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Ahrens AK, Jónsson SR, Svansson V, Brugger B, Beer M, Harder TC, Pohlmann A. Iceland: an underestimated hub for the spread of high-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses in the North Atlantic. J Gen Virol 2024; 105:001985. [PMID: 38695722 PMCID: PMC11170123 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
High-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) of the goose/Guangdong lineage are enzootically circulating in wild bird populations worldwide. This increases the risk of entry into poultry production and spill-over to mammalian species, including humans. Better understanding of the ecological and epizootiological networks of these viruses is essential to optimize mitigation measures. Based on full genome sequences of 26 HPAIV samples from Iceland, which were collected between spring and autumn 2022, as well as 1 sample from the 2023 summer period, we show that 3 different genotypes of HPAIV H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b were circulating within the wild bird population in Iceland in 2022. Furthermore, in 2023 we observed a novel introduction of HPAIV H5N5 of the same clade to Iceland. The data support the role of Iceland as an utmost northwestern distribution area in Europe that might act also as a potential bridging point for intercontinental spread of HPAIV across the North Atlantic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Kathrin Ahrens
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald –Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Stefán Ragnar Jónsson
- The Institute for Experimental Pathology at Keldur, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Vilhjálmur Svansson
- The Institute for Experimental Pathology at Keldur, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Brigitte Brugger
- The Icelandic Food and Veterinary Authority (MAST), Austurvegi 64, Selfossi, Iceland
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald –Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Timm C. Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald –Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Anne Pohlmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald –Isle of Riems, Germany
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Verma AK, Kumar M, Murugkar HV, Nagarajan S, Tosh C, Namdeo P, Singh R, Mishra S, Senthilkumar D, Singh VP, Sanyal A. Highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1) infection in crows through ingestion of infected crow carcasses. Microb Pathog 2023; 183:106330. [PMID: 37661072 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study was aimed to investigate the role of cannibalism in transmission of H5N1 avian influenza virus to house crows (Corvus splendens). Four crows were intranasally inoculated with 108.0 EID50 (A/crow/India/01CA249/2021) H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus and were observed for 14 days for any overt signs of illness. Two of the infected crows showed signs of wing paralysis, incoordination, and torticollis. For cannibalism experiment, two crows showing clinical signs were euthanized on 14th day post-infection (dpi) and were kept in the isolator and four naïve healthy crows were introduced along with the euthanized crows. The viscera from the infected carcasses were eaten by all the four crows. Oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs were collected up to 14 days to assess virus excretion. All four crows showed clinical signs viz., dullness, reluctance to move with ruffled feathers on 6th day post cannibalism along with neurological signs including incoordination and paralysis of the wings. All the crows gradually recovered after showing clinical signs and were euthanized on 21st day of observation period. Virus excretion was observed from 3rd to 11th day post cannibalism through both oropharyngeal and cloacal routes with maximum shedding through oropharyngeal route. The virus was isolated from lungs and trachea of one the infected crows at 21st day after euthanasia. All the four crows seroconverted against H5N1 virus infection at 14th day post cannibalism. Our study confirms the transmission of H5N1 virus in crows through cannibalism and highlights how H5N1 virus might circulate in a crow colony once they become infected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Kumari Verma
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.
| | - Harshad V Murugkar
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | | | - Chakradhar Tosh
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Pushpendra Namdeo
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Rupal Singh
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Suman Mishra
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - D Senthilkumar
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Vijendra Pal Singh
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Aniket Sanyal
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Islam A, Hossain ME, Amin E, Islam S, Islam M, Sayeed MA, Hasan MM, Miah M, Hassan MM, Rahman MZ, Shirin T. Epidemiology and phylodynamics of multiple clades of H5N1 circulating in domestic duck farms in different production systems in Bangladesh. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1168613. [PMID: 37483933 PMCID: PMC10358836 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1168613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Waterfowl are considered to be natural reservoirs of the avian influenza virus (AIV). However, the dynamics of transmission and evolutionary patterns of AIV and its subtypes within duck farms in Bangladesh remain poorly documented. Hence, a cross-sectional study was conducted in nine districts of Bangladesh between 2019 and 2021, to determine the prevalence of AIV and its subtypes H5 and H9, as well as to identify risk factors and the phylodynamics of H5N1 clades circulating in domestic duck farms. The oropharyngeal and cloacal swab samples were tested for the AIV Matrix gene (M-gene) followed by H5, H7, and H9 subtypes using rRT-PCR. The exploratory analysis was performed to estimate AIV and its subtype prevalence in different production systems, and multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify the risk factors that influence AIV infection in ducks. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis was conducted to generate a maximum clade credibility (MCC) tree and the maximum likelihood method to determine the phylogenetic relationships of the H5N1 viruses isolated from ducks. AIV was detected in 40% (95% CI: 33.0-48.1) of the duck farms. The prevalence of AIV was highest in nomadic ducks (39.8%; 95% CI: 32.9-47.1), followed by commercial ducks (24.6%; 95% CI: 14.5-37.3) and backyard ducks (14.4%; 95% CI: 10.5-19.2). The H5 prevalence was also highest in nomadic ducks (19.4%; 95% CI: 14.0-25.7). The multivariable logistic regression model revealed that ducks from nomadic farms (AOR: 2.4; 95% CI: 1.45-3.93), juvenile (AOR: 2.2; 95% CI: 1.37-3.61), and sick ducks (AOR: 11.59; 95% CI: 4.82-32.44) had a higher risk of AIV. Similarly, the likelihood of H5 detection was higher in sick ducks (AOR: 40.8; 95% CI: 16.3-115.3). Bayesian phylogenetic analysis revealed that H5N1 viruses in ducks belong to two distinct clades, 2.3.2.1a, and 2.3.4.4b. The clade 2.3.2.1a (reassorted) has been evolving silently since 2015 and forming at least nine subgroups based on >90% posterior probability. Notably, clade 2.3.4.4b was introduced in ducks in Bangladesh by the end of the year 2020, which was genetically similar to viruses detected in wild birds in Japan, China, and Africa, indicating migration-associated transmission of an emerging panzootic clade. We recommend continuing AIV surveillance in the duck production system and preventing the intermingling of domestic ducks with migratory waterfowl in wetlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariful Islam
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, United States
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Mohammad Enayet Hossain
- One Health Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Emama Amin
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shariful Islam
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Monjurul Islam
