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Moutoussamy I, Taconnat L, Angel L, Pothier K, Toussaint L, Fay S. Protective effects of physical activity on episodic memory during aging are explained by executive functioning. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act 2024; 21:7. [PMID: 38461251 PMCID: PMC10924320 DOI: 10.1186/s11556-024-00341-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Aging is marked by a memory decline related to an executive function decline. Physical activity (PA) has beneficial effects on both executive functions and memory, especially in aging. The protective effects of PA on these two cognitive abilities have always been studied separately, despite the well-established relationship between memory and executive functions. Our objective was to explore whether the benefits of PA on memory could be explained by reduced age-related changes in executive functions.Nineteen young adults (27.16 years old) and 25 older adults (69.64 years old) performed a resource-dependent memory task, three executive tasks and completed a PA questionnaire (measuring sports and leisure PA). Age group and PA effects on memory and executive performance were analyzed with generalized linear models. Mediation analyses were calculated using method of causal steps approach with a non-parametric bootstrapping procedure.The results confirmed the effects of age and PA on memory and executive performance. A significant interaction confirmed the protective effect of PA on age-related cognitive performance. PA was positively correlated with performance in both memory and executive tasks, but only in the older adults. Although each predictor alone (age, executive functions and PA) significantly explained memory performance in older adults, only the effect of PA on memory performance remained significant when all the predictors were introduced in the analyses.PA mediates the effects of age and executive functions on memory performance. This suggests that PA protects older adults against memory decline by reducing the decline in executive functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Moutoussamy
- Département de Psychologie, Centre de Recherches Sur La Cognition Et L'Apprentissage (UMR-CNRS, Université de Tours Et de Poitiers, Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique, 37000, Tours, France, 3 rue des Tanneurs.
- Département de Psychologie, Psychologie Des Âges de La Vie Et Adaptation (EA 2114), Université de Tours, Tours, France.
| | - Laurence Taconnat
- Département de Psychologie, Centre de Recherches Sur La Cognition Et L'Apprentissage (UMR-CNRS, Université de Tours Et de Poitiers, Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique, 37000, Tours, France, 3 rue des Tanneurs
| | - Lucie Angel
- Département de Psychologie, Centre de Recherches Sur La Cognition Et L'Apprentissage (UMR-CNRS, Université de Tours Et de Poitiers, Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique, 37000, Tours, France, 3 rue des Tanneurs
| | - Kristell Pothier
- Département de Psychologie, Psychologie Des Âges de La Vie Et Adaptation (EA 2114), Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Lucette Toussaint
- Département Des Sciences du Sport, Centre de Recherches Sur La Cognition Et L'Apprentissage (UMR-CNRS 7295), Université de Tours Et de Poitiers, Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique, Poitiers, France
| | - Séverine Fay
- Département de Psychologie, Centre de Recherches Sur La Cognition Et L'Apprentissage (UMR-CNRS, Université de Tours Et de Poitiers, Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique, 37000, Tours, France, 3 rue des Tanneurs
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Liu J, Qiang F, Dang J, Chen Q. Depressive Symptoms as Mediator on the Link between Physical Activity and Cognitive Function: Longitudinal Evidence from Older Adults in China. Clin Gerontol 2023; 46:808-818. [PMID: 35603686 DOI: 10.1080/07317115.2022.2077158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study examines the extent to which depressive symptoms mediate the link between physical activity and cognitive function among older adults in China. METHODS This study utilizes the 2013-18 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) dataset, of which 3,658 subjects over the age of 50 satisfied inclusion criteria. Degree of physical activity, prevalence of depressive symptoms, and performance in cognitive function are measured by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CESD), the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) instruments. A structural mediation model was built to assess the degree to which depressive symptoms act as mediator between physical activity and cognitive function. RESULTS Physical activity is positively and significantly associated with cognitive function (std β = 0.034, p-value = .007), while physical activity is negatively and significantly associated with prevalence of depressive symptoms (std β = -0.088, p-value < .001). Results indicate that depressive symptoms partially and significantly mediate the relationship between physical activity and cognitive function (std β = 0.003, p-value = .035). Total influence of physical activity on cognitive performance is evaluated to be 0.037 standard deviations (p-value = .035). CONCLUSIONS Findings uncover an underexamined mental well-being channel through which physical activity can positively influence late adulthood cognition. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS In recommending behavioral modifications to reduce risks of late adulthood cognitive decline, encouraging physical activity for older individuals is key, since it is both directly associated with better cognitive performance, as well as indirectly through lowering prevalence of depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Liu
- Faculty of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xian, Shaanxi, China
| | - Faying Qiang
- Faculty of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xian, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jingxia Dang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qiaoyi Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, Shaanxi, China
