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Studer-Luethi B, Boesch V, Lusti S, Meier B. Fostering cognitive performance in older adults with a process- and a strategy-based cognitive training. NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENT, AND COGNITION. SECTION B, AGING, NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2023; 30:837-859. [PMID: 35912438 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2022.2105298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigates the impact of process-based and strategy-based cognitive training to boost performance in healthy older adults. Three groups trained with either a dichotic listening training (process-based training, n = 25), an implementation intention strategy training (strategy-based training, n = 23), or served as a non-contact control group (n = 30). Our results demonstrated that training participants improved their performance in the trained tasks (process-based training: d = 3.01, strategy-based training: d = 2.6). For untrained tasks, the process-based training group showed significant working memory (d = .58) as well as episodic memory task improvement (d = 1.19) compared to the strategy-based training and to the non-contact control group (all d < .03). In contrast, in the strategy-based training group there was a tendency towards some performance gain in a fluid intelligence test (d = .92). These results indicate that cognitive training can be tailored to improve specific cognitive abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valérie Boesch
- Institute for Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Beat Meier
- Institute for Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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2
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Brinkhof LP, Ridderinkhof KR, Murre JMJ, Krugers HJ, de Wit S. Improving goal striving and resilience in older adults through a personalized metacognitive self-help intervention: a protocol paper. BMC Psychol 2023; 11:223. [PMID: 37542308 PMCID: PMC10403928 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-023-01259-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Successful aging is often linked to individual's ability to demonstrate resilience: the maintenance or quick recovery of functional ability, well-being, and quality of life despite losses or adversity. A crucial element of resilience is behavioral adaptability, which refers to the adaptive changes in behavior in accordance with internal or external demands. Age-related degradation of executive functions can, however, lead to volition problems that compromise flexible adjustment of behavior. In contrast, the reliance on habitual control has been shown to remain relatively intact in later life and may therefore provide an expedient route to goal attainment among older adults. In the current study, we examine whether a metacognitive self-help intervention (MCSI), aimed at facilitating goal striving through the gradual automatization of efficient routines, could effectively support behavioral adaptability in favor of resilience among older adults with and without (sub-clinical) mental health problems. METHODS This metacognitive strategy draws on principles from health and social psychology, as well as clinical psychology, and incorporates elements of established behavioral change and activation techniques from both fields. Additionally, the intervention will be tailored to personal needs and challenges, recognizing the significant diversity that exist among aging individuals. DISCUSSION Despite some challenges that may limit the generalizability of the results, our MCSI program offers a promising means to empower older adults with tools and strategies to take control of their goals and challenges. This can promote autonomy and independent functioning, and thereby contribute to adaptability and resilience in later life. TRIAL REGISTRATION Pre-registered, partly retrospectively. This study was pre-registered before the major part of the data was collected, created, and realized. Only a small part of the data of some participants (comprising the baseline and other pre-intervention measures), and the full dataset of the first few participants, was collected prior to registration, but it was not accessed yet. See: https://osf.io/5b9xz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte P Brinkhof
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
- Centre for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
- Amsterdam Brain & Cognition (ABC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - K Richard Ridderinkhof
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Centre for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain & Cognition (ABC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jaap M J Murre
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Centre for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain & Cognition (ABC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Harm J Krugers
- Centre for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain & Cognition (ABC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Faculty of Science, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sanne de Wit
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Centre for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain & Cognition (ABC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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3
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Koo YW, Neumann DL, Ownsworth T, Shum DHK. The effects of implementation intentions on prospective memory in young and older adults. Front Psychol 2022; 13:905860. [PMID: 35837619 PMCID: PMC9274250 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.905860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Prospective memory (PM) is the ability to perform a planned action at a future time, while carrying on with other unrelated tasks. Implementation Intentions (II) is a promising metacognitive strategy for improving PM in older adults, though its generalization and longer-term effects are not well-understood. We examined the effects of II on PM in 48 community-dwelling older adults (77% female, Mage = 71.52) and 59 young adults (75% female, Mage = 19.86). Participants were randomly allocated to a conventional instruction or II group and administered a laboratory-based PM task in the first session. In the second session, participants returned to complete a similar but new laboratory-based PM task and an ecological PM task without prompts to use a strategy. We found strong age effects on PM performance whereby older adults performed worse than young adults across all PM tasks. While the overall facilitation effect of II was not statistically significant, there was a trend that this strategy facilitated PM performance on the laboratory-based PM task in the first session for older adults with a medium sized effect (d = 0.37). The generalization and longer-term effect of II were not significant for either the similar laboratory-based or the ecological PM task. These results suggest that a single-session II intervention may not be sufficient to elicit transfer to other similar new PM tasks in healthy populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wen Koo