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Abu Sayeed
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Mehedi Hasan
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mojnu Miah
- One Health Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan
- Queensland Alliance for One Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Mohammed Ziaur Rahman
- One Health Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmina Shirin
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Islam A, Islam S, Flora MS, Amin E, Woodard K, Webb A, Webster RG, Webby RJ, Ducatez MF, Hassan MM, El Zowalaty ME. Epidemiology and molecular characterization of avian influenza A viruses H5N1 and H3N8 subtypes in poultry farms and live bird markets in Bangladesh. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7912. [PMID: 37193732 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33814-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza virus (AIV) remains a global threat, with waterfowl serving as the primary reservoir from which viruses spread to other hosts. Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5 viruses continue to be a devastating threat to the poultry industry and an incipient threat to humans. A cross-sectional study was conducted in seven districts of Bangladesh to estimate the prevalence and subtypes (H3, H5, and H9) of AIV in poultry and identify underlying risk factors and phylogenetic analysis of AIVs subtypes H5N1 and H3N8. Cloacal and oropharyngeal swab samples were collected from 500 birds in live bird markets (LBMs) and poultry farms. Each bird was sampled by cloacal and oropharyngeal swabbing, and swabs were pooled for further analysis. Pooled samples were analyzed for the influenza A virus (IAV) matrix (M) gene, followed by H5 and H9 molecular subtyping using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR). Non-H5 and Non-H9 influenza A virus positive samples were sequenced to identify possible subtypes. Selected H5 positive samples were subjected to hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) gene sequencing. Multivariable logistic regression was used for risk factor analysis. We found that IAV M gene prevalence was 40.20% (95% CI 35.98-44.57), with 52.38%, 46.96%, and 31.11% detected in chicken, waterfowl, and turkey, respectively. Prevalence of H5, H3, and H9 reached 22%, 3.4%, and 6.9%, respectively. Waterfowl had a higher risk of having AIV (AOR: 4.75), and H5 (AOR: 5.71) compared to chicken; more virus was detected in the winter season than in the summer season (AOR: 4.93); dead birds had a higher risk of AIVs and H5 detection than healthy birds, and the odds of H5 detection increased in LBM. All six H5N1 viruses sequenced were clade 2.3.2.1a-R1 viruses circulating since 2015 in poultry and wild birds in Bangladesh. The 12 H3N8 viruses in our study formed two genetic groups that had more similarity to influenza viruses from wild birds in Mongolia and China than to previous H3N8 viruses from Bangladesh. The findings of this study may be used to modify guidelines on AIV control and prevention to account for the identified risk factors that impact their spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariful Islam
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, 3216, Australia
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York City, New York, 10018, USA
| | - Shariful Islam
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York City, New York, 10018, USA
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Meerjady S Flora
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Emama Amin
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Karlie Woodard
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, USA
| | - Ashley Webb
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, USA
| | - Robert G Webster
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, USA
| | - Richard J Webby
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, USA
| | - Mariette F Ducatez
- Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Mohammad M Hassan
- Queensland Alliance for One Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4343, Australia.
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, 4225, Bangladesh.
| | - Mohamed E El Zowalaty
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, USA.
- Veterinary Medicine and Food Security Research Group, Medical Laboratory Sciences Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women's Campus, Higher Colleges of Technology, 41012, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
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Dutta P, Islam A, Sayeed MA, Rahman MA, Abdullah MS, Saha O, Rahman MZ, Klaassen M, Hoque MA, Hassan MM. Epidemiology and molecular characterization of avian influenza virus in backyard poultry of Chattogram, Bangladesh. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 105:105377. [PMID: 36220485 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ducks, the natural reservoir of avian influenza virus (AIV), act as reassortment vessels for HPAI and low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) virus for domestic and wild bird species. In Bangladesh, earlier research was mainly focused on AIV in commercial poultry and live bird markets, where there is scanty literature reported on AIV in apparently healthy backyard poultry at the household level. The present cross-sectional study was carried out to reveal the genomic epidemiology of AIV of backyard poultry in coastal (Anowara) and plain land (Rangunia) areas of Bangladesh. We randomly selected a total of 292 households' poultry (having both chicken and duck) for sampling. We administered structured pre-tested questionnaires to farmers through direct interviews. We tested cloacal samples from birds for the matrix gene (M gene) followed by H5 and H9 subtypes using real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR). All AIV-positive samples were subjected to four-gene segment sequencing (M, PB1, HA, and NA gene). We found that the prevalence of AIV RNA at the household level was 6.2% (n = 18; N = 292), whereas duck and chicken prevalence was 3.6% and 3.2%, respectively. Prevalence varied with season, ranging from 3.1% in the summer to 8.2% in the winter. The prevalence of subtypes H5 and H9 in backyard poultry was 2.7% and 3.3%, respectively. The phylogenetic analysis of M, HA, NA, and PB1 genes revealed intra-genomic similarity, and they are closely related to previously reported AIV strains in Bangladesh and Southeast Asia. The findings indicate that H5 and H9 subtypes of AIV are circulating in the backyard poultry with or without clinical symptoms. Moreover, we revealed the circulation of 2.3.2.1a (new) clade among the chicken and duck population without occurring outbreak which might be due to vaccination. In addition to routine surveillance, molecular epidemiology of AIV will assist to gain a clear understanding of the genomic evolution of the AIV virus in the backyard poultry rearing system, thereby facilitating the implementation of effective preventive measures to control infection and prevent the potential spillover to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pronesh Dutta
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh
| | - Ariful Islam
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh; Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Science, Deakin University, Victoria 3216, Australia; EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10001-2320, USA.
| | - Md Abu Sayeed
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10001-2320, USA; Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Md Ashiqur Rahman
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh
| | - Md Sadeque Abdullah
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh
| | - Otun Saha
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; Department of Microbiology, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh
| | | | - Marcel Klaassen
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Science, Deakin University, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Md Ahasanul Hoque
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh; Queensland Alliance for One Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton 4343, Queensland, Australia.