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Wang S, Yin H, Liu Z, Jia Y, Shang B, Meng Q, Yan M, Wang L, Chen L. How Exercise Protects Against Mild Cognitive Impairment in Nursing Home-Dwelling Older Adults: A Path Analysis. J Nerv Ment Dis 2021; 209:674-680. [PMID: 33966018 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000001361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT To explore how exercise protects against mild cognitive impairment (MCI) from physical, psychological, and social perspectives, we conducted a cross-sectional study in four nursing homes in Changchun, China, selected by convenience sampling. A total of 338 older adults aged 60 years or more with normal cognition or MCI were included. Data including demographic characteristics, exercise habits, frailty status, depression, sleep quality, social support, and cognitive status were collected. Weighted least squares estimation with mean and variance adjusted chi-square and bootstrapping with 2000 resamples were used to conduct the analyses through Mplus 8.3. The results showed that both direct and indirect effects of exercise on MCI were significant. Frailty and depression were two independent mediating factors, and depression could also play a mediating role when combined with sleep quality or frailty. Social support played a partial mediating role between exercise and depression. Formulations of exercise programs for MCI prevention and improvement in nursing home-dwelling older adults should consider the mediating factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wang
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Hill NL, Bhargava S, Bratlee-Whitaker E, Turner JR, Brown MJ, Mogle J. Longitudinal Relationships Between Subjective Cognitive Decline and Objective Memory: Depressive Symptoms Mediate Between-Person Associations. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 83:1623-1636. [PMID: 34420951 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) may be an early indicator of cognitive impairment, but depressive symptoms can confound this relationship. Associations may be influenced by differences between individuals (i.e., between-persons) or how each individual changes in their experiences over time (i.e., within-persons). OBJECTIVE We examined depressive symptoms as a mediator of the between- and within-person associations of SCD and objective memory in older adults. METHODS Coordinated analyses were conducted across four datasets drawn from large longitudinal studies. Samples (range: n = 1,889 to n = 15,841) included participants 65 years of age or older with no dementia at baseline. We used multilevel structural equation modeling to examine the mediation of SCD and objective memory through depressive symptoms, as well as direct relationships among SCD, objective memory, and depressive symptoms. RESULTS Older adults who were more likely to report SCD had lower objective memory on average (between-person associations), and depressive symptoms partially mediated this relationship in three of four datasets. However, changes in depressive symptoms did not mediate the relationship between reports of SCD and declines in objective memory in three of four datasets (within-person associations). CONCLUSION Individual differences in depressive symptoms, and not changes in an individual's depressive symptoms over time, partially explain the link between SCD and objective memory. Older adults with SCD and depressive symptoms may be at greater risk for poor cognitive outcomes. Future research should explore how perceived changes in memory affect other aspects of psychological well-being, and how these relationships influence cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki L Hill
- College of Nursing, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Sakshi Bhargava
- College of Nursing, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | | | - Jennifer R Turner
- Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Monique J Brown
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.,South Carolina SmartState Center for Healthcare Quality, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.,Rural and Minority Health Research Center, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.,Office of the Study on Aging, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Jacqueline Mogle
- Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
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Guerrero-Sastoque L, Bouazzaoui B, Burger L, Taconnat L. Effet du niveau d’études sur les performances en mémoire épisodique chez des adultes âgés : rôle médiateur de la métamémoire. PSYCHOLOGIE FRANCAISE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.psfr.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Muniz-Terrera G, Robitaille A, Goerdten J, Massa F, Johansson B. Do I lose cognitive function as fast as my twin partner? Analyses based on classes of MMSE trajectories of twins aged 80 and older. Age Ageing 2021; 50:847-853. [PMID: 33128547 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afaa239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aging is associated with an increasing risk of decline in cognitive abilities. The decline is, however, not a homogeneous process. There are substantial differences across individuals although previous investigations have identified individuals with distinct cognitive trajectories. Evidence is accumulating that lifestyle contributes significantly to the classification of individuals into various clusters. How and whether genetically related individuals, like twins, change in a more similar manner is yet not fully understood. METHODS In this study, we fitted growth mixture models to Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE) scores from participants of the Swedish OCTO twin study of oldest-old monozygotic and same-sex dizygotic twins with the purpose of investigating whether twin pairs can be assigned to the same class of cognitive change. RESULTS We identified four distinct groups (latent classes) whose MMSE trajectories followed different patterns of change over time: two classes of high performing individuals who remained stable and declined slowly, respectively, a group of mildly impaired individuals with a fast decline and a small group of impaired individuals who declined more rapidly. Notably, our analyses show no association between zygosity and class assignment. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides evidence for a more substantial impact of environmental, rather than genetic, influences on cognitive change trajectories in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciela Muniz-Terrera