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Mt Gravatt, QLD, Australia
- *Correspondence: Yu Wen Koo
| | - David L. Neumann
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Mt Gravatt, QLD, Australia
| | - Tamara Ownsworth
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Mt Gravatt, QLD, Australia
- The Hopkins Centre, Menzies Health Institute of Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - David H. K. Shum
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Research Institute of Smart Ageing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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4
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Tse ZCK, Cao Y, Ogilvie JM, Chau BKH, Ng DHC, Shum DHK. Prospective Memory Training in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Neuropsychol Rev 2022; 33:347-372. [PMID: 35543836 PMCID: PMC10148783 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-022-09536-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Prospective memory (PM), which enables one to remember to carry out delayed intentions, is crucial for everyday functioning. PM commonly deteriorates upon cognitive decline in older adults, but several studies have shown that PM in older adults can be improved by training. The current study aimed to summarise this evidence by conducting a qualitative systematic analysis and quantitative meta-analysis of the effects of PM training in older adults, for which systematic searches were conducted across seven databases (Cochrane Library, Embase, PubMed, PsycInfo, Web of Science, CINAHL and Scopus). Forty-eight studies were included in the qualitative analysis, and 43% of the assessed PM training interventions showed positive gains in enhancing PM. However, the methodological quality varied across the studies, with 41% of the non-randomised control trials (non-RCTs) rated as having either serious or critical risk of bias. Therefore, only 29 RCTs were included in the subsequent quantitative meta-analysis. We found a significant and moderate immediate efficacy (Hedges' g = 0.54) of PM training in enhancing PM performance in older adults, but no significant long-term efficacy (Hedges' g = 0.21). Two subgroup analyses also revealed a robust training efficacy across the study population (i.e., healthy and clinical population) and the number of training sessions (i.e., single session and programme-based). Overall, this study provided positive evidence to support PM training in older adults. Further studies are warranted to explore the mechanisms by which PM training exerts its effects, and better-quality RCTs are needed to provide more robust evidence supporting our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zita C K Tse
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yuan Cao
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Research Institute for Smart Ageing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Mental Health Research Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - James M Ogilvie
- Grififth Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Bolton K H Chau
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,University Research Facility in Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Daphne H C Ng
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - David H K Shum
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong. .,Research Institute for Smart Ageing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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5
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Ren Z, Liang X, Sun F, Wang L. The effect of EF on PM performance in school-age children. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/17405629.2022.2049752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Ren
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Fanhui Sun
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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6
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Szarras-Kudzia K, Niedźwieńska A. Implementation intentions speed up young adults' responses to prospective memory targets in everyday life. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0260856. [PMID: 35041673 PMCID: PMC8765629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Prospective memory (PM), which is the ability to remember to do something in the future, is vitally important for successful everyday functioning. Although young adults demonstrate high PM abilities in laboratory settings, their abilities to complete intended actions in naturalistic settings are surprisingly low. The present study tested the effectiveness of various encoding techniques in improving young adults' performance in everyday life. Ninety-two participants were asked to remember to take photographs of receipts for a duration of seven days. The task instructions were either given alone or followed by: (a) the if-then statement, (b) visualising the task, or (c) the combination of the if-then statement plus visualisation. The if-then statement alone significantly speeded up responses to the prospective memory targets, i.e., less time elapsed between getting a receipt and taking a photograph of it. With no effect of the if-then statement on the proportion of correct PM responses, the results may suggest that the if-then statement strengthened the PM cue-intention association but did not influence the PM cue saliency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agnieszka Niedźwieńska
- Applied Memory Research Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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Feasibility of a Home-Based Task-Switching Training in Middle-Aged Caregivers. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENT 2022; 6:295-315. [PMID: 35966367 PMCID: PMC9360113 DOI: 10.1007/s41465-021-00237-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe current study aimed at investigating feasibility of a self-administered task-switching training in a middle-aged working population. Eighty-one caregivers (41–62 years old) were instructed to train at home 8 times either within a 7- or 14-day interval. Only 56.7% performed more than 50% of the instructed number of training sessions. However, compliant caregivers (who completed more than 4 training sessions) showed significant training gains and transfer to an untrained task-switching task. Although transfer effects to other cognitive tasks were not found, trained participants tended to report fewer everyday memory failures than a control group. In conclusion, the implementation of a home-based task-switching training in everyday life of caregivers is possible. However, there is only limited evidence for generalization of results of previous laboratory studies. Adherence and transfer to other cognitive tasks are discussed as important challenges in conveying laboratory findings into real life.