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Islam A, Islam S, Amin E, Hasan R, Hassan MM, Miah M, Samad MA, Shirin T, Hossain ME, Rahman MZ. Patterns and risk factors of avian influenza A(H5) and A(H9) virus infection in pigeons and quail at live bird markets in Bangladesh, 2017-2021. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1016970. [PMID: 36387379 PMCID: PMC9645412 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1016970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The avian influenza virus (AIV) impacts poultry production, food security, livelihoods, and the risk of transmission to humans. Poultry, like pigeons and quail farming, is a growing sector in Bangladesh. However, the role of pigeons and quails in AIV transmission is not fully understood. Hence, we conducted this study to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of AIV subtypes in pigeons and quails at live bird markets (LBMs) in Bangladesh. We collected oropharyngeal and cloacal swab samples from 626 birds in 8 districts of Bangladesh from 2017 to 2021. We tested the swab samples for the matrix gene (M gene) followed by H5, H7, and H9 subtypes using real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR). We then used exploratory analysis to investigate the seasonal and temporal patterns of AIV and a mixed effect logistic model to identify the variable that influences the presence of AIV in pigeons and quails. The overall prevalence of AIV was 25.56%. We found that the prevalence of AIV in pigeons is 17.36%, and in quail is 38.75%. The prevalence of A/H5, A/H9, and A/H5/H9 in quail is 4.17, 17.92, and 1.67%, respectively. Furthermore, the prevalence of A/H5, A/H9, and A/H5/H9 in pigeons is 2.85, 2.59, and 0.26%. We also found that the prevalence of AIV was higher in the dry season than in the wet season in both pigeons and quail. In pigeons, the prevalence of A/untyped (40%) increased considerably in 2020. In quail, however, the prevalence of A/H9 (56%) significantly increased in 2020. The mixed-effect logistic regression model showed that the vendors having waterfowl (AOR: 2.13; 95% CI: 1.04-4.33), purchasing birds from the wholesale market (AOR: 2.96; 95% CI: 1.48-5.92) instead of farms, mixing sick birds with the healthy ones (AOR: 1.60; 95% CI: 1.04-2.45) and mingling unsold birds with new birds (AOR: 3.07; 95% CI: 2.01-4.70) were significantly more likely to be positive for AIV compared with vendors that did not have these characteristics. We also found that the odds of AIV were more than twice as high in quail (AOR: 2.57; 95% CI: 1.61-4.11) as in pigeons. Furthermore, the likelihood of AIV detection was 4.19 times higher in sick and dead birds (95% CI: 2.38-7.35) than in healthy birds. Our study revealed that proper hygienic practices at the vendors in LBM are not maintained. We recommend improving biosecurity practices at the vendor level in LBM to limit the risk of AIV infection in pigeons and quail in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariful Islam
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Science, Deakin University, Melbourne, VA, Australia
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, United States
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shariful Islam
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Emama Amin
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rashedul Hasan
- One Health Laboratory, International Center for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan
- Queensland Alliance for One Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Mojnu Miah
- One Health Laboratory, International Center for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Abdus Samad
- National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI), Savar, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmina Shirin
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Enayet Hossain
- One Health Laboratory, International Center for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Ziaur Rahman
- One Health Laboratory, International Center for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Badruzzaman ATM, Rahman MM, Hasan M, Hossain MK, Husna A, Hossain FMA, Giasuddin M, Uddin MJ, Islam MR, Alam J, Eo SK, Fasina FO, Ashour HM. Semi-Scavenging Poultry as Carriers of Avian Influenza Genes. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12020320. [PMID: 35207607 PMCID: PMC8879534 DOI: 10.3390/life12020320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ducks are the natural reservoir of influenza A virus and the central host for the avian influenza virus (AIV) subtype H5N1, which is highly pathogenic. Semi-scavenging domestic ducks allow for the reemergence of new influenza subtypes which could be transmitted to humans. We collected 844 cloacal swabs from semi-scavenging ducks inhabiting seven migratory bird sanctuaries of Bangladesh for the molecular detection of avian influenza genes. We detected the matrix gene (M gene) using real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR). Subtyping of the AIV-positive samples was performed by RT-qPCR specific for H5, H7, and H9 genes. Out of 844 samples, 21 (2.488%) were positive for AIV. Subtyping of AIV positive samples (n = 21) revealed that nine samples (42.85%) were positive for the H9 subtype, five (23.80%) were positive for H5, and seven (33.33%) were negative for the three genes (H5, H7, and H9). We detected the same genes after propagating the virus in embryonated chicken eggs from positive samples. Semi-scavenging ducks could act as carriers of pathogenic AIV, including the less pathogenic H9 subtype. This can enhance the pathogenicity of the virus in ducks by reassortment. The large dataset presented in our study from seven areas should trigger further studies on AIV prevalence and ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T M Badruzzaman
- Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh; (A.T.M.B.); (M.M.R.); (M.K.H.); (A.H.); (F.M.A.H.)
| | - Md. Masudur Rahman
- Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh; (A.T.M.B.); (M.M.R.); (M.K.H.); (A.H.); (F.M.A.H.)