- Edinburgh Dementia Prevention & Center for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Annie Robitaille
- Department of Psychology, University du Quebec a Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jantje Goerdten
- Edinburgh Dementia Prevention & Center for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Epidemiological Methods and Etiological Research, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology–BIPS, Bremen, Germany
| | - Fernando Massa
- Instituto de Estadistica, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Boo Johansson
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Stenling A, Sörman DE, Lindwall M, Hansson P, Körning Ljungberg J, Machado L. Physical activity and cognitive function: between-person and within-person associations and moderators. AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2020; 28:392-417. [PMID: 32564660 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2020.1779646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we decomposed between- and within-person effects and examined moderators of the longitudinal physical activity-cognition association. Participants (N = 1722) were drawn from the Betula study and we included four waves of data across 15 years. Bayesian multilevel modeling showed that self-reported physical activity did not predict changes in cognitive function. Physical activity positively predicted cognitive performance at baseline, and the relations were stronger for more active (compared to less active) older adults. Physical activity had a positive within-person effect on cognitive function. The within-person effect of physical activity on episodic memory recall was stronger for participants who on average engaged in less physical activity. The within-person effect on verbal fluency was stronger for participants with more education. Our results suggest that preserving cognitive functioning in old age might be more a matter of what you do in old age than reflecting what you did earlier in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Stenling
- Department of Psychology, Umeå University , Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Psychology and Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago , Dunedin, New Zealand.,Brain Research New Zealand , Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Daniel Eriksson Sörman
- Department of Psychology, Umeå University , Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Human Work Science, Luleå University of Technology , Luleå, Sweden
| | - Magnus Lindwall
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg, Sweden.,Åstrand Laboratory of Work Physiology, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrik Hansson
- Department of Psychology, Umeå University , Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jessica Körning Ljungberg
- Department of Psychology, Umeå University , Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Human Work Science, Luleå University of Technology , Luleå, Sweden
| | - Liana Machado
- Department of Psychology and Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago , Dunedin, New Zealand.,Brain Research New Zealand , Auckland, New Zealand
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Yuan M, Fu H, Liu R, Fang Y. Effect of Frequency of Exercise on Cognitive Function in Older Adults: Serial Mediation of Depression and Quality of Sleep. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E709. [PMID: 31979038 PMCID: PMC7037160 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17030709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep quality and depression are two reciprocal causation socioemotional factors and their roles in the relationship between physical exercise and cognition are still unclear. METHODS A face-to-face survey of 3230 older adults aged 60+ was conducted in Xiamen, China, in 2016. Frequency of exercise (FOE) referred to the number of days of exercise per week. Quality of sleep (QOS) was categorized into five levels: very poor/poor/fair/good/excellent. The 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) were used to measure depression (DEP) and cognitive function (CF), respectively. Serial multiple mediator models were used. All mediation analyses were analyzed using the SPSS PROCESS macro. RESULTS 2469 respondents had valid data with mean scores for GDS-15 and MoCA being 1.87 and 21.61, respectively. The direct path from FOE to CF was significant (c'= 0.20, p < 0.001). A higher FOE was associated with better QOS (B = 0.04, p < 0.01), which in turn was associated with fewer symptoms of DEP (B = -0.40, p < 0.001), and further contributed to better CF (B = -0.24, p < 0.001). Similarly, a higher FOE was associated with lower GDS-15 scores (B = -0.17, p < 0.001) which then resulted in higher MoCA scores (B = -0.24, p < 0.001). However, QOS alone did not alter the relationship between FOE and CF. CONCLUSIONS FOE is a protective factor of CF in older adults. Moreover, CF is influenced by QOS through DEP, without which the working path may disappear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manqiong Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, 361102 Xiamen, China;
- Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment of Fujian Province, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, China;
| | - Hanhan Fu
- Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment of Fujian Province, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, China;
| | - Ruoyun Liu
- School of Public Health, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, China;
| | - Ya Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, 361102 Xiamen, China;
- Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment of Fujian Province, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, China;