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Farzin A, Ibrahim R, Madon Z, Basri H, Farzin S, Motalebizadeh A. Effects of a Multi-Component Training Program on Healthy Older Adults' Prospective Memory Performance: Assessing Change Over Time. Front Public Health 2021; 9:594953. [PMID: 33968872 PMCID: PMC8100224 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.594953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prospective Memory (PM) is a cognitive function affected by aging. PM is the memory of future intentions and is significantly involved in everyday life, especially among older adults. Nevertheless, there are a few studies focused on PM training among healthy older adults and these studies did not report the optimal duration of training regarding improving PM performance among older adults. The present study aimed to determine the effective duration for training PM performance among healthy older adults. The current study was a randomized, controlled, single-blind, within-participants crossover trial including a training program with a duration of 12 h. The sample of 25 older adults aged 55 to 74 years recruited from the active members of the University of the Third Age (U3A), Kuala Lumpur/Selangor, their family members, and friends. The study design ensured some participants would receive the training after baseline while others would wait for 6 weeks after the baseline before receiving the training. All participants were evaluated five times: at baseline, 6, 12, 16, and at 24 weeks post-baseline. Moreover, the training program ensured all participants were assessed after each training session. The minimum number of hours to achieve training effects for this multi-component training program was eight. Results supported the efficacy of the training program in improving PM performance among healthy older adults. Also, the optimal duration for the multicomponent training program on PM performance among healthy older adults was obtained. This trial is registered at isrctn.com (#ISRCTN57600070).
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Affiliation(s)
- Azin Farzin
- Malaysian Research Institute on Aging, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.,Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rahimah Ibrahim
- Malaysian Research Institute on Aging, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.,Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Faculty of Human Ecology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Zainal Madon
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Faculty of Human Ecology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Hamidon Basri
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Shervin Farzin
- Faculty of Information System, University Technology Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Abbas Motalebizadeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
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9
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Fine L, Loft S, Bucks RS, Parker D, Laws M, Olaithe M, Pushpanathan M, Rainey Smith SR, Sohrabi HR, Martins RN, Weinborn M. Improving Prospective Memory Performance in Community-dwelling Older Adults: Goal Management Training and Implementation Intentions. Exp Aging Res 2021; 47:414-435. [PMID: 33522444 DOI: 10.1080/0361073x.2021.1876409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Aim: The present study tested a compensatory executive intervention for prospective memory (goal management training) for the first time in older adults. Prospective memory (the ability to remember and execute a task in the future) declines with age, with significant implications for older adults' activities of daily living and quality of life. Prospective memory interventions have focused primarily on the retrospective component of prospective memory (e.g., implementation intentions). However, executive dysfunction is also implicated in age-related prospective memory decline.Methods: Community-dwelling older adults were randomly allocated to receive goal management training, implementation intentions or no intervention. Prospective memory was assessed before and after the intervention with a well-validated laboratory-based prospective memory measure. Results: Contrary to predictions, neither goal management training nor implementation intentions were successful at improving prospective memory in healthy older adults. Participants who received goal management training were more likely to have difficulty comprehending the intervention. Post-hoc analyses suggested implementation intentions improved prospective memory specifically for participants with poorer baseline prospective memory. Conclusions: These results represent important cautionary findings about the possible limitations of goal management training to improve prospective memory in older adults. Future research should also consider the role of baseline prospective memory ability in affecting response to compensatory intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Fine
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Shayne Loft
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Romola S Bucks
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Denise Parker
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Manuela Laws
- Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Perth, Australia
| | - Michelle Olaithe
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Maria Pushpanathan
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Stephanie R Rainey Smith
- Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Perth, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | - Hamid R Sohrabi
- Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Perth, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Healthy Ageing, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Australia
| | - Ralph N Martins
- Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Perth, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Michael Weinborn
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Perth, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
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Kretschmer-Trendowicz A, Kliegel M, Goschke T, Altgassen M. ‘If-then’ but when? Effects of implementation intentions on children’s and adolescents’ prospective memory. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2020.100998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Personality characteristics are independently associated with prospective memory in the laboratory, and in daily Life, among older adults. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Abstract
Research on the Commonsense Self-Regulation Model has emphasised reflective/conscious perceptual processes regarding illness threat (beliefs about symptoms, consequences, timeline, and curability) in predicting and changing coping behaviours. Understanding of illness self-regulation and avenues for intervention might be enriched by consideration of automatic processes that influence the recognition and identification of illness, response to illness, and ongoing management. This article adopts an integrative approach to (1) outline the theoretical importance of implicit processes in patients' self-regulation of illness and methods to study them; (2) review research evidence for these processes, including interventions tested to modify them; and (3) outline avenues for future research. A substantial body of research on implicit processes (cognitive bias and interpretational bias) in illness maintenance in chronic illness has recently been extended to detection and interpretation of acute illness and new perspectives relating to the self-system. There is encouraging evidence that cognitive accessibility of coping and implicit attitudes may impact upon coping behaviours. Procedures that strategically automatise coping responses and create habits have considerable promise. We outline an agenda for future research in which health psychology accepts the challenge posed by the interplay of the reflective and associative systems in promoting effective self-regulation of illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheina Orbell
- Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
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13
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Hering A, Meuleman B, Bürki C, Borella E, Kliegel M. Improving Older Adults’ Working Memory: the Influence of Age and Crystallized Intelligence on Training Outcomes. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s41465-017-0041-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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Chen XJ, Liu LL, Cui JF, Gan MY, Li CQ, Neumann DL, Shum DHK, Wang Y, Chan RCK. The effect and mechanisms of implementation intention in improving prospective memory performance in schizophrenia patients. Psychiatry Res 2016; 244:86-93. [PMID: 27474857 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
People with schizophrenia (SCZ) have been shown to have prospective memory (PM) deficits. PM refers to the ability to remember to perform delayed intentions in the future and plays an important role in everyday independent functioning in SCZ. To date, few studies have investigated methods to improve PM in SCZ. This study aimed to examine whether implementation intention can improve PM performance and to explore its underlying mechanisms. Fifty people with SCZ and 50 demographically matched healthy controls (HC) participated in this study. Participants were randomly assigned to an implementation intention condition or a control instruction condition. Participants were required to make PM responses when PM cue words appeared while they were undertaking an ongoing task with two levels of cognitive load (1-back or 2-back). Results showed that people with SCZ were impaired in PM, and implementation intention improved PM performances for both SCZ and HC. Implementation intention improved PM performance in SCZ in both the low and the high cognitive load conditions without ongoing task cost, suggesting that implementation intention improved PM remembering in an automatic way. These results indicate that implementation intention may be a beneficial technique for improving PM performances in people with SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Jie Chen
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Lu-Lu Liu
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ji-Fang Cui
- Information Center, National Institute of Education Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Chun-Qiu Li
- Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - David L Neumann
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland and School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - David H K Shum
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland and School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Ya Wang
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Raymond C K Chan
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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15