| | - Mahmudul Hasan
- National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka 1340, Bangladesh; (M.H.); (M.G.)
| | - Mohammed Kawser Hossain
- Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh; (A.T.M.B.); (M.M.R.); (M.K.H.); (A.H.); (F.M.A.H.)
| | - Asmaul Husna
- Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh; (A.T.M.B.); (M.M.R.); (M.K.H.); (A.H.); (F.M.A.H.)
| | - Ferdaus Mohd Altaf Hossain
- Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh; (A.T.M.B.); (M.M.R.); (M.K.H.); (A.H.); (F.M.A.H.)
| | - Mohammed Giasuddin
- National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka 1340, Bangladesh; (M.H.); (M.G.)
| | - Md Jamal Uddin
- ABEx Bio-Research Center, East Azampur, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh;
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Mohammad Rafiqul Islam
- Livestock Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council, Farmgate, Dhaka 1215, Bangladesh;
| | - Jahangir Alam
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Biotechnology, Savar, Dhaka 1349, Bangladesh;
| | - Seong-Kug Eo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea;
| | - Folorunso Oludayo Fasina
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (ECTAD-FAO), United Nations Office in Nairobi (UNON), UN Avenue, Gigiri, Nairobi 00100, Kenya;
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Hossam M. Ashour
- Department of Integrative Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
- Correspondence:
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Malekian M, Shagholian J, Hosseinpour Z. Pathogen Presence in Wild Birds Inhabiting Landfills in Central Iran. ECOHEALTH 2021; 18:76-83. [PMID: 33783651 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-021-01516-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Wild birds are important in the transmission of many zoonotic pathogens such as salmonella and avian influenza virus (AIV). The current study investigated the presence of bacterial and viral pathogens in birds foraging at an open landfill located in Central Iran. We collected blood and intestinal samples from five abundant species, including rook (Corvus frugilegus), European starling (Sturnus vulgaris), house sparrow (Passer domesticus), black-headed gull (Chroicocephalus ridibundus) and slender-billed gull Chroicocephalus genei for bacteriological and serological examinations. Escherichia coli was present in all of the five species, while Salmonella spp. was found in four species. Campylobacter jejuni, Yersinia spp., Cytrobacter spp., and Klebsiella spp. were other bacteria isolated from all of the five species. Competitive ELISA showed that 19 samples (32%) from the two gull species were positive for AIV. There was no detection of West Nile virus, or Newcastle disease virus in the 150 birds sampled. The prevalence of these pathogens in landfill birds indicated that a potential risk is posed to landfill workers and the surrounding community, adding to our limited knowledge of the potential for landfills to support disease vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansoureh Malekian
- Department of Natural Resources, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Javad Shagholian
- Department of Natural Resources, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zahra Hosseinpour
- Department of Natural Resources, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111, Isfahan, Iran
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Prevalence and Distribution of Avian Influenza Viruses in Domestic Ducks at the Waterfowl-Chicken Interface in Wetlands. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9110953. [PMID: 33207803 PMCID: PMC7709030 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ducks are a natural reservoir of influenza A viruses (IAVs) and can act as a reassortment vessel. Wetlands, such as Hakaluki and Tanguar haor in Bangladesh, have unique ecosystems including domestic duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) rearing, especially household and free-range ducks. A cross-sectional study was, therefore, conducted to explore avian influenza status and its distribution and risk factors in the wetland areas. During the three consecutive winters of 2015-2017, specifically in December of these years, we collected a total of 947 samples including blood, oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs from domestic ducks (free-range duck (n = 312 samples) and household ducks (n = 635 samples) in wetlands. We screened serum samples using a nucleoprotein competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA) to estimate seroprevalence of IAV antibodies and swab samples by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) to detect IA viral M gene. Eleven (11) M gene positive samples were subjected to sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Serological and viral prevalence rates of IAVs were 63.8% (95% CI: 60.6-66.8) and 10.7% (8.8-12.8), respectively. Serological and viral RNA prevalence rates were 51.8% (95% CI: 47.2-56.4) and 10.2% (7.6-13.3) in Hakaluki haor, 75.6% (71.5-79.4) and 11.1% (8.5-14.3) in Tanguar haor, 66.3% (62.5-69.9) and 11.2% (8.8-13.9) in household ducks and 58.7% (52.9-64.2) and 9.6% (6.5-13.4) in free-range ducks, respectively. The risk factors identified for higher odds of AI seropositive ducks were location (OR = 2.9, 95% CI: 2.2-3.8, p < 0.001; Tanguar haor vs. Hakaluki haor), duck-rearing system (OR = 1.4, 1.1-1.8, household vs. free-range), farmer's education status (OR = 1.5, 1.2-2.0, p < 0.05 illiterate vs. literate) and contact type (OR = 3.0, 2.1-4.3, p < 0.001; contact with chicken vs. no contact with chicken). The risk factors identified for higher odds of AI RNA positive ducks were farmer's education status (OR = 1.5, 1.0-2.3, p < 0.05 for illiterate vs literate), contact type (OR = 2.7, 1.7-4.2, p < 0.001; ducks having contact with chicken vs. ducks having contact with waterfowl). The phylogenetic analysis of 11 partial M gene sequences suggested that the M gene sequences detected in free-range duck were very similar to each other and were closely related to the M gene sequences of previously reported highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) and low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) subtypes in waterfowl in Bangladesh and Southeast Asian countries. Results of the current study will help provide significant information for future surveillance programs and model IAV infection to predict the spread of the viruses among migratory waterfowl, free-range ducks and domestic poultry in Bangladesh.