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Miller MJ, Cook PF, Kline PW, Anderson CB, Stevens-Lapsley JE, Christiansen CL. Physical Function and Pre-Amputation Characteristics Explain Daily Step Count after Dysvascular Amputation. PM R 2019; 11:1050-1058. [PMID: 30729727 DOI: 10.1002/pmrj.12121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with dysvascular lower limb amputation (LLA) achieve one-third of the recommended steps per day and experience severe disability. Although physical function improves with rehabilitation after dysvascular LLA, physical activity remains largely unchanged, and factors contributing to limited daily step count are unknown. OBJECTIVES To identify factors that contribute to daily step count after dysvascular LLA. DESIGN Cross-sectional, secondary data analysis. SETTING Outpatient rehabilitation facilities. PARTICIPANTS Fifty-eight patients with dysvascular major LLA (age: 64 ± 9 years, body mass index: 30 ± 8 kg/m2 , male: 95%, transtibial LLA: 95%). METHODS Data were collected by a blinded assessor after dysvascular LLA. Candidate explanatory variables included (1) demographics, (2) LLA characteristics, (3) comorbidities and health behaviors, and (4) physical function. Variables with univariate associations with log steps/day (transformed due to non-normality) were included in a multiple linear regression model using backward elimination to identify factors that explained significant variability in log steps/day. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURE The primary outcome, daily step count, was measured with accelerometer-based activity monitors worn by participants for 10 days. RESULTS Participants took an average (± SD) of 1450 ± 1309 steps/day. After backward elimination, the final model included four variables explaining 62% of the overall daily step count (P < .0001): 2-minute walk distance (32%), assistive device use (11%), cardiovascular disease (10%), and pre-amputation walking time (11%). CONCLUSIONS Average daily step count of 1450 steps/day reflects the lowest category of sedentary behavior. Physical function, cardiovascular disease, and pre-amputation walking time explain 62% of daily step count after dysvascular LLA. Although physical rehabilitation commonly focuses on improving physical function, interventions to increase daily step count after dysvascular LLA should also consider chronic disease and health behaviors that predate LLA. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Miller
- Physical Therapy Program, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO.,Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Eastern Colorado Healthcare System, Denver, CO
| | - Paul F Cook
- College of Nursing, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - Paul W Kline
- Physical Therapy Program, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - Chelsey B Anderson
- Physical Therapy Program, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - Jennifer E Stevens-Lapsley
- Physical Therapy Program, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO.,Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Eastern Colorado Healthcare System, Denver, CO
| | - Cory L Christiansen
- Physical Therapy Program, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO.,Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Eastern Colorado Healthcare System, Denver, CO
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Henning G, Bjälkebring P, Stenling A, Thorvaldsson V, Johansson B, Lindwall M. Changes in within- and between-person associations between basic psychological need satisfaction and well-being after retirement. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Talmage CA, Coon DW, Dugger BN, Knopf RC, O’Connor KA, Schofield SA. Social Leisure Activity, Physical Activity, and Valuation of Life: Findings from a Longevity Study. ACTIVITIES ADAPTATION & AGING 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/01924788.2019.1581026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Craig A. Talmage
- Entrepreneurial Studies Department, Hobart & William Smith Colleges, Geneva, NY, USA
| | - David W. Coon
- College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Brittany N. Dugger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Richard C. Knopf
- School of Community Resources and Development, Watts College of Public Service and Community Solutions
| | - Kathy A. O’Connor
- Longevity Study - Center for Health Aging, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, USA
| | - Sharon A. Schofield
- Longevity Study - Center for Health Aging, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, USA
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Kowalski KA, MacDonald SWS, Yeates KO, Tuokko HA, Rhodes RE. Decomposing the within-person and between-person sources of variation in physical activity-cognition associations for low-active older adults. Psychol Health 2018; 33:1431-1455. [PMID: 30430863 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2018.1508682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine within-person and between-person sources of variation in the relationship between physical activity and cognition in older adults participating in a walking program. To explore whether demographic, health and fitness variables, and their interactions with activity, are significant predictors of cognition. DESIGN Brief longitudinal burst design. PARTICIPANTS 118 participants (91 females, mean age = 72.81 + 5.24 years). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Cognition, self-reported moderate-to-vigorous walking and self-reported moderate-to-vigorous physical activity were assessed at baseline and 6, 9, 12 and 16 weeks follow-up. Attendance at weekly walks was also recorded. RESULTS Within-persons, changes in physical activity were related to select measures of executive functioning, with increased activity predictive of better cognition (three of four cognitive functions, p<.05). Between-persons, activity was also associated with cognition (two of four cognitive functions, p<.05). Younger age and higher education were related to better cognition. Interactions of demographic, health, and fitness variables with changes in within-person activity were generally non-significant. CONCLUSION The results highlight the importance of distinguishing within- from between-person effects in longitudinal analyses of the association between physical activity and cognition. This stringent within-person test of association underscores the potential value of simple physical activity interventions for improving cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina A Kowalski