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Lee JH, Shelton JT, Scullin MK, McDaniel MA. An implementation intention strategy can improve prospective memory in older adults with very mild Alzheimer's disease. BRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 55:154-66. [PMID: 25994043 PMCID: PMC4654698 DOI: 10.1111/bjc.12084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study tested whether (1) very mild Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with impaired prospective memory (PM) for tasks that are supported by either spontaneous retrieval (focal PM) or strategic monitoring (non-focal PM) and (2) implementation intention (II) encoding could improve PM performance in very mild AD. DESIGN Thirty-eight healthy older adults and 34 with very mild AD were randomly assigned to perform two PM tasks in either the standard or the II encoding condition. METHOD All participants performed blocks of category decision in which they were asked to respond to a focal PM target (e.g., the word 'orange') and a non-focal PM target (e.g., words that begin with the letter 'o'). Half of the participants encoded PM instructions in the standard manner, while the other half had a stronger encoding by forming IIs. PM accuracy and category decision accuracy and reaction times were measured. RESULTS Participants with very mild AD showed deficits in both focal and non-focal PM performance compared to the healthy controls, reflecting deficits in both spontaneous retrieval and strategic monitoring. Participants with very mild AD in the II encoding condition showed better focal PM performance relative to those in the standard encoding condition. CONCLUSIONS Deficits in both focal and non-focal PM are associated with very mild AD and IIs may be a helpful behavioural intervention for the focal PM deficits. PRACTITIONER POINTS Multiple deficits in PM are observable in very mild AD. Implementation intentions may enhance focal PM in very mild AD. Future research using larger samples is needed to better understand the effect of II on non-focal PM tasks in healthy older adults and those with very mild AD. The use of simple laboratory PM tasks may limit the generality of our findings. Future research is needed to investigate whether IIs improve PM over a range of more realistic tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hae Lee
- Department of Psychology, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Jill T. Shelton
- Department of Psychology, Washington University in St. Louis
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga
| | - Michael K. Scullin
- Department of Psychology, Washington University in St. Louis
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University
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16
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Rose NS, Rendell PG, Hering A, Kliegel M, Bidelman GM, Craik FIM. Cognitive and neural plasticity in older adults' prospective memory following training with the Virtual Week computer game. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:592. [PMID: 26578936 PMCID: PMC4623669 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Prospective memory (PM) – the ability to remember and successfully execute our intentions and planned activities – is critical for functional independence and declines with age, yet few studies have attempted to train PM in older adults. We developed a PM training program using the Virtual Week computer game. Trained participants played the game in 12, 1-h sessions over 1 month. Measures of neuropsychological functions, lab-based PM, event-related potentials (ERPs) during performance on a lab-based PM task, instrumental activities of daily living, and real-world PM were assessed before and after training. Performance was compared to both no-contact and active (music training) control groups. PM on the Virtual Week game dramatically improved following training relative to controls, suggesting PM plasticity is preserved in older adults. Relative to control participants, training did not produce reliable transfer to laboratory-based tasks, but was associated with a reduction of an ERP component (sustained negativity over occipito-parietal cortex) associated with processing PM cues, indicative of more automatic PM retrieval. Most importantly, training produced far transfer to real-world outcomes including improvements in performance on real-world PM and activities of daily living. Real-world gains were not observed in either control group. Our findings demonstrate that short-term training with the Virtual Week game produces cognitive and neural plasticity that may result in real-world benefits to supporting functional independence in older adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan S Rose
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Toronto, ON, Canada ; School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne VIC, Australia
| | - Peter G Rendell
- School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne VIC, Australia
| | - Alexandra Hering
- Faculté de Psychologie et des Sciences de l'Éducation, Université de Genève Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Kliegel
- Faculté de Psychologie et des Sciences de l'Éducation, Université de Genève Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gavin M Bidelman
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Toronto, ON, Canada ; Institute for Intelligent Systems and School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Memphis Memphis, TN, USA