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Islam A, Islam S, Hossain ME, Ferdous J, Abedin J, Ziaur Rahman M, Rahman MK, Hoque MA, Hassan MM. Serological Evidence of West Nile Virus in Wild Birds in Bangladesh. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7040164. [PMID: 33126740 PMCID: PMC7712446 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7040164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile Virus (WNV) is a vector-borne zoonotic disease maintained in a sylvatic cycle involving mosquito vectors and birds. To detect WNV and other flavivirus infections in wild resident and migratory birds, we tested 184 samples from 19 identified species within nine families collected during 2012–2016 from four districts in Bangladesh. We tested serum samples for the immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody against WNV using competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (c-ELISA), whereas tracheal and cloacal swabs were subjected to consensus Polymerase Chain Reaction (c-PCR) for the detection of the flavivirus RNA. Overall, we detected 11.9% (n = 22; 95% CI: 0.07–0.16) samples were seropositive, including 15.9% in the migratory wild birds and 10.7% in the resident wild birds. The migratory wild Tufted duck showed 28.5% seropositivity, whereas the resident wild house crows showed 12.5% seropositivity. None of the swab samples was positive for flavivirus RNA infection (0%, n = 184; 95% CI: 0–0.019). These study findings recommend continued surveillance for early detection and to better understand the epidemiology of WNV and other flavivirus circulation in both birds and mosquitoes in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariful Islam
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong Campus, VIC 3216, Australia
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10001-2023, USA; (S.I.); (J.F.); (J.A.); (M.K.R.)
- Correspondence: (A.I.); (M.M.H.)
| | - Shariful Islam
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10001-2023, USA; (S.I.); (J.F.); (J.A.); (M.K.R.)
- Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka 1241, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Enayet Hossain
- International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (M.E.H.); (M.Z.R.)
| | - Jinnat Ferdous
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10001-2023, USA; (S.I.); (J.F.); (J.A.); (M.K.R.)
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Josefina Abedin
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10001-2023, USA; (S.I.); (J.F.); (J.A.); (M.K.R.)
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Ziaur Rahman
- International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (M.E.H.); (M.Z.R.)
| | - Md. Kaisar Rahman
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10001-2023, USA; (S.I.); (J.F.); (J.A.); (M.K.R.)
| | - Md. Ahasanul Hoque
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh;
| | - Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh;
- Correspondence: (A.I.); (M.M.H.)
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Hassan MM, El Zowalaty ME, Islam A, Rahman MM, Chowdhury MNU, Nine HSMZ, Rahman MK, Järhult JD, Hoque MA. Serological Evidence of Avian Influenza in Captive Wild Birds in a Zoo and Two Safari Parks in Bangladesh. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7030122. [PMID: 32882787 PMCID: PMC7558454 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7030122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza (AI) is endemic and frequently causes seasonal outbreaks in winter in Bangladesh due to high pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 and low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H9N2. Among avian influenza A viruses (AIV), H5, H7, and H9 subtypes have the most zoonotic potential. Captive birds in zoos and safari parks are used for educational, recreational, breeding, and conservational purposes in Bangladesh. To screen for AIV in captive birds to assess potential public health threats, we conducted a cross-sectional study in two safari parks and one zoo in Bangladesh for four months, from November to December 2013 and from January to February 2014. We collected blood samples, oropharyngeal, and cloacal swabs from 228 birds. We tested serum samples for AIV antibodies using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA) and AIV sero-subtype H5, H7, and H9 using hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. Swab samples were tested for the presence of avian influenza viral RNA using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR). Across all the samples, AIV antibody prevalence was 9.7% (95% CI: 6.1-14.2, n = 228) and AIV HA subtype H5, H7 and H9 sero-prevalence was 0% (95% CI: 0-1.6, n = 228), 0% (95% CI: 0-1.6, n = 228) and 6.6% (95% CI: 3.72-10.6, n = 228), respectively. No AI viral RNA (M-gene) was detected in any swab sample (0%, 95% CI: 0-1.6, n = 228). Birds in the Safari park at Cox's Bazar had a higher prevalence in both AIV antibody prevalence (13.5%) and AIV H9 sero-prevalence (9.6%) than any of the other sites, although the difference was not statistically significant. Among eight species of birds, Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) had the highest sero-positivity for both AIV antibody prevalence (26.1%) and AIV H9 prevalence (17.4%) followed by Golden pheasant (Chrysolophus pictus) with AIV antibody prevalence of 18.2% and AIV H9 prevalence of 11.4%. Our results highlight the presence of AI antibodies indicating low pathogenic AIV mingling in captive birds in zoos and safari parks in Bangladesh. Continuous programmed surveillance is therefore recommended to help better understand the diversity of AIVs and provide a clear picture of AI in captive wild birds, enabling interventions to reduce the risk of AIV transmission to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad M. Hassan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh; (A.I.); (M.K.R.); (M.A.H.)
- Correspondence: (M.M.H.); (M.E.E.Z.)
| | - Mohamed E. El Zowalaty
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, UAE
- Sharjah Institute of Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, UAE
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Zoonosis Science Center, Uppsala University, SE-75 123 Uppsala, Sweden
- Correspondence: (M.M.H.); (M.E.E.Z.)
| | - Ariful Islam
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh; (A.I.); (M.K.R.); (M.A.H.)
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Science, Deakin University, Geelong Campus, Geelong VIC 3216, Australia
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10001-2320, USA
| | - Md. M. Rahman
- Bhanghabandhu Sheikh Mujib Safari Park, Cox’s Bazar 4740, Bangladesh;
| | | | | | - Md. K. Rahman
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh; (A.I.); (M.K.R.); (M.A.H.)
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10001-2320, USA
| | - Josef D. Järhult
- Department of Medical Sciences, Zoonosis Science Center, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Md. A. Hoque
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh; (A.I.); (M.K.R.); (M.A.H.)