- a Department of Psychology , University of Victoria , Victoria , British Columbia , Canada.,b School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education , University of Victoria , Victoria , British Columbia , Canada.,c Institute on Aging & Lifelong Health, University of Victoria , Victoria , British Columbia , Canada
| | - Stuart W S MacDonald
- a Department of Psychology , University of Victoria , Victoria , British Columbia , Canada.,c Institute on Aging & Lifelong Health, University of Victoria , Victoria , British Columbia , Canada
| | - Keith O Yeates
- d Department of Psychology , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta , Canada
| | - Holly A Tuokko
- a Department of Psychology , University of Victoria , Victoria , British Columbia , Canada.,c Institute on Aging & Lifelong Health, University of Victoria , Victoria , British Columbia , Canada
| | - Ryan E Rhodes
- b School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education , University of Victoria , Victoria , British Columbia , Canada.,c Institute on Aging & Lifelong Health, University of Victoria , Victoria , British Columbia , Canada
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Rennemark M, Jogréus C, Elmståhl S, Welmer AK, Wimo A, Sanmartin-Berglund J. Relationships Between Frequency of Moderate Physical Activity and Longevity: An 11-Year Follow-up Study. Gerontol Geriatr Med 2018; 4:2333721418786565. [PMID: 30046648 PMCID: PMC6055105 DOI: 10.1177/2333721418786565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Moderate physical activity gains survival. There are, however, several variables that may affect this relationship. In this study, the relationship between moderate physical activity and longevity was investigated, taking into account age, gender, smoking habits, cohabitation status, body mass index, leg strength and balance, education level and cognitive function. Method: A sample of 8,456 individuals aged 60 to 96 years, representative of the Swedish population, was included. Participants were followed from 2004 to 2015. Cox regression analyses were used to investigate the predictive value of physical activity on longevity. Results: Participants still alive in the follow-up measure were more physically active on a moderate level. Being active 2 to 3 times a week or more was related to a 28% lower risk of not being alive at the follow-up measure. Discussion: The low frequency of physical activity, necessary for survival benefits should be considered in public health programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Rennemark
- Blekinge Institute of Technology, Karlskrona, Sweden.,Linnaeus University, Växjö, Sweden
| | - Claes Jogréus
- Blekinge Institute of Technology, Karlskrona, Sweden
| | | | | | - Anders Wimo
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Uppsala University, Sweden
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Balogun S, Winzenberg T, Wills K, Scott D, Jones G, Callisaya M, Aitken D. Longitudinal associations between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, physical activity, knee pain and dysfunction and physiological falls risk in community-dwelling older adults. Exp Gerontol 2018; 104:72-77. [PMID: 29421606 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To describe the longitudinal associations between physiological falls risk, and between-person and within-person effects of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD), physical activity (PA), knee pain and dysfunction in community-dwelling older people. METHODS Data for 1053 participants (51% women; mean age 63 ± 7.4 years) studied at baseline, 2.5, 5, and 10 years were analysed. Falls risk (Z-score) was measured using the Physiological Profile Assessment. Knee pain and dysfunction were assessed using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis index (WOMAC). Moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) was measured using accelerometer. Linear mixed-effect regression models, with adjustment for confounders, were used to estimate the association between physiological falls risk and between-person and within-person effects of PA, 25OHD and WOMAC score. RESULTS Between-person effects showed that 10-year average physiological falls risk was lower in participants who had a higher 10-year average 25OHD (β = -0.005 per nmol/l, 95% CI: -0.008, -0.002), log-MVPA (β = -0.16 per minute, 95% CI: -0.22, -0.10) and lower mean WOMAC score (β = 0.005 per-unit score, 95% CI: 0.003, 0.01). Within-person effects showed that a higher physiological falls risk at any time-point was associated with higher than average WOMAC score (β = 0.002 per-unit score, 95% CI: 0.0003, 0.004) and lower than average log-MVPA (β = -0.15 per minute, 95% CI: -0.24, -0.06), but not 25OHD, at the same time-point. CONCLUSION Having higher WOMAC global score above an individual's average increases the risk of falling, whereas, increasing one's own MVPA level further reduces their risk of falling. The presence of between-person but not within-person associations for 25OHD suggests the former may be confounded by other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saliu Balogun
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Australia.
| | - Tania Winzenberg
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Australia.
| | - Karen Wills
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Australia.
| | - David Scott
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia; Melbourne Medical School (Western Campus) and Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, The University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, Victoria 3021, Australia.
| | - Graeme Jones
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Australia.
| | - Michele Callisaya
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Australia; Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.
| | - Dawn Aitken
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Australia.
