adverse events in favor of GBE in the subgroup of Alzheimer's disease patients, and fewer incidences in vertigo, tinnitus, angina pectoris, and headache. In conclusion, there is clear evidence to support the efficacy of GBEs for MCI and dementia, whereas the question on efficacy to prevent cognitive decline is still open. In addition, GBEs seem to be generally safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Feng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou, China
| | - Li-Bo Huang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou, China
| | - Yan-Biao Zhong
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou, China
| | - Qi-Hui Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou, China
| | - Hui-Lin Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou, China
| | - Guo-Qing Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou, China
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21
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Naprienko MV, Esin RG, Mukhametova ER, Esin OR, Smekalkina LV. [Tanakan as a multimodal cytoprotective factor in general medicine]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2015; 115:146-151. [PMID: 27030838 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2015115111146-151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The first section of the review provides recent results regarding the mechanism of the action of a standardized extract of ginkgo biloba leaves EGb761 (tanakan), its effects on apoptosis, neuroplasticity, hemorheology, inhibition of the amyloid genesis and inflammatory response it cause, activation of proteasomes in conformational diseases. Current experimental and clinical results suggest that EGb761 (tanakan) is a high-effective cytoprotective agent in cognitive disorders of various genesis, cardiovascular diseases (in the process of rehabilitation and as a medicine capable to reduce the volume of brain damage in stroke). The effect of tanakan on anxiety and depression in patients with cognitive impairment should be considered as clinically significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Naprienko
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow
| | - R G Esin
- Kazan State Medical Academy, Kazan; Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | | | - O R Esin
- Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
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