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12
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Kwon JH, Lee DH, Criado MF, Killmaster L, Ali MZ, Giasuddin M, Samad MA, Karim MR, Hasan M, Brum E, Nasrin T, Swayne DE. Genetic evolution and transmission dynamics of clade 2.3.2.1a highly pathogenic avian influenza A/H5N1 viruses in Bangladesh. Virus Evol 2020; 6:veaa046. [PMID: 34127940 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veaa046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Asian lineage A/H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) have been responsible for continuous outbreaks in Bangladesh since 2007. Although clades 2.2.2 and 2.3.4.2 HPAIVs have disappeared since poultry vaccination was introduced in 2012, clade 2.3.2.1a viruses have continued to be detected in Bangladesh. In this study, we identified A/H9N2 (n = 15), A/H5N1 (n = 19), and A/H5N1-A/H9N2 (n = 18) mixed viruses from live bird markets, chicken farms, and wild house crows (Corvus splendens) in Bangladesh from 2016 to 2018. We analyzed the genetic sequences of the H5 HPAIVs, to better understand the evolutionary history of clade 2.3.2.1a viruses in Bangladesh. Although seven HA genetic subgroups (B1-B7) and six genotypes (G1, G1.1, G1.2, G2, G2.1, and G2.2) have been identified in Bangladesh, only subgroup B7 and genotypes G2, G2.1, and G2.2 were detected after 2016. The replacement of G1 genotype by G2 in Bangladesh was possibly due to vaccination and viral competition in duck populations. Initially, genetic diversity decreased after introduction of vaccination in 2012, but in 2015, genetic diversity increased and was associated with the emergence of genotype G2. Our phylodynamic analysis suggests that domestic Anseriformes, including ducks and geese, may have played a major role in persistence, spread, evolution, and genotype replacement of clade 2.3.2.1a HPAIVs in Bangladesh. Thus, improvements in biosecurity and monitoring of domestic Anseriformes are needed for more effective control of HPAI in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hoon Kwon
- U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hun Lee
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, 61 N. Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Miria Ferreira Criado
- U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Lindsay Killmaster
- U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Md Zulfekar Ali
- Animal Health Research Division, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Giasuddin
- Animal Health Research Division, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed A Samad
- Animal Health Research Division, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | - Md Rezaul Karim
- Animal Health Research Division, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | - Mahmudul Hasan
- Animal Health Research Division, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | - Eric Brum
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tanzinah Nasrin
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - David E Swayne
- U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA
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13
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Hassan MM, El Zowalaty ME, Islam A, Khan SA, Rahman MK, Järhult JD, Hoque MA. Prevalence and Diversity of Avian Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Sero-Subtypes in Poultry and Wild Birds in Bangladesh. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7020073. [PMID: 32492967 PMCID: PMC7355479 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7020073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 viruses have pandemic potential, cause significant economic losses and are of veterinary and public health concerns. This study aimed to investigate the distribution and diversity of hemagglutinin (HA) subtypes of avian influenza virus (AIV) in poultry and wild birds in Bangladesh. We conducted an avian influenza sero-surveillance in wild and domestic birds in wetlands of Chattogram and Sylhet in the winter seasons 2012-2014. We tested serum samples using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA), and randomly selected positive serum samples (170 of 942) were tested using hemagglutination inhibition (HI) to detect antibodies against the 16 different HA sero-subtypes. All AIV sero-subtypes except H7, H11, H14 and H15 were identified in the present study, with H5 and H9 dominating over other subtypes, regardless of the bird species. The diversity of HA sero-subtypes within groups ranged from 3 (in household chickens) to 10 (in migratory birds). The prevalence of the H5 sero-subtype was 76.3% (29/38) in nomadic ducks, 71.4% (5/7) in household chicken, 66.7% (24/36) in resident wild birds, 65.9% (27/41) in migratory birds and 61.7% (29/47) in household ducks. Moreover, the H9 sero-subtype was common in migratory birds (56%; 23/41), followed by 38.3% (18/47) in household ducks, 36.8% (14/38) in nomadic ducks, 30.6% (11/66) in resident wild birds and 28.5% (2/7) in household chickens. H1, H4 and H6 sero-subtypes were the most common sero-subtypes (80%; 8/10, 70%; 7/10 and 70%; 7/10, respectively) in migratory birds in 2012, H9 in resident wild birds (83.3%; 5/6) and H2 in nomadic ducks (73.9%; 17/23) in 2013, and the H5 sero-subtype in all types of birds (50% to 100%) in 2014. The present study demonstrates that a high diversity of HA subtypes circulated in diverse bird species in Bangladesh, and this broad range of AIV hosts may increase the probability of AIVs' reassortment and may enhance the emergence of novel AIV strains. A continued surveillance for AIV at targeted domestic-wild bird interfaces is recommended to understand the ecology and evolution of AIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad M. Hassan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh; (A.I.); (S.A.K.); (M.A.H.)
- Correspondence: (M.M.H.); (M.E.E.Z.)
| | - Mohamed E. El Zowalaty
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Zoonosis Science Center, Uppsala University, SE-75 123 Uppsala, Sweden
- St. Jude Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance, Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
- Correspondence: (M.M.H.); (M.E.E.Z.)
| | - Ariful Islam
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh; (A.I.); (S.A.K.); (M.A.H.)
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Science, Deakin University, Geelong Campus, Geelong, VIC 3125, Australia
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10001-2320, USA;
| | - Shahneaz A. Khan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh; (A.I.); (S.A.K.); (M.A.H.)
| | | | - Josef D. Järhult
- Department of Medical Sciences, Zoonosis Science Center, Uppsala University, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Md. A. Hoque
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh; (A.I.); (S.A.K.); (M.A.H.)