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Wieber F, Thürmer JL, Gollwitzer PM. Promoting the translation of intentions into action by implementation intentions: behavioral effects and physiological correlates. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:395. [PMID: 26236214 PMCID: PMC4500900 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The present review addresses the physiological correlates of planning effects on behavior. Although intentions to act qualify as predictors of behavior, accumulated evidence indicates that there is a substantial gap between even strong intentions and subsequent action. One effective strategy to reduce this intention–behavior gap is the formation of implementation intentions that specify when, where, and how to act on a given goal in an if-then format (“If I encounter situation Y, then I will initiate action Z!”). It has been proposed that implementation intentions render the mental representation of the situation highly accessible and establish a strong associative link between the mental representations of the situation and the action. These process assumptions have been examined in behavioral research, and in physiological research, a field that has begun to investigate the temporal dynamics of and brain areas involved in implementation intention effects. In the present review, we first summarize studies on the cognitive processes that are central to the strategic automation of action control by implementation intentions. We then examine studies involving critical samples with impaired self-regulation. Lastly, we review studies that have applied physiological measures such as heart rate, cortisol level, and eye movement, as well as electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies on the neural correlates of implementation intention effects. In support of the assumed processes, implementation intentions increased goal attainment in studies on cognitive processes and in critical samples, modulated brain waves related to perceptual and decision processes, and generated less activity in brain areas associated with effortful action control. In our discussion, we reflect on the status quo of physiological research on implementation intentions, methodological and conceptual issues, related research, and propose future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Wieber
- Social Psychology and Motivation Group, Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz Konstanz, Germany
| | - J Lukas Thürmer
- Social Psychology and Motivation Group, Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz Konstanz, Germany ; Graduate School of Decision Sciences, University of Konstanz Konstanz, Germany
| | - Peter M Gollwitzer
- Social Psychology and Motivation Group, Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz Konstanz, Germany ; Motivation Lab, Department of Psychology, New York University, New York NY, USA
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Chen XJ, Wang Y, Liu LL, Cui JF, Gan MY, Shum DHK, Chan RCK. The effect of implementation intention on prospective memory: a systematic and meta-analytic review. Psychiatry Res 2015; 226:14-22. [PMID: 25639373 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Prospective memory (PM) refers to remembering to perform a planned action at a future time. Implementation intention is an encoding method in the form of "if situation Y is encountered, then I will initiate the goal-directed behavior X". It has been applied to improve PM performances. The present study conducted a systematic and meta-analytic review on the effect and mechanism of implementation intention on PM. In the meta-analysis, 36 comparisons were included. The results showed that for healthy young adults, the overall effect of implementation intention in improving PM performances was significant with a medium effect size (d = 0.445). The combined verbal and imagery form of implementation intention had a relatively larger effect size (d = 0.590). For older adults, implementation intention had a medium to large effect size on their PM performances (d = 0.680). As for the mechanism, implementation intention seemed to reduce ongoing task performances in young adults as reflected by longer reaction time (d = 0.224) though the effect size was small. The present study supports the positive effect of implementation intention on PM. The mechanism and potential implications of this promising strategy especially for clinical/sub-clinical people are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-jie Chen
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ya Wang
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Lu-lu Liu
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ji-fang Cui
- Information Center, National Institute of Education Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - David H K Shum
- Behavioural Basis of Health Program, Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Raymond C K Chan
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Ziegelmann JP, Knoll N. Future Directions in the Study of Health Behavior among Older Adults. Gerontology 2015; 61:469-76. [PMID: 25660128 DOI: 10.1159/000369857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of health behaviors and fostering health-behavior change is an important endeavor even in old age. The aim of this viewpoint article is threefold. First, we use a broad perspective for the definition of health behaviors to capture all relevant aspects of health-behavior change in older adults. Particularly, we suggest a distinction between proximal (e.g., physical activity) and distal health behaviors (e.g., social participation). Second, we recommend a stronger orientation towards processes in order to study health behaviors and the design of health-behavior change interventions. Third, we review the advantages of a developmental perspective in health psychology. Future directions in the study of health behavior among older adults are discussed.