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15
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Bootsman NJ, Skinner TL, Lal R, Glindemann D, Lagasca C, Peeters G(G. The relationship between physical activity, and physical performance and psycho-cognitive functioning in older adults living in residential aged care facilities. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 21:173-178. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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16
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Brown CL, Robitaille A, Zelinski EM, Dixon RA, Hofer SM, Piccinin AM. Cognitive activity mediates the association between social activity and cognitive performance: A longitudinal study. Psychol Aging 2017; 31:831-846. [PMID: 27929339 DOI: 10.1037/pag0000134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Social activity is 1 aspect of an active lifestyle and some evidence indicates it is related to preserved cognitive function in older adulthood. However, the potential mechanisms underlying this association remain unclear. We investigate 4 potential mediational pathways through which social activity may relate to cognitive performance. A multilevel structural equation modeling approach to mediation was used to investigate whether cognitive activity, physical activity, depressive symptoms, and vascular health conditions mediate the association between social activity and cognitive function in older adults. Using data from the Victoria Longitudinal Study, we tested 4 cognitive outcomes: fluency, episodic memory, reasoning, and vocabulary. Three important findings emerged. First, the association between social activity and all 4 domains of cognitive function was significantly mediated by cognitive activity at the within-person level. Second, we observed a significant indirect effect of social activity on all domains of cognitive function through cognitive activity at the between-person level. Third, we found a within-person indirect relationship of social activity with episodic memory performance through physical activity. For these older adults, engagement in social activities was related to participation in everyday cognitive activities and in turn to better cognitive performance. This pattern is consistent with the interpretation that a lifestyle of social engagement may benefit cognitive performance by providing opportunities or motivation to participate in supportive cognitively stimulating activities. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elizabeth M Zelinski
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, Andrus Gerontology Center, University of Southern California
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17
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Hodgetts S, Gallagher P, Stow D, Ferrier IN, O'Brien JT. The impact and measurement of social dysfunction in late-life depression: an evaluation of current methods with a focus on wearable technology. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2017; 32:247-255. [PMID: 27911019 DOI: 10.1002/gps.4632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Depression is known to negatively impact social functioning, with patients commonly reporting difficulties maintaining social relationships. Moreover, a large body of evidence suggests poor social functioning is not only present in depression but that social functioning is an important factor in illness course and outcome. In addition, good social relationships can play a protective role against the onset of depressive symptoms, particularly in late-life depression. However, the majority of research in this area has employed self-report measures of social function. This approach is problematic, as due to their reliance on memory, such measures are prone to error from the neurocognitive impairments of depression, as well as mood-congruent biases. METHOD Narrative review based on searches of the Web of Science and PubMed database(s) from the start of the databases, until the end of 2015. RESULTS The present review provides an overview of the literature on social functioning in (late-life) depression and discusses the potential for new technologies to improve the measurement of social function in depressed older adults. In particular, the use of wearable technology to collect direct, objective measures of social activity, such as physical activity and speech, is considered. CONCLUSION In order to develop a greater understanding of social functioning in late-life depression, future research should include the development and validation of more direct, objective measures in conjunction with subjective self-report measures. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Hodgetts
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Peter Gallagher
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Newcastle University, Institute for Ageing, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Daniel Stow
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - I Nicol Ferrier
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - John T O'Brien
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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18
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Gallaway PJ, Miyake H, Buchowski MS, Shimada M, Yoshitake Y, Kim AS, Hongu N. Physical Activity: A Viable Way to Reduce the Risks of Mild Cognitive Impairment, Alzheimer's Disease, and Vascular Dementia in Older Adults. Brain Sci 2017; 7:E22. [PMID: 28230730 PMCID: PMC5332965 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci7020022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent alarming rise of neurodegenerative diseases in the developed world is one of the major medical issues affecting older adults. In this review, we provide information about the associations of physical activity (PA) with major age-related neurodegenerative diseases and syndromes, including Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and mild cognitive impairment. We also provide evidence of PA's role in reducing the risks of these diseases and helping to improve cognitive outcomes in older adults. Finally, we describe some potential mechanisms by which this protective effect occurs, providing guidelines for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Gallaway
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0038, USA.
| | - Hiroji Miyake
- Nishinomiya Kyoritsu Neurosurgical Hospital, Hyogo 663-8211, Japan.
| | - Maciej S Buchowski
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-5280, USA.
| | - Mieko Shimada
- Chiba Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Chiba 261-0014, Japan.
| | - Yutaka Yoshitake
- National Institute of Fitness & Sport in Kanoya, Kagoshima 891-2311, Japan.
| | - Angela S Kim
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0038, USA.
| | - Nobuko Hongu
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0038, USA.
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19
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Stillman CM, Cohen J, Lehman ME, Erickson KI. Mediators of Physical Activity on Neurocognitive Function: A Review at Multiple Levels of Analysis. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:626. [PMID: 28018195 PMCID: PMC5161022 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity (PA) is known to maintain and improve neurocognitive health. However, there is still a poor understanding of the mechanisms by which PA exerts its effects on the brain and cognition in humans. Many of the most widely discussed mechanisms of PA are molecular and cellular and arise from animal models. While information about basic cellular and molecular mechanisms is an important foundation from which to build our understanding of how PA promotes cognitive health in humans, there are other pathways that could play a role in this relationship. For example, PA-induced changes to cellular and molecular pathways likely initiate changes to macroscopic properties of the brain and/or to behavior that in turn influence cognition. The present review uses a more macroscopic lens to identify potential brain and behavioral/socioemotional mediators of the association between PA and cognitive function. We first summarize what is known regarding cellular and molecular mechanisms, and then devote the remainder of the review to discussing evidence for brain systems and behavioral/socioemotional pathways by which PA influences cognition. It is our hope that discussing mechanisms at multiple levels of analysis will stimulate the field to examine both brain and behavioral mediators. Doing so is important, as it could lead to a more complete characterization of the processes by which PA influences neurocognitive function, as well as a greater variety of targets for modifying neurocognitive function in clinical contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea M Stillman
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PittsburghPA, USA; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, PittsburghPA, USA
| | - Jamie Cohen
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, PittsburghPA, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, PittsburghPA, USA
| | - Morgan E Lehman
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, USA
| | - Kirk I Erickson
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PittsburghPA, USA; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, PittsburghPA, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, PittsburghPA, USA
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20
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Tam-Seto L, Weir P, Dogra S. Factors Influencing Sedentary Behaviour in Older Adults: An Ecological Approach. AIMS Public Health 2016; 3:555-572. [PMID: 29546182 PMCID: PMC5689816 DOI: 10.3934/publichealth.2016.3.555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sedentary behaviour is negatively associated with several health outcomes and is particularly problematic among older adults. Knowledge translation tools and public health promotion strategies are needed; however, little evidence is available to inform framing of such tools or development of intervention programs. The aim of the present study was to use data on the perceptions of sedentary time and the programs or supports older adults identify as important for reducing their sedentary time, to inform knowledge translation strategies targeting this population. Focus groups were conducted with four groups of older adults (n = 26) at local seniors' centres (Ontario, Canada). Participants were 74 ± 8.5 years old and were engaging in both sedentary and physical activities in a social environment. Using the Ecological Model for sedentary time in adults, we categorized data into leisure time, household, transport and occupation domains. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors that worked to either discourage or promote sedentary behaviour were identified. Drawing on both groupings of data, results were synthesized to inform public health strategies on appropriate messaging and better uptake of programming and guidelines. For example, successful programs developed on the topic will need to include a social component and a mentally stimulating component, as these were identified as critical for enjoyment and motivation. It was clear from this analysis that sedentary time reduction strategies will need to consider the different domains in which older adults accumulate sedentary time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linna Tam-Seto
- School of Rehabilitation Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Patricia Weir
- Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Shilpa Dogra
- Faculty of Health Sciences (Kinesiology), University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON, Canada
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21
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Teixeira AM, Ferreira JP, Hogervorst E, Braga MF, Bandelow S, Rama L, Figueiredo A, Campos MJ, Furtado GE, Chupel MU, Pedrosa FM. Study Protocol on Hormonal Mediation of Exercise on Cognition, Stress and Immunity (PRO-HMECSI): Effects of Different Exercise Programmes in Institutionalized Elders. Front Public Health 2016; 4:133. [PMID: 27446898 PMCID: PMC4921497 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2016.00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity (PA) in elders has been shown to have positive effects on a plethora of chronic diseases and to improve immunity, mental health, and cognition. Chronic stress has also been shown to have immuno-suppressive effects and to accelerate immunosenescence. Exercise could be a significant factor in ameliorating the deleterious effects of chronic stress, but variables such as the type, intensity, and frequency of exercise that should be performed in order to effectively reduce the stress burden need to be defined