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Won G, Senevirathne A, Lee JH. Salmonella Enteritidis ghost vaccine carrying the hemagglutinin globular head (HA1) domain from H1N1 virus protects against salmonellosis and influenza in chickens. Vaccine 2020; 38:4387-4394. [PMID: 32402750 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.04.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the attenuated Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) ghost strain JOL2114 (Δlon ΔcpxR Δasd), which displays on the bacterial surface the H1N1 hemagglutinin globular head portion (HA1; amino acid residues 63-286) on the bacterial surface for protective efficacy against Salmonella and H1N1 challenge in the chicken model, as the birds are the predominant reservoirs for both diseases. The ghost system enhanced the lysis process by converging two lysis processes found in bacteriophages: bacteriophage PhiX174 lysis gene E and holin-endolysin genes found in bacteriophage λ, complemented with accessory lysis-related proteins Rz/Rz1. The present lysis machinery resulted in complete lysis of host-attenuated SE strains in about 24 hrs of incubation under a non-permissible temperature of 42 °C in the absence of L-arabinose, an antisense inducer that blocks lysis gene expression during the growth phase. SE ghost JOL2114 surface display of HA1 was confirmed by Western blot analysis resulting in an immune-reactive band of 31 kDa in size. Chicken immunization via intramuscular and oral routes yielded both SE and HA1 antigen-specific immune responses. Protective humoral and cell-mediated immune responses were effectively elicited against both Salmonella and influenza challenge. This efficient strategy of ghost generation employs a dual system of phage lysis for biological generation of SE ghosts that preserves the surface antigenic architecture, offering a rapid and effective way to generate vaccines that could be deployed in urgent circumstances to protect against both Salmonella and influenza infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayeon Won
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, Gobong-ro 79, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Amal Senevirathne
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, Gobong-ro 79, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - John Hwa Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, Gobong-ro 79, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Jiao H, Zheng Z, Shuai X, Wu L, Chen J, Luo Y, Zhao Y, Wang H, Huang Q. MicroRNA expression profiles from HEK293 cells expressing H5N1 avian influenza virus non-structural protein 1. Innate Immun 2020; 25:110-117. [PMID: 30782044 PMCID: PMC6830863 DOI: 10.1177/1753425919826342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
H5N1 avian influenza poses a serious threat to the poultry industry and human health. Non-structural protein 1 (NS1) plays an important role in the replication and pathogenesis of avian influenza virus (AIV). However, the function of the NS1 gene is still unclear. In this study, illumina genome analyzer iix screening was used to identify the differentially expressed microRNAs (miRNAs) in HEK293 cells expressing H5N1 AIV NS1. There were 13 differentially expressed miRNAs (hsa-miR-17-5p, hsa-miR-221-3p, hsa-miR-22-3p, hsa-miR-31-5p, hsa-miR-20a-5p, hsa-miR-222-3p, hsa-miR-24-3p, hsa-miR-3613-3p, hsa-miR-3178, hsa-miR-4505, hsa-miR-345-3p, hsa-miR-3648, and hsa-miR-455-3p) ( P < 0.01). The qRT-PCR validation results demonstrated that hsa-miR-221-3p, hsa-miR-22-3p, hsa-miR-20a-5p, and hsa-miR-3613-3p were upregulated, while hsa-miR-3178 and hsa-miR-4505 were down-regulated. The softwares targetscan and miranda were further used to predict their target genes, and the gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis results showed that 20 GO terms and 20 KEGG pathways were significantly enriched. Our findings are the first to report expression profiling of miRNA and their functions in H5N1 AIV NS1-expressing HEK293 cells, and pave the way to further elucidating the accurate interaction mechanism between NS1 and virus replication, thus providing brand new insight into the prophylaxis and treatment of H5N1 AIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanwei Jiao
- Hanwei Jiao, College of Animal Science,
Southwest University, Veterinary Scientific Engineering Research Center,
Chongqing 402460, People’s Republic of China.
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16
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Soda K, Tomioka Y, Usui T, Ozaki H, Yamaguchi T, Ito T. Pathogenicity of H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in rooks ( Corvus frugilegus). Avian Pathol 2020; 49:261-267. [PMID: 32013539 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2020.1724876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Rooks (Corvus frugilegus) are considered migratory crows in Japan. Some rooks share a wintering site in the Izumi plain in Kagoshima Prefecture with hooded cranes (Grus monacha) and white-necked cranes (Grus vipio), which are designated as "endangered" in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), caused by H5 subtype viruses, has recently been reported in these crane species in Japan, in conjunction with a massive decrease in their population. In the present study, the pathogenicity of HPAI virus was assessed in rooks to evaluate the likelihood that they are a source of infections in other bird species. One of four rooks intranasally inoculated with A/mandarin duck/Miyazaki/22M807-1/2011 (H5N1) died at 10 days post-inoculation (d.p.i.). The other three rooks exhibited seroconversion but no clinical signs. All the rooks had shed virus by the oral route at <103 50% egg infectious dose/ml until 7 d.p.i. Virus was also recovered from multiple tissues of the rook that succumbed to the infection. These results suggest that rooks are susceptible to infection with H5 HPAI viruses, leading to prolonged viral shedding. The rooks shed the virus at low titres however, indicating that they are likely to function as transmission vectors in wintering bird flocks. The rooks exhibited clear antibody responses against the H5 HPAI virus, and thus serological surveillance of them in the field should be helpful for assessing viral pervasion into the habitats of crane species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Soda
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Yukiko Tomioka
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Tatsufumi Usui
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Hiroichi Ozaki
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Yamaguchi
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Ito
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
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Rahman M, Mangtani P, Uyeki TM, Cardwell JM, Torremorell M, Islam A, Samad MA, Muraduzzaman AKM, Giasuddin M, Sarkar S, Alamgir ASM, Salimuzzaman M, Flora MS. Evaluation of potential risk of transmission of avian influenza A viruses at live bird markets in response to unusual crow die-offs in Bangladesh. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2020; 14:349-352. [PMID: 31912608 PMCID: PMC7182606 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to unusual crow die‐offs from avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection during January‐February 2017 in Dhaka, Bangladesh, a One Health team assessed potential infection risks in live bird markets (LBMs). Evidence of aerosolized avian influenza A viruses was detected in LBMs and in the respiratory tracts of market workers, indicating exposure and potential for infection. This study highlighted the importance of surveillance platforms with a coordinated One Health strategy to investigate and mitigate zoonotic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahbubur Rahman
- Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK.,Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Punam Mangtani
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Timothy M Uyeki
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Mohammed A Samad
- Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI), Savar, Bangladesh
| | - A K M Muraduzzaman
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Giasuddin
- Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI), Savar, Bangladesh
| | - Sudipta Sarkar
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - A S M Alamgir
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M Salimuzzaman
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Meerjady S Flora
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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18
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Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 (HPAI/H5N1) Virus Search from Wild Birds in Ghana. FOLIA VETERINARIA 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/fv-2019-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (AI) disease has occurred in many countries globally adversely affecting domestic poultry production. Ghana recorded her first outbreak of a highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in 2007 on a small scale commercial farm in Tema. Since then, there have been numerous outbreaks. The source of these outbreaks is not conclusive. The role of wild birds in the epidemiology of avian influenza outbreaks in Ghana is not known. This study sought to investigate the role of wild birds in the outbreaks of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI H5N1) in Ghana, particularly in Southern Ghana. Wild birds were trapped and sampled through mist netting. The faecal and tracheal samples were analysed using a One-Step Real Time Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain reaction (RT-PCR) with primer sets targeting the matrix protein gene of the Avian influenza virus. Sera samples were subjected to multispecies competitive Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for anti-AI virus antibodies. Three hundred and twenty two (322) wild birds were trapped and sampled. Birds sampled included 87.3 % (281/322) resident birds and 12.7 % (41/322) migratory birds. The migratory birds included intra-African migrants 12.2 % (5/41) and Pale-arctic migrants 87.8 % (36/41). Avian influenza virus and antibody were neither detected in these swabs nor sera samples, respectively. The study documented the absence of AI in resident and migrant wild birds in the study area and suggest that wild birds may not be responsible for the outbreaks of AI in the poultry. However, sustained surveillance is recommended to ascertain a nationwide successful prevention and control strategy to stay the tide of any future intruding AI outbreaks.
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A Decade of Avian Influenza in Bangladesh: Where Are We Now? Trop Med Infect Dis 2019; 4:tropicalmed4030119. [PMID: 31514405 PMCID: PMC6789720 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed4030119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) has been a public health threat in Bangladesh since the first reported outbreak in poultry in 2007. The country has undertaken numerous efforts to detect, track, and combat avian influenza viruses (AIVs). The predominant genotype of the H5N1 viruses is clade 2.3.2.1a. The persistent changing of clades of the circulating H5N1 strains suggests probable mutations that might have been occurring over time. Surveillance has provided evidence that the virus has persistently prevailed in all sectors and caused discontinuous infections. The presence of AIV in live bird markets has been detected persistently. Weak biosecurity in the poultry sector is linked with resource limitation, low risk perception, and short-term sporadic interventions. Controlling avian influenza necessitates a concerted multi-sector ‘One Health’ approach that includes the government and key stakeholders.
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Lisovski S, van Dijk JG, Klinkenberg D, Nolet BA, Fouchier RA, Klaassen M. The roles of migratory and resident birds in local avian influenza infection dynamics. J Appl Ecol 2018; 55:2963-2975. [PMID: 30337766 PMCID: PMC6188652 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Migratory birds are an increasing focus of interest when it comes to infection dynamics and the spread of avian influenza viruses (AIV). However, we lack detailed understanding migratory birds' contribution to local AIV prevalence levels and their downstream socio-economic costs and threats.To explain the potential differential roles of migratory and resident birds in local AIV infection dynamics, we used a susceptible-infectious-recovered (SIR) model. We investigated five (mutually non- exclusive) mechanisms potentially driving observed prevalence patterns: 1) a pronounced birth pulse (e.g. the synchronised annual influx of immunologically naïve individuals), 2) short-term immunity, 3) increase of susceptible migrants, 4) differential susceptibility to infection (i.e. transmission rate) for migrants and residents, and 5) replacement of migrants during peak migration.SIR models describing all possible combinations of the five mechanisms were fitted to individual AIV infection data from a detailed longitudinal surveillance study in the partially migratory mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos). During autumn and winter, the local resident mallard community also held migratory mallards that exhibited distinct AIV infection dynamics.Replacement of migratory birds during peak migration in autumn was found to be the most important mechanism driving the variation in local AIV infection patterns. This suggests that a constant influx of migratory birds, likely immunological naïve to locally circulating AIV strains, is required to predict the observed temporal prevalence patterns and the distinct differences in prevalence between residents and migrants.Synthesis and applications. Our analysis reveals a key mechanism that could explain the amplifying role of migratory birds in local avian influenza virus infection dynamics; the constant flow and replacement of migratory birds during peak migration. Aside from monitoring efforts, in order to achieve adequate disease management and control in wildlife - with knock-on effects for livestock and humans, - we conclude that it is crucial, in future surveillance studies, to record host demographical parameters such as population density, timing of birth and turnover of migrants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeon Lisovski
- Deakin University, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, Geelong, Australia
- Swiss Ornithological Institute, Seerose 1, CH-6204 Sempach, Switzerland
| | - Jacintha G.B. van Dijk
- Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), The Netherlands
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, SE-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Don Klinkenberg
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Bart A. Nolet
- Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), The Netherlands
- Theoretical and Computational Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marcel Klaassen
- Deakin University, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, Geelong, Australia
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Niu X, Liu L, Han C, Li J, Zeng X. First findings of duck circovirus in migrating wild ducks in China. Vet Microbiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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