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Smith RE, McConnell Rogers MD, McVay JC, Lopez JA, Loft S. Investigating how implementation intentions improve non-focal prospective memory tasks. Conscious Cogn 2014; 27:213-30. [PMID: 24929276 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Implementation intentions are a self-regulatory strategy broadly studied in the area of social cognition that can improve realization of one's goals and improve performance on prospective memory tasks. Three experiments, using a non-focal task for which the prospective memory targets were specified at the time of intention formation, investigated whether (and how) implementation intentions can improve non-focal prospective memory performance. An improvement in prospective memory performance was accompanied by an increase in the allocation of conscious resources to the prospective memory task, but not by an increase in perceived importance of the prospective memory task. The third experiment also investigated the effects of implementation intentions on recall of the appropriate action and found that accurate action recall was improved by implementation intentions. Finally, the effect of implementation intention instructions on cognitive processes that underlie non-focal prospective memory performance was investigated using a multinomial model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah E Smith
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA.
| | | | - Jennifer C McVay
- Department of Psychology, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 1400 Spring Garden Street, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA
| | - Joshua A Lopez
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Shayne Loft
- Department of Psychology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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Burkard C, Rochat L, Emmenegger J, Juillerat Van der Linden AC, Gold G, Van der Linden M. Implementation Intentions Improve Prospective Memory and Inhibition Performances in Older Adults: The Role of Visualization. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Burkard
- Cognitive Psychopathology and Neuropsychology Unit; University of Geneva; 1204 Genève Switzerland
| | - Lucien Rochat
- Cognitive Psychopathology and Neuropsychology Unit; University of Geneva; 1204 Genève Switzerland
- Swiss Centre for Affective Sciences; University of Geneva; 1205 Genève Switzerland
| | - Joëlle Emmenegger
- Memory Clinic; University Hospital of Geneva; 1227 Geneva Switzerland
| | - Anne-Claude Juillerat Van der Linden
- Cognitive Psychopathology and Neuropsychology Unit; University of Geneva; 1204 Genève Switzerland
- Memory Clinic; University Hospital of Geneva; 1227 Geneva Switzerland
| | - Gabriel Gold
- Memory Clinic; University Hospital of Geneva; 1227 Geneva Switzerland
| | - Martial Van der Linden
- Cognitive Psychopathology and Neuropsychology Unit; University of Geneva; 1204 Genève Switzerland
- Swiss Centre for Affective Sciences; University of Geneva; 1205 Genève Switzerland
- Cognitive Psychology Unit; University of Liège; 4000 Liège Belgium
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Hering A, Rendell PG, Rose NS, Schnitzspahn KM, Kliegel M. Prospective memory training in older adults and its relevance for successful aging. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2014; 78:892-904. [PMID: 24744122 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-014-0566-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In research on cognitive plasticity, two training approaches have been established: (1) training of strategies to improve performance in a given task (e.g., encoding strategies to improve episodic memory performance) and (2) training of basic cognitive processes (e.g., working memory, inhibition) that underlie a range of more complex cognitive tasks (e.g., planning) to improve both the training target and the complex transfer tasks. Strategy training aims to compensate or circumvent limitations in underlying processes, while process training attempts to augment or to restore these processes. Although research on both approaches has produced some promising findings, results are still heterogeneous and the impact of most training regimes for everyday life is unknown. We, therefore, discuss recent proposals of training regimes aiming to improve prospective memory (i.e., forming and realizing delayed intentions) as this type of complex cognition is highly relevant for independent living. Furthermore, prospective memory is associated with working memory and executive functions and age-related decline is widely reported. We review initial evidence suggesting that both training regimes (i.e., strategy and/or process training) can successfully be applied to improve prospective memory. Conceptual and methodological implications of the findings for research on age-related prospective memory and for training research in general are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Hering
- Faculté de Psychologie et Sciences de l'Education, Université de Genève, 40, Boulevard du Pont-d'-Arve, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland,
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Burkard C, Rochat L, Juillerat Van der Linden AC, Gold G, Van der Linden M. Is working memory necessary for implementation intentions to enhance prospective memory in older adults with cognitive problems? JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN MEMORY AND COGNITION 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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