clearly. PRO-HMECSI will allow us to investigate which hormonal and immunological parameters are able to mediate the effects of exercise on mucosal immunity, psychological/biological stress, and cognitive functioning in older people. Phase I consists of an observational cross-sectional study that compares elders groups (n = 223, >65 years) by functional fitness levels aiming to identify biomarkers involved in maintaining immune and mental health. Neuroendocrine and immune biomarkers of stress, psychological well-being related to mental health, neurocognitive function, functional fitness, and daily PA will be evaluated. Phase II consists of a 28-week intervention in elders with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) profile (n = 149, >65 years, divided in three groups of exercise and one control group), aiming to investigate whether the positive effect of three different types of chair-based exercise programs on physical and psychological health is mediated by an optimal endocrine environment. Primary outcomes are measures of cognitive function and global health. Secondary outcomes include the evaluation the other dimensions such as immune function, psychological health, and depression. Few studies addressed the effects of different types of exercise interventions in older population samples with MCI. We will also be able to determine which type of exercise is more effective in the immune and hormonal function of this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Teixeira
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal
| | - José Pedro Ferreira
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Eef Hogervorst
- National Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University , Loughborough , UK
| | - Margarida Ferreira Braga
- Medical Psychology Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, Porto University , Porto , Portugal
| | - Stephan Bandelow
- National Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University , Loughborough , UK
| | - Luís Rama
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal
| | - António Figueiredo
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Maria João Campos
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Guilherme Eustáquio Furtado
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Matheus Uba Chupel
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Filipa Martins Pedrosa
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal
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22
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Jensen GS, Lenninger MR, Beaman JL, Taylor R, Benson KF. Support of Joint Function, Range of Motion, and Physical Activity Levels by Consumption of a Water-Soluble Egg Membrane Hydrolyzate. J Med Food 2016; 18:1042-8. [PMID: 26355952 PMCID: PMC4580304 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2015.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of consumption of hydrolyzed water-soluble egg membrane (WSEM) on joint function in an otherwise healthy population experiencing chronic pain. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study included two 4-week periods of placebo and WSEM consumption, separated by a 4-week washout period. Twenty-five study participants were randomized to either the “placebo-first” or “WSEM first” sequence in the crossover trial, and 22 participants completed the study requirements. Range of motion (ROM) was assessed using digital inclinometry for joints associated with vertical weight bearing from neck to knees and for shoulders. Pain at rest and when physically active was scored for the same anatomical areas using visual analog scales (VAS). Physical functioning was tracked using questionnaires with VAS. Consumption of WSEM was associated with improved ROM for neck, spine, hips, and knees, with ROM for the neck and right knee being significantly improved during WSEM consumption compared to placebo (P < .05). ROM improvement for the dominant shoulder was highly significant during WSEM consumption (P < .01). Physical activity levels were significantly higher after WSEM than after placebo consumption (P < .05). Many aspects of physical functioning as part of daily living improved. Subgroup analysis showed rapid improvement of lower back pain after 5 days of WSEM consumption compared to placebo consumption (P < .05) in subjects who participated in the study during the winter season. Daily consumption of 450 mg WSEM was associated with improved joint function, comfort during daily activities, and increased physical activity.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The article discusses the two most significant modifiable risk factors for dementia, namely, physical inactivity and lack of stimulating cognitive activity, and their effects on developing cognitive reserve. RECENT FINDINGS Both of these leisure-time activities were associated with significant reductions in the risk of dementia in longitudinal studies. In addition, physical activity, particularly aerobic exercise, is associated with less age-related gray and white matter loss and with less neurotoxic factors. On the other hand, cognitive training studies suggest that training for executive functions (e.g., working memory) improves prefrontal network efficiency, which provides support to brain functioning in the face of cognitive decline. While physical activity preserves neuronal structural integrity and brain volume (hardware), cognitive activity strengthens the functioning and plasticity of neural circuits (software), thus supporting cognitive reserve in different ways. Future research should examine whether lifestyle interventions incorporating these two domains can reduce incident dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheung-Tak Cheng
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, 10 Lo Ping Road, Tai Po, N.T., Hong Kong. .,Department of Clinical Psychology, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